420 lines
59 KiB
XML
420 lines
59 KiB
XML
<document id="0F3EE68F410EDB495C206CF15673AF48" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4268.2.1SLASH11054" ID-CLB-Dataset="33045" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4268.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e114acb7-3683-4094-a53f-c9bc7ed84353" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="580173" ID-ZooBank="0742D287-B82C-4014-A6AC-C357F259D5D7" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1494919993818" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Summers, Mindi M., Messing, Charles G. & Rouse, Greg W." docDate="2017" docId="039EDF70FFB8A168FF66DBA61194F8D9" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4268.2.1SLASH11054.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4268 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Comatella" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="159" masterDocId="FFA7A708FFBEA160FFF1DB31103FFFDD" masterDocTitle="The genera and species of Comatulidae (Comatulida: Crinoidea): taxonomic revisions and a molecular and morphological guide" masterLastPageNumber="190" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="157" updateTime="1698439592185" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="E254750D2673DBCCE4A7AAB4321C63F3">The genera and species of Comatulidae (Comatulida: Crinoidea): taxonomic revisions and a molecular and morphological guide</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="27EAC62FBA611D28AB3BC64B09BD5DC9">Summers, Mindi M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DC4920B1FFE69E7EEE62F4195F53F484">Messing, Charles G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="839EBF61F23270A49B24F5C45506CEF3">Rouse, Greg W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="447B3A0E977643BF7BF575F2A0DBC10B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C2F4FCFF06530C15957E8765B5883B4B">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="039EDF70FFB8A168FF66DBA61194F8D9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6009076" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130809835" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6009076" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFB8A168FF66DBA61194F8D9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039EDF70FFB8A168FF66DBA61194F8D9" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
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<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFB8A166FF66DBA611FFFF0E" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB8A166FF66DBA611DFFF6F" blockId="6.[151,480,151,211]" box="[151,480,151,178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
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<heading id="D0C0D90AFFB8A166FF66DBA611DFFF6F" bold="true" box="[151,480,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB8A166FF66DBA611DFFF6F" bold="true" box="[151,480,151,178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB8A166FF66DBA6112CFF6C" box="[151,275,151,177]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB8A166FF66DBA6112CFF6C" bold="true" box="[151,275,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Comatella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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AH Clark, 1908
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB8A166FF66DB8B11FFFF0E" blockId="6.[151,480,151,211]" box="[151,448,186,211]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
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<tableCitation id="C6B55BDDFFB8A166FF66DB8B10D5FF0E" box="[151,234,186,211]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[125,197,537,558]" captionText="TABLE 1. Diagnostic morphological characteristics of genera of Comatulidae." pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Table 1</tableCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB8A166FF09DB8B1106FF0E" box="[248,313,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1683,1705]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Comatellinae. (A – C) Alloeocomatella pectinifera— (A) live, centrodorsal concealed with ten arms exposed from coral, photographed at night; (B) well-developed rounded pentagonal centrodorsal with one row of cirri; (C) combs with> 20 tall, narrow, triangular teeth confluent with the outer edge of pinnule, non-tapering. (D) Alloeocomatella polycladia exposed on coral following removal from under loose coral rubble, with diagnostic red color and> 10 arms, curling. (E – F) Comatella stelligera, preserved — (E) specimen 2, entire animal showing> 20 arms and numerous cirri; (F) specimen 1, well-developed circular centrodorsal with two rows of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies. (G – L) Comatella nigra— (G – J) live, semicryptic on coral reef, showing various color morphs; (K) well-developed circular centrodorsal with one row of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies; (L) combs with triangular teeth, confluent with interior side of pinnule, diminishing distally to a blunt tip. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: A. not vouchered; C. SIO-BIC E 6166. Palau: B. CRECH 236; K. SIO-BIC E 5875; L. SIO-BIC E 6265. Madang, Papua New Guinea: D. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8123. G. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8179; I. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8103; MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8064. Challenger Station 174, near Kandavu, Fiji: E – F. NHM 88.11. 9.104, type specimens 1 and 2. Timor: H. AM J. 25420." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580174/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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E–L,
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<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB8A166FE8FDB8B11FFFF0E" box="[382,448,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1812,1834]" captionTargetBox="[159,1410,223,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,223,1790]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood tree of Comatellinae inferred from COI. Symbols near nodes refer to bootstrap (BS) and jackknife (JK) support scores, for maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) analyses, respectively. An asterisk indicates nodes with> 90 % bootstrap and jackknife support. Other scores are represented BS / JK. A hyphen is given for nodes not recovered in MP analyses. Previous morphological identifications in brackets. Taxa labeled as: location - Genbank accession number. Location abbreviations — Great Barrier Reef, Australia (GBR); Madang, Papua New Guinea (PNG); Raja Ampat, Indonesia (Raja); Rowley Shoals, Western Australia (WA). New COI sequences: Genbank KR 010271 - KR 010293." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580175/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFB8A168FF66DA331396FF6D" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="159" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB8A166FF66DA3312F6FEC6" blockId="6.[151,713,258,283]" box="[151,713,258,283]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB8A166FF66DA33110DFEC6" bold="true" box="[151,306,258,283]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Type species.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB8A166FEC8DA3212FBFEC6" authority="Carpenter, 1888" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1888" box="[313,708,259,283]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigra">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB8A166FEC8DA321239FEC7" box="[313,518,259,282]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Actinometra nigra</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB8A166FDFFDA3212FBFEC6" author="Carpenter" box="[526,708,259,283]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" refString="Carpenter, P. H. (1888) Report on the Crinoidea collected during the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Part II-The Comatulae. In: Thomson, C. W. & Murray, J. (Eds.), Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876, Zoology-Vol. XXVI. Neill & Company, Edinburgh, pp. 1 - 400." type="book chapter" year="1888">Carpenter, 1888</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF483EEEFFB8A166FF66DDA21505F801" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580174/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" targetBox="[151,1436,335,1661]" targetPageId="6">
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB8A166FF66DDA21505F801" blockId="6.[151,1437,1683,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB8A166FF66DDA2112BF975" bold="true" box="[151,276,1683,1705]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB8A166FEEDDDA21199F974" box="[284,422,1683,1705]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Comatellinae">Comatellinae</taxonomicName>
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. (A–C)
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB8A166FE08DDA21315F974" box="[505,810,1683,1705]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB8A166FE08DDA212A0F974" box="[505,671,1683,1705]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Alloeocomatella</taxonomicName>
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pectinifera—
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</emphasis>
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(A) live, centrodorsal concealed with ten arms exposed from coral, photographed at night; (B) well-developed rounded pentagonal centrodorsal with one row of cirri; (C) combs with>20 tall, narrow, triangular teeth confluent with the outer edge of pinnule, non-tapering. (D)
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB8A166FBFCDDE0151BF93A" box="[1037,1316,1745,1767]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="polycladia">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB8A166FBFCDDE0151BF93A" box="[1037,1316,1745,1767]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Alloeocomatella polycladia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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exposed on coral following removal from under loose coral rubble, with diagnostic red color and>10 arms, curling. (E–F)
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB8A166FAC3DDDE10C8F8F9" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stelligera">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB8A166FAC3DDDE10C8F8F9" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Comatella stelligera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, preserved
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB8A166FE99DC3E1141F8F9" box="[360,382,1807,1828]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">—</emphasis>
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(E) specimen 2, entire animal showing>20 arms and numerous cirri; (F) specimen 1, well-developed circular centrodorsal with two rows of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies. (G–L)
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB8A166FC6EDC1C1464F89E" box="[927,1115,1837,1859]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB8A166FC6EDC1C1437F89E" box="[927,1032,1837,1859]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Comatella</taxonomicName>
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nigra—
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</emphasis>
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(G–J) live, semicryptic on coral reef, showing various color morphs; (K) well-developed circular centrodorsal with one row of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies; (L) combs with triangular teeth, confluent with interior side of pinnule, diminishing distally to a blunt tip. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: A. not vouchered; C. SIO-BIC E6166. Palau: B. CRECH 236; K. SIO-BIC E5875; L. SIO-BIC E6265. Madang, Papua New Guinea: D. MNHN-IE-2013-8123. G. MNHN-IE-2013-8179; I. MNHN-IE-2013-8103; MNHN-IE-2013-8064. Challenger Station 174, near Kandavu, Fiji: E–F. NHM 88.11.9.104, type specimens 1 and 2. Timor: H. AM J.25420.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="DF483EEEFFB9A167FF66DC251550F819" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580175/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" targetBox="[159,1410,223,1788]" targetPageId="7">
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB9A167FF66DC251550F819" blockId="7.[151,1436,1812,1988]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB9A167FF66DC25112AF8F4" bold="true" box="[151,277,1812,1834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
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Maximum likelihood tree of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB9A167FDBDDC2512ECF8F7" box="[588,723,1812,1834]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="7" pageNumber="158" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Comatellinae">Comatellinae</taxonomicName>
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inferred from COI. Symbols near nodes refer to bootstrap (BS) and jackknife (JK) support scores, for maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) analyses, respectively. An asterisk indicates nodes with>90% bootstrap and jackknife support. Other scores are represented BS/JK. A hyphen is given for nodes not recovered in MP analyses. Previous morphological identifications in brackets. Taxa labeled as: location - Genbank accession number. Location abbreviations
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB9A167FDB7DCA11263F878" box="[582,604,1936,1957]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">—</emphasis>
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Great Barrier Reef, Australia (GBR); Madang, Papua New Guinea (PNG); Raja Ampat, Indonesia (Raja); Rowley Shoals, Western Australia (WA). New COI sequences: Genbank
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<accessionNumber id="9464F385FFB9A167FB70DC9F14CDF819" box="[1153,1266,1966,1988]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KR010271" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">KR010271</accessionNumber>
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-
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<accessionNumber id="9464F385FFB9A167FB08DC9F1554F819" box="[1273,1387,1966,1988]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KR010293" pageId="7" pageNumber="158">KR010293</accessionNumber>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB6A168FF36DBA61396FF6D" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1797]" box="[199,937,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FF36DBA611DAFF6D" bold="true" box="[199,485,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Other included taxa (1).</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FE1DDBA9139BFF6D" authority="Carpenter, 1888" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1888" box="[492,932,152,176]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stelligera">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FE1DDBA912D8FF6D" box="[492,743,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Actinometra stelligera</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB6A168FD1FDBA9139BFF6D" author="Carpenter" box="[750,932,152,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refString="Carpenter, P. H. (1888) Report on the Crinoidea collected during the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Part II-The Comatulae. In: Thomson, C. W. & Murray, J. (Eds.), Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876, Zoology-Vol. XXVI. Neill & Company, Edinburgh, pp. 1 - 400." type="book chapter" year="1888">Carpenter, 1888</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFB6A168FF36DB8D13B9FEB9" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB6A168FF36DB8D13B9FEB9" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FF36DB8D1166FF08" bold="true" box="[199,345,188,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Description.</emphasis>
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Mouth excentric in fully developed individuals; centrodorsal well-developed, circular, and with cirri (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB6A168FF24DBEE112CFF25" box="[213,275,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1683,1705]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Comatellinae. (A – C) Alloeocomatella pectinifera— (A) live, centrodorsal concealed with ten arms exposed from coral, photographed at night; (B) well-developed rounded pentagonal centrodorsal with one row of cirri; (C) combs with> 20 tall, narrow, triangular teeth confluent with the outer edge of pinnule, non-tapering. (D) Alloeocomatella polycladia exposed on coral following removal from under loose coral rubble, with diagnostic red color and> 10 arms, curling. (E – F) Comatella stelligera, preserved — (E) specimen 2, entire animal showing> 20 arms and numerous cirri; (F) specimen 1, well-developed circular centrodorsal with two rows of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies. (G – L) Comatella nigra— (G – J) live, semicryptic on coral reef, showing various color morphs; (K) well-developed circular centrodorsal with one row of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies; (L) combs with triangular teeth, confluent with interior side of pinnule, diminishing distally to a blunt tip. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: A. not vouchered; C. SIO-BIC E 6166. Palau: B. CRECH 236; K. SIO-BIC E 5875; L. SIO-BIC E 6265. Madang, Papua New Guinea: D. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8123. G. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8179; I. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8103; MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8064. Challenger Station 174, near Kandavu, Fiji: E – F. NHM 88.11. 9.104, type specimens 1 and 2. Timor: H. AM J. 25420." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580174/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
F, K); IBr2 series united by synarthry; first syzygy at 3+4 on arms arising from IBr; IIBr and beyond of two ossicles; arms arising from IIBr and beyond with first syzygy at 1+2 and/or 3+4 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB6A168FB31DA35153AFEC1" box="[1216,1285,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1683,1705]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Comatellinae. (A – C) Alloeocomatella pectinifera— (A) live, centrodorsal concealed with ten arms exposed from coral, photographed at night; (B) well-developed rounded pentagonal centrodorsal with one row of cirri; (C) combs with> 20 tall, narrow, triangular teeth confluent with the outer edge of pinnule, non-tapering. (D) Alloeocomatella polycladia exposed on coral following removal from under loose coral rubble, with diagnostic red color and> 10 arms, curling. (E – F) Comatella stelligera, preserved — (E) specimen 2, entire animal showing> 20 arms and numerous cirri; (F) specimen 1, well-developed circular centrodorsal with two rows of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies. (G – L) Comatella nigra— (G – J) live, semicryptic on coral reef, showing various color morphs; (K) well-developed circular centrodorsal with one row of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies; (L) combs with triangular teeth, confluent with interior side of pinnule, diminishing distally to a blunt tip. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: A. not vouchered; C. SIO-BIC E 6166. Palau: B. CRECH 236; K. SIO-BIC E 5875; L. SIO-BIC E 6265. Madang, Papua New Guinea: D. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8123. G. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8179; I. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8103; MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8064. Challenger Station 174, near Kandavu, Fiji: E – F. NHM 88.11. 9.104, type specimens 1 and 2. Timor: H. AM J. 25420." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580174/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
F, K); distal intersyzygial interval 4; distalmost pinnule comb on P6; comb teeth triangular, confluent with interior side of pinnule, reduced in size distally, and tapering to blunt tip (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB6A168FCD2DA7D135DFEB9" box="[803,866,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1683,1705]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Comatellinae. (A – C) Alloeocomatella pectinifera— (A) live, centrodorsal concealed with ten arms exposed from coral, photographed at night; (B) well-developed rounded pentagonal centrodorsal with one row of cirri; (C) combs with> 20 tall, narrow, triangular teeth confluent with the outer edge of pinnule, non-tapering. (D) Alloeocomatella polycladia exposed on coral following removal from under loose coral rubble, with diagnostic red color and> 10 arms, curling. (E – F) Comatella stelligera, preserved — (E) specimen 2, entire animal showing> 20 arms and numerous cirri; (F) specimen 1, well-developed circular centrodorsal with two rows of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies. (G – L) Comatella nigra— (G – J) live, semicryptic on coral reef, showing various color morphs; (K) well-developed circular centrodorsal with one row of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies; (L) combs with triangular teeth, confluent with interior side of pinnule, diminishing distally to a blunt tip. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: A. not vouchered; C. SIO-BIC E 6166. Palau: B. CRECH 236; K. SIO-BIC E 5875; L. SIO-BIC E 6265. Madang, Papua New Guinea: D. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8123. G. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8179; I. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8103; MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8064. Challenger Station 174, near Kandavu, Fiji: E – F. NHM 88.11. 9.104, type specimens 1 and 2. Timor: H. AM J. 25420." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580174/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
L).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFB6A168FF36DA5E1202FBCD" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB6A168FF36DA5E1392FDBD" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FF36DA5E115FFE55" bold="true" box="[199,352,367,392]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Tropical Indo-western Pacific from Abrolhos Is, WA, to Lady Elliott I., QLD,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB6A168FB2FDA5E1577FE55" box="[1246,1352,367,392]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, east to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB6A168FF66DAA410E2FE70" box="[151,221,405,429]" name="Tonga" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Tonga</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB6A168FEE6DAA51159FE71" box="[279,358,404,428]" name="Samoa" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Samoa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, west to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB6A168FE3EDAA51205FE70" box="[463,570,404,429]" name="Maldives" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Maldives</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and north to Ogasawara (Bonin) Is. and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFB6A168FBE8DAA514BEFE70" box="[1049,1153,404,429]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB6A168FB7FDAA414EEFE71" box="[1166,1233,405,428]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFB6A168FAA3DAA515A2FE70" box="[1362,1437,404,429]" country="Micronesia" name="Chuuk" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Chuuk</collectingRegion>
|
||
Atoll and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB6A168FEFCDA89116DFE0D" box="[269,338,440,464]" name="Guam" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Guam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB6A168FE92DA861216FE0D" author="Chen" box="[355,553,439,464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refString="Chen, J. C., Chang, K. H. & Chen, C. P. (1988) Shallow-water crinoids of Kenting National Park, Taiwan. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology Academia Sinica, 27, 73 - 90." type="journal article" year="1988">
|
||
Chen
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FE5BDA8811DAFE0D" box="[426,485,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, AH
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB6A168FD9BDA8612D2FE0D" author="Clark" box="[618,749,439,464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refString="Clark, A. H. (1931) A monograph of the existing crinoids 1 (3). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, 1 - 916." type="journal article" year="1931">Clark 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB6A168FD0DDA861479FE0D" author="Kirkendale" box="[764,1094,439,464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refString="Kirkendale, L. & Messing, C. G. (2003) An annotated checklist and key to the Crinoidea of Guam and Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands. Micronesica, 35 - 36, 523 - 546." type="book chapter" year="2003">Kirkendale & Messing 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB6A168FBA4DA8914E7FE0D" author="Kogo" box="[1109,1240,440,464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refString="Kogo, I. (1998) Crinoids from Japan and its adjacent waters. Special Publication of the Osaka Museum of National History, 30, 1 - 148." type="journal article" year="1998">Kogo 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB6A168FB17DA8615A7FE0D" author="Messing" box="[1254,1432,439,464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refString="Messing, C. G. (1998 b) An initial re-assessment of the distribution and diversity of the East Indian shallow-water crinoid fauna. Pp. 187 - 192. In: Mooi, R. & Telford, M. (eds.) Echinoderms: San Francisco. Balkema, Rotterdam." type="book chapter" year="1998" yearSuffix="b">Messing 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB6A168FF66DAEC11B8FE28" author="Rowe" box="[151,391,476,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. & Gates, J. (1995) Echinodermata. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne, 510 pp." type="book" year="1995">Rowe & Gates 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Depth range: low intertidal to 32 (perhaps 73) m.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB6A168FC10DAEC14E0FE28" author="Rowe" box="[993,1247,476,501]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. & Gates, J. (1995) Echinodermata. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne, 510 pp." type="book" year="1995">Rowe & Gates (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
list a maximum depth of
|
||
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFB6A168FF0DDACE117BFDCA" box="[252,324,511,536]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" unit="m" value="160.0">160 m</quantity>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FE85D93111EEFDCA" box="[372,465,512,535]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FE85D93111EEFDCA" box="[372,465,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">C. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but this may be an error for the
|
||
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFB6A168FCBBDACE13ADFDCA" box="[842,914,511,536]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.06" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" unit="m" value="106.0">106 m</quantity>
|
||
maximum given by AH
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB6A168FB5CDACE157DFDC5" author="Clark" box="[1197,1346,511,536]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refString="Clark, A. H. (1931) A monograph of the existing crinoids 1 (3). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, 1 - 916." type="journal article" year="1931">Clark (1931)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Depths greater than ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFB6A168FEC5D9151142FDE1" box="[308,381,548,572]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FDE7D91512B4FDE1" box="[534,651,548,572]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FDE7D91512B4FDE1" box="[534,651,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Comatella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by AH
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB6A168FD19D9151347FDE1" author="Clark" box="[744,888,548,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refString="Clark, A. H. (1931) A monograph of the existing crinoids 1 (3). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, 1 - 916." type="journal article" year="1931">Clark (1931)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are for species no longer included in the genus:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FF66D9791195FDBD" box="[151,426,584,608]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Palaeocomatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="decora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FF66D9791195FDBD" box="[151,426,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Palaeocomatella decora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FE1DD979126BFD82" box="[492,596,584,607]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comissia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FE1DD979126BFD82" box="[492,596,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Comissia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FD99D97912D1FDBD" box="[616,750,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">brachycirra</emphasis>
|
||
(Messing 2001).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB6A168FF36D95D1202FBCD" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B5F643BFFB6A168FF36D95D151FFD10" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503125117" collectionCode="COI" country="Iceland" location="Notably" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FF36D95D1194FD58" bold="true" box="[199,427,620,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Molecular results.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimens identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FD05D95D1386FD59" box="[756,953,620,644]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FD05D95D1386FD59" box="[756,953,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Comatella nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FBF9D95D14A1FD59" box="[1032,1182,620,644]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stelligera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FBF9D95D14A1FD59" box="[1032,1182,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">C. stelligera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
formed reciprocally monophyletic groups in both the parsimony and likelihood analyses (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB6A168FC6FD9BE13DDFD75" box="[926,994,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1812,1834]" captionTargetBox="[159,1410,223,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,223,1790]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood tree of Comatellinae inferred from COI. Symbols near nodes refer to bootstrap (BS) and jackknife (JK) support scores, for maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) analyses, respectively. An asterisk indicates nodes with> 90 % bootstrap and jackknife support. Other scores are represented BS / JK. A hyphen is given for nodes not recovered in MP analyses. Previous morphological identifications in brackets. Taxa labeled as: location - Genbank accession number. Location abbreviations — Great Barrier Reef, Australia (GBR); Madang, Papua New Guinea (PNG); Raja Ampat, Indonesia (Raja); Rowley Shoals, Western Australia (WA). New COI sequences: Genbank KR 010271 - KR 010293." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580175/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), with a minimum of 5.3% uncorrected
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED26F6A3FFB6A168FF66D98510F8FD11" box="[151,199,692,716]" country="Portugal" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" name="University of Coimbra Botany Department" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">COI</collectionCode>
|
||
distance between the taxa.
|
||
<location id="8EE838BDFFB6A168FDF6D985125DFD10" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFB8A168FF66DBA61194F8D9:8EE838BDFFB6A168FDF6D985125DFD10" box="[519,610,692,717]" country="Iceland" name="Notably" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Notably</location>
|
||
, specimens identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FC72D9851401FD11" box="[899,1086,692,716]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FC72D9851401FD11" box="[899,1086,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Comatella nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Lizard
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB6A168FB28D985151FFD10" box="[1241,1312,692,717]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B5F643BFFB6A168FADFD98513CCFC5D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503125123" collectionCode="COI" country="Australia" county="Specimens" location="The" municipality="The" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Bohol" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB6A168FADFD98515A8FD10" box="[1326,1431,692,717]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, showed an even greater
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FE55D9E911E5FD32" box="[420,474,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">intra</emphasis>
|
||
specific divergence, with up to 6.3% uncorrected
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED26F6A3FFB6A168FBF2D9E9140CFD2D" box="[1027,1075,728,752]" country="Portugal" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" name="University of Coimbra Botany Department" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">COI</collectionCode>
|
||
distance (n=13); this taxon may thus represent at least two different species (=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FD40D9CD1354FCC9" box="[689,875,764,788]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FD40D9CD1354FCC9" box="[689,875,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Comatella nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FC57D9CD145EFCC9" box="[934,1121,764,788]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FC57D9CD145EFCC9" box="[934,1121,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Comatella nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
B in
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB6A168FB54D9CD14D4FCC9" box="[1189,1259,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1812,1834]" captionTargetBox="[159,1410,223,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,223,1790]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood tree of Comatellinae inferred from COI. Symbols near nodes refer to bootstrap (BS) and jackknife (JK) support scores, for maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) analyses, respectively. An asterisk indicates nodes with> 90 % bootstrap and jackknife support. Other scores are represented BS / JK. A hyphen is given for nodes not recovered in MP analyses. Previous morphological identifications in brackets. Taxa labeled as: location - Genbank accession number. Location abbreviations — Great Barrier Reef, Australia (GBR); Madang, Papua New Guinea (PNG); Raja Ampat, Indonesia (Raja); Rowley Shoals, Western Australia (WA). New COI sequences: Genbank KR 010271 - KR 010293." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580175/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62E916EAFFB6A168FAF3D9CD1544FCC8" box="[1282,1403,764,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Specimens</collectingCounty>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FF66D811116DFCEA" box="[151,338,800,824]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FF66D811116DFCEA" box="[151,338,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Comatella nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFB6A168FEADD81111B3FCE5" box="[348,396,800,824]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">type</typeStatus>
|
||
B are minimally 4.9% divergent from remaining specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FB9DD81114F3FCEA" box="[1132,1228,800,823]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FB9DD81114F3FCEA" box="[1132,1228,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">C. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with an
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FAC4D8111554FCEA" box="[1333,1387,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">intra</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFB6A168FA9DD81115A3FCE5" box="[1388,1436,800,824]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">type</typeStatus>
|
||
divergence of less than 0.20%.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BECF41CFFB6A168FE07D875121DFC80" box="[502,546,836,861]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">The</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
remaining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FD50D87512C0FC81" box="[673,767,836,860]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FD50D87512C0FC81" box="[673,767,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">C. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
terminals were up to 4.8% divergent from one another, and may also represent multiple species.
|
||
<location id="8EE838BDFFB6A168FDC8D856125AFC5D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFB8A168FF66DBA61194F8D9:8EE838BDFFB6A168FDC8D856125AFC5D" box="[569,613,871,896]" country="Australia" county="Specimens" municipality="The" name="The" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" stateProvince="Bohol">The</location>
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFB6A168FD9CD85912A2FC5D" box="[621,669,872,896]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FCDBD85913B7FCA2" box="[810,904,872,895]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FCDBD85913B7FCA2" box="[810,904,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">C. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFB6A168FC5DD85613CCFC5D" box="[940,1011,871,896]" country="Philippines" name="Bohol" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Bohol</collectingRegion>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B5F643BFFB6A168FC0ED85613AFFC30" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503125134" collectionCode="RAME, NHM" country="Philippines" location="Wales Channel" municipality="Prince" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" specimenCode="NHM 88-11-9- 103" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Queensland" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB6A168FC0ED8561442FC5D" box="[1023,1149,871,896]" name="Philippines" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFB6A168FB7FD85914D4FC5D" box="[1166,1259,872,896]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED26F6A3FFB6A168FB07D8591578FC5D" box="[1270,1351,872,896]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/3riq-gfz7" name="Royal Albert Memorial Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">RAME</collectionCode>
|
||
R114); no specimens were sequenced from this region, and we have so far found no clear way to split the group into separate species on either molecular or morphological evidence. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFB6A168FC54D88113EAFC15" box="[933,981,944,968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FBA6D88114DEFC15" box="[1111,1249,944,968]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FBA6D88114DEFC15" box="[1111,1249,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">C. maculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB91C61DFFB6A168FB01D88110FDFC31" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED26F6A3FFB6A168FB01D881150CFC15" box="[1264,1331,944,968]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14908" name="University of Nottingham" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">NHM</collectionCode>
|
||
<date id="FF8948A6FFB6A168FACAD88115ABFC15" box="[1339,1428,944,968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" value="1988-09-11">88-11-9</date>
|
||
- 103
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
) (see below) is
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BECF41CFFB6A168FE8BD8E511FDFC30" box="[378,450,980,1005]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Prince</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
of
|
||
<location id="8EE838BDFFB6A168FE1BD8E512A9FC30" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFB8A168FF66DBA61194F8D9:8EE838BDFFB6A168FE1BD8E512A9FC30" box="[490,662,980,1005]" country="Philippines" municipality="Prince" name="Wales Channel" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" stateProvince="Queensland">Wales Channel</location>
|
||
, between
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFB6A168FCF8D8E513AFFC30" box="[777,912,980,1005]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, Australia, and Papua New Guinea;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B5F643BFFB6A168FAC1D8E51206FBCD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503125119" collectionCode="NHM" country="Fiji" location="Fiji" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" specimenCode="NHM 88-11-9-104" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FA73D8E5113EFBCD" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stelligera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FA73D8E5113EFBCD" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">C. stelligera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB91C61DFFB6A168FEFED8C911DBFBCD" box="[271,484,1016,1040]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED26F6A3FFB6A168FEFED8C9116DFBCD" box="[271,338,1016,1040]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14908" name="University of Nottingham" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">NHM</collectionCode>
|
||
<date id="FF8948A6FFB6A168FEA8D8C91190FBCD" box="[345,431,1016,1040]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" value="1988-09-11">88-11-9</date>
|
||
-104
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
) is
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB6A168FDFFD8C61206FBCD" box="[526,569,1015,1040]" name="Fiji" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFB6A168FF36DF2D1194F8D9" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB6A168FF36DF2D129EFA88" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FF36DF2D1104FBE8" bold="true" box="[199,315,1052,1077]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FEB4DF2D1185FBE9" box="[325,442,1052,1076]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FEB4DF2D1185FBE9" box="[325,442,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Comatella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from all other Pacific comatulids in having comb teeth along the edge of the pinnule closest to the arm (a homoplastic trait shared with western Atlantic
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FBD9DF7114A2FB8A" box="[1064,1181,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FBD9DF7114AAFB8A" box="[1064,1173,1088,1111]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Nemaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Nemaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB6A168FB40DF0E14C9FB85" box="[1201,1270,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1683,1705]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Comatellinae. (A – C) Alloeocomatella pectinifera— (A) live, centrodorsal concealed with ten arms exposed from coral, photographed at night; (B) well-developed rounded pentagonal centrodorsal with one row of cirri; (C) combs with> 20 tall, narrow, triangular teeth confluent with the outer edge of pinnule, non-tapering. (D) Alloeocomatella polycladia exposed on coral following removal from under loose coral rubble, with diagnostic red color and> 10 arms, curling. (E – F) Comatella stelligera, preserved — (E) specimen 2, entire animal showing> 20 arms and numerous cirri; (F) specimen 1, well-developed circular centrodorsal with two rows of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies. (G – L) Comatella nigra— (G – J) live, semicryptic on coral reef, showing various color morphs; (K) well-developed circular centrodorsal with one row of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies; (L) combs with triangular teeth, confluent with interior side of pinnule, diminishing distally to a blunt tip. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: A. not vouchered; C. SIO-BIC E 6166. Palau: B. CRECH 236; K. SIO-BIC E 5875; L. SIO-BIC E 6265. Madang, Papua New Guinea: D. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8123. G. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8179; I. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8103; MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8064. Challenger Station 174, near Kandavu, Fiji: E – F. NHM 88.11. 9.104, type specimens 1 and 2. Timor: H. AM J. 25420." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580174/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
L).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FAD6DF7115A3FB85" box="[1319,1436,1088,1112]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FAD6DF7115A3FB85" box="[1319,1436,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Comatella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
previously included three species that appeared to represent an ontogenetic series based on size.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB6A168FB2CDF5515A3FBA0" author="Messing" box="[1245,1436,1124,1149]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refString="Messing, C. G. (1998 b) An initial re-assessment of the distribution and diversity of the East Indian shallow-water crinoid fauna. Pp. 187 - 192. In: Mooi, R. & Telford, M. (eds.) Echinoderms: San Francisco. Balkema, Rotterdam." type="book chapter" year="1998" yearSuffix="b">Messing (1998b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymized the smallest,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FE26DFB9125AFB7D" box="[471,613,1160,1184]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FE26DFB9125AFB7D" box="[471,613,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">C. maculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the next largest,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FC73DFB9142DFB7D" box="[898,1042,1160,1184]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stelligera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FC73DFB9142DFB7D" box="[898,1042,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">C. stelligera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This synonymy is supported by sequencing of specimens herein. Specimens morphologically assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FC2ADF9D1459FB19" box="[987,1126,1196,1220]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FC2ADF9D1459FB19" box="[987,1126,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">C. maculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FB6FDF9D1514FB19" box="[1182,1323,1196,1220]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stelligera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FB6FDF9D1514FB19" box="[1182,1323,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">C. stelligera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were less than 0.08% divergent in COI (uncorrected distance). Molecular results also differentiate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FB51DFE11511FB35" box="[1184,1326,1232,1256]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stelligera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FB51DFE11511FB35" box="[1184,1326,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">C. stelligera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the largest species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FEBEDFC5118EFAD1" box="[335,433,1268,1292]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FEBEDFC5118EFAD1" box="[335,433,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">C. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In addition to size and molecular data,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FC62DFC513CBFAD1" box="[915,1012,1268,1292]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FC62DFC513CBFAD1" box="[915,1012,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">C. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FB64DFC5151BFAD1" box="[1173,1316,1268,1292]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stelligera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FB64DFC5151BFAD1" box="[1173,1316,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">C. stelligera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having asymmetric axils on IIBr and following brachitaxes that produce twisted rays, visible in both juvenile and adults. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FF66DE0D111EFA89" box="[151,289,1340,1364]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stelligera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FF66DE0D111EFA89" box="[151,289,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">C. stelligera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all arms radiate in a single plane.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB6A168FF36DE6E14B6F945" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||
During the day,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FE8FDE5111CCFAA5" box="[382,499,1376,1400]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FE8FDE5111CCFAA5" box="[382,499,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Comatella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species on reefs are cryptic and curled up beneath coral slabs, rubble or ledges, or deep within branching coral colonies (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB6A168FDBADEB512B0FA41" box="[587,655,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1683,1705]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Comatellinae. (A – C) Alloeocomatella pectinifera— (A) live, centrodorsal concealed with ten arms exposed from coral, photographed at night; (B) well-developed rounded pentagonal centrodorsal with one row of cirri; (C) combs with> 20 tall, narrow, triangular teeth confluent with the outer edge of pinnule, non-tapering. (D) Alloeocomatella polycladia exposed on coral following removal from under loose coral rubble, with diagnostic red color and> 10 arms, curling. (E – F) Comatella stelligera, preserved — (E) specimen 2, entire animal showing> 20 arms and numerous cirri; (F) specimen 1, well-developed circular centrodorsal with two rows of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies. (G – L) Comatella nigra— (G – J) live, semicryptic on coral reef, showing various color morphs; (K) well-developed circular centrodorsal with one row of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies; (L) combs with triangular teeth, confluent with interior side of pinnule, diminishing distally to a blunt tip. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: A. not vouchered; C. SIO-BIC E 6166. Palau: B. CRECH 236; K. SIO-BIC E 5875; L. SIO-BIC E 6265. Madang, Papua New Guinea: D. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8123. G. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8179; I. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8103; MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8064. Challenger Station 174, near Kandavu, Fiji: E – F. NHM 88.11. 9.104, type specimens 1 and 2. Timor: H. AM J. 25420." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580174/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
G–J). Arms, especially of large specimens in deeper water (>
|
||
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFB6A168FAA3DEB515B0FA41" box="[1362,1423,1412,1437]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
|
||
), may extend from crevices or under corals with pinnules arranged in a multidirectional, or tetrad, posture (i.e., successive pinnules offset so that they form four rows along an arm) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB6A168FC01DEFD1527FA39" author="Meyer" box="[1008,1304,1484,1509]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refString="Meyer, D. L. & Macurda, Jr., D. B. (1980) Ecology and distribution of the shallow-water crinoids of Palau and Guam. Micronesica, 16, 59 - 99." type="journal article" year="1980">Meyer & Macurda 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At night, individuals may be completely exposed on coral heads or among dead or living coral branches, or only the arms may be visible. However, on the Great Barrier Reef on expanses of sediment in
|
||
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFB6A168FBFCDD25144EF9F1" box="[1037,1137,1556,1580]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" unit="m" value="14.5" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="12.0">12–17 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB6A168FB8CDD251559F9F0" author="Messing" box="[1149,1382,1556,1581]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refString="Messing, C. G., Meyer, D. L., Siebeck, U. E., Jermiin, L. S., Vaney, D. I. & Rouse, G. W. (2006) A modern soft-bottom, shallowwater crinoid fauna (Echinodermata) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs, 25, 164 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00338 - 005 - 0076 - 3" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Messing
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FB13DD241526F9F1" box="[1250,1305,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:165) found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FF10DD091100F992" box="[225,319,1592,1615]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FF10DD091100F992" box="[225,319,1592,1615]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">C. nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
“exposed, clinging to the downcurrent side of algae (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FC2EDD091471F98D" box="[991,1102,1592,1616]" class="Bryopsidophyceae" family="Halimedaceae" genus="Halimeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FC2EDD091471F98D" box="[991,1102,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Halimeda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.) with some arms lying at least partly against the sediment. Under unidirectional flow, it forms a multilayered arcuate fan with successive pinnules slightly offset. Under reduced flow, the arms form an irregular meridional array.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB6A168FF36DD941194F8D9" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||
For specimens herein referred to as
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FD79DD95131DF961" box="[648,802,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FD79DD951321F961" box="[648,798,1700,1724]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stelligera">C. stelligera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
we observed two discrepancies relative to previous descriptions: IIIBr sometimes united by syzygy rather than by synarthry only, and 1+2 or 3+4 on undivided arms, rather than 1+2 and 3+4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |