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<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDFFFEEDCFFFB6472204BCA" bold="true" box="[151,562,1231,1257]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFDFFFEEDC86FB6472204BCA" ID-CoL="78743170-ffe3-41dc-843e-92391dace278" authority="Stechow, 1921 a" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1921" box="[238,562,1231,1257]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDFFFEEDC86FB64717C4BCA" bold="true" box="[238,366,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Stylactaria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDFFFEEDD1EFB6472204BCA" author="Stechow, E." box="[374,562,1231,1257]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="248 - 265" refId="ref65296" refString="Stechow, E. (1921 a) Neue Genera und Species von Hydrozoen und anderen Evertebraten. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Abteilung A. 3. Heft, 87, 248 - 265." type="journal article" year="1921">Stechow, 1921a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFDFFFEEDCFFFAB171E54A12" blockId="33.[151,1022,1306,1362]" box="[151,503,1306,1329]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AEAE822FFDFFFEEDCFFFAB171E14A12" author="Stechow, E." box="[151,499,1306,1329]" page="250" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" year="1921">
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFDFFFEEDCFFFAB171E14A12" ID-CoL="78743170-ffe3-41dc-843e-92391dace278" authority="Stechow, 1921 a: 250" authorityName="Stechow" authorityPageNumber="250" authorityYear="1921" box="[151,499,1306,1329]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDFFFEEDCFFFAB171194A12" box="[151,267,1306,1329]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Stylactaria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDFFFEEDD7AFAB171E14A12" author="Stechow, E." box="[274,499,1306,1329]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="248 - 265" refId="ref65296" refString="Stechow, E. (1921 a) Neue Genera und Species von Hydrozoen und anderen Evertebraten. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Abteilung A. 3. Heft, 87, 248 - 265." type="journal article" year="1921">Stechow, 1921a: 250</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFDFFFEEDCFFFA9173EC4A72" blockId="33.[151,1022,1306,1362]" box="[151,1022,1338,1362]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<typeStatus id="54F07091FFDFFFEEDCFFFA9170DD4A71" box="[151,207,1338,1362]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFDFFFEEDD59FA9172684A72" ID-CoL="538VM" authority="Allman, 1872" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1872" box="[305,634,1338,1361]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inermis">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDFFFEEDD59FA9171F34A72" box="[305,481,1338,1361]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Stylactis inermis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDFFFEEDD80FA9172684A72" author="Allman, G. J." box="[488,634,1338,1361]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="155 - 450" refId="ref49715" refString="Allman, G. J. (1872) A monograph of the gymnoblastic or tubularian hydroids. Conclusion of Part I, and Part II, containing descriptions of the genera and species of the Gymnoblastea. Ray Society, London, pp. 155 - 450." type="book chapter" year="1872">Allman, 1872</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFDFFFEEDEE2FA9173474A72" ID-CoL="6ZZRM" baseAuthorityName="Allman" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[650,853,1338,1361]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="inermis">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDFFFEEDEE2FA9173474A72" box="[650,853,1338,1361]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Stylactaria inermis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
], by monotypy.
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<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDFFFEEDCFFFA2971054ABF" bold="true" box="[151,279,1410,1436]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Hydractiniid hydroids with colonies exclusively stolonal. Polyps sessile, naked, polymorphic, with gastrozooids, gonozooids, and sometimes dactylozooids, arising from a creeping hydrorhiza comprising hydrorhizal stolons covered with perisarc; hydrorhiza not encrusting, calcareous, or covered with naked perisarc; spines present or absent. Gastrozooids, gonozooids, and dactylozooids as for family.
</paragraph>
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Gonophores fixed sporosacs or fixed or free eumedusoids, developing on gonozooids proximal to whorl of tentacles. Fully developed medusoids sac-shaped; manubrium simple, tubular, lacking mouth, oral lips, and oral tentacles; marginal tentacles rudimentary,
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number; radial canals four; ocelli absent. Gonad surrounding manubrium.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFDFFFEEDCAEF969757C48EF" blockId="33.[151,1436,1410,1996]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDFFFEEDCAEF969712D49FF" bold="true" box="[198,319,1730,1756]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Remarks.</emphasis>
As noted above, classification of
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFDFFFEEDEB9F969745D49FF" authority="L. Agassiz, 1862" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1862" box="[721,1103,1730,1756]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
Hydractiniidae L.
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDFFFEEDFC1F969745D49FF" author="Agassiz, L." box="[937,1103,1730,1756]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref49388" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. IV. Little, Brown, Boston, 380 pp." type="book" year="1862">Agassiz, 1862</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
at the generic level remains unsettled. The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFDFFFEEDDFAF94072C14827" authority="Stechow, 1921 a" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1921" box="[402,723,1770,1796]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDFFFEEDDFAF94072004827" box="[402,530,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Stylactaria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDFFFEEDE72F94172C14827" author="Stechow, E." box="[538,723,1770,1796]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="248 - 265" refId="ref65296" refString="Stechow, E. (1921 a) Neue Genera und Species von Hydrozoen und anderen Evertebraten. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Abteilung A. 3. Heft, 87, 248 - 265." type="journal article" year="1921">Stechow, 1921a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has recently been treated both as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFDFFFEED966F940719F480F" authority="Van Beneden, 1844 a" authorityName="Van Beneden" authorityYear="1844" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDFFFEED966F94075894827" box="[1294,1435,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Hydractinia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDFFFEEDCFFF8B9719F480F" author="Van Beneden, P. - J." box="[151,397,1810,1836]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="305 - 314" refId="ref66116" refString="Van Beneden, P. - J. (1844 a) Sur les genres Eleutherie et Synhydre. Bulletins de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles- Lettres de Bruxelles, 11 (2), 305 - 314." type="journal article" year="1844">Van Beneden, 1844a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDFFFEEDDBDF8B972D8480F" author="Bouillon, J. &amp; Medel, M. D. &amp; Pena Cantero, A. L." box="[469,714,1810,1836]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="471 - 486" refId="ref51422" refString="Bouillon, J., Medel, M. D. &amp; Pena Cantero, A. L. (1997) The taxonomic status of the genus Stylactaria Stechow, 1921 (Hydroidomedusae, Anthomedusae, Hydractiniidae), with the description of a new species. Scientia Marina, 61, 471 - 486." type="journal article" year="1997">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDFFFEEDE2DF8B87269480F" box="[581,635,1811,1836]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. 1997
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDFFFEEDEB0F8B97304480F" author="Bouillon, J. &amp; Gravili, C. &amp; Pages, F. &amp; Gili, J. - M. &amp; Boero, F." box="[728,790,1810,1836]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref51270" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. - M. &amp; Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 194, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDFFFEEDF4DF8B973EE480F" author="Boero, F. &amp; Bouillon, J. &amp; Piraino, S." box="[805,1020,1810,1836]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="25 - 36" refId="ref50721" refString="Boero, F., Bouillon, J. &amp; Piraino, S. (1998) Heterochrony, generic distinction and phylogeny in the family Hydractiniidae (Hydrozoa: Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 323, 25 - 36." type="journal article" year="1998">
Boero
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDFFFEEDF1EF8B873BE480F" box="[886,940,1811,1836]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. 1998
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDFFFEED862F8B974F7480F" author="Cairns, S. D. &amp; Calder, D. R. &amp; Brinckmann-Voss, A. &amp; Castro, C. B. &amp; Fautin, D. G. &amp; Pugh, P. R. &amp; Mills, C. E. &amp; Jaap, W. C. &amp; Arai, M. N. &amp; Haddock, S. H. D. &amp; Opresko, D. M." box="[1034,1253,1810,1836]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="ref52412" refString="Cairns, S. D., Calder, D. R., Brinckmann-Voss, A., Castro, C. B., Fautin, D. G., Pugh, P. R., Mills, C. E., Jaap, W. C., Arai, M. N., Haddock, S. H. D. &amp; Opresko, D. M. (2002) Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Cnidaria and Ctenophora. Second Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, 28, 115 pp." type="book" year="2002">
Cairns
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDFFFEED808F8B87484480F" box="[1120,1174,1811,1836]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDFFFEED89CF8B970C74877" author="Stampar, S. N. &amp; Tronolone, V. B. &amp; Morandini, A. C." pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="43 - 59" refId="ref65108" refString="Stampar, S. N., Tronolone, V. B. &amp; Morandini, A. C. (2006) Description and life cycle of the hydrozoan Hydractinia uniformis, sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Hydractiniidae) from the coast of southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 1200, 43 - 59." type="journal article" year="2006">
Stampar
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDFFFEED937F8B87587480F" box="[1375,1429,1811,1836]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. 2006
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDFFFEEDC8BF89171B94877" author="Schuchert, P." box="[227,427,1850,1876]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="221 - 302" refId="ref64602" refString="Schuchert, P. (2008 a) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 3. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 115, 221 - 302." type="journal article" year="2008">Schuchert 2008a</bibRefCitation>
) and as distinct (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDFFFEEDE11F89173024877" author="Calder, D. R." box="[633,784,1850,1876]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 107" refId="ref52713" refString="Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: the Athecatae. Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Contributions, 148, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1988">Calder 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDFFFEEDF77F89173F74877" author="Namikawa, H." box="[799,997,1850,1876]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="805 - 812" refId="ref61762" refString="Namikawa, H. (1991) A new species of the genus Stylactaria (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Hokkaido, Japan. Zoological Science, 8, 805 - 812." type="journal article" year="1991">Namikawa 1991</bibRefCitation>
; Miglietta
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDFFFEED800F890748F4877" box="[1128,1181,1851,1876]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
. 2009). In this work,
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFDFFFEEDCFFF8C87105485F" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1921" box="[151,279,1891,1916]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDFFFEEDCFFF8C87105485F" box="[151,279,1891,1916]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Stylactaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is once again recognized as valid pending a more detailed taxonomic reappraisal of the family. Investigations on the nature of stolonal versus mat growth forms in
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFDFFFEEDFC1F82174484887" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1862" box="[937,1114,1930,1956]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Hydractiniidae</taxonomicName>
, and the influence of genetics and environmental effects on them (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDFFFEEDE0CF81972E848EF" author="Ferrell, D. L." box="[612,762,1970,1996]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="1577 - 1587" refId="ref55577" refString="Ferrell, D. L. (2008) Field fitness, phalanx-guerrilla morphological variation, and symmetry of colonial growth in the encrusting hydroid genus Hydractinia. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 88, 1577 - 1587." type="journal article" year="2008">Ferrell 2008</bibRefCitation>
), may prove relevant in taxonomy as well as ecology.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFDCFFEDDCAEFF33757C4E81" blockId="34.[151,1436,152,698]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
The taxonomy and nomenclature of
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFDCFFEDDE06FF3372FC4F92" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1921" box="[622,750,152,177]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDCFFEDDE06FF3372FC4F92" box="[622,750,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Stylactaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFDCFFEDDF1CFF3373C44F92" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1864" box="[884,982,152,177]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDCFFEDDF1CFF3373C44F92" box="[884,982,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Stylactis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
auct.) has been reviewed in a previous work (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDCFFEDDC8CFF6B716F4FF9" author="Calder, D. R." box="[228,381,192,218]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 107" refId="ref52713" refString="Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: the Athecatae. Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Contributions, 148, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1988">Calder 1988</bibRefCitation>
). Earlier detailed accounts of the genus include those of
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDCFFEDD841FF6B74DA4FF9" author="Iwasa, M." box="[1065,1224,192,218]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="241 - 277" refId="ref58478" refString="Iwasa, M. (1934) Revision of Stylactis and its allied genera, with description of Stylactella (Stylactis) yerii n. sp. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido Imperial University, series 6, 2, 241 - 277." type="journal article" year="1934">Iwasa (1934)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDCFFEDD8BFFF6B75854FF9" author="Bouillon, J." box="[1239,1431,192,218]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="323 - 364" refId="ref50891" refString="Bouillon, J. (1971) Sur quelques hydroides de Roscoff. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 12, 323 - 364." type="journal article" year="1971">Bouillon (1971)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDCFFEDDCA0FF4371914E21" author="Hirohito &amp; The Showa Emperor" box="[200,387,232,258]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="ref58325" refString="Hirohito, The Showa Emperor (1988) The hydroids of Sagami Bay. Part 1. Athecata. Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 179 pp." type="book" year="1988">Hirohito (1988)</bibRefCitation>
. Subsequent reviews have been provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDCFFEDDFE5FF4374734E21" author="Namikawa, H." box="[909,1121,232,258]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="805 - 812" refId="ref61762" refString="Namikawa, H. (1991) A new species of the genus Stylactaria (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Hokkaido, Japan. Zoological Science, 8, 805 - 812." type="journal article" year="1991">Namikawa (1991)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDCFFEDD8F0FF4375854E21" author="Bouillon, J. &amp; Medel, M. D. &amp; Pena Cantero, A. L." box="[1176,1431,232,258]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="471 - 486" refId="ref51422" refString="Bouillon, J., Medel, M. D. &amp; Pena Cantero, A. L. (1997) The taxonomic status of the genus Stylactaria Stechow, 1921 (Hydroidomedusae, Anthomedusae, Hydractiniidae), with the description of a new species. Scientia Marina, 61, 471 - 486." type="journal article" year="1997">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDCFFEDD96EFF43752B4E22" box="[1286,1337,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al</emphasis>
. (1997)
</bibRefCitation>
, who summarized the characters of 29 nominal species and another five unnamed species assigned to the genus.
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDCFFEDDC85FE9371DA4E71" author="Schuchert, P." box="[237,456,312,338]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="221 - 302" refId="ref64602" refString="Schuchert, P. (2008 a) The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 3. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 115, 221 - 302." type="journal article" year="2008">Schuchert (2008a)</bibRefCitation>
reviewed species in European waters under the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFDCFFEDD801FE9374E44E72" authorityName="Van Beneden" authorityYear="1844" box="[1129,1270,312,337]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDCFFEDD801FE9374E44E72" box="[1129,1270,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Hydractinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The greatest diversity within the genus is known from
<collectingCountry id="F35C8EA3FFDCFFEDDE14FECB72D04E59" box="[636,706,352,378]" name="Japan" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Japan</collectingCountry>
, with 14 species reported from that country. The most frequent substrates of known species are shells of gastropods, with or without pagurid crabs (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDCFFEDD818FE2375704E81" author="Bouillon, J. &amp; Medel, M. D. &amp; Pena Cantero, A. L." box="[1136,1378,392,418]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="471 - 486" refId="ref51422" refString="Bouillon, J., Medel, M. D. &amp; Pena Cantero, A. L. (1997) The taxonomic status of the genus Stylactaria Stechow, 1921 (Hydroidomedusae, Anthomedusae, Hydractiniidae), with the description of a new species. Scientia Marina, 61, 471 - 486." type="journal article" year="1997">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDCFFEDD888FE2375064E82" box="[1248,1300,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al</emphasis>
. 1997
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFDCFFEDDCAEFE1B738A4D49" blockId="34.[151,1436,152,698]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
Species assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFDCFFEDDDD9FE1B72234EEA" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1921" box="[433,561,432,457]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDCFFEDDDD9FE1B72234EEA" box="[433,561,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Stylactaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are morphologically quite homogeneous and difficult to distinguish. Characters utilized in the taxonomy of the genus were recently reviewed and evaluated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDCFFEDD8FCFE73758A4ED1" author="Bouillon, J. &amp; Medel, M. D. &amp; Pena Cantero, A. L." box="[1172,1432,472,498]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="471 - 486" refId="ref51422" refString="Bouillon, J., Medel, M. D. &amp; Pena Cantero, A. L. (1997) The taxonomic status of the genus Stylactaria Stechow, 1921 (Hydroidomedusae, Anthomedusae, Hydractiniidae), with the description of a new species. Scientia Marina, 61, 471 - 486." type="journal article" year="1997">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDCFFEDD96AFE7375254ED2" box="[1282,1335,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al</emphasis>
. (1997)
</bibRefCitation>
. Understanding of the group is likely to advance once more molecular work has been completed, as in the related genus
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFDCFFEDDD53FD8371DA4D62" authorityName="Van Beneden" authorityYear="1844" box="[315,456,552,577]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDCFFEDDD53FD8371DA4D62" box="[315,456,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Hydractinia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Greater attention to nematocyst complement and distribution may also aid in species differentiation, as in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFDCFFEDDE5EFDFB73864D49" authority="Ehrenberg, 1834" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1834" box="[566,916,592,618]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDCFFEDDE5EFDFB72D54D4A" box="[566,711,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Eudendrium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDCFFEDDEA6FDFB73864D49" author="Ehrenberg, C. G." box="[718,916,592,618]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="225 - 380" refId="ref55216" refString="Ehrenberg, C. G. (1834) Beitrage zur physiologischen Kenntniss der Corallenthiere im allgemeinen, und besonders des rothen Meeres, nebst einem Versuche zur physiologischen Systematik derselben. Abhandlung der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1, 225 - 380." type="journal article" year="1834">Ehrenberg, 1834</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFDCFFEDDCAEFDD373B14D99" blockId="34.[151,1436,152,698]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
Medusoids in certain species of
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFDCFFEDDE55FDD372AE4DB2" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1921" box="[573,700,632,657]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Stylactaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDCFFEDDE55FDD372AE4DB2" box="[573,700,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Stylactaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known to be liberated at dusk or soon after dark (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDCFFEDD942FDD370C74D99" author="Sigerfoos, C. P." pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="801 - 807" refId="ref64884" refString="Sigerfoos, C. P. (1899) A new hydroid from Long Island Sound. American Naturalist, 33, 801 - 807." type="journal article" year="1899">Sigerfoos 1899</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDCFFEDDC89FD0B71614D99" author="Calder, D. R." box="[225,371,672,698]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref52627" refString="Calder, D. R. (1971) Hydroids and hydromedusae of southern Chesapeake Bay. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Special Papers in Marine Science, 1, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1971">Calder 1971</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDCFFEDDDE8FD0B71AC4D99" author="Calder, D. R." box="[384,446,672,698]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 107" refId="ref52713" refString="Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: the Athecatae. Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Contributions, 148, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1988">1988</bibRefCitation>
), as in
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFDCFFEDDE78FD0B738D4D99" authority="Goldfuss, 1820" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1820" box="[528,927,672,698]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFDCFFEDDE78FD0B72F04D9A" box="[528,738,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Pennaria disticha</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFDCFFEDDE81FD0B738D4D99" author="Goldfuss, G. A." box="[745,927,672,698]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="ref56697" refString="Goldfuss, G. A. (1820) Handbuch der Zoologie. I. Abtheilung. Johann Leonhard Schrag, Nurnberg, 696 pp." type="book" year="1820">Goldfuss, 1820</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>