267 lines
24 KiB
XML
267 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331155" approvalRequired="75" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="4" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="26" approvalRequired_for_treatments="42" checkinTime="1646522525642" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="03ACCF40BF17FFE87B95F357F947DE42" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Canidae_0352.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Vulpes rueppellii Frisch 1775" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="444" masterDocId="FF95B738BF37FFC97E1BFF90FFDBDD06" masterDocTitle="Canidae" masterLastPageNumber="446" masterPageNumber="352" pageNumber="443" updateTime="1653508776756" updateUser="tatiana">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Canidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>352</mods:start>
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<mods:end>446</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6331155</mods:identifier>
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||
</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6335059" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6335059" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACCF40BF17FFE87B95F357F947DE42" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACCF40BF17FFE87B95F357F947DE42" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="444" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<subSubSection box="[1422,1478,3271,3317]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[1419,2200,3271,3398]" box="[1422,1478,3271,3317]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<heading box="[1422,1478,3271,3317]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<figureCitation box="[1422,1478,3271,3317]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="30.[143,173,3404,3429]" captionTargetBox="[12,2792,14,3638]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="On following pages: 28. Corsac Fox (Vulpes corsac); 29. Tibetan Fox (Vulpes ferrilata); 30. Indian Fox (Vulpes bengalensis); 31. Pale Fox (Vulpes pallida); 32. Riippell's Fox (Vulpes rueppellii; 33. Cape Fox (Vulpes chamal); 34. Blanford’s Fox (Vulpes cana); 35. Fennec Fox (Vulpes zerda)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331241" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331241/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">32.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[1495,1780,3271,3317]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[1419,2200,3271,3398]" box="[1495,1780,3271,3317]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<heading box="[1495,1780,3271,3317]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<vernacularName box="[1495,1780,3271,3317]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Ruppell’s Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1799,2101,3271,3317]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[1419,2200,3271,3398]" box="[1799,2101,3271,3317]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<heading box="[1799,2101,3271,3317]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Frisch" authorityYear="1775" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[1799,2101,3271,3317]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rueppellii">
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<emphasis box="[1799,2101,3271,3317]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Vulpes rueppellii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[1419,2200,3271,3398]" box="[1421,2200,3335,3356]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<heading box="[1421,2200,3335,3356]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<emphasis box="[1421,1498,3335,3356]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1507,1690,3335,3356]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Renard de Rippell</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[1711,1802,3335,3356]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1812,1915,3335,3356]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Sandfuchs</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[1936,2027,3335,3356]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2035,2200,3335,3356]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Zorro de Ruppell</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="32.[1419,2200,3271,3398]" box="[1421,1972,3374,3395]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<heading box="[1421,1972,3374,3395]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<emphasis box="[1421,1667,3374,3395]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1676,1769,3374,3395]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Sand Fox</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[1783,1972,3374,3395]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Rippell's Sand Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="444" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="32.[1419,2075,3441,3482]" box="[1420,2073,3441,3474]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<emphasis box="[1420,1575,3441,3474]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1589,1779,3441,3474]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="443" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rueppelii">Canis rüeppelii</taxonomicName>
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Schinz, 1825,
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<materialsCitation box="[1979,2073,3441,3474]" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">
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<collectingCountry box="[1979,2069,3441,3474]" name="Sudan" pageId="32" pageNumber="443">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="33.[809,1396,295,718]" box="[811,1231,295,324]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Six subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="444" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331225" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331225" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331225/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="444" targetBox="[193,782,303,716]" targetPageId="33">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[809,1396,295,718]" box="[810,1210,335,364]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">
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<emphasis box="[810,1210,335,364]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="33.[809,1396,295,718]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">
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<taxonomicName authority="Schinz, 1825" authorityName="Schinz" authorityYear="1825" box="[814,1168,370,403]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="rueppellii" subSpecies="rueppellii">V.r. rueppellii Schinz, 1825</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[1203,1282,370,403]" name="Egypt" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Egypt</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry name="Sudan" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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(Nubian Desert).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="33.[809,1396,295,718]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas & Hinton, 1921" authorityName="Thomas & Hinton" authorityYear="1921" box="[814,1298,453,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="rueppellii" subSpecies="caesia">V. r. caesia Thomas & Hinton, 1921</taxonomicName>
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— N & W Africa.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="33.[809,1396,295,718]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">
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<taxonomicName authority="Festa, 1921" authorityName="Festa" authorityYear="1921" box="[814,1186,535,560]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="rueppellii" subSpecies="cyrenaica">V. r. cyrenaica Festa, 1921</taxonomicName>
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— SW
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<collectingCountry box="[1309,1389,535,560]" name="Egypt" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Egypt</collectingCountry>
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, Lybia, extreme NW
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<collectingCountry box="[1092,1182,575,600]" name="Sudan" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="33.[809,1396,295,718]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">
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<taxonomicName authority="Pocock, 1934" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1934" box="[814,1149,614,639]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="rueppellii" subSpecies="sabaea">V. r. sabaea Pocock, 1934</taxonomicName>
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— Arabian Peninsula and Middle East.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="33.[809,1396,295,718]" lastBlockId="33.[191,1398,732,3470]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1918" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1918" box="[814,1182,693,718]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="rueppellii" subSpecies="somaliae">V. r. somaliae Thomas, 1918</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[1216,1313,693,718]" name="Eritrea" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry name="Ethiopia" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[335,448,732,757]" name="Somalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Somalia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="33.[191,1398,732,3470]" box="[198,1233,771,796]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">
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<taxonomicName authority=": Birula, 1913" authorityName="Birula" authorityYear="1913" box="[198,542,771,796]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="rueppellii" subSpecies="zarudny">V. r. zarudny: Birula, 1913</taxonomicName>
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— Baluchistan in
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<collectingCountry box="[785,956,771,796]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[973,1032,771,796]" name="Iran" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Iran</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[1111,1229,771,796]" name="Pakistan" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="444" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[191,1398,732,3470]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">
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<emphasis box="[194,443,802,835]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity box="[621,755,802,835]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="444" unit="cm" value="47.5" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="40.0">40-55 cm</quantity>
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for males and
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<quantity box="[975,1163,802,835]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="444" unit="cm" value="9.0">34:5-55-9 cm</quantity>
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for females, tail
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||
<quantity box="[195,382,842,875]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="444" unit="cm" value="7.0">25-1-38-7 cm</quantity>
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for males and
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<quantity box="[597,757,842,875]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="444" unit="cm" value="3.0">22-36-3 cm</quantity>
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for females; weight
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<quantity box="[1048,1192,842,875]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="444" unit="kg" value="3.0">1-1-2-3 kg</quantity>
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||
for males and 1-1-
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<quantity box="[250,341,889,914]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="444" unit="kg" value="4.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="1.0">1-8 kg</quantity>
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||
for females. One of the smaller
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<taxonomicName box="[812,890,889,914]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="444" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Vulpes</taxonomicName>
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species, Ruppell’s Fox is slighter in build than the Red Fox, and has smaller limbs. The ears are long and large in relation to the head, rather similar to Fennec Fox, but lack darker markings on the back of the ears. Coat color is variable. The head is beige to a pale sand color. The ears and face are usually pale, with most animals having black whisker patches running up to the eye, although this too is variable. Dorsal pelage varies from pale sandy to grayish and even sometimes reddish, with a more orless silvery sheen due to black speckling. Flanks and underbody are usually paler. The legs are beige to fawn, and the plantar and digital pads are almost completely covered by hairs. The black speckling from the back culminates in a dense black patch at the base of the tail, which is bushy and usually tipped white, a useful diagnostic feature. The furis very fine and soft, thicker and darker in winter and lighter colored in summer. Females have three pairs of mammae. The braincase is rounded, the postorbital processes are blunt and narrow, the zygomatic arches are strong, and the bullae are relatively large (though not so expanded as in Fennec Fox). The dental formulais13/3,C1/1,PM 4/4, M 2/3 = 42.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="444" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[191,1398,732,3470]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">
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<emphasis box="[194,304,1476,1505]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Typical habitat includes sand and stone deserts. In
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<collectingCountry box="[1061,1245,1476,1505]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
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, Ruppell’s Fox has been found in open and stony habitat, often with sparse vegetation that includes herb and grass species (Fagonia indica, Indigofera spinosa, Tribulus spp., Stipagrostis spp., and Panicum turgidum). Annual rainfall averages
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<quantity box="[984,1093,1594,1623]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="444" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
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per year, with a maximum of
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<quantity box="[319,432,1633,1662]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="33" pageNumber="444" unit="mm" value="240.0">240 mm</quantity>
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per year. On the northern fringe of the Sahara, Ruppell’s Fox may be found in areas with up to
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<quantity box="[605,715,1672,1701]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="33" pageNumber="444" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 mm</quantity>
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annual rainfall. In
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<collectingCountry box="[992,1116,1672,1701]" name="Morocco" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Morocco</collectingCountry>
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the general habitat offers sparse to very sparse vegetation cover, dominated by small brushes (Hammada scoparia, Panicum turgidum, Fagonia spp.) mostly concentrated in wadis (with Acacia Spp., Argania spinosa, Balanites aegyptiaca, Maerua crassifolia, and Capparis decidua trees). Ruppell’s Foxes also live in coastal areas with extremely sparse vegetation and no trees. They can survive in areas without any available water, as in central
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<collectingCountry box="[1117,1295,1869,1898]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
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on the fringes of the Arabian Empty Quarter, in
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<collectingCountry box="[771,874,1904,1937]" name="Algeria" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Algeria</collectingCountry>
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, and in the
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<collectingCountry box="[1042,1255,1904,1937]" name="Western Sahara" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">western Sahara</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="444" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[191,1398,732,3470]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">
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<emphasis box="[194,453,1944,1977]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Generalist predators, with a high invertebrate content in their diet, as well as rodents, lizards, snakes, birds, and wild fruits. Some studies have shown that Ruppell’s Foxes consume prey relative to availability, suggesting opportunistic feeding habits. Little is known about their feeding behavior except that they forage alone, and may scavenge at camps and permanent human settlements.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="444" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[191,1398,732,3470]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">
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<emphasis box="[191,431,2140,2173]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Mainly crepuscular and nocturnal. They tend to remain in dens throughout the day, although active animals have been seen during the daytime in winter. They leave the den in the hour following sunset and alternate periods of activity throughout the night. They are usually inactive in the early hours of the morning.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="444" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="33.[191,1398,732,3470]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">
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<emphasis box="[193,900,2298,2331]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Little is known. Adults usually live as monogamous pairs, but the species may be gregarious. Groups of 3-15 individuals, which may represent extended family groups, have been sighted. Grouping may be incidental, however;it could be the result of close aggregation of dens in the few areas where denning sites are available. In
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<collectingCountry box="[712,802,2455,2488]" name="Oman" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Oman</collectingCountry>
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, large home ranges covered some
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<quantity box="[1290,1379,2455,2488]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="33" pageNumber="444" unit="km" value="69.0">69 km</quantity>
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? and social units were spatially separate. Mean annual home range in Mahazat as-Sayd,
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<collectingCountry box="[194,376,2538,2567]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
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was 16-
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||
<quantity box="[492,557,2538,2567]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="444" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
|
||
?*. Males showed significantly larger seasonal home ranges than females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="444" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="33.[191,1398,732,3470]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">
|
||
<emphasis box="[193,327,2616,2645]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[377,557,2616,2645]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, mating takes place from December to February, which usually coincides with the first rains after the harsh summer period. Captures of young pups have been made in early March in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[759,938,2691,2724]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and in March in the
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Western Sahara" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">western Sahara</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Very young animals have been recorded in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[870,971,2734,2763]" name="Algeria" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
in May, and captures of young pups in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[311,492,2769,2802]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
|
||
peaked from July to August, following the dependency period. In Mahazat as-Sayd gestation lasts 7-8 weeks and littersize is 2-3. Young pups remain dependent on their parents for an undefined period before they venture out from the den site area. Both sexes reach sexual maturity at around 9-10 months. Dens are commonly located under slabs of rock or dug at the base of trees or bushes. In areas with few shelters the species may use very exposed dens, often in the middle of plains. Some of these burrows are dug by Honey Badgers. In open areas any disturbance induces flight; in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[329,406,3048,3077]" name="Niger" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Niger</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the animals often flee from their dens when threatened. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1297,1387,3048,3077]" name="Oman" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
, study animals changed den sites frequently, probably as an anti-predator strategy or perhaps due to resource availability. Shallow scrapes in a packed silt substrate may offer effective cooling, and midday temperatures may be 12-15°C lower inside these dens than outside.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="444" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="33.[191,1398,732,3470]" lastBlockId="33.[1465,2667,296,839]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">
|
||
<emphasis box="[194,545,3245,3274]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES not listed. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red Lust. Classed as “lower risk/near threatened” in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[938,1062,3284,3313]" name="Morocco" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
(including W Sahara). In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[234,416,3319,3352]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, there is currently no effective legislation for the protection of native carnivores. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[395,471,3363,3392]" name="Israel" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the species is fully protected by law. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1031,1157,3363,3392]" name="Morocco" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Ruppell’s Foxes may be hunted as they are considered pests. Although widespread throughout the Arabian Peninsula, the speciesis limited by the large desert areas. Population density is usually low, but seems higher in areas where food is more freely available, for example near human settlements. In a fenced protected area of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2245,2426,340,365]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, density was 0-7/ km®. Lower population estimates outside the fenced reserve indicate that the species may be very vulnerable in the over-grazed, human-influenced landscape of central Arabia. Habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation, direct and indirect persecution by hunting, and indiscriminate use of poisons, appear to be the main threats. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2584,2661,489,522]" name="Israel" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the species is on the verge of extinction due to competitive exclusion by Red Foxes, which are expanding their range following human settlement in the Negev Desert. Competitive pressure from Red Foxes may also be affecting populations in the
|
||
<collectingCountry name="United Arab Emirates" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">United Arab Emirates</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="444" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="33.[1465,2667,296,839]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1467,1618,698,719]" pageId="33" pageNumber="444">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Coetzee (1977), Cuzin (1996), Cuzin & Lenain (2004), De Smet (1988), Dragesco-Joffé (1993), Harrison & Bates (1991), Hufnagl (1972), Kingdon (1997), Kowalski (1988), Lenain (2000), Lindsay & Macdonald (1986), Olfermann (1996), Osborn & Helmy (1980), Petter (1952), Rosevear (1974), Valverde (1957), Yom-Tov & Mendelssohn (1988).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |