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<document id="E74AC74D3F71B4C813467E7642900370" ID-CLB-Dataset="22876" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2020.630" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e730b987-dfb5-4f29-9c6b-4c41e95bf226" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3762328" ID-ZooBank="B7825899-9925-4282-80AE-B4F7C8BDF349" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1587579777756" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Daccordi, Mauro, Bollino, Maurizio &amp; Vela, José Miguel" docDate="2020" docId="01513B367601FFAD9840FA4F66928097" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-630_daccordi_bollino_vela.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 630" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Timarcha Samouelle 1819" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FD68434E7605FFA79A0FFFDB67358467" masterDocTitle="Some techniques for the study of useful characters in the taxonomy of the genus Timarcha Samouelle, 1819 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)" masterLastPageNumber="14" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698835571394" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="284ACB30DFE14ECB24A535F942290632">Some techniques for the study of useful characters in the taxonomy of the genus Timarcha Samouelle, 1819 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FD05284A7122996CB01F581AD266CB93">Daccordi, Mauro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5496B573B47737E0293ED8AE2BF992FB">Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 9, I- 37129 Verona, Italy. c / o Museo di Storia Naturale del Salento, I- 73021 Calimera (Lecce), Italy.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="54FDFDFB7F0044C96D29E7A217AA5F72">Bollino, Maurizio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="990FD086CD361AF3AC7A0BD09B05330C">c / o Museo di Storia Naturale del Salento, I- 73021 Calimera (Lecce), Italy.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7C7ADD8D46C2D21D92E701DC42568755">Vela, José Miguel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7A5B9F3D3C99A78A4DEC1D85D906323A">Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera, Lab. Agriculture Entomology, Cortijo de la Cruz, E- 29004 Málaga, Spain.</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="01513B367601FFAD9840FA4F66928097" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3804634" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163732401" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3804634" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:01513B367601FFAD9840FA4F66928097" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/01513B367601FFAD9840FA4F66928097" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<subSubSection id="C1E2D9AB7601FFA39840FA4F65398188" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="89478A207601FFA39840FA4F64D181C9" blockId="4.[591,996,1428,1455]" box="[591,996,1428,1455]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="D20F3D4C7601FFA39840FA4F64D181C9" box="[591,996,1428,1455]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="2">
Genus 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37601FFA398ADFA4F64D181C9" ID-CoL="63WGJ" authority="Samouelle, 1819" authorityName="Samouelle" authorityYear="1819" box="[674,996,1428,1455]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327601FFA398ADFA4F642D81C8" bold="true" box="[674,792,1428,1455]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Timarcha</emphasis>
Samouelle, 1819
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89478A207601FFA39AB2FA0D65398188" blockId="4.[189,524,1493,1520]" box="[189,524,1493,1520]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="D20F3D4C7601FFA39AB2FA0D65398188" bold="true" box="[189,524,1493,1520]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="3">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327601FFA39AB2FA0D65398188" bold="true" box="[189,524,1493,1520]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">The female tarsal vestiture</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="89478A207601FFA39AB2F9DF67CF8296" blockId="4.[189,1399,1540,1777]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Complete vestiture in females (0,0,0; 0,0,0; 0,0,0) were found in 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37601FFA39999F9DF63B58279" authorityName="Jolivet" authorityYear="1948" box="[918,1152,1540,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Americanotimarcha">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327601FFA39999F9DF63B58279" box="[918,1152,1540,1566]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Americanotimarcha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37601FFA39EBDF9DF62438279" box="[1202,1398,1540,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Metallotimarcha">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327601FFA39EBDF9DF62438279" box="[1202,1398,1540,1566]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Metallotimarcha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. Moreover, the species found in 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37601FFA39888F9FC65C38226" authorityName="Samouelle" authorityYear="1819" box="[647,758,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327601FFA39888F9FC65C38226" box="[647,758,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Timarcha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A0BFEB497601FFA398F3F9F364048225" box="[764,817,1576,1602]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" sensu="stricto">s.str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
with nearly complete vestiture were 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37601FFA39ED6F9F362428226" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1882" box="[1241,1399,1576,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maroccana">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327601FFA39ED6F9F362428226" box="[1241,1399,1576,1601]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. maroccana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(0–¼,0,0; 0–¼,0,0; 0–¼,0,0) (
<figureCitation id="11C396A57601FFA3982BF991655F8203" box="[548,618,1610,1636]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="5.[189,241,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox="[316,1276,354,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[277,1310,317,1750]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 1–11. Female tarsomeres I–III in ventral view. 1. Timarcha maroccana (Morocco, Azerzou). 2. T. scabripennis (Morocco, Souk-el-Khemis des Anjra). 3. T. prujai (Morocco, Bab Berret). 4. T. balearica (Spain, Mallorca). 5. T. tenebricosa (France, Bretagne, Morlaix). 6. T. nicaeensis (Italy, Alpi Liguri, Margheria dei Boschi). 7. T. lusitanica (Portugal, Oeiras). 8. T. goettingensis (France, Versailles). 9. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Motril). 10. T. pimelioides (Italy, Sicily, Portella Misilbesi). 11. T. rugosa (Algeria, Biskra). Abbreviations: a = protarsomeres; b = mesotarsomeres; c = metatarsomeres. Scale bar = 2.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762330/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37601FFA398BCF990645D8203" authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1868" box="[691,872,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scabripennis">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327601FFA398BCF990645D8203" box="[691,872,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. scabripennis</emphasis>
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(0,0,0; 0–⅓,0,0; 0–⅓,0,0) (
<figureCitation id="11C396A57601FFA39EBBF99163CB8203" box="[1204,1278,1610,1636]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="5.[189,241,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox="[316,1276,354,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[277,1310,317,1750]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 1–11. Female tarsomeres I–III in ventral view. 1. Timarcha maroccana (Morocco, Azerzou). 2. T. scabripennis (Morocco, Souk-el-Khemis des Anjra). 3. T. prujai (Morocco, Bab Berret). 4. T. balearica (Spain, Mallorca). 5. T. tenebricosa (France, Bretagne, Morlaix). 6. T. nicaeensis (Italy, Alpi Liguri, Margheria dei Boschi). 7. T. lusitanica (Portugal, Oeiras). 8. T. goettingensis (France, Versailles). 9. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Motril). 10. T. pimelioides (Italy, Sicily, Portella Misilbesi). 11. T. rugosa (Algeria, Biskra). Abbreviations: a = protarsomeres; b = mesotarsomeres; c = metatarsomeres. Scale bar = 2.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762330/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
), whereas in the close 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37601FFA39B41F9B5668182E0" authorityName="Kocher" authorityYear="1963" box="[334,436,1646,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prujai">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327601FFA39B41F9B5668182E0" box="[334,436,1646,1671]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. prujai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="11C396A57601FFA39BCAF9B6653982EF" box="[453,524,1645,1672]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="5.[189,241,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox="[316,1276,354,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[277,1310,317,1750]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 1–11. Female tarsomeres I–III in ventral view. 1. Timarcha maroccana (Morocco, Azerzou). 2. T. scabripennis (Morocco, Souk-el-Khemis des Anjra). 3. T. prujai (Morocco, Bab Berret). 4. T. balearica (Spain, Mallorca). 5. T. tenebricosa (France, Bretagne, Morlaix). 6. T. nicaeensis (Italy, Alpi Liguri, Margheria dei Boschi). 7. T. lusitanica (Portugal, Oeiras). 8. T. goettingensis (France, Versailles). 9. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Motril). 10. T. pimelioides (Italy, Sicily, Portella Misilbesi). 11. T. rugosa (Algeria, Biskra). Abbreviations: a = protarsomeres; b = mesotarsomeres; c = metatarsomeres. Scale bar = 2.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762330/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) all the tarsomeres had an incomplete, narrow medial line (½–⅓,⅓–¾,⅓; ¾,¾,⅓–½; ¾,½–¾,⅓–½). 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37601FFA3980EF94A65DB82CC" authorityName="Gory" authorityYear="1833" box="[513,750,1681,1707]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balearica">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327601FFA3980EF94A65DB82CC" box="[513,750,1681,1707]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Timarcha balearica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="11C396A57601FFA3990BF94A646482CC" box="[772,849,1681,1707]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="5.[189,241,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox="[316,1276,354,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[277,1310,317,1750]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 1–11. Female tarsomeres I–III in ventral view. 1. Timarcha maroccana (Morocco, Azerzou). 2. T. scabripennis (Morocco, Souk-el-Khemis des Anjra). 3. T. prujai (Morocco, Bab Berret). 4. T. balearica (Spain, Mallorca). 5. T. tenebricosa (France, Bretagne, Morlaix). 6. T. nicaeensis (Italy, Alpi Liguri, Margheria dei Boschi). 7. T. lusitanica (Portugal, Oeiras). 8. T. goettingensis (France, Versailles). 9. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Motril). 10. T. pimelioides (Italy, Sicily, Portella Misilbesi). 11. T. rugosa (Algeria, Biskra). Abbreviations: a = protarsomeres; b = mesotarsomeres; c = metatarsomeres. Scale bar = 2.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762330/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) showed a visible rather incomplete medial glabrous line in the pro and mesotarsomeres I and in metatarsomeres I and II (¼,0,0; ½–⅔,0,0; ⅔–1,½– ¾,0).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89478A207601FFA19AB2F8C2647F85D5" blockId="4.[189,1399,1817,2019]" lastBlockId="6.[189,1399,266,435]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
On the other hand, 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37601FFA39BAEF8C2655F8355" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[417,618,1817,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosa">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327601FFA39BAEF8C2655F8355" box="[417,618,1817,1843]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Timarcha rugosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="11C396A57601FFA39874F8C265FA8354" box="[635,719,1817,1843]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="5.[189,241,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox="[316,1276,354,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[277,1310,317,1750]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 1–11. Female tarsomeres I–III in ventral view. 1. Timarcha maroccana (Morocco, Azerzou). 2. T. scabripennis (Morocco, Souk-el-Khemis des Anjra). 3. T. prujai (Morocco, Bab Berret). 4. T. balearica (Spain, Mallorca). 5. T. tenebricosa (France, Bretagne, Morlaix). 6. T. nicaeensis (Italy, Alpi Liguri, Margheria dei Boschi). 7. T. lusitanica (Portugal, Oeiras). 8. T. goettingensis (France, Versailles). 9. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Motril). 10. T. pimelioides (Italy, Sicily, Portella Misilbesi). 11. T. rugosa (Algeria, Biskra). Abbreviations: a = protarsomeres; b = mesotarsomeres; c = metatarsomeres. Scale bar = 2.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762330/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
) has a fully glabrous medial line in females (1,1,1; 1,1,1; 1,1,1). An almost fully glabrous medial line was found (1,1,¾–1; 1,1,¾–1; 1,1,1) in 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37601FFA39ED9F8E662438331" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1838" box="[1238,1398,1852,1878]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327601FFA39ED9F8E662438331" box="[1238,1398,1852,1878]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="11C396A57601FFA39AC9F8846627831E" box="[198,274,1887,1913]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="5.[189,241,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox="[316,1276,354,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[277,1310,317,1750]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 1–11. Female tarsomeres I–III in ventral view. 1. Timarcha maroccana (Morocco, Azerzou). 2. T. scabripennis (Morocco, Souk-el-Khemis des Anjra). 3. T. prujai (Morocco, Bab Berret). 4. T. balearica (Spain, Mallorca). 5. T. tenebricosa (France, Bretagne, Morlaix). 6. T. nicaeensis (Italy, Alpi Liguri, Margheria dei Boschi). 7. T. lusitanica (Portugal, Oeiras). 8. T. goettingensis (France, Versailles). 9. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Motril). 10. T. pimelioides (Italy, Sicily, Portella Misilbesi). 11. T. rugosa (Algeria, Biskra). Abbreviations: a = protarsomeres; b = mesotarsomeres; c = metatarsomeres. Scale bar = 2.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762330/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37601FFA39B22F8BB6599831E" authority="Petitpierre, 2013" authorityName="Petitpierre" authorityYear="2013" box="[301,684,1887,1913]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carmelenae">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327601FFA39B22F8BB66ED831E" box="[301,472,1887,1913]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. carmelenae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="ED69F7D17601FFA39BEBF8846599831E" author="Petitpierre E. &amp; Daccordi M." box="[484,684,1887,1913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="53 - 78" refId="ref7460" refString="Petitpierre E. &amp; Daccordi M. 2013. Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) de las sierras del Altiplano de Granada (Granada, Andalucia). Zoologia baetica 24: 53 - 78." type="journal article" year="2013">Petitpierre, 2013</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37601FFA398E0F8BB6371831D" authority="Rosenhauer, 1856" authorityName="Rosenhauer" authorityYear="1856" box="[751,1092,1887,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugens">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327601FFA398E0F8BB6468831E" box="[751,861,1887,1913]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. lugens</emphasis>
Rosenhauer, 1856
</taxonomicName>
. In 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37601FFA39E77F8BB623B831E" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1781" box="[1144,1294,1887,1913]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lusitanica">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327601FFA39E77F8BB623B831E" box="[1144,1294,1887,1913]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. lusitanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="11C396A57601FFA39F2DF8846258831D" box="[1314,1389,1887,1914]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="5.[189,241,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox="[316,1276,354,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[277,1310,317,1750]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 1–11. Female tarsomeres I–III in ventral view. 1. Timarcha maroccana (Morocco, Azerzou). 2. T. scabripennis (Morocco, Souk-el-Khemis des Anjra). 3. T. prujai (Morocco, Bab Berret). 4. T. balearica (Spain, Mallorca). 5. T. tenebricosa (France, Bretagne, Morlaix). 6. T. nicaeensis (Italy, Alpi Liguri, Margheria dei Boschi). 7. T. lusitanica (Portugal, Oeiras). 8. T. goettingensis (France, Versailles). 9. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Motril). 10. T. pimelioides (Italy, Sicily, Portella Misilbesi). 11. T. rugosa (Algeria, Biskra). Abbreviations: a = protarsomeres; b = mesotarsomeres; c = metatarsomeres. Scale bar = 2.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762330/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) the line formula is (1,0–1,0–½; 1,½–1,½; 1,1,¼–¾). Greater variability was found in 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37601FFA39EB2F858624283FB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1213,1399,1923,1948]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goettingensis">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327601FFA39EB2F858624283FB" box="[1213,1399,1923,1948]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. goettingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="11C396A57601FFA39AC9F87E663A83A7" box="[198,271,1957,1984]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="5.[189,241,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox="[316,1276,354,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[277,1310,317,1750]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 1–11. Female tarsomeres I–III in ventral view. 1. Timarcha maroccana (Morocco, Azerzou). 2. T. scabripennis (Morocco, Souk-el-Khemis des Anjra). 3. T. prujai (Morocco, Bab Berret). 4. T. balearica (Spain, Mallorca). 5. T. tenebricosa (France, Bretagne, Morlaix). 6. T. nicaeensis (Italy, Alpi Liguri, Margheria dei Boschi). 7. T. lusitanica (Portugal, Oeiras). 8. T. goettingensis (France, Versailles). 9. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Motril). 10. T. pimelioides (Italy, Sicily, Portella Misilbesi). 11. T. rugosa (Algeria, Biskra). Abbreviations: a = protarsomeres; b = mesotarsomeres; c = metatarsomeres. Scale bar = 2.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762330/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
), with (1,1,⅓–¾; 1,1,⅓–¾; 1
<superScript id="7E8D27687601FFA3987EF87D65B483D3" attach="none" box="[625,641,1958,1984]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">,4</superScript>
/5–1,½–¾), 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37601FFA39904F87D648783D8" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1838" box="[779,946,1957,1983]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pimelioides">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327601FFA39904F87D648783D8" box="[779,946,1957,1983]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. pimelioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with (⅓–1,0–1,0–¾; ⅓–1,¼–¾,¼–½; 1,¾–1,½–¾) (
<figureCitation id="11C396A57601FFA39B6DF812668D8384" box="[354,440,1993,2019]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="5.[189,241,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox="[316,1276,354,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[277,1310,317,1750]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 1–11. Female tarsomeres I–III in ventral view. 1. Timarcha maroccana (Morocco, Azerzou). 2. T. scabripennis (Morocco, Souk-el-Khemis des Anjra). 3. T. prujai (Morocco, Bab Berret). 4. T. balearica (Spain, Mallorca). 5. T. tenebricosa (France, Bretagne, Morlaix). 6. T. nicaeensis (Italy, Alpi Liguri, Margheria dei Boschi). 7. T. lusitanica (Portugal, Oeiras). 8. T. goettingensis (France, Versailles). 9. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Motril). 10. T. pimelioides (Italy, Sicily, Portella Misilbesi). 11. T. rugosa (Algeria, Biskra). Abbreviations: a = protarsomeres; b = mesotarsomeres; c = metatarsomeres. Scale bar = 2.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762330/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
), and 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37601FFA39BF1F81265968384" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[510,675,1993,2019]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenebricosa">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327601FFA39BF1F81265968384" box="[510,675,1993,2019]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. tenebricosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with (0–¾,0,0–¼; ¼–½,0–¼,0–¼; ½–1,¼–¾,¼) (
<figureCitation id="11C396A57601FFA39EE2F81262018384" box="[1261,1332,1992,2019]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="5.[189,241,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox="[316,1276,354,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[277,1310,317,1750]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 1–11. Female tarsomeres I–III in ventral view. 1. Timarcha maroccana (Morocco, Azerzou). 2. T. scabripennis (Morocco, Souk-el-Khemis des Anjra). 3. T. prujai (Morocco, Bab Berret). 4. T. balearica (Spain, Mallorca). 5. T. tenebricosa (France, Bretagne, Morlaix). 6. T. nicaeensis (Italy, Alpi Liguri, Margheria dei Boschi). 7. T. lusitanica (Portugal, Oeiras). 8. T. goettingensis (France, Versailles). 9. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Motril). 10. T. pimelioides (Italy, Sicily, Portella Misilbesi). 11. T. rugosa (Algeria, Biskra). Abbreviations: a = protarsomeres; b = mesotarsomeres; c = metatarsomeres. Scale bar = 2.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762330/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). The last one was similar to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37603FFA19825FED765F68542" authorityName="Villa &amp; Villa" authorityYear="1835" box="[554,707,268,293]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nicaeensis">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327603FFA19825FED765F68542" box="[554,707,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">T. nicaeensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(½–⅔,0–¼,0; ½–¾,0–¼,0; ⅔–¾,0–½,0) (
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA19EB9FED062358541" box="[1206,1280,267,294]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="5.[189,241,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox="[316,1276,354,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[277,1310,317,1750]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 1–11. Female tarsomeres I–III in ventral view. 1. Timarcha maroccana (Morocco, Azerzou). 2. T. scabripennis (Morocco, Souk-el-Khemis des Anjra). 3. T. prujai (Morocco, Bab Berret). 4. T. balearica (Spain, Mallorca). 5. T. tenebricosa (France, Bretagne, Morlaix). 6. T. nicaeensis (Italy, Alpi Liguri, Margheria dei Boschi). 7. T. lusitanica (Portugal, Oeiras). 8. T. goettingensis (France, Versailles). 9. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Motril). 10. T. pimelioides (Italy, Sicily, Portella Misilbesi). 11. T. rugosa (Algeria, Biskra). Abbreviations: a = protarsomeres; b = mesotarsomeres; c = metatarsomeres. Scale bar = 2.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762330/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). Notably the morphology of tarsomeres III in 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37603FFA19861FEF465E9852F" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[622,732,303,328]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosa">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327603FFA19861FEF465E9852F" box="[622,732,303,328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">T. rugosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is strongly emarginated (
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA19E04FEF56357852E" box="[1035,1122,302,329]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="5.[189,241,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox="[316,1276,354,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[277,1310,317,1750]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 1–11. Female tarsomeres I–III in ventral view. 1. Timarcha maroccana (Morocco, Azerzou). 2. T. scabripennis (Morocco, Souk-el-Khemis des Anjra). 3. T. prujai (Morocco, Bab Berret). 4. T. balearica (Spain, Mallorca). 5. T. tenebricosa (France, Bretagne, Morlaix). 6. T. nicaeensis (Italy, Alpi Liguri, Margheria dei Boschi). 7. T. lusitanica (Portugal, Oeiras). 8. T. goettingensis (France, Versailles). 9. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Motril). 10. T. pimelioides (Italy, Sicily, Portella Misilbesi). 11. T. rugosa (Algeria, Biskra). Abbreviations: a = protarsomeres; b = mesotarsomeres; c = metatarsomeres. Scale bar = 2.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762330/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). Thus the morphology of tarsomeres may be useful to separate closely related species. For example, in 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37603FFA19E9DFE88627D850B" authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1868" box="[1170,1352,338,364]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scabripennis">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327603FFA19E9DFE88627D850B" box="[1170,1352,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">T. scabripennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the tarsomeres I and II are not very dilated to the apex (
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA19913FEAE645685E8" box="[796,867,373,399]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="5.[189,241,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox="[316,1276,354,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[277,1310,317,1750]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 1–11. Female tarsomeres I–III in ventral view. 1. Timarcha maroccana (Morocco, Azerzou). 2. T. scabripennis (Morocco, Souk-el-Khemis des Anjra). 3. T. prujai (Morocco, Bab Berret). 4. T. balearica (Spain, Mallorca). 5. T. tenebricosa (France, Bretagne, Morlaix). 6. T. nicaeensis (Italy, Alpi Liguri, Margheria dei Boschi). 7. T. lusitanica (Portugal, Oeiras). 8. T. goettingensis (France, Versailles). 9. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Motril). 10. T. pimelioides (Italy, Sicily, Portella Misilbesi). 11. T. rugosa (Algeria, Biskra). Abbreviations: a = protarsomeres; b = mesotarsomeres; c = metatarsomeres. Scale bar = 2.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762330/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
), in 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37603FFA19997FEAD64C985E8" authorityName="Kocher" authorityYear="1963" box="[920,1020,374,399]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prujai">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327603FFA19997FEAD64C985E8" box="[920,1020,374,399]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">T. prujai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
they are slightly dilated (
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA19F28FEAE625885E8" box="[1319,1389,373,399]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="5.[189,241,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox="[316,1276,354,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[277,1310,317,1750]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 1–11. Female tarsomeres I–III in ventral view. 1. Timarcha maroccana (Morocco, Azerzou). 2. T. scabripennis (Morocco, Souk-el-Khemis des Anjra). 3. T. prujai (Morocco, Bab Berret). 4. T. balearica (Spain, Mallorca). 5. T. tenebricosa (France, Bretagne, Morlaix). 6. T. nicaeensis (Italy, Alpi Liguri, Margheria dei Boschi). 7. T. lusitanica (Portugal, Oeiras). 8. T. goettingensis (France, Versailles). 9. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Motril). 10. T. pimelioides (Italy, Sicily, Portella Misilbesi). 11. T. rugosa (Algeria, Biskra). Abbreviations: a = protarsomeres; b = mesotarsomeres; c = metatarsomeres. Scale bar = 2.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762330/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) and in 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37603FFA19B02FE42669885D5" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1882" box="[269,429,409,434]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maroccana">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327603FFA19B02FE42669885D5" box="[269,429,409,434]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">T. maroccana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
they are strongly widened (
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA198FBFE43640C85D5" box="[756,825,408,434]" captionStart="Figs 1–11" captionStartId="5.[189,241,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox="[316,1276,354,1714]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[277,1310,317,1750]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figs 1–11. Female tarsomeres I–III in ventral view. 1. Timarcha maroccana (Morocco, Azerzou). 2. T. scabripennis (Morocco, Souk-el-Khemis des Anjra). 3. T. prujai (Morocco, Bab Berret). 4. T. balearica (Spain, Mallorca). 5. T. tenebricosa (France, Bretagne, Morlaix). 6. T. nicaeensis (Italy, Alpi Liguri, Margheria dei Boschi). 7. T. lusitanica (Portugal, Oeiras). 8. T. goettingensis (France, Versailles). 9. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Motril). 10. T. pimelioides (Italy, Sicily, Portella Misilbesi). 11. T. rugosa (Algeria, Biskra). Abbreviations: a = protarsomeres; b = mesotarsomeres; c = metatarsomeres. Scale bar = 2.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762330/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DD87DAA87600FFA29AB2F9266544838C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762330" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3762330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762330/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[189,241,1789,1815]" targetBox="[316,1276,354,1714]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="89478A207600FFA29AB2F9266544838C" blockId="5.[189,1399,1789,2027]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA29AB2F926660A8370" bold="true" box="[189,319,1789,1815]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 1–11.</emphasis>
Female tarsomeres I–III in ventral view. 
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA29943F926646E8370" bold="true" box="[844,859,1789,1815]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37600FFA29960F926635A8370" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1882" box="[879,1135,1789,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maroccana">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA29960F926635A8370" box="[879,1135,1789,1815]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Timarcha maroccana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Morocco, Azerzou). 
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA29AB2F8FA67F9835C" bold="true" box="[189,204,1825,1851]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37600FFA29AEBF8F96695835C" authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1868" box="[228,416,1825,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scabripennis">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA29AEBF8F96695835C" box="[228,416,1825,1851]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">T. scabripennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Morocco, Souk-el-Khemis des Anjra). 
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA299A5F8FA648C835C" bold="true" box="[938,953,1825,1851]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37600FFA299DEF8F9630A835C" authorityName="Kocher" authorityYear="1963" box="[977,1087,1826,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prujai">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA299DEF8F9630A835C" box="[977,1087,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">T. prujai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Morocco, Bab Berret). 
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA29AB2F89F67F98339" bold="true" box="[189,204,1860,1886]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">4</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37600FFA29AEEF89E66418339" authorityName="Gory" authorityYear="1833" box="[225,372,1860,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balearica">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA29AEEF89E66418339" box="[225,372,1860,1886]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">T. balearica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Spain, Mallorca). 
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA29862F89F65498339" bold="true" box="[621,636,1860,1886]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">5</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37600FFA2989FF89E64088339" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[656,829,1860,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenebricosa">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA2989FF89E64088339" box="[656,829,1860,1886]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">T. tenebricosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(France, Bretagne, Morlaix). 
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA29EBAF89F63F18339" bold="true" box="[1205,1220,1860,1886]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">6</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37600FFA29ED6F89E62438339" authorityName="Villa &amp; Villa" authorityYear="1835" box="[1241,1398,1861,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nicaeensis">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA29ED6F89E62438339" box="[1241,1398,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">T. nicaeensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Italy, Alpi Liguri, Margheria dei Boschi). 
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA298D4F8BC65DF83E6" bold="true" box="[731,746,1895,1921]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">7</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37600FFA298F0F8B364A283E6" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1781" box="[767,919,1895,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lusitanica">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA298F0F8B364A283E6" box="[767,919,1895,1921]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">T. lusitanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Portugal, Oeiras). 
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA29E9BF8BC639683E6" bold="true" box="[1172,1187,1895,1921]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">8</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37600FFA29EB7F8B3624283E6" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1208,1399,1896,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goettingensis">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA29EB7F8B3624283E6" box="[1208,1399,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">T. goettingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(France, Versailles). 
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA29BBFF851668A83C3" bold="true" box="[432,447,1930,1956]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">9</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37600FFA29BC1F850655F83C3" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1838" box="[462,618,1930,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA29BC1F850655F83C3" box="[462,618,1930,1956]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">T. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Spain, Granada, Motril). 
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA299ABF85164F483C3" bold="true" box="[932,961,1930,1956]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">10</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37600FFA299DFF850634083C3" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1838" box="[976,1141,1930,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pimelioides">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA299DFF850634083C3" box="[976,1141,1930,1956]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">T. pimelioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Italy, Sicily, Portella Misilbesi). 
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA29B4CF876666883A0" bold="true" box="[323,349,1965,1991]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">11</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37600FFA29B61F87566E883A0" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[366,477,1966,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosa">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327600FFA29B61F87566E883A0" box="[366,477,1966,1991]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">T. rugosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Algeria, Biskra). Abbreviations: a = protarsomeres; b = mesotarsomeres; c = metatarsomeres. Scale bar = 2.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="89478A207603FFA19AB2FE01652C8593" blockId="6.[189,537,473,500]" box="[189,537,473,500]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<heading id="D20F3D4C7603FFA19AB2FE01652C8593" bold="true" box="[189,537,473,500]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="3">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327603FFA19AB2FE01652C8593" bold="true" box="[189,537,473,500]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">The sclerites of endophallus</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89478A207603FFA19AB2FDD36214877F" blockId="6.[189,1399,520,793]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
The sclerites have different patterns in the three subgenera. The species of the subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37603FFA19EC7FDD362028645" authorityName="Samouelle" authorityYear="1819" box="[1224,1335,520,546]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327603FFA19EC7FDD362028645" box="[1224,1335,520,546]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Timarcha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have sclerites of the endophallus which generally consist of a long, fine tube called the flagellum (“tige” for 
<bibRefCitation id="ED69F7D17603FFA19AE7FD956517860E" author="Iablokoff-Khnzorian S. M." box="[232,546,590,617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="115 - 137" refId="ref7018" refString="Iablokoff-Khnzorian S. M. 1966. Considerations sur l'edeage des Chrysomelidae et son importance phylogenique. L'Entomologiste 22 (6): 115 - 137." type="journal article" year="1966">Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1966</bibRefCitation>
), that includes the ductus. The flagellum is a long, narrow plate curved in on itself which forms a tube that directs the sperm (see 
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA19960FDA964F386EB" box="[879,966,626,652]" captionStart="Figs 21–24" captionStartId="8.[189,241,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,981,1888]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[189,1398,1434,1888]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 21–24. SEM details of the apex of the flagellum. 21. Timarcha tenebricosa (England, Cambridgeshire). 22. T. goettingensis (Austria, Umgeb. Wien). 23. T. balearica (Spain, Palma de Mallorca). 24. T. (Americanotimarcha) intricata (U.S.A., Oregon, East Fork, Dairy Creek)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762334/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
). The base of the flagellum is joined to a sclerotized piece named the phanera (Stockman 1966; manubrium for 
<bibRefCitation id="ED69F7D17603FFA19E36FD4E624786C8" author="Iablokoff-Khnzorian S. M." box="[1081,1394,661,687]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="115 - 137" refId="ref7018" refString="Iablokoff-Khnzorian S. M. 1966. Considerations sur l'edeage des Chrysomelidae et son importance phylogenique. L'Entomologiste 22 (6): 115 - 137." type="journal article" year="1966">Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1966</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="ED69F7D17603FFA19AB2FD6366B586B5" author="Petitpierre E." box="[189,384,696,722]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="5 - 16" refId="ref7352" refString="Petitpierre E. 1970. Variaciones morfologicas y de la genitalia en las Timarcha Lat. (Col. Chrysomelidae). Publicaciones del Instituto de Biologia Aplicada 48: 5 - 16." type="journal article" year="1970">Petitpierre 1970</bibRefCitation>
) which is attached to the dorso-apical part of the endophallus (see 
<bibRefCitation id="ED69F7D17603FFA19ED7FD63669D8692" author="Petitpierre E. &amp; Anichtchenko A." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="361 - 383" refId="ref7406" refString="Petitpierre E. &amp; Anichtchenko A. 2018. Endophallus structure: a promising tool for cryptic species identification in Timarcha Samouelle, 1819 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae). Zootaxa 4446 (3): 361 - 383. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4446.3.4" type="journal article" year="2018">Petitpierre &amp; Anichtchenko 2018</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA19BE9FD00655A8691" box="[486,623,731,758]" captionStart="Figs 25–29" captionStartId="9.[189,241,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,651,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[212,816,1081,1484]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 25–29. Air inflated endophallus. 25. Timarcha goettingensis (Germany, Bad Frankenhausen). 26. T. intermedia (Spain, Almería, Níjar). 27. T. granadensis (Spain, Granada, Puebla de Don Fadrique). 28. T. marginicollis (Spain, Granada). 29. T. strangulata (Spain, Pyrenees). Not at the same scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762336/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 25–29</figureCitation>
). The phanera is usually a paired structure, with two pieces in the shape of wings. In some species, the phanera is unpaired and reduced with a simple stick shape.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89478A207603FFA19AB2FC9B64E2804A" blockId="6.[189,1399,832,1070]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
The presence of a phanera with two well-developed wings occurs in 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37603FFA199FEFC9B63C7873D" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1009,1266,832,858]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenebricosa">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327603FFA199FEFC9B63C7873D" box="[1009,1266,832,858]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Timarcha tenebricosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where the long flagellum is interestingly curved upwards and enlarged near the apex (
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA19E52FCB86388871A" box="[1117,1213,867,893]" captionStart="Figs 12–20" captionStartId="7.[189,241,1754,1780]" captionTargetBox="[349,1228,328,1702]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[323,1265,317,1712]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–20. Sclerites of the internal sac of aedeagus. 12. Timarcha tenebricosa (Launceston, England; dorsolateral). 13. T. goettingensis (Germany, Bad Frankenhausen; dorsolateral). 14. T. rugosa (Algeria, Batna; dorsal). 15. T. hispanica (Spain, Madrid, Escorial; lateral). 16. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Castell de Ferro; lateral). 17. T. balearica (Spain, Palma de Mallorca; lateral). 18. T. maroccana (Morocco, Middle Atlas, Sidi Ali; dorsal). 19. T. (Americanotimarcha) intricata (U.S.A., Washington State; lateral). 20. T. (Metallotimarcha) metallica (Croatia, Dundovici; ventral). Abbreviations: fl = flagellum; dc = ductus; ph = phanera. Scale bars: 12–18 = 0.5 mm; 19–20: short scale = 0.05 mm, long scale = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762332/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 12</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA19EC2FCB863DB871A" box="[1229,1262,867,893]" captionStart="Figs 21–24" captionStartId="8.[189,241,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,981,1888]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[189,1398,1434,1888]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 21–24. SEM details of the apex of the flagellum. 21. Timarcha tenebricosa (England, Cambridgeshire). 22. T. goettingensis (Austria, Umgeb. Wien). 23. T. balearica (Spain, Palma de Mallorca). 24. T. (Americanotimarcha) intricata (U.S.A., Oregon, East Fork, Dairy Creek)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762334/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">21</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37603FFA19F08FCB8666D87C7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goettingensis">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327603FFA19F08FCB8666D87C7" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Timarcha goettingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a shorter flagellum and two less sclerotized wings (
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA19E0FFC5D636287C7" box="[1024,1111,902,928]" captionStart="Figs 12–20" captionStartId="7.[189,241,1754,1780]" captionTargetBox="[349,1228,328,1702]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[323,1265,317,1712]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–20. Sclerites of the internal sac of aedeagus. 12. Timarcha tenebricosa (Launceston, England; dorsolateral). 13. T. goettingensis (Germany, Bad Frankenhausen; dorsolateral). 14. T. rugosa (Algeria, Batna; dorsal). 15. T. hispanica (Spain, Madrid, Escorial; lateral). 16. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Castell de Ferro; lateral). 17. T. balearica (Spain, Palma de Mallorca; lateral). 18. T. maroccana (Morocco, Middle Atlas, Sidi Ali; dorsal). 19. T. (Americanotimarcha) intricata (U.S.A., Washington State; lateral). 20. T. (Metallotimarcha) metallica (Croatia, Dundovici; ventral). Abbreviations: fl = flagellum; dc = ductus; ph = phanera. Scale bars: 12–18 = 0.5 mm; 19–20: short scale = 0.05 mm, long scale = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762332/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
) which, if not carefully prepared under the microscope, can turn on themselves, giving a somewhat different appearance; the apex of flagellum has a small, thin digit-like appendix next to the apical pore (
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA19E7DFC1663F88780" box="[1138,1229,973,999]" captionStart="Figs 21–24" captionStartId="8.[189,241,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,981,1888]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[189,1398,1434,1888]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 21–24. SEM details of the apex of the flagellum. 21. Timarcha tenebricosa (England, Cambridgeshire). 22. T. goettingensis (Austria, Umgeb. Wien). 23. T. balearica (Spain, Palma de Mallorca). 24. T. (Americanotimarcha) intricata (U.S.A., Oregon, East Fork, Dairy Creek)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762334/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
). In 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37603FFA19F09FC1562438780" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[1286,1398,974,999]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosa">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327603FFA19F09FC1562438780" box="[1286,1398,974,999]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">T. rugosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA19AC9FC2B662F806D" box="[198,282,1008,1034]" captionStart="Figs 12–20" captionStartId="7.[189,241,1754,1780]" captionTargetBox="[349,1228,328,1702]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[323,1265,317,1712]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–20. Sclerites of the internal sac of aedeagus. 12. Timarcha tenebricosa (Launceston, England; dorsolateral). 13. T. goettingensis (Germany, Bad Frankenhausen; dorsolateral). 14. T. rugosa (Algeria, Batna; dorsal). 15. T. hispanica (Spain, Madrid, Escorial; lateral). 16. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Castell de Ferro; lateral). 17. T. balearica (Spain, Palma de Mallorca; lateral). 18. T. maroccana (Morocco, Middle Atlas, Sidi Ali; dorsal). 19. T. (Americanotimarcha) intricata (U.S.A., Washington State; lateral). 20. T. (Metallotimarcha) metallica (Croatia, Dundovici; ventral). Abbreviations: fl = flagellum; dc = ductus; ph = phanera. Scale bars: 12–18 = 0.5 mm; 19–20: short scale = 0.05 mm, long scale = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762332/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
) there is a central, straight flagellum, with two rather lineal and rigid wings well separated from the base, which are observed easier dorsally than laterally (
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA1997DFBC864FF804A" box="[882,970,1043,1069]" captionStart="Figs 12–20" captionStartId="7.[189,241,1754,1780]" captionTargetBox="[349,1228,328,1702]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[323,1265,317,1712]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–20. Sclerites of the internal sac of aedeagus. 12. Timarcha tenebricosa (Launceston, England; dorsolateral). 13. T. goettingensis (Germany, Bad Frankenhausen; dorsolateral). 14. T. rugosa (Algeria, Batna; dorsal). 15. T. hispanica (Spain, Madrid, Escorial; lateral). 16. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Castell de Ferro; lateral). 17. T. balearica (Spain, Palma de Mallorca; lateral). 18. T. maroccana (Morocco, Middle Atlas, Sidi Ali; dorsal). 19. T. (Americanotimarcha) intricata (U.S.A., Washington State; lateral). 20. T. (Metallotimarcha) metallica (Croatia, Dundovici; ventral). Abbreviations: fl = flagellum; dc = ductus; ph = phanera. Scale bars: 12–18 = 0.5 mm; 19–20: short scale = 0.05 mm, long scale = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762332/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89478A207603FFA19AB2FB8E63FB80D2" blockId="6.[189,1399,1108,1206]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
An unpaired but well developed phanera is found in 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37603FFA1992CFB8E63398008" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1838" box="[803,1036,1109,1135]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispanica">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327603FFA1992CFB8E63398008" box="[803,1036,1109,1135]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Timarcha hispanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA19E14FB8E63448008" box="[1051,1137,1108,1135]" captionStart="Figs 12–20" captionStartId="7.[189,241,1754,1780]" captionTargetBox="[349,1228,328,1702]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[323,1265,317,1712]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–20. Sclerites of the internal sac of aedeagus. 12. Timarcha tenebricosa (Launceston, England; dorsolateral). 13. T. goettingensis (Germany, Bad Frankenhausen; dorsolateral). 14. T. rugosa (Algeria, Batna; dorsal). 15. T. hispanica (Spain, Madrid, Escorial; lateral). 16. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Castell de Ferro; lateral). 17. T. balearica (Spain, Palma de Mallorca; lateral). 18. T. maroccana (Morocco, Middle Atlas, Sidi Ali; dorsal). 19. T. (Americanotimarcha) intricata (U.S.A., Washington State; lateral). 20. T. (Metallotimarcha) metallica (Croatia, Dundovici; ventral). Abbreviations: fl = flagellum; dc = ductus; ph = phanera. Scale bars: 12–18 = 0.5 mm; 19–20: short scale = 0.05 mm, long scale = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762332/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
), whereas the phanera is quite short in 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37603FFA19B8EFBA2652A80F5" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1838" box="[385,543,1144,1170]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327603FFA19B8EFBA2652A80F5" box="[385,543,1144,1170]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">T. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA1983EFBA365B280F4" box="[561,647,1144,1171]" captionStart="Figs 12–20" captionStartId="7.[189,241,1754,1780]" captionTargetBox="[349,1228,328,1702]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[323,1265,317,1712]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–20. Sclerites of the internal sac of aedeagus. 12. Timarcha tenebricosa (Launceston, England; dorsolateral). 13. T. goettingensis (Germany, Bad Frankenhausen; dorsolateral). 14. T. rugosa (Algeria, Batna; dorsal). 15. T. hispanica (Spain, Madrid, Escorial; lateral). 16. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Castell de Ferro; lateral). 17. T. balearica (Spain, Palma de Mallorca; lateral). 18. T. maroccana (Morocco, Middle Atlas, Sidi Ali; dorsal). 19. T. (Americanotimarcha) intricata (U.S.A., Washington State; lateral). 20. T. (Metallotimarcha) metallica (Croatia, Dundovici; ventral). Abbreviations: fl = flagellum; dc = ductus; ph = phanera. Scale bars: 12–18 = 0.5 mm; 19–20: short scale = 0.05 mm, long scale = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762332/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37603FFA198C2FBA2646980F5" authorityName="Gory" authorityYear="1833" box="[717,860,1144,1170]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balearica">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327603FFA198C2FBA2646980F5" box="[717,860,1144,1170]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">T. balearica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the latter however is very notable due to its coiling flagellum which is formed by the fusion of two symmetrical halves (
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA19E37FB4063A680D2" box="[1080,1171,1179,1205]" captionStart="Figs 12–20" captionStartId="7.[189,241,1754,1780]" captionTargetBox="[349,1228,328,1702]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[323,1265,317,1712]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–20. Sclerites of the internal sac of aedeagus. 12. Timarcha tenebricosa (Launceston, England; dorsolateral). 13. T. goettingensis (Germany, Bad Frankenhausen; dorsolateral). 14. T. rugosa (Algeria, Batna; dorsal). 15. T. hispanica (Spain, Madrid, Escorial; lateral). 16. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Castell de Ferro; lateral). 17. T. balearica (Spain, Palma de Mallorca; lateral). 18. T. maroccana (Morocco, Middle Atlas, Sidi Ali; dorsal). 19. T. (Americanotimarcha) intricata (U.S.A., Washington State; lateral). 20. T. (Metallotimarcha) metallica (Croatia, Dundovici; ventral). Abbreviations: fl = flagellum; dc = ductus; ph = phanera. Scale bars: 12–18 = 0.5 mm; 19–20: short scale = 0.05 mm, long scale = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762332/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 17</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA19EAFFB4063F480D2" box="[1184,1217,1179,1205]" captionStart="Figs 21–24" captionStartId="8.[189,241,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,981,1888]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[189,1398,1434,1888]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 21–24. SEM details of the apex of the flagellum. 21. Timarcha tenebricosa (England, Cambridgeshire). 22. T. goettingensis (Austria, Umgeb. Wien). 23. T. balearica (Spain, Palma de Mallorca). 24. T. (Americanotimarcha) intricata (U.S.A., Oregon, East Fork, Dairy Creek)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762334/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">23</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89478A207603FFA19AB2FB0766B2815A" blockId="6.[189,1398,1244,1341]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
The endophallus sclerite of 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37603FFA1981FFB0764388091" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1882" box="[528,781,1244,1270]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maroccana">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327603FFA1981FFB0764388091" box="[528,781,1244,1270]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Timarcha maroccana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA1992EFB07644C8090" box="[801,889,1244,1271]" captionStart="Figs 12–20" captionStartId="7.[189,241,1754,1780]" captionTargetBox="[349,1228,328,1702]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[323,1265,317,1712]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–20. Sclerites of the internal sac of aedeagus. 12. Timarcha tenebricosa (Launceston, England; dorsolateral). 13. T. goettingensis (Germany, Bad Frankenhausen; dorsolateral). 14. T. rugosa (Algeria, Batna; dorsal). 15. T. hispanica (Spain, Madrid, Escorial; lateral). 16. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Castell de Ferro; lateral). 17. T. balearica (Spain, Palma de Mallorca; lateral). 18. T. maroccana (Morocco, Middle Atlas, Sidi Ali; dorsal). 19. T. (Americanotimarcha) intricata (U.S.A., Washington State; lateral). 20. T. (Metallotimarcha) metallica (Croatia, Dundovici; ventral). Abbreviations: fl = flagellum; dc = ductus; ph = phanera. Scale bars: 12–18 = 0.5 mm; 19–20: short scale = 0.05 mm, long scale = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762332/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
) is quite striking with a short structure, a paired phanera, which is lineal but well sclerotized, not winged, and a flagellum only slightly longer than the phanera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89478A207603FFA19AB2FABF6231818F" blockId="6.[189,1399,1380,1512]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
On the other hand, in 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37603FFA19BCDFABF64908119" authorityName="Haldeman" authorityYear="1853" box="[450,933,1380,1406]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intricata" subGenus="Americanotimarcha">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327603FFA19BCDFABF64908119" box="[450,933,1380,1406]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Timarcha (Americanotimarcha) intricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the flagellum is very elongated, hardly curved or almost straight, bifurcated at the base, decreasing in diameter and widening in two small divergent points at the apex. At the base there is a small, paired, very weakly sclerotized phanera (
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA19AC9FA156628818F" box="[198,285,1486,1512]" captionStart="Figs 12–20" captionStartId="7.[189,241,1754,1780]" captionTargetBox="[349,1228,328,1702]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[323,1265,317,1712]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–20. Sclerites of the internal sac of aedeagus. 12. Timarcha tenebricosa (Launceston, England; dorsolateral). 13. T. goettingensis (Germany, Bad Frankenhausen; dorsolateral). 14. T. rugosa (Algeria, Batna; dorsal). 15. T. hispanica (Spain, Madrid, Escorial; lateral). 16. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Castell de Ferro; lateral). 17. T. balearica (Spain, Palma de Mallorca; lateral). 18. T. maroccana (Morocco, Middle Atlas, Sidi Ali; dorsal). 19. T. (Americanotimarcha) intricata (U.S.A., Washington State; lateral). 20. T. (Metallotimarcha) metallica (Croatia, Dundovici; ventral). Abbreviations: fl = flagellum; dc = ductus; ph = phanera. Scale bars: 12–18 = 0.5 mm; 19–20: short scale = 0.05 mm, long scale = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762332/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
); close up it can be seen that the apex of flagellum has a digit-like appendix (
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA19EA9FA1563C9818F" box="[1190,1276,1486,1512]" captionStart="Figs 21–24" captionStartId="8.[189,241,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,981,1888]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[189,1398,1434,1888]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figs 21–24. SEM details of the apex of the flagellum. 21. Timarcha tenebricosa (England, Cambridgeshire). 22. T. goettingensis (Austria, Umgeb. Wien). 23. T. balearica (Spain, Palma de Mallorca). 24. T. (Americanotimarcha) intricata (U.S.A., Oregon, East Fork, Dairy Creek)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762334/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89478A207603FFA19AB2F9CB644A82BD" blockId="6.[189,1399,1551,1754]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
In 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37603FFA19AD1F9D46597824E" baseAuthorityName="Laicharting" baseAuthorityYear="1781" box="[222,674,1551,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="metallica" subGenus="Metallotimarcha">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327603FFA19AD1F9D46597824E" box="[222,674,1551,1577]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Timarcha (Metallotimarcha) metallica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the flagellum has a bifurcated base, is well chitinized, rigid, parallel sided, moderately elongated, ending in a slightly widened apex provided with a crown of denticles and an attached membrane. The phanera is paired, large, and incised at the base (
<figureCitation id="11C396A57603FFA19F01F98D625C8217" box="[1294,1385,1622,1648]" captionStart="Figs 12–20" captionStartId="7.[189,241,1754,1780]" captionTargetBox="[349,1228,328,1702]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[323,1265,317,1712]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 12–20. Sclerites of the internal sac of aedeagus. 12. Timarcha tenebricosa (Launceston, England; dorsolateral). 13. T. goettingensis (Germany, Bad Frankenhausen; dorsolateral). 14. T. rugosa (Algeria, Batna; dorsal). 15. T. hispanica (Spain, Madrid, Escorial; lateral). 16. T. intermedia (Spain, Granada, Castell de Ferro; lateral). 17. T. balearica (Spain, Palma de Mallorca; lateral). 18. T. maroccana (Morocco, Middle Atlas, Sidi Ali; dorsal). 19. T. (Americanotimarcha) intricata (U.S.A., Washington State; lateral). 20. T. (Metallotimarcha) metallica (Croatia, Dundovici; ventral). Abbreviations: fl = flagellum; dc = ductus; ph = phanera. Scale bars: 12–18 = 0.5 mm; 19–20: short scale = 0.05 mm, long scale = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762332/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
). However, the sclerites of the endophallus are very different and characteristic in the distinct species of subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37603FFA19B3CF94766C282D1" box="[307,503,1692,1718]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Metallotimarcha">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327603FFA19B3CF94766C282D1" box="[307,503,1692,1718]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Metallotimarcha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
making it difficult to find a general pattern; although the base of flagellum always appears bifurcated, as occurs in 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37603FFA19881F964644D82BE" authorityName="Jolivet" authorityYear="1948" box="[654,888,1727,1753]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Americanotimarcha">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327603FFA19881F964644D82BE" box="[654,888,1727,1753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Americanotimarcha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89478A207603FFA19AB2F8DA66B8837C" blockId="6.[189,397,1793,1819]" box="[189,397,1793,1819]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<heading id="D20F3D4C7603FFA19AB2F8DA66B8837C" bold="true" box="[189,397,1793,1819]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="3">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327603FFA19AB2F8DA66B8837C" bold="true" box="[189,397,1793,1819]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">The endophallus</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89478A207603FFAF9AB2F8F4665A850B" blockId="6.[189,1399,1839,2007]" lastBlockId="8.[189,1399,267,364]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
The endophallus (internal sac of penis) in 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37603FFA198B6F8F4641D832E" authorityName="Samouelle" authorityYear="1819" box="[697,808,1839,1865]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327603FFA198B6F8F4641D832E" box="[697,808,1839,1865]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Timarcha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is simple, membranous, with bilateral symmetry, and is moderately variable between the species. Basically, it consists of three main lobes, in dorsal and/ or ventral position: basal, medial and distal. The basal and medial lobes may have paired protuberances; while in the majority of the species evaluated, the distal one is unpaired. Lastly, the distal lobe can end in a small apical diverticulum. Besides this, the endophallus supports the sclerites described above; the phanera is attached to the distal part of the dorsal protuberance of medial lobe. The endophallus is a fixation structure used to copulate, whereas the phanera serves to attach the flagellum which forms the sperm channel.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DD87DAA87602FFA09AB2F901664D838C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762332" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3762332" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762332/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[189,241,1754,1780]" targetBox="[349,1228,328,1702]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="89478A207602FFA09AB2F901664D838C" blockId="7.[189,1399,1754,2027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327602FFA09AB2F901667F8293" bold="true" box="[189,330,1754,1780]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 12–20.</emphasis>
Sclerites of the internal sac of aedeagus. 
<emphasis id="BB8C56327602FFA09938F90164618293" bold="true" box="[823,852,1754,1780]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">12</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37602FFA0996BF90163518293" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[868,1124,1754,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenebricosa">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327602FFA0996BF90163518293" box="[868,1124,1754,1780]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Timarcha tenebricosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Launceston, England; dorsolateral). 
<emphasis id="BB8C56327602FFA09B6FF92666488370" bold="true" box="[352,381,1789,1815]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">13</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37602FFA09B83F92565718370" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[396,580,1790,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goettingensis">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327602FFA09B83F92565718370" box="[396,580,1790,1815]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">T. goettingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Germany, Bad Frankenhausen; dorsolateral). 
<emphasis id="BB8C56327602FFA09E64F92663BD8370" bold="true" box="[1131,1160,1789,1815]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">14</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37602FFA09E98F92562308370" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[1175,1285,1790,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosa">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327602FFA09E98F92562308370" box="[1175,1285,1790,1815]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">T. rugosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Algeria, Batna; dorsal). 
<emphasis id="BB8C56327602FFA09B7AF8FB66A7835D" bold="true" box="[373,402,1824,1850]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">15</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37602FFA09BABF8FA6500835D" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1838" box="[420,565,1824,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hispanica">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327602FFA09BABF8FA6500835D" box="[420,565,1824,1850]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">T. hispanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Spain, Madrid, Escorial; lateral). 
<emphasis id="BB8C56327602FFA099D6F8FB64C3835D" bold="true" box="[985,1014,1824,1850]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">16</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37602FFA09E08F8FA6390835D" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1838" box="[1031,1189,1824,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327602FFA09E08F8FA6390835D" box="[1031,1189,1824,1850]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">T. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Spain, Granada, Castell de Ferro; lateral). 
<emphasis id="BB8C56327602FFA0980DF898652A833A" bold="true" box="[514,543,1859,1885]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">17</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37602FFA0983BF89F65F2833A" authorityName="Gory" authorityYear="1833" box="[564,711,1859,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balearica">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327602FFA0983BF89F65F2833A" box="[564,711,1859,1885]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">T. balearica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Spain, Palma de Mallorca; lateral). 
<emphasis id="BB8C56327602FFA09E91F898638E833A" bold="true" box="[1182,1211,1859,1885]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">18</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37602FFA09EDEF89F6242833A" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1882" box="[1233,1399,1860,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maroccana">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327602FFA09EDEF89F6242833A" box="[1233,1399,1860,1885]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">T. maroccana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Morocco, Middle Atlas, Sidi Ali; dorsal). 
<emphasis id="BB8C56327602FFA098B1F8BC65EE83E6" bold="true" box="[702,731,1895,1921]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">19</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37602FFA098E3F8B3634283E6" authorityName="Haldeman" authorityYear="1853" box="[748,1143,1895,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intricata" subGenus="Americanotimarcha">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327602FFA098E3F8B3634283E6" box="[748,1143,1895,1921]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">T. (Americanotimarcha) intricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(U.S.A., Washington State; lateral). 
<emphasis id="BB8C56327602FFA09B7FF85166B883C3" bold="true" box="[368,397,1930,1956]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">20</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A37602FFA09B90F850643A83C3" baseAuthorityName="Laicharting" baseAuthorityYear="1781" box="[415,783,1930,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="metallica" subGenus="Metallotimarcha">
<emphasis id="BB8C56327602FFA09B90F850643A83C3" box="[415,783,1930,1956]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">T. (Metallotimarcha) metallica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Croatia, Dundovici; ventral). Abbreviations: fl = flagellum; dc = ductus; ph = phanera. Scale bars: 12–18 = 0.5 mm; 19–20: short scale = 0.05 mm, long scale = 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="89478A20760DFFAF9AB2FE4865D78710" blockId="8.[189,1399,403,887]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The endophallus is distinctive in different species. In 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A3760DFFAF9939FE48637D85CA" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[822,1096,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goettingensis">
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760DFFAF9939FE48637D85CA" box="[822,1096,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Timarcha goettingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="11C396A5760DFFAF9E56FE48638585C9" box="[1113,1200,403,430]" captionStart="Figs 25–29" captionStartId="9.[189,241,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,651,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[212,816,1081,1484]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 25–29. Air inflated endophallus. 25. Timarcha goettingensis (Germany, Bad Frankenhausen). 26. T. intermedia (Spain, Almería, Níjar). 27. T. granadensis (Spain, Granada, Puebla de Don Fadrique). 28. T. marginicollis (Spain, Granada). 29. T. strangulata (Spain, Pyrenees). Not at the same scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762336/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
), there is a welldefined, long, basal lobe which opens to a widened medial lobe with a swollen dorsal protuberance and a weakly convex ventral protuberance. The distal lobe is developed and ends in a small apical diverticulum. On the other hand, 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A3760DFFAF9845FE2565D28670" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1838" box="[586,743,509,535]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760DFFAF9845FE2565D28670" box="[586,743,509,535]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="11C396A5760DFFAF98F6FE266465867F" box="[761,848,509,536]" captionStart="Figs 25–29" captionStartId="9.[189,241,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,651,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[212,816,1081,1484]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 25–29. Air inflated endophallus. 25. Timarcha goettingensis (Germany, Bad Frankenhausen). 26. T. intermedia (Spain, Almería, Níjar). 27. T. granadensis (Spain, Granada, Puebla de Don Fadrique). 28. T. marginicollis (Spain, Granada). 29. T. strangulata (Spain, Pyrenees). Not at the same scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762336/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
) has a narrow basal lobe, opening to a medial lobe with unpaired dorsal and paired ventral protuberances dilated with a long, tapering, distal lobe. In some species, like 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A3760DFFAF9BB3FD9F655D863A" authorityName="Bechyne" authorityYear="1948" box="[444,616,579,605]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granadensis">
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760DFFAF9BB3FD9F655D863A" box="[444,616,579,605]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. granadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, there is not a basal lobe, but there is a swollen medial lobe and a distal lobe parallel sided, truncated at the apex, yet ending in a small distal diverticulum; interestingly, the medial lobe carries a number of tiny spines (
<figureCitation id="11C396A5760DFFAF990FFD52646F86C3" box="[768,858,649,676]" captionStart="Figs 25–29" captionStartId="9.[189,241,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,651,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[212,816,1081,1484]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 25–29. Air inflated endophallus. 25. Timarcha goettingensis (Germany, Bad Frankenhausen). 26. T. intermedia (Spain, Almería, Níjar). 27. T. granadensis (Spain, Granada, Puebla de Don Fadrique). 28. T. marginicollis (Spain, Granada). 29. T. strangulata (Spain, Pyrenees). Not at the same scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762336/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
; fig. 
<quantity id="4E0027C5760DFFAF9999FD5164E686C4" box="[918,979,649,676]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.128" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="32.0">32 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation id="ED69F7D1760DFFAF99D3FD52625E86C3" author="Petitpierre E. &amp; Anichtchenko A." box="[988,1387,649,676]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="361 - 383" refId="ref7406" refString="Petitpierre E. &amp; Anichtchenko A. 2018. Endophallus structure: a promising tool for cryptic species identification in Timarcha Samouelle, 1819 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae). Zootaxa 4446 (3): 361 - 383. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4446.3.4" type="journal article" year="2018">Petitpierre &amp; Anichtchenko 2018</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A3760DFFAF9AB2FD7666FB86A0" authorityName="Rosenhauer" authorityYear="1856" box="[189,462,685,711]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginicollis">
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760DFFAF9AB2FD7666FB86A0" box="[189,462,685,711]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Timarcha marginicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="11C396A5760DFFAF9BD2FD76650786A0" box="[477,562,685,711]" captionStart="Figs 25–29" captionStartId="9.[189,241,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,651,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[212,816,1081,1484]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 25–29. Air inflated endophallus. 25. Timarcha goettingensis (Germany, Bad Frankenhausen). 26. T. intermedia (Spain, Almería, Níjar). 27. T. granadensis (Spain, Granada, Puebla de Don Fadrique). 28. T. marginicollis (Spain, Granada). 29. T. strangulata (Spain, Pyrenees). Not at the same scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762336/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
) has a rounded basal lobe, and a long, parallel-sided medial lobe, which has a developed dorsal proximal, two paired dorsal distal and ventral protuberances, and finally a fingershaped distal lobe; no apical diverticulum was observed. In 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A3760DFFAF997CFD2F6323876A" authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1861" box="[883,1046,755,781]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strangulata">
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760DFFAF997CFD2F6323876A" box="[883,1046,755,781]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. strangulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="11C396A5760DFFAF9E29FD286348876A" box="[1062,1149,755,781]" captionStart="Figs 25–29" captionStartId="9.[189,241,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,651,1890]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[212,816,1081,1484]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figs 25–29. Air inflated endophallus. 25. Timarcha goettingensis (Germany, Bad Frankenhausen). 26. T. intermedia (Spain, Almería, Níjar). 27. T. granadensis (Spain, Granada, Puebla de Don Fadrique). 28. T. marginicollis (Spain, Granada). 29. T. strangulata (Spain, Pyrenees). Not at the same scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762336/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
), the basal lobe is not differentiated from the medial lobe, which has long dorsal and slight ventral protuberances; the distal lobe is thumb-shaped and slightly turned dorsally. A well-illustrated study of the interspecific variations is found in 
<bibRefCitation id="ED69F7D1760DFFAF9B4DFC8665EB8710" author="Petitpierre E. &amp; Anichtchenko A." box="[322,734,861,887]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="361 - 383" refId="ref7406" refString="Petitpierre E. &amp; Anichtchenko A. 2018. Endophallus structure: a promising tool for cryptic species identification in Timarcha Samouelle, 1819 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae). Zootaxa 4446 (3): 361 - 383. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4446.3.4" type="journal article" year="2018">Petitpierre &amp; Anichtchenko (2018)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DD87DAA8760DFFAF9AB2F85163DF838C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3762334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762334/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[189,241,1930,1956]" targetBox="[189,1398,981,1888]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="89478A20760DFFAF9AB2F85163DF838C" blockId="8.[189,1399,1930,2027]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760DFFAF9AB2F851666183C3" bold="true" box="[189,340,1930,1956]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 21–24.</emphasis>
SEM details of the apex of the flagellum. 
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760DFFAF99A1F85164FE83C3" bold="true" box="[942,971,1930,1956]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">21</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A3760DFFAF99E9F85163C483C3" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[998,1265,1930,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tenebricosa">
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760DFFAF99E9F85163C483C3" box="[998,1265,1930,1956]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Timarcha tenebricosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(England, Cambridgeshire). 
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760DFFAF9B98F876668183A0" bold="true" box="[407,436,1965,1991]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">22</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A3760DFFAF9BC6F87565B283A0" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[457,647,1966,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goettingensis">
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760DFFAF9BC6F87565B283A0" box="[457,647,1966,1991]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. goettingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Austria, Umgeb. Wien). 
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760DFFAF99DFF87664D883A0" bold="true" box="[976,1005,1965,1991]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">23</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A3760DFFAF9E0DF87563A083A0" authorityName="Gory" authorityYear="1833" box="[1026,1173,1965,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balearica">
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760DFFAF9E0DF87563A083A0" box="[1026,1173,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. balearica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Spain, Palma de Mallorca). 
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760DFFAF9B30F80B6669838D" bold="true" box="[319,348,2000,2026]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">24</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A3760DFFAF9B64F80A65C4838D" authorityName="Haldeman" authorityYear="1853" box="[363,753,2000,2026]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intricata" subGenus="Americanotimarcha">
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760DFFAF9B64F80A65C4838D" box="[363,753,2000,2026]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. (Americanotimarcha) intricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(U.S.A., Oregon, East Fork, Dairy Creek).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="89478A20760CFFAD9AB2FED0666B859F" blockId="9.[189,1399,267,576]" lastBlockId="10.[189,1399,267,505]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Theoretically, the ideal eversion technique should be simple, rapid, repeatable (even on the same sample, in case of initial failure), and applicable to any specimen (regardless of size); thus providing a permanent and easily studied sample. After trying various techniques, we have come to the conclusion that air filling (as suggested by 
<bibRefCitation id="ED69F7D1760CFFAE983CFEAE65EA85E8" author="Bontems C." box="[563,735,373,399]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="85 - 91" refId="ref6708" refString="Bontems C. 2013. Le procede Berti-Vachon d'evagination du sac interne. Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie (Nouvelle Serie) 29 (1): 85 - 91." type="journal article" year="2013">Bontems 2013</bibRefCitation>
) is the one that better approximates the ideal technique. Techniques with other filling media, such as solution of gelatine powder, glycerine, water and Zinc Sulfate, which cause a white coloration to highlight the structures (
<bibRefCitation id="ED69F7D1760CFFAE99B8FE6063DE85B1" author="Meurgues G. &amp; Ledoux G." box="[951,1259,443,470]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="661 - 669" refId="ref7312" refString="Meurgues G. &amp; Ledoux G. 1966. Interet de l'etude du sac interne devagine et en extension. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France (Nouvelle Serie) 2 (3): 661 - 669." type="journal article" year="1966">Meurgues &amp; Ledoux 1966</bibRefCitation>
), toothpaste (
<bibRefCitation id="ED69F7D1760CFFAE9ACAFE05668F859E" author="Janovska M. &amp; Anichtchenko A. V. &amp; Erwin T." box="[197,442,478,505]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="39 - 42" refId="ref7045" refString="Janovska M., Anichtchenko A. V. &amp; Erwin T. 2013. Significant new taxonomic tool for Carabidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): endophallus inflation method. Caucasian Entomological Bulletin 9: 39 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.23885 / 1814 - 3326 - 2013 - 9 - 1 - 39 - 42" type="journal article" year="2013">
Janovska 
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760CFFAE9B36FE046641859E" box="[313,372,479,505]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
), K-Y gel (
<collectingRegion id="4B3C44C2760CFFAE9834FE04655E859E" box="[571,619,479,505]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Van</collectingRegion>
Damm 2014), absolute ethanol (
<bibRefCitation id="ED69F7D1760CFFAE99E5FE046345859E" author="Dang P. T." box="[1002,1136,479,505]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="785 - 799" refId="ref6737" refString="Dang P. T. 1993. Vesicas of selected tortricid and small lepidopterous species, with descriptions of new techniques of vesica eversion (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Oecophoridae, Gelechiidae, and Nepticulidae). The Canadian Entomologist 125: 785 - 799. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 125785 - 5" type="journal article" year="1993">Dang 1993</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="ED69F7D1760CFFAE9E73FE05625B859E" author="Hunefeld F. &amp; Brehm G. &amp; Pohl H." box="[1148,1390,478,505]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="258 - 262" refId="ref6961" refString="Hunefeld F., Brehm G. &amp; Pohl H. 2013. A simple &quot; hands-off &quot; apparatus to inflate concealed soft parts of the genitalia of small insect specimens. Microscopy Research and Technique 76 (3): 258 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jemt. 22161" type="journal article" year="2013">
Hünefeld 
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760CFFAE9EFFFE04621E859E" box="[1264,1323,479,505]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
) or petroleum jelly (
<bibRefCitation id="ED69F7D1760CFFAE9BADFDD96430867B" author="Yamasako J. &amp; Ohbayashi N." box="[418,773,514,540]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="35 - 50" refId="ref7900" refString="Yamasako J. &amp; Ohbayashi N. 2011. Review of the genus Paragolsinda Breuning, 1956 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae, Mesosini), with reconsideration of the endophallic terminology. Zootaxa 2882 (1): 35 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2882.1.4" type="journal article" year="2011">Yamasako &amp; Ohbayashi 2011</bibRefCitation>
) always have some application limit. The toothpaste (or even the light-cured dental composite) and the gels are limited by viscosity, which prevents their use with very thin needles (Gauge &lt;30) and therefore with very small specimens; the absolute ethanol requires conservation of the piece in liquid, reducing the simplicity of study, and limiting the options for preservation together with the specimen. Furthermore, the problem of long-term preservation arises with fillers such as toothpaste or K-Y gel. 
<bibRefCitation id="ED69F7D1760FFFAD986EFEAE646B85E8" author="Janovska M. &amp; Anichtchenko A. V. &amp; Erwin T." box="[609,862,373,399]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="39 - 42" refId="ref7045" refString="Janovska M., Anichtchenko A. V. &amp; Erwin T. 2013. Significant new taxonomic tool for Carabidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): endophallus inflation method. Caucasian Entomological Bulletin 9: 39 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.23885 / 1814 - 3326 - 2013 - 9 - 1 - 39 - 42" type="journal article" year="2013">
Janovska 
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760FFFAD98DDFEAD643E85E8" box="[722,779,373,399]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
explained that some brands of toothpaste were well preserved after ten years, while in other cases after a few months the preparations were damaged by salt crystals; 
<collectingRegion id="4B3C44C2760FFFAD9B71FE67669985B1" box="[382,428,444,470]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Van</collectingRegion>
Damm (2014) does not provide information on the duration of preparations filled with K-Y gel.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DD87DAA8760CFFAE9AB2F8516200838C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3762336" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3762336" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3762336/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[189,241,1930,1956]" targetBox="[212,1380,651,1890]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="89478A20760CFFAE9AB2F8516200838C" blockId="9.[189,1399,1930,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760CFFAE9AB2F851667A83C3" bold="true" box="[189,335,1930,1956]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 25–29.</emphasis>
Air inflated endophallus. 
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760CFFAE9897F851658083C3" bold="true" box="[664,693,1930,1956]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">25</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A3760CFFAE98C6F85164D483C3" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[713,993,1930,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goettingensis">
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760CFFAE98C6F85164D483C3" box="[713,993,1930,1956]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Timarcha goettingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Germany, Bad Frankenhausen). 
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760CFFAE9AB2F87667EF83A0" bold="true" box="[189,218,1965,1991]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">26</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A3760CFFAE9AE7F87566B683A0" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityYear="1838" box="[232,387,1965,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760CFFAE9AE7F87566B683A0" box="[232,387,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">T. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Spain, Almería, Níjar). 
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760CFFAE98ABF87665F483A0" bold="true" box="[676,705,1965,1991]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">27</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A3760CFFAE98C0F875644F83A0" authorityName="Bechyne" authorityYear="1948" box="[719,890,1965,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="granadensis">
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760CFFAE98C0F875644F83A0" box="[719,890,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">T. granadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Spain, Granada, Puebla de Don Fadrique). 
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760CFFAE9AB2F80A67EF838C" bold="true" box="[189,218,2001,2027]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">28</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A3760CFFAE9AE6F8096694838C" authorityName="Rosenhauer" authorityYear="1856" box="[233,417,2001,2027]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marginicollis">
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760CFFAE9AE6F8096694838C" box="[233,417,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">T. marginicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Spain, Granada). 
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760CFFAE988FF80A65A8838C" bold="true" box="[640,669,2001,2027]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">29</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A3760CFFAE98A3F809647A838C" authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1861" box="[684,847,2001,2027]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strangulata">
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760CFFAE98A3F809647A838C" box="[684,847,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">T. strangulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Spain, Pyrenees). Not at the same scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="89478A20760FFFAD9AB2FDFB6420865D" blockId="10.[189,789,544,570]" box="[189,789,544,570]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">In our opinion, air offers the following advantages:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89478A20760FFFAD9AB2FDB966738682" blockId="10.[189,1399,609,1094]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
1. Obviously, air flows through any needle, including the 36G needle (a needle with an external gauge of 
<quantity id="4E0027C5760FFFAD9AF3FD5E664186F8" box="[252,372,645,671]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="0.127">0.127 mm</quantity>
and internal gauge of &lt;
<quantity id="4E0027C5760FFFAD989FFD5E65CB86F8" box="[656,766,645,671]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="0.08">0.08 mm</quantity>
), allowing, in theory, the eversion of even very small specimens like 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A3760FFFAD9B93FD73642B86A5" authority="Geoffroy, 1762" authorityName="Geoffroy" authorityYear="1762" box="[412,798,680,706]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Cryptocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760FFFAD9B93FD73656386A5" box="[412,598,680,706]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cryptocephalus</emphasis>
Geoffroy, 1762
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A3760FFFAD993EFD73639686A5" authority="Chevrolat, 1837" authorityName="Chevrolat" authorityYear="1837" box="[817,1187,680,706]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Pachybrachis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760FFFAD993EFD7364E786A5" box="[817,978,680,706]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pachybrachis</emphasis>
Chevrolat, 1837
</taxonomicName>
and Alticini, for example.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89478A20760FFFAD9AB2FD3566828728" blockId="10.[189,1399,609,1094]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2. The everted and dried piece can always be re-prepared by immersing it for a few minutes in hot water to rehydrate the tissues; this is especially true in cases where one realizes that complete eversion has not been achieved.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89478A20760FFFAD9AB2FC83651C87F1" blockId="10.[189,1399,609,1094]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3. The endophallus’ membranes are almost always transparent or semitransparent, allowing an easy study of the chitinized parts.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89478A20760FFFAD9AB2FC4565558067" blockId="10.[189,1399,609,1094]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
4. We know of 
<taxonomicName id="4EF8F1A3760FFFAD9B7AFC4566D187DF" authorityName="Samouelle" authorityYear="1819" box="[373,484,926,952]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Timarcha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BB8C5632760FFFAD9B7AFC4566D187DF" box="[373,484,926,952]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Timarcha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
endophallus preparations, using only air, made by André Vachon and Nicole Berti more than 40 years ago and still in perfect condition (specimens studied by M. Daccordi kept in coll. Jean-Claude Bourdonné).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89478A20760FFFAD9AB2FBD363FD8022" blockId="10.[189,1399,609,1094]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5. The everted and dried piece, once glued on a glue-board and pinned under the specimen, is unlikely to suffer damage, except by clumsy manipulation, which is always desirable to avoid.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89478A20760FFFAD9AB2FBB666928097" blockId="10.[189,1399,1132,1265]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">In reality, the only limits to the air eversion technique are the manual skills of the operator and the availability of sufficiently thin equipment. Currently 34G needles are available without great difficulty, while 36G or 37G needles (the thinnest needles produced with current technologies) are difficult to find and very expensive.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>