501 lines
61 KiB
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501 lines
61 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BD675B08BD8378E87650F2A3D097538E">Reef sponges of the genus Agelas (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Greater Caribbean</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BF5EE201619111CB9DDFBEED3AFE5697">Parra-Velandia, Fernando J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A085963E36515371C9150D5D6B184C89">Zea, Sven</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="979253CA4FA03962B7CA288A806EB3C8">Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="14EBC255F50132CB42369DF6E7BB13DA">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="FB86A303DE57377D34DA45B65D897998">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="324935C56BC3F25AE82D55BA5DBAA967">3794</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03F7DF34C01CFFEAFF40CBD3DFA4EEC9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5691145" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119425048" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5691145" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F7DF34C01CFFEAFF40CBD3DFA4EEC9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F7DF34C01CFFEAFF40CBD3DFA4EEC9" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="334" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
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<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01CFFD5FF40CBD3DD27EBD6" blockId="30.[151,638,1231,1291]" box="[151,638,1231,1258]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
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<heading id="D0A9D94EC01CFFD5FF40CBD3DD27EBD6" bold="true" box="[151,638,1231,1258]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01CFFD5FF40CBD3DD27EBD6" ID-CoL="662FQ" authority="Gotera & Alcolado, 1987" authorityName="Gotera & Alcolado" authorityYear="1987" box="[151,638,1231,1258]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="citrina">
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<emphasis id="B92AB230C01CFFD5FF40CBD3DD27EBD6" bold="true" box="[151,638,1231,1258]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
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<emphasis id="B92AB230C01CFFD5FF40CBD3DE66EBD5" bold="true" box="[151,319,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Agelas citrina</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01CFFD5FE91CBCCDD27EBD6" author="Gotera" box="[326,638,1232,1258]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" refString="Gotera, G. G. & Alcolado, P. M. (1987) Nueva especie del genero Agelas (Porifera) colectada en Cuba. Poeyana, 342, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1987">Gotera & Alcolado, 1987</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01CFFD5FF40CBEEDE14EA37" blockId="30.[151,638,1231,1291]" box="[151,333,1266,1291]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
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<figureCitation id="136572A7C01CFFD5FF40CBEEDFB9EA37" box="[151,224,1266,1291]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,293,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,293,1805]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. SEM images of Agelas. A) Spicules of A. conifera holotype. B) Spicules of A. clathrodes holotype. C) to D) Fibre skeleton with primary and secondary fibre echination, in A. citrina (C), A. dispar (D, curved fibres) and A. conifera (E). F) Detail of the skeleton of A. conifera showing coring spicules in a broken primary fibre. G) Detail of the skeleton of A. citrina with its long spicules." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/285998/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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C, 1G, 13
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3443DA9C01CFFD5FF40CA26DE35EA53" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01CFFD5FF40CA26DE35EA53" blockId="30.[151,1436,1338,1636]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
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Etymology from Latin, meaning “of citric/lemon colour”, used after the species intense yellow or orange color (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01CFFD5FAEFCA26DE39EA53" author="Gotera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" refString="Gotera, G. G. & Alcolado, P. M. (1987) Nueva especie del genero Agelas (Porifera) colectada en Cuba. Poeyana, 342, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1987">Gotera & Alcolado 1987</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3443DA9C01CFFD5FF40CA64DC4BE958" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" type="reference_group">
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<emphasis id="B92AB230C01CFFD5FF40CA64DE70EAB2" box="[151,297,1400,1422]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Agelas citrina</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01CFFD5FEE5CA64DD19EAB2" author="Gotera" box="[306,576,1400,1422]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" refString="Gotera, G. G. & Alcolado, P. M. (1987) Nueva especie del genero Agelas (Porifera) colectada en Cuba. Poeyana, 342, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1987">Gotera & Alcolado, 1987</bibRefCitation>
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: 1
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,
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<figureCitation id="136572A7C01CFFD5FDBECA64DD97EAB2" box="[617,718,1400,1422]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1726,1748]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,293,1804]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,193,1704]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[151,1436,293,1805]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1705]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. SEM images of Agelas. A) Spicules of A. conifera holotype. B) Spicules of A. clathrodes holotype. C) to D) Fibre skeleton with primary and secondary fibre echination, in A. citrina (C), A. dispar (D, curved fibres) and A. conifera (E). F) Detail of the skeleton of A. conifera showing coring spicules in a broken primary fibre. G) Detail of the skeleton of A. citrina with its long spicules." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Photographs of Agelas dispar. A) Holotype. B) Bahamas massive specimen; note clustered collared oscules, and small circular oscules. C) Barbados round lobate specimen. D) Belize. E) Jamaica. F) San Andres Island (Colombia) flabellate specimen; note the keyhole-shaped oscules. G) Rosario Islands (Colombia) lobate specimen." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/285998/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/285999/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFF4833C01CFFD5FD0CCA64DCEEEAB2" author="Valderrama" box="[731,951,1400,1422]" page="46" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" year="2001">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01CFFD5FD0CCA64DCD6EAB2" author="Valderrama" box="[731,911,1400,1422]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" refString="Valderrama, D. F. (2001) Taxonomia y distribucion de esponjas arrecifales (Porifera) del noroccidente del Golfo de Uraba, Caribe colombiano. B. Sc. thesis, Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Santa Marta, 187 pp." type="book" year="2001">Valderrama 2001</bibRefCitation>
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: 46
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</treatmentCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="136572A7C01CFFD5FC12CA64DB4AEAB2" box="[965,1043,1400,1422]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1498,1520]" captionTargetBox="[172,1429,609,1469]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,603,1477]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 16. Depth range for each species from the authors database (qualitative data). Thick areas represent the range of 60 % of specimens. Thin lines represent max and min depths." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286012/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFF4833C01CFFD5FBF6CA64DBBFEAB2" author="Alcolado" box="[1057,1254,1400,1422]" page="61" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" year="2002">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01CFFD5FBF6CA64DBE7EAB2" author="Alcolado" box="[1057,1214,1400,1422]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" refString="Alcolado, P. M. (2002) Catalogo de las esponjas de Cuba. Avicennia, 15, 53 - 72." type="journal article" year="2002">Alcolado 2002</bibRefCitation>
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: 61
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</treatmentCitation>
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; Zea
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<emphasis id="B92AB230C01CFFD5FAF4CA65DA0BEAB2" box="[1315,1362,1400,1422]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">et al</emphasis>
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. 2009;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFF4833C01CFFD5FF10CA8ADEA9EA90" author="Alcolado" box="[199,496,1430,1452]" page="69" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" year="2012">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01CFFD5FF10CA8ADE92EA90" author="Alcolado" box="[199,459,1430,1452]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" refString="Alcolado, P. M & Busutil, L. (2012) Inventaire des spongiaires neritiques du Parc National de La Guadeloupe. Serie Oceanologica, 10, 62 - 76." type="journal article" year="2012">Alcolado & Busutil 2012</bibRefCitation>
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: 69
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01CFFD5FF40CAA9DDFDEAD6" blockId="30.[151,1436,1338,1636]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01CFFD5FF40CAA9DE09EAF7" ID-CoL="662G2" box="[151,336,1461,1483]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clathrodes">
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<emphasis id="B92AB230C01CFFD5FF40CAA9DE09EAF7" box="[151,336,1461,1483]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Agelas clathrodes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFF4833C01CFFD5FEB6CAA9DD2DEAF7" author="Alvarez" box="[353,628,1461,1483]" page="90" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" year="1985">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01CFFD5FEB6CAA9DD13EAF7" author="Alvarez" box="[353,586,1461,1483]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" refString="Alvarez, B. & Diaz, M. C. (1985) Las esponjas de un arrecife coralino en el Parque Nacional Archipielago Los Roques: taxonomia y ecologia. B. Sc. thesis, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, 216 pp." type="book" year="1985">Álvarez & Díaz 1985</bibRefCitation>
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: 90
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</treatmentCitation>
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, Fig. 26; van
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFF4833C01CFFD5FCD9CAA9DCE9EAF7" author="Soest" box="[782,944,1461,1483]" page="10" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" year="1981">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01CFFD5FCD9CAA9DCDFEAF7" author="Soest" box="[782,902,1461,1483]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (1981) A checklist of the Curacao sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) including a pictorial key to the more common reef forms. Verslagen en Technische Gegevens Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoologie (Zoologisch Museum) Universiteit van Amsterdam, 31, 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1981">Soest 1981</bibRefCitation>
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: 10
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFF4833C01CFFD5FC69CAAADB21EAF7" author="Hoppe" box="[958,1144,1461,1483]" page="120" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" year="1988">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01CFFD5FC69CAAADB1BEAF7" author="Hoppe" box="[958,1090,1461,1483]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" refString="Hoppe, F. W. (1988) Growth, regeneration and predation in three species of large coral reef sponges. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 50, 117 - 125. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 050117" type="journal article" year="1988">Hoppe 1988</bibRefCitation>
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: 120
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</treatmentCitation>
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,
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||
<figureCitation id="136572A7C01CFFD5FB50CAA9DB9FEAF7" box="[1159,1222,1461,1483]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1726,1748]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1704]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,1705]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Photographs of Agelas dispar. A) Holotype. B) Bahamas massive specimen; note clustered collared oscules, and small circular oscules. C) Barbados round lobate specimen. D) Belize. E) Jamaica. F) San Andres Island (Colombia) flabellate specimen; note the keyhole-shaped oscules. G) Rosario Islands (Colombia) lobate specimen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/285999/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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C. as
|
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<emphasis id="B92AB230C01CFFD5FAC5CAAADE10EAD6" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01CFFD5FAC5CAAADAC5EAF7" ID-CoL="662G2" box="[1298,1436,1461,1483]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clathrodes">A. clathrodes</taxonomicName>
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'flabelliform'
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</emphasis>
|
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; Kobluk & van
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFF4833C01CFFD5FE3ACAC8DDF8EAD6" author="Soest" box="[493,673,1492,1514]" page="1210" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" year="1989">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01CFFD5FE3ACAC8DD39EAD6" author="Soest" box="[493,608,1492,1514]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" refString="Kobluk, D. R. & Soest, R. W. M. van (1989) Cavity-dwelling sponges in a Southern Caribbean coral reef and their paleontological implications. Bulletin of Marine Science, 44 (3), 1207 - 1235." type="journal article" year="1989">Soest 1989</bibRefCitation>
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: 1210
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01CFFD5FF40CAEEDDF6E934" blockId="30.[151,1436,1338,1636]" box="[151,687,1522,1544]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01CFFD5FF40CAEEDF85E934" ID-CoL="84L77" box="[151,220,1522,1544]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92AB230C01CFFD5FF40CAEEDF85E934" box="[151,220,1522,1544]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Agelas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spec.; van
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AFF4833C01CFFD5FE9ACAEEDD0CE934" author="Soest" box="[333,597,1522,1544]" page="99" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" year="1988">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01CFFD5FE9ACAEEDD69E934" author="Soest" box="[333,560,1522,1544]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van & Stentoft, N. (1988) Barbados deep water sponges. Studies on the fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 70, 1 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Soest & Stentoft 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 99
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, Fig. 48.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01CFFD5FF40C90DDDCAE97A" blockId="30.[151,1436,1338,1636]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01CFFD5FF40C90DDE49E91B" box="[151,272,1553,1575]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Chalinopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01CFFD5FF40C90DDE49E91B" box="[151,272,1553,1575]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Chalinopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen labelled without specific determination, collected by Schmidt and deposited at the Zoologisk Museum København, probably collected near Caracas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01CFFD5FF40C953DC4BE958" blockId="30.[151,1436,1338,1636]" box="[151,786,1614,1636]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
|
||
[Non:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01CFFD5FF0FC952DD07E958" ID-CoL="662G2" authority="Schmidt, 1870: 60" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityPageNumber="60" authorityYear="1870" box="[216,606,1614,1636]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clathrodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01CFFD5FF0FC952DED4E958" box="[216,397,1614,1636]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Agelas clathrodes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01CFFD5FE4DC952DD0EE958" author="Schmidt" box="[410,599,1614,1636]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" refString="Schmidt, E. O. (1870) Grundzuge Einer Spongien-Fauna Des Atlanthischen Gebietes. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 88 pp." type="book" year="1870">Schmidt, 1870: 60</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(a valid species)]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3443DA9C01CFFD4FF40C98DDE58EE03" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="332" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01CFFD5FF40C98DDC3BE89A" blockId="30.[151,1436,1681,2030]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01CFFD5FF40C98DDE97E996" bold="true" box="[151,462,1681,1706]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Material and distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E5D080C01CFFD5FE03C98DDD65E996" box="[468,572,1681,1706]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
not examined, but see remarks. It is deposited at the Instituto de Oceanología —
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01CFFD5FF63C9A9DFA8E9F2" box="[180,241,1717,1742]" name="Cuba" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
, IdO–645, collected at deep front reef southwest of Cabo Francés (west of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01CFFD5FBE7C9A9DB01E9F2" box="[1072,1112,1717,1742]" name="Iceland" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Isla</collectingCountry>
|
||
de la Juventud,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01CFFD5FADBC9A9DA12E9F2" box="[1292,1355,1717,1742]" name="Cuba" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
), depth
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D58A5ABC01CFFD5FF40C9C6DF8EE9CD" box="[151,215,1754,1778]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C01CFFD5FF40C9C6DF8DE9CD" box="[151,212,1754,1778]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" unit="m" value="40.0">40 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
The material reviewed here includes (but is not restricted to) specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01CFFD5FB9BC9C5DB84E9CE" box="[1100,1245,1753,1778]" name="Bahamas" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
(INV–
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4FF6E7C01CFFD5FAFBC9C6DA3DE9CE" box="[1324,1380,1754,1778]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">POR</collectionCode>
|
||
816, 931, 944,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4FF6E7C01CFFD5FEDDC9E2DE62E82A" box="[266,315,1790,1814]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/xsgz-nxkh" name="Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Museo de Historia Natural" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">ICN</collectionCode>
|
||
–MHN–PO–0224),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01CFFD5FDCCC9E1DDDCE82A" box="[539,645,1789,1814]" name="Barbados" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Barbados</collectingCountry>
|
||
(INV–
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4FF6E7C01CFFD5FD02C9E2DC54E82A" box="[725,781,1790,1814]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">POR</collectionCode>
|
||
916),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01CFFD5FC8FC9E1DCF9E82A" box="[856,928,1789,1814]" name="Belize" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
(INV–
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4FF6E7C01CFFD5FC27C9E2DB71E82A" box="[1008,1064,1790,1814]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">POR</collectionCode>
|
||
951),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01CFFD5FBA3C9E2DB88E82A" box="[1140,1233,1790,1814]" name="Curaçao" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
(INV–
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4FF6E7C01CFFD5FAF6C9E2DA00E82A" box="[1313,1369,1790,1814]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">POR</collectionCode>
|
||
910),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01CFFD5FF40C83DDFA8E806" box="[151,241,1825,1850]" name="Jamaica" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(INV–
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4FF6E7C01CFFD5FE96C83EDE20E806" box="[321,377,1826,1850]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">POR</collectionCode>
|
||
791), Rosario Islands (INV–
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4FF6E7C01CFFD5FD18C83EDC5EE806" box="[719,775,1826,1850]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">POR</collectionCode>
|
||
969), San Andres Island (INV–
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4FF6E7C01CFFD5FBA3C83EDBF5E806" box="[1140,1196,1826,1850]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">POR</collectionCode>
|
||
985, 1194); material from Los Roques (INV–
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4FF6E7C01CFFD5FE78C85ADEBEE862" box="[431,487,1862,1886]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">POR</collectionCode>
|
||
1198)
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01CFFD5FDECC859DDE8E862" box="[571,689,1861,1886]" name="Venezuela" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, was also examined (see also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01CFFD5FBDAC85ADBFDE861" box="[1037,1188,1861,1885]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clathrodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01CFFD5FBDAC85ADBFDE861" box="[1037,1188,1861,1885]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">A. clathrodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
record by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01CFFD5FAF3C859DE48E8BE" author="Alvarez" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" refString="Alvarez, B. & Diaz, M. C. (1985) Las esponjas de un arrecife coralino en el Parque Nacional Archipielago Los Roques: taxonomia y ecologia. B. Sc. thesis, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, 216 pp." type="book" year="1985">Álvarez & Díaz 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); we also examined material from Zapsurro in the southern Caribbean (INV–
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4FF6E7C01CFFD5FB58C876DB9EE8BE" box="[1167,1223,1898,1922]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">POR</collectionCode>
|
||
551, described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01CFFD5FF40C891DE02E89A" author="Valderrama" box="[151,347,1933,1958]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" refString="Valderrama, D. F. (2001) Taxonomia y distribucion de esponjas arrecifales (Porifera) del noroccidente del Golfo de Uraba, Caribe colombiano. B. Sc. thesis, Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Santa Marta, 187 pp." type="book" year="2001">Valderrama 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and San Bernardo Islands (INV–
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4FF6E7C01CFFD5FD0BC892DC4DE89A" box="[732,788,1934,1958]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">POR</collectionCode>
|
||
1195).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01CFFD4FF10C8ADDE58EE03" blockId="30.[151,1436,1681,2030]" lastBlockId="31.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="332" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
|
||
The original authors also report specimens from the same reef area at southeast of Cortés (south of Pinar del Río,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01CFFD5FF18C8C9DE57E8D2" box="[207,270,2005,2030]" name="Cuba" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
), depth
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D58A5ABC01CFFD5FEBDC8C9DEF5E8D1" box="[362,428,2005,2030]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C01CFFD5FEBDC8C9DEFEE8D1" box="[362,423,2005,2030]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" unit="m" value="60.0">60 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
S. Zea recently found it at Santa
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01CFFD5FCF8C8CADC2CE8D1" box="[815,885,2006,2029]" name="Malta" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Marta</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01CFFD5FC56C8C9DCB6E8D2" box="[897,1007,2005,2030]" name="Colombia" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(material not included here). Besides
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01DFFD4FF40CF8BDF8BEF8C" box="[151,210,151,176]" name="Cuba" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Cuba</collectingCountry>
|
||
(see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01DFFD4FE96CF8BDEB2EF8C" author="Alcolado" box="[321,491,151,176]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" refString="Alcolado, P. M. (2002) Catalogo de las esponjas de Cuba. Avicennia, 15, 53 - 72." type="journal article" year="2002">Alcolado 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), previous records of this species are from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01DFFD4FC1CCF8BDB02EF8C" box="[971,1115,151,176]" name="Bahamas" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Florida Keys (Zea
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01DFFD4FAB3CF85DACCEF8C" box="[1380,1429,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01DFFD4FF31CFA0DE29EFE9" box="[230,368,188,213]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Guadeloupe</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01DFFD4FEABCFA0DE80EFE9" box="[380,473,188,213]" name="Antigua and Barbuda" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Antigua</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01DFFD4FE33CFA0DD08EFE9" box="[484,593,188,213]" name="Barbados" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Barbados</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01DFFD4FD8BCFA0DDE0EFE8" box="[604,697,188,212]" name="Curaçao" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C01DFFD4FD27CFA0DC10EFE9" box="[752,841,188,213]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
|
||
(van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01DFFD4FC5ECFA0DB51EFE8" author="Soest" box="[905,1032,188,212]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van (1981) A checklist of the Curacao sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) including a pictorial key to the more common reef forms. Verslagen en Technische Gegevens Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoologie (Zoologisch Museum) Universiteit van Amsterdam, 31, 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1981">Soest 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01DFFD4FBC3CFA1DBF8EFE8" author="Hoppe" box="[1044,1185,188,212]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" refString="Hoppe, F. W. (1988) Growth, regeneration and predation in three species of large coral reef sponges. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 50, 117 - 125. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 050117" type="journal article" year="1988">Hoppe 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01DFFD4FB0BCFA0DF8BEFC4" author="Soest" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" refString="Soest, R. W. M. van & Stentoft, N. (1988) Barbados deep water sponges. Studies on the fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 70, 1 - 175." type="journal article" year="1988">Soest & Stentoft, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Kobluk & van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01DFFD4FE5ECFFCDD50EFC4" author="Soest" box="[393,521,224,248]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" refString="Kobluk, D. R. & Soest, R. W. M. van (1989) Cavity-dwelling sponges in a Southern Caribbean coral reef and their paleontological implications. Bulletin of Marine Science, 44 (3), 1207 - 1235." type="journal article" year="1989">Soest 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C01DFFD4FDC1CFC3DC6EEFC4" author="Alcolado" box="[534,823,223,248]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" refString="Alcolado, P. M & Busutil, L. (2012) Inventaire des spongiaires neritiques du Parc National de La Guadeloupe. Serie Oceanologica, 10, 62 - 76." type="journal article" year="2012">Alcolado & Busutil 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Zea
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01DFFD4FCA3CFFDDCFEEFC4" box="[884,935,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009). From this information, we conclude this is a tropical northwestern Atlantic species. Our specimens were found from
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C01DFFD4FBE5CE18DBFAEE20" box="[1074,1187,260,284]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" unit="m" value="18.0" valueMax="32.0" valueMin="4.0">4 to 32 m</quantity>
|
||
in depth, abundant at
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C01DFFD4FF40CE3BDFA4EE03" box="[151,253,295,320]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" unit="m" value="22.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="20.0">
|
||
20–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D58A5ABC01DFFD4FF15CE3BDFA4EE03" box="[194,253,295,320]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" type="generic">25 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF213EAAC01DFFD4FF40C86EDCD6E8D8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286009/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" targetBox="[151,1436,373,1884]" targetPageId="31">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE16E22C01DFFD4FF40C86EDCD6E8D8" blockId="31.[151,1435,1906,2020]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01DFFD4FF40C86EDE78E8B4" bold="true" box="[151,289,1906,1928]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C01DFFD4FE1BC86EDD04E8B4" box="[460,605,1906,1928]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="citrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C01DFFD4FE1BC86EDD04E8B4" box="[460,605,1906,1928]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Agelas citrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A) specimen collected by O. Schmidt; see text for details. B) Pink, cup-shaped specimen from the Bahamas. C) Conuled specimen from Barbados. D) Specimen from Belize attached to rubble. E) Massive barrel-like specimen from Curaçao. F) Yellow fouled specimen from Jamaica. G) Specimen filling crevices in San Andres Island, Colombia. H) Flabellate specimen from Rosario Islands, Colombia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3443DA9C022FFEBFF10CF8BDACCEB40" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE16E22C022FFEBFF10CF8BDEF7EE91" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C022FFEBFF10CF8BDE00EF8C" bold="true" box="[199,345,151,176]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
This species can be ear-shaped (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136572A7C022FFEBFD1ECF8BDC4AEF8C" box="[713,787,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1906,1928]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1436,373,1885]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 13. Photographs of Agelas citrina. A) specimen collected by O. Schmidt; see text for details. B) Pink, cup-shaped specimen from the Bahamas. C) Conuled specimen from Barbados. D) Specimen from Belize attached to rubble. E) Massive barrel-like specimen from Curaçao. F) Yellow fouled specimen from Jamaica. G) Specimen filling crevices in San Andres Island, Colombia. H) Flabellate specimen from Rosario Islands, Colombia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286009/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Fig 13</figureCitation>
|
||
C), lobate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136572A7C022FFEBFC46CF8BDC85EF8C" box="[913,988,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1906,1928]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1436,373,1885]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 13. Photographs of Agelas citrina. A) specimen collected by O. Schmidt; see text for details. B) Pink, cup-shaped specimen from the Bahamas. C) Conuled specimen from Barbados. D) Specimen from Belize attached to rubble. E) Massive barrel-like specimen from Curaçao. F) Yellow fouled specimen from Jamaica. G) Specimen filling crevices in San Andres Island, Colombia. H) Flabellate specimen from Rosario Islands, Colombia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286009/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Fig 13</figureCitation>
|
||
H), vase-like (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136572A7C022FFEBFBABCF8BDB9EEF8C" box="[1148,1223,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1906,1928]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1436,373,1885]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 13. Photographs of Agelas citrina. A) specimen collected by O. Schmidt; see text for details. B) Pink, cup-shaped specimen from the Bahamas. C) Conuled specimen from Barbados. D) Specimen from Belize attached to rubble. E) Massive barrel-like specimen from Curaçao. F) Yellow fouled specimen from Jamaica. G) Specimen filling crevices in San Andres Island, Colombia. H) Flabellate specimen from Rosario Islands, Colombia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286009/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Fig 13</figureCitation>
|
||
B), barrel-like (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136572A7C022FFEBFAA2CF8BDFEBEFE8" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1906,1928]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1436,373,1885]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 13. Photographs of Agelas citrina. A) specimen collected by O. Schmidt; see text for details. B) Pink, cup-shaped specimen from the Bahamas. C) Conuled specimen from Barbados. D) Specimen from Belize attached to rubble. E) Massive barrel-like specimen from Curaçao. F) Yellow fouled specimen from Jamaica. G) Specimen filling crevices in San Andres Island, Colombia. H) Flabellate specimen from Rosario Islands, Colombia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286009/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Fig 13</figureCitation>
|
||
E) or encrusting-filling crevices (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136572A7C022FFEBFDF1CFA0DD36EFE8" box="[550,623,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1906,1928]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,373,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1436,373,1885]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 13. Photographs of Agelas citrina. A) specimen collected by O. Schmidt; see text for details. B) Pink, cup-shaped specimen from the Bahamas. C) Conuled specimen from Barbados. D) Specimen from Belize attached to rubble. E) Massive barrel-like specimen from Curaçao. F) Yellow fouled specimen from Jamaica. G) Specimen filling crevices in San Andres Island, Colombia. H) Flabellate specimen from Rosario Islands, Colombia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286009/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Fig 13</figureCitation>
|
||
G); predominant form appears to vary geographically (see remarks). The sizes for lobate specimens are: height
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C022FFEBFDE8CFC3DDFAEFCB" box="[575,675,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" unit="cm" value="32.5" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="5.0">5–60 cm</quantity>
|
||
, diameter
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C022FFEBFCC1CFC3DCD1EFCB" box="[790,904,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" unit="cm" value="47.5" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="15.0">15–80 cm</quantity>
|
||
, width
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C022FFEBFC0ECFFCDB67EFCB" box="[985,1086,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" unit="cm" value="16.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="2.0">2–30 cm</quantity>
|
||
; the sizes for barrel or irregular specimens are up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C022FFEBFEA8CE18DE9CEE20" box="[383,453,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
|
||
<date id="FFE048E2C022FFEBFE1ACE19DEA6EE20" box="[461,511,260,284]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" value="1940-10">
|
||
x
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C022FFEBFE34CE18DEA6EE20" box="[483,511,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" unit="cm" value="40.0">40</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
cm. Ear-shaped specimens can reach
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C022FFEBFC7ACE18DC80EE20" box="[941,985,260,284]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||
or more in diameter in Rosario Islands. Most specimens have the external colour orange orange yellow, but also can be pink, scarlet light reddish brown, dark orange and yellow; predominant colour appears to vary geographically (see remarks), but everywhere colours have a milky appearance. Areas around the oscules or shaded areas can be milkier or white. The internal colour is orange yellow or yellow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE16E22C022FFEBFF10CEABDC71EC99" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">
|
||
Clusters of 5–8 scattered oscules, often in depressions or on the inside of vases or barrels, conspicuous in most forms, but sometimes absent in fan-shape forms. Oscules are
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C022FFEBFCA7CEC0DC86EEC8" box="[880,991,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="4.0">4–12 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and surrounded by a collar-like membrane; in groups of oscules the exhalant canals converge in a labyrinth fashion. Consistency in life and alcohol is strongly spongy but tough; when dry it becomes harder to cut but softer to touch. In some areas (e.g.,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C022FFEBFAEFCD38DAC1ED00" box="[1336,1432,548,572]" name="Curaçao" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C022FFEBFF40CD5BDE5DED5C" box="[151,260,583,608]" name="Barbados" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Barbados</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Rosario Islands, San Andres Island), specimens give off a strong smell, like rotten garlic, similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C022FFEBFF62CD71DE59EDB8" box="[181,256,621,644]" class="Demospongiae" family="Irciniidae" genus="Ircinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C022FFEBFF62CD71DE59EDB8" box="[181,256,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Ircinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. The surface has regularly scattered conules,
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C022FFEBFCFACD70DCD3EDB8" box="[813,906,620,645]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.0">3–6 mm</quantity>
|
||
height, especially in outer margins or elevated, non-oscular areas; conules are reinforced by tufts of fibres. Sometimes conules appear joined by regular ridges forming low honeycombs; sometimes the surface is irregular and contorted, with pinacoderm stretching between ridges. Pinacoderm is a bright, sometimes semitransparent, easily distinguishable membrane; it rests on nonapparent tufts of spicules protruding from main fibres. When the pinacoderm contracts, the conules are more visible and the pinacoderm can be ripped out easily. The choanosome is very cavernous; caverns lined by a bright endopinacoderm. The walls between caverns (
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C022FFEBFD72CC58DC4BEC60" box="[677,786,836,860]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" unit="cm" value="0.65" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.3">0.3–1 cm</quantity>
|
||
) are dense but not firm; when macerated it is possible to see the meshes of the skeleton. The internal channels are
|
||
<quantity id="4CA6C3C7C022FFEBFCF6CC7BDCC6EC43" box="[801,927,871,896]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" unit="cm" value="1.15" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide, and connect with the openings; in earlike specimens, the openings can perforate the entire body.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE16E22C022FFEBFF10CCB3DACCEB40" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">
|
||
Skeletal primary fibres are 30–120 Μm in diameter, cored by 1–5 spicules per cross section, often but not always echinated; although a direction is clear, the main fibres are somewhat sinuous. Secondary fibres are sometimes echinated. Secondary and tertiary fibres are 30–40 Μm in diameter, tertiary fibres slightly narrower than secondary. The acanthostyles are straight and generally longer than in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C022FFEBFC3FCB00DB6DEB08" box="[1000,1076,1052,1076]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C022FFEBFC3FCB00DB6DEB08" box="[1000,1076,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Agelas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species within several localities (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6DC5B99C022FFEBFF1BCB23DE7DEB64" box="[204,292,1087,1112]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,239,764,787]" captionText="TABLE 2. Spicule measurements of Caribbean Agelas. n = 25. Values are minimum – maximum (mean ± 1 standard deviation)" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Acanthostyles have 3–8 spines per whorl; length 88–286 (168±44.5) µm, width 4–20 (11±3.1) µm and 6–20 (13±3) whorls per spicule. Detailed lengths, widths and average number of whorls are shown in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6DC5B99C022FFEBFAEBCB78DACBEB40" box="[1340,1426,1124,1149]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,239,764,787]" captionText="TABLE 2. Spicule measurements of Caribbean Agelas. n = 25. Values are minimum – maximum (mean ± 1 standard deviation)" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3443DA9C022FFEAFF10CB9BDFA4EEC9" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="334" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE16E22C022FFEBFF10CB9BDDC4EA0C" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C022FFEBFF10CB9BDE62EB9C" bold="true" box="[199,315,1159,1184]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Dr. P.M. Alcolado kindly checked several photographs, spicule/skeleton measurements, and descriptions of our material and agreed with our identification. This species generally grows to appreciable size on relatively calm and deep areas with medium to high coralline coverage, at the bases of coral heads or between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C022FFEBFF40CBE8DFA3EA37" box="[151,250,1268,1291]" class="Anthozoa" family="Agariciidae" genus="Agaricia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C022FFEBFF40CBE8DFA3EA37" box="[151,250,1268,1291]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Agaricia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. plates; on windward, shallow-to-mid depth wave exposed settings it fills crevices in spur-and-groove systems and in the fore-reef terrace pavement.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE16E22C022FFEBFF10CA20DA34E96C" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">
|
||
There is regional variation in colour and shape for this species; in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C022FFEBFC74CA20DB4FEA69" box="[931,1046,1340,1365]" name="Venezuela" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Rosario Islands the specimens are bright milky orange, massive flabellate and large, and have longer acanthostyles with more spines per whorl; in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C022FFEBFF40CA98DFADEAA0" box="[151,244,1412,1436]" name="Curaçao" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Curacao</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C022FFEBFEFBCA98DECFEAA1" box="[300,406,1412,1437]" name="Barbados" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Barbados</collectingCountry>
|
||
the specimens are pink to orange, vase-like or, barrel-like; in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C022FFEBFB86CA98DBBBEAA1" box="[1105,1250,1412,1437]" name="Bahamas" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
most specimens are pink (a few are lemon yellow), growing as thick ears. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C022FFEBFC96CAB4DCC7EAFC" box="[833,926,1448,1472]" name="Curaçao" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C022FFEBFC01CABBDB19EAFC" box="[982,1088,1447,1472]" name="Barbados" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Barbados</collectingCountry>
|
||
the external colour is closer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C022FFEBFF40CAD0DE75EAD8" box="[151,300,1484,1508]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clathrodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C022FFEBFF40CAD0DE75EAD8" box="[151,300,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">A. clathrodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but the spicule size, strong rotten garlic smell and typically conulose surface confirm they belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C022FFEBFF40CAECDE5CE93B" box="[151,261,1520,1543]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="citrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C022FFEBFF40CAECDE5CE93B" box="[151,261,1520,1543]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">A. citrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; some difficult specimens have conules with a round aspect which could confuse the identification. Elsewhere they are predominantly chrome orange, and individuals tend to be small, crevice-filling. What
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C022FFEBFAE3C908DE16E96C" author="Gotera" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" refString="Gotera, G. G. & Alcolado, P. M. (1987) Nueva especie del genero Agelas (Porifera) colectada en Cuba. Poeyana, 342, 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1987">Gotera & Alcolado (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described is thus one of the many forms, colours and consistencies that this species may take.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE16E22C022FFEBFF10C941DB90E870" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">
|
||
It was initially found to be very difficult to decide in the field whether our specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C022FFEBFB69C940DA47E948" box="[1214,1310,1628,1652]" name="Curaçao" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C022FFEBFAFEC940DAC5E949" box="[1321,1436,1628,1653]" name="Venezuela" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C022FFEBFF1EC963DE6AE9A4" box="[201,307,1663,1688]" name="Barbados" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Barbados</collectingCountry>
|
||
belonged to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C022FFEBFE1AC99CDD3CE9A4" box="[461,613,1664,1688]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clathrodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C022FFEBFE1AC99CDD3CE9A4" box="[461,613,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">A. clathrodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C022FFEBFD67C99CDC44E9AB" box="[688,797,1664,1687]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="citrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C022FFEBFD67C99CDC44E9AB" box="[688,797,1664,1687]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">A. citrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Detailed analysis showed that they were all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C022FFEBFAF8C99CDAC5E9AB" box="[1327,1436,1664,1687]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="citrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C022FFEBFAF8C99CDAC5E9AB" box="[1327,1436,1664,1687]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">A. citrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including what
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C022FFEBFE86C9B8DD1FE981" author="Alvarez" box="[337,582,1700,1725]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" refString="Alvarez, B. & Diaz, M. C. (1985) Las esponjas de un arrecife coralino en el Parque Nacional Archipielago Los Roques: taxonomia y ecologia. B. Sc. thesis, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, 216 pp." type="book" year="1985">Álvarez & Díaz 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described from Los Roques,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C022FFEBFC40C9B8DB49E981" box="[919,1040,1700,1725]" name="Venezuela" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
). In reefs of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C022FFEBFB75C9B8DA4CE981" box="[1186,1301,1700,1725]" name="Venezuela" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Morrocoy, Los Roques), the often large and flabellate orange
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C022FFEBFD01C9D4DC7BE9DC" box="[726,802,1736,1760]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C022FFEBFD01C9D4DC7BE9DC" box="[726,802,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Agelas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C022FFEBFC82C9D4DC99E9E3" box="[853,960,1736,1759]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="citrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C022FFEBFC82C9D4DC99E9E3" box="[853,960,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">A. citrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; the smaller, smooth and roundish orange individuals are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C022FFEBFE9EC9F0DE9FE838" box="[329,454,1772,1796]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sventres">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C022FFEBFE9EC9F0DE9FE838" box="[329,454,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">A. sventres</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C022FFEBFDC8C9F0DDEFE838" box="[543,694,1772,1796]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clathrodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C022FFEBFDC8C9F0DDEFE838" box="[543,694,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">A. clathrodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be rare or altogether absent (Zea,
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C022FFEBFB53C9F1DBADE838" box="[1156,1268,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">pers. obs.</emphasis>
|
||
). At the south insular slope of Rosario Islands (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3492EB2C022FFEBFDDFC813DD23E814" box="[520,634,1807,1832]" name="Colombia" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C022FFEBFD5EC80CDDADE81B" box="[649,756,1808,1831]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="citrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C022FFEBFD5EC80CDDADE81B" box="[649,756,1808,1831]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">A. citrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C022FFEBFCFDC80CDCE6E814" box="[810,959,1808,1832]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clathrodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C022FFEBFCFDC80CDCE6E814" box="[810,959,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">A. clathrodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grow as immense ear-shaped fans that are readily distinguished by the more milky-orange appearance and rough pinacoderm of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C022FFEBFB8EC828DB9AE870" box="[1113,1219,1844,1868]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="citrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C022FFEBFB8EC828DB9AE870" box="[1113,1219,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">A. citrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE16E22C022FFEBFF10C844DA56E884" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">
|
||
A straight identification is possible wherever these two species co-exist, by spicule size and architecture. However, molecular analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF13D3C022FFEBFE39C860DD87E8A8" author="Parra-Velandia" box="[494,734,1916,1941]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" refString="Parra-Velandia, F. J. (2011) Speciation scenarios of sessile organisms in the Caribbean Sea: The genus Agelas (Porifera: Demospongiae), a case of high diversity in the area. Dr. Sc. Dissertation, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, 125 pp." type="book" year="2011">Parra-Velandia, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) showed a 10 bp deletion in the ITS1 sequence exclusive of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C022FFEBFA53C860DFBBE884" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="citrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C022FFEBFA53C860DFBBE884" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">A. citrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which could be used to separate the most difficult specimens by means of molecular structure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE16E22C022FFEAFF10C8D8DBB2EE58" blockId="32.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="33.[151,1436,151,501]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="334" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">
|
||
Overall, the external aspect of well-grown, erect individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C022FFEBFC59C8D8DCA1E8E0" box="[910,1016,1988,2012]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="citrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C022FFEBFC59C8D8DCA1E8E0" box="[910,1016,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">A. citrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
probably caused an earlier confusion with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C023FFEAFF18CF84DE3AEF8C" box="[207,355,152,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="33" pageNumber="334" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clathrodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C023FFEAFF18CF84DE3AEF8C" box="[207,355,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">A. clathrodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that prevented its description as a new species until 1987, more than one hundred years after the description of
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C023FFEAFEEDCFA0DE8EEFE8" box="[314,471,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C023FFEAFEEDCFA0DE8AEFE8" box="[314,467,188,212]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="33" pageNumber="334" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clathrodes">A. clathrodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Among Schmidt’s specimens at the Zoologisk Museum København kindly sent to us (including the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C023FFEAFE97CFFCDE81EFC4" box="[320,472,224,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="33" pageNumber="334" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clathrodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C023FFEAFE97CFFCDE81EFC4" box="[320,472,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">A. clathrodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E5D080C023FFEAFE35CFC3DD11EFC4" box="[482,584,223,248]" pageId="33" pageNumber="334" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
), there is an additional specimen collected by Oscar Schmidt (labelled as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C023FFEAFF40CE18DE44EE20" box="[151,285,260,284]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Chalinopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="33" pageNumber="334" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C023FFEAFF40CE18DE44EE20" box="[151,285,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">Chalinopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) without a specific determination or collection site; from its spicules size, external aspect and internal architecture, that specimen, not described in any paper by Schmidt, belongs to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C023FFEAFBE5CE34DBC6EE03" box="[1074,1183,296,319]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="33" pageNumber="334" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="citrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C023FFEAFBE5CE34DBC6EE03" box="[1074,1183,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">A. citrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. So, Schmidt had the chance to compare both species and probably for reasons of prudence he did not erect a new name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE16E22C023FFEAFF10CE73DFA4EEC9" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">
|
||
The Indonesian species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C023FFEAFE3FCE6CDD04EEB4" box="[488,605,368,392]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="33" pageNumber="334" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="linnaei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C023FFEAFE3FCE6CDD04EEB4" box="[488,605,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">A. linnaei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(de Voogd
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C023FFEAFD24CE6DDC6AEEB4" box="[755,819,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008) shares similar skeleton arrangement, spicule architecture, surface conules and chrome colour. The most remarkable difference is that choanosome of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E15A1C023FFEAFAF9CE88DAC5EE90" box="[1326,1436,404,428]" class="Demospongiae" family="Agelasidae" genus="Agelas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Agelasida" pageId="33" pageNumber="334" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="linnaei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AB230C023FFEAFAF9CE88DAC5EE90" box="[1326,1436,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="334">A. linnaei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is dense with narrow channels. If these shared features have any evolutionary implications, they remain to be assessed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |