195 lines
24 KiB
XML
195 lines
24 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="987A8A75BD53E2CA588C636E5B941AEF">A unique occurrence of large-sized diamondback squid Thysanoteuthis rhombus (Troschel, 1857) in the Gulf of Mannar</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E2D3B01B38C9E99DD55FC42227E517CC">Rajkumar, M</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4AEEAA6639A01472745760E1D91CB219">Midun, M</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="261FD8CAD2B817078A1115F8DFC7C4B9">Thirumalaiselvan, S</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2FD483171248158A0996A852507B1B84">Saravanan, R</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="69EC35A7DD8490CDF514F78FE9B95834">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="039D87DCFFB66857CE0BFC8CFD557BF9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11638467" ID-GBIF-Taxon="232747080" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11638467" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039D87DCFFB66857CE0BFC8CFD557BF9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039D87DCFFB66857CE0BFC8CFD557BF9" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="652" pageId="0" pageNumber="650">
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<taxonomicName id="4C344D49FFB66855CE0BFC8CFAE87C1B" ID-CoL="7BZ8S" authority="Troschel, 1857" authorityName="Troschel" authorityYear="1857" box="[880,1352,814,841]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Thysanoteuthidae" genus="Thysanoteuthis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="0" pageNumber="650" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rhombus">
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<emphasis id="B940EAD8FFB66855CE0BFC8CFB307C1A" box="[880,1168,814,840]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="650">Thysanoteuthis rhombus</emphasis>
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Troschel, 1857
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<paragraph id="8B8B36CAFFB66855CE0BFCC3FABB7B01" blockId="0.[848,1489,865,1951]" pageId="0" pageNumber="650">
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The squid was caught in the hook and line of a 13.5-meter-long boat equipped with a 20-hp engine. The fishing operation was carried out at a depth of
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<quantity id="4CCC9B2FFFB66855CE2BFC6FFC317CB5" box="[848,913,973,999]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="0" pageNumber="650" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
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,
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<quantity id="4CCC9B2FFFB66855CEDAFC6EFC4F7CB5" box="[929,1007,972,999]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="0" pageNumber="650" unit="km" value="25.0">25 km</quantity>
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off the coast of Pamban in the Gulf of Mannar. The squid, measuring
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<quantity id="4CCC9B2FFFB66855C99AFC53FAE97B59" box="[1249,1353,1009,1035]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.33" pageId="0" pageNumber="650" unit="mm" value="633.0">633 mm</quantity>
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in mantle length and weighing
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<quantity id="4CCC9B2FFFB66855C92AFBB6FB0C7B7D" box="[1105,1196,1044,1071]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.51" pageId="0" pageNumber="650" unit="kg" value="15.1">15.1 kg</quantity>
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(
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<figureCitation id="130F2A4FFFB66855C9BBFBB7FAAC7B7D" box="[1216,1292,1045,1071]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[293,328,1931,1953]" captionTargetBox="[286,1397,1249,1910]" captionTargetId="figure-49@1.[286,1397,1249,1910]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 2 ― Diamondback squid Thysanoteuthis rhombus caught in hook and line operated in the Gulf of Mannar" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11622093" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11622093/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="650">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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), was auctioned off at the landing centre for Rs. 2350/-.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32E6541FFB66857CE0BFBF9FD557BF9" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="652" pageId="0" pageNumber="650" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8B36CAFFB66855CE0BFBF9FAA879C3" blockId="0.[848,1489,865,1951]" pageId="0" pageNumber="650">This bright red squid had a cylindrical muscular mantle that gradually tapered to a blunt end posteriorly. The fins were long and extended all the way down the sides of the mantle. The fin was typically rhomboid in shape, with a broad middle and tapering towards the anterior and posterior ends. The head was narrower and the eyes were prominently placed. Cirrate trabeculate covered the long oral arms with protective membranes. The outer lateral arms were longer than the inner dorsal arms and had a crest-like muscular projection at each arm's base. Such structures were absent from the other intermediary arms. Each arm had two rows of suckers with 20-26 sharp teeth on the sucker rings. The tentacles were weak, and the clubs were slightly bulged in the middle, with four rows of suckers and sucker rings with 15 – 20 sharp teeth.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8B36CAFFB66857CE0BF93AFDC57E99" blockId="0.[848,1489,865,1951]" lastBlockId="2.[160,800,315,1196]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="652" pageId="0" pageNumber="650">
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<tableCitation id="C6B60371FFB66855CE0BF93AFC7B79E0" box="[880,987,1688,1714]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[186,241,1231,1253]" captionTargetBox="[160,752,1302,1703]" captionText="Table 1 ― Morphometric measurements of the diamondback squid Thysanoteuthis rhombus caught in the Gulf of Mannar" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF4B6642FFB46857CDC1FB6DFCA27A52" pageId="0" pageNumber="650" tableUuid="DF4B6642FFB46857CDC1FB6DFCA27A52">Table 1</tableCitation>
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shows the specimen's morphometric measurements. Large populations of this squid can be found in the waters of
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<collectingCountry id="F323765AFFB66855C9C3F97EFB5B79A4" box="[1208,1275,1756,1782]" name="Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="650">Japan</collectingCountry>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B3BFFB66855C980F974FAAE79B5" author="Roper C F E" box="[1275,1294,1750,1767]" pageId="0" pageNumber="650" pagination="187 - 188" refId="ref1879" refString="11 Roper C F E, Family Thysanoteuthidae Keferstein, 1866, FAO Species Catalogue, Vol. 3, Cephalopods of the World, (1984) 187 - 188." type="book chapter" year="1984">
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<superScript id="7C419B82FFB66855C980F974FAAE79B5" attach="left" box="[1275,1294,1750,1767]" fontSize="7" pageId="0" pageNumber="650">11</superScript>
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</bibRefCitation>
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, where it is commercially exploited by some local fishermen but appear to be underutilised in other parts of the world
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<superScript id="7C419B82FFB66855CEEFF899FC1F781E" attach="left" box="[916,959,1851,1868]" fontSize="7" pageId="0" pageNumber="650">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B3BFFB66855CEEFF899FC08781E" author="Nishimura S" box="[916,936,1851,1868]" pageId="0" pageNumber="650" pagination="327 - 349" refId="ref1911" refString="12 Nishimura S, Notes on the occurrences and biology of the oceanic squid Thysanoteuthis rhombus Troschel in Japan, Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 14 (1966) 327 - 349." type="journal article" year="1966">12</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B3BFFB66855CED7F899FC1F781E" author="Bower J R & Miyahara K" box="[940,959,1851,1868]" pageId="0" pageNumber="650" refId="ref1947" refString="13 Bower J R & Miyahara K, The diamond squid (Thysanoteuthis rhombus): a review of the fishery and recent research in Japan, Fish Res, 73 (1 - 2) (2005) 1 - 11. DOI: 10.1016 % 2 Fj. fishres. 2005.01.020" type="book" year="2005">13</bibRefCitation>
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</superScript>
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. Diamondback squid biomass in the global oceans is estimated to be 1.5 – 2.5 million tonnes
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B3BFFB66855C8CDF8FFFA69783C" author="Miyahara K & Ota T & Hatayama J & Mitsunaga Y & Goto T" box="[1462,1481,1885,1902]" pageId="0" pageNumber="650" pagination="30 - 36" refId="ref2000" refString="14 Miyahara K, Ota T, Hatayama J, Mitsunaga Y, Goto T, et al., Tagging studies on the diamond squid (Thysanoteuthis rhombus) in the western Sea of Japan, Bull Jpn Soc Fish Oceanogr, 72 (1) (2008) 30 - 36." type="journal article" year="2008">
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<superScript id="7C419B82FFB66855C8CDF8FFFA69783C" attach="left" box="[1462,1481,1885,1902]" fontSize="7" pageId="0" pageNumber="650">14</superScript>
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</bibRefCitation>
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, and it is abundant in the productive zone of the open ocean
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<superScript id="7C419B82FFB46857CD9FFE99FEAF7E1E" attach="left" box="[228,271,315,332]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="652">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B3BFFB46857CD9FFE99FF577E1E" author="Nigmatullin C M" box="[228,247,315,332]" pageId="2" pageNumber="652" pagination="11 - 13" refId="ref2054" refString="15 Nigmatullin C M, Resources and fishery perspectives of nektonic epipelagic squid of world Ocean, In: Reserve Food Biological Resources of Open Ocean and Seas of USSR, edited by Alexeev A P, (VNIERH Press, Moscow), 1990, pp. 11 - 13 (In Russian)." type="book chapter" year="1990">15</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B3BFFB46857CD80FE99FEAF7E1E" author="Nigmatullin C M & Arkhipkin A I" box="[251,271,315,332]" pageId="2" pageNumber="652" pagination="155 - 181" refId="ref2110" refString="16 Nigmatullin C M & Arkhipkin A I, A review of the biology of the diamondback squid, Thysanoteuthis rhombus (Oegopsida: Thysanoteuthidae), In: Contributed Papers to International Symposium on Large Pelagic Squids, July 18 - 19, 1996, for JAMARC's 25 th Anniversary of Its Foundation, 1998, pp. 155 - 181." type="book chapter" year="1998">16</bibRefCitation>
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</superScript>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C344D49FFB46857CC4AFEE3FE6B7E09" authorityName="Troschel" authorityYear="1857" box="[305,459,321,347]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Thysanoteuthidae" genus="Thysanoteuthis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="2" pageNumber="652" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rhombus">
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<emphasis id="B940EAD8FFB46857CC4AFEE3FE6B7E09" box="[305,459,321,347]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="652">T. rhombus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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geographical distribution within the Indian EEZ is currently unknown, but sporadic and rare occurrences of
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<taxonomicName id="4C344D49FFB46857CF40FE2EFD667EF7" authorityName="Troschel" authorityYear="1857" box="[571,710,395,421]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Thysanoteuthidae" genus="Thysanoteuthis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="2" pageNumber="652" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rhombus">
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<emphasis id="B940EAD8FFB46857CF40FE2EFD667EF7" box="[571,710,395,421]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="652">T. rhombus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in fish landings have been reported (
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<tableCitation id="C6B60371FFB46857CC82FE13FDF67E99" box="[505,598,433,459]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="2.[490,545,1754,1776]" captionTargetBox="[160,1408,1797,1980]" captionText="Table 2 ― Reports of Thysanoteuthis rhombus along the Indian coast" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF4B6642FFB46857CC91F978FB2679BD" pageId="2" pageNumber="652" tableUuid="DF4B6642FFB46857CC91F978FB2679BD">Table 2</tableCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF4B6642FFB76854CCABFB0BFB007BED" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11622089" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11622089" box="[464,1184,1193,1215]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11622089/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="651" startId="1.[464,499,1193,1215]" targetBox="[210,1443,310,1154]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8B8B36CAFFB76854CCABFB0BFB007BED" blockId="1.[464,1184,1193,1215]" box="[464,1184,1193,1215]" pageId="1" pageNumber="651">Fig. 1 ― Location of Pamban fish landing centre, Southeast coast of India</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="DF4B6642FFB76854CC5EF829FAEB78F2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11622093" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11622093" box="[293,1355,1931,1953]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11622093/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="651" startId="1.[293,328,1931,1953]" targetBox="[286,1397,1249,1910]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8B8B36CAFFB76854CC5EF829FAEB78F2" blockId="1.[293,1355,1931,1953]" box="[293,1355,1931,1953]" pageId="1" pageNumber="651">
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Fig. 2 ― Diamondback squid
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<taxonomicName id="4C344D49FFB76854CF3CF829FC9378F2" authorityName="Troschel" authorityYear="1857" box="[583,819,1931,1952]" class="Cephalopoda" family="Thysanoteuthidae" genus="Thysanoteuthis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Oegopsida" pageId="1" pageNumber="651" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rhombus">
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<emphasis id="B940EAD8FFB76854CF3CF829FC9378F2" box="[583,819,1931,1952]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="651">Thysanoteuthis rhombus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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caught in hook and line operated in the Gulf of Mannar
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8B8B36CAFFB46857CDBBFE74FEA77CD9" blockId="2.[160,800,315,1196]" pageId="2" pageNumber="652">
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Filioppova
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<superScript id="7C419B82FFB46857CC3FFE72FEED7EB3" attach="left" box="[324,333,464,481]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="652">2</superScript>
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found this species in the Indian Ocean at nine different locations, none of which are along the Indian coast. Barnard
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B3BFFB46857CF57FDB9FD9F7D7E" author="Barnard K H" box="[556,575,539,556]" pageId="2" pageNumber="652" refId="ref2173" refString="17 Barnard K H, Rare squid at the Cape (Thysanoteuthis rhombus Trosch.), J Conch, 22 (1947) p. 286." type="journal volume" year="1947">
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<superScript id="7C419B82FFB46857CF57FDB9FD9F7D7E" attach="left" box="[556,575,539,556]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="652">17</superScript>
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</bibRefCitation>
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, Silas
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B3BFFB46857CFF4FDB9FD027D7E" author="Silas E G" box="[655,674,539,556]" pageId="2" pageNumber="652" pagination="277 - 359" refId="ref2201" refString="18 Silas E G, Cephalopoda of the west coast of India collected during the cruises of the research vessel VARUNA, with catalogue of the species known from the Indian Ocean, Proc Symp Mollusca, Mar Biol Assoc India, Pt. I: 1968, pp. 277 - 359." type="book chapter" year="1968">
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<superScript id="7C419B82FFB46857CFF4FDB9FD027D7E" attach="left" box="[655,674,539,556]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="652">18</superScript>
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</bibRefCitation>
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and Silas
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAD8FFB46857CDDBFDE5FF407D32" box="[160,224,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="652">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B3BFFB46857CD9BFDE2FF537D03" author="Silas E G & Rao K S & Sarvesan R & Nair K P & Vidyasagar K" box="[224,243,576,593]" pageId="2" pageNumber="652" pagination="38 - 48" refId="ref2255" refString="19 Silas E G, Rao K S, Sarvesan R, Nair K P, Vidyasagar K, et al., Some aspects of the biology of squids, In: Cephalopod bionomics, fisheries and resources of the Exclusive Economic Zone of India, edited by Silas E G, Bull Cent Mar Fis Res Inst, 37 (1985) 38 - 48." type="journal article" year="1985">
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||
<superScript id="7C419B82FFB46857CD9BFDE2FF537D03" attach="left" box="[224,243,576,593]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="652">19</superScript>
|
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</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted in their cephalopod catalogue that an adult specimen of this species was stranded at the Cape of Good Hope. Landings of the same species have also been reported in Veerapandiyanpattinam (Gulf of Mannar) from a drift gill net
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B3BFFB46857CFD5FD77FD177DB4" author="Kasim M & Marichamy R & Rajapackiam S & Balasubramanian T S" box="[686,695,725,742]" pageId="2" pageNumber="652" pagination="182 - 184" refId="ref1583" refString="4 Kasim M, Marichamy R, Rajapackiam S & Balasubramanian T S, Rare squid, Thysanoteuthis rhombus Troschel from the Gulf of Mannar, India, J Mar Biol Assoc India, 39 (1 - 2) (1998) 182 - 184." type="journal article" year="1998">
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||
<superScript id="7C419B82FFB46857CFD5FD77FD177DB4" attach="left" box="[686,695,725,742]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="652">4</superScript>
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</bibRefCitation>
|
||
with a mantle length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B2FFFB46857CC02FCA3FE437C49" box="[377,483,769,795]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="652" unit="mm" value="700.0">700 mm</quantity>
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||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B2FFFB46857CC88FCA3FDF97C49" box="[499,601,769,795]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="652" unit="mm" value="370.0">370 mm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F0F828FFB46857CFF3FCA3FC807C49" box="[648,800,769,795]" country="India" name="Maharashtra" pageId="2" pageNumber="652">Maharashtra</collectingRegion>
|
||
from a trawler,
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B2FFFB46857CC09FC84FE7C7C13" box="[370,476,806,833]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="652" unit="mm" value="630.0">630 mm</quantity>
|
||
in Chennai from a drift gill net
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B3BFFB46857CC79FCE7FEAB7C04" author="Batcha H & Thangavelu R & Poovannan P & Srinivasan G" box="[258,267,837,854]" pageId="2" pageNumber="652" pagination="14 - 15" refId="ref1742" refString="8 Batcha H, Thangavelu R, Poovannan P & Srinivasan G, Rare occurrence of diamondback squid Thysanoteuthis rhombus (Troschel, 1867) off Chennai coast, Mar Fish Infor Serv T & E Ser, 201 (2009) 14 - 15." type="journal article" year="2009">
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<superScript id="7C419B82FFB46857CC79FCE7FEAB7C04" attach="left" box="[258,267,837,854]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="652">8</superScript>
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</bibRefCitation>
|
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and
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B2FFFB46857CC1BFCEEFE7E7C34" box="[352,478,844,870]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0699999999999998" pageId="2" pageNumber="652" unit="mm" value="1070.0">1070 mm</quantity>
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||
in Munambam from a trawler
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B3BFFB46857CD8CFCC9FEA07C2E" author="Baby K G" box="[247,256,875,892]" pageId="2" pageNumber="652" refId="ref1788" refString="9 Baby K G, Huge diamondback squid (Thysanoteuthis rhombus) landed at Munambam Fisheries Harbour, Mar Fish Infor Serv T & E Ser, 209 (2011) p. 21." type="journal volume" year="2011">
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<superScript id="7C419B82FFB46857CD8CFCC9FEA07C2E" attach="right" box="[247,256,875,892]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="652">9</superScript>
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</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8B36CAFFB46857CDBBFC37FD557BF9" blockId="2.[160,800,315,1196]" pageId="2" pageNumber="652">
|
||
Sasikumar
|
||
<emphasis id="B940EAD8FFB46857CC3CFC34FE257CFD" box="[327,389,917,943]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="652">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA54B3BFFB46857CCFEFC2DFE387CF2" author="Sasikumar G & SajiKumar K K & Sahib P K & Nataraja G D & Venkatesan V" box="[389,408,911,928]" pageId="2" pageNumber="652" refId="ref2323" refString="20 Sasikumar G, SajiKumar K K, Sahib P K, Nataraja G D, Venkatesan V, et al., Emerging commercial importance for Diamondback squid in Kerala and Karnataka, Mar Fish Infor Serv T & E Ser, 239 (2019) p. 32." type="journal volume" year="2019">
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<superScript id="7C419B82FFB46857CCFEFC2DFE387CF2" attach="left" box="[389,408,911,928]" fontSize="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="652">20</superScript>
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</bibRefCitation>
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reported that the trawl landings mostly comprised of squids of
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B2FFFB46857CF61FC1BFD6D7C86" box="[538,717,953,980]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.625" metricValueMax="5.7" metricValueMin="1.55" pageId="2" pageNumber="652" unit="mm" value="362.5" valueMax="570.0" valueMin="155.0">155 – 570 mm</quantity>
|
||
DML, whereas the larger squids of
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B2FFFB46857CF68FC7FFD717CAA" box="[531,721,989,1016]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" metricValueMax="6.7" metricValueMin="5.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="652" unit="mm" value="620.0" valueMax="670.0" valueMin="570.0">570 – 670 mm</quantity>
|
||
DML were usually caught in drift-gillnets and hooks & lines (jigs). The most common size in the trawl fishery was
|
||
<quantity id="4CCC9B2FFFB46857CDDBFBEBFEA57B36" box="[160,261,1097,1124]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="652" unit="mm" value="250.0">250 mm</quantity>
|
||
DML. Adult catches by trawlers and other vessels are incidental and the landing of the present specimen is typically a bycatch of myopsid squids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |