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<mods:title id="65223FBF48CC9975FE705AE618EFFB91">The genera and species of Comatulidae (Comatulida: Crinoidea): taxonomic revisions and a molecular and morphological guide</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0F7FFF206C2A305DE60AFBD8D4F8DD4B">Summers, Mindi M.</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFADA173FF66D9761213FDBF" blockId="19.[151,556,583,643]" box="[151,556,583,610]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<heading id="D0C0D90AFFADA173FF66D9761213FDBF" bold="true" box="[151,556,583,610]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFADA173FF66D9761213FDBF" authority="Messing, 1995b" authorityName="Messing" authorityYear="1995" box="[151,556,583,610]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Aphanocomaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FF66D9761213FDBF" bold="true" box="[151,556,583,610]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FF66D976115BFDBC" bold="true" box="[151,356,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Aphanocomaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFADA173FE9AD9791213FDBF" author="Messing" box="[363,556,584,610]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" refString="Messing, C. G. (1995 b) Redescription of a unique feather star (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Comatulida: Comasteridae) with the diagnosis of a new genus. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 108, 656 - 661." type="journal article" year="1995" yearSuffix="b">Messing, 1995b</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFADA173FF66D95B10D7FD5E" blockId="19.[151,556,583,643]" box="[151,232,618,643]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<tableCitation id="C6B55BDDFFADA173FF66D95B10D7FD5E" box="[151,232,618,643]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[125,197,537,558]" captionText="TABLE 1. Diagnostic morphological characteristics of genera of Comatulidae." pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Table 1</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFADA173FF66D98312EEFD16" box="[151,721,690,715]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFADA173FF66D98312EEFD16" blockId="19.[151,1436,690,1219]" box="[151,721,690,715]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FF66D983110DFD16" bold="true" box="[151,306,690,715]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Type species.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFADA173FEC9D982123DFD16" box="[312,514,691,715]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulcher">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FEC9D982123DFD16" box="[312,514,691,715]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Comaster pulcher</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFADA173FDC8D98312F2FD16" author="Clark" box="[569,717,690,715]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" refString="Clark, A. H. (1912 a) Seventeen new East Indian crinoids belonging to the families Comasteridae and Zygometridae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 25, 17 - 28." type="journal article" year="1912" yearSuffix="a">Clark, 1912a</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFADA173FF36D9E7151CFC1A" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFADA173FF36D9E7151CFC1A" blockId="19.[151,1436,690,1219]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FF36D9E7117EFD32" bold="true" box="[199,321,726,751]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Mouth central in fully developed individuals; up to 39 arms; centrodorsal rounded pentagonal, thick; IBr2 series united by cryptosynarthry; IIBr either 2 joined by synarthry, or 4 consisting of two synarthrial pairs [rarely 4(3+4)]; IIIBr 2 joined by synarthry or syzygy, or 4 joined by two synarthrial or syzygial pairs or synarthry followed by syzygy; arms arising from IIBr usually with 3+4; arms arising from IIIBr with 1+2, 3+4 (rarely 1+2 or 3+4 alone); distal intersyzygial interval 35, mainly 4; distalmost pinnule comb on P68; comb teeth confluent with outside of pinnule, blunt triangular; proximal comb tooth sometimes slightly twisted but not transverse; comb not tapering significantly distally (modified from Messing 2001;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFADA173FBC7D89F1527FC1A" author="Messing" box="[1078,1304,942,967]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" refString="Messing, C. G., Ameziane, N. &amp; Eleaume, M. (2000) Echinodermata Crinoidea: Comatulid Crinoids of the KARUBAR Expedition to Indonesia. The families Comasteridae, Asterometridae, Calometridae and Thalassometridae. In: Crosnier, A. (ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, vol. 21. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 184, 627 - 702." type="journal article" year="2000">
Messing
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FB6DD89E14EBFC1B" box="[1180,1236,942,966]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFADA173FF36D8E31203FBEE" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFADA173FF36D8E31203FBEE" blockId="19.[151,1436,690,1219]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FF36D8E3115FFC36" bold="true" box="[199,352,978,1003]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Distribution.</emphasis>
Kai Islands (Kepulauan Kai),
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFADA173FD42D8E3131BFC36" box="[691,804,978,1003]" name="Indonesia" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
. Depth range: the
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFADA173FC1CD8E21422FC36" box="[1005,1053,979,1003]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">type</typeStatus>
specimen was recorded as “
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFADA173FAA4D8E215A3FC36" box="[1365,1436,979,1003]" country="United Kingdom" name="Down" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Down</collectingRegion>
to 52 metres” (AH Clark 1918, p. 275). More recent specimens were taken in “certainly
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFADA173FB61D8C6152DFBD3" box="[1168,1298,1015,1039]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.445" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="2.9899999999999998" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" unit="m" value="344.5" valueMax="390.0" valueMin="299.0">299390 m</quantity>
, possibly to
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFADA173FF66DF2B10DFFBEE" box="[151,224,1050,1075]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.02" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" unit="m" value="502.0">502 m</quantity>
” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFADA173FF08DF2B11E5FBEE" author="Messing" box="[249,474,1050,1075]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" refString="Messing, C. G., Ameziane, N. &amp; Eleaume, M. (2000) Echinodermata Crinoidea: Comatulid Crinoids of the KARUBAR Expedition to Indonesia. The families Comasteridae, Asterometridae, Calometridae and Thalassometridae. In: Crosnier, A. (ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, vol. 21. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 184, 627 - 702." type="journal article" year="2000">
Messing
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FE91DF2A11A7FBEE" box="[352,408,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">et al.</emphasis>
2000
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, p. 641).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFADA173FF36DF0F1120FB1E" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFADA173FF36DF0F1120FB1E" blockId="19.[151,1436,690,1219]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FF36DF0F1104FB8A" bold="true" box="[199,315,1086,1111]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Remarks.</emphasis>
The four-ossicle brachitaxes consisting of two synarthrial or syzygial pairs distinguish
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFADA173FF66DF52116AFBA6" box="[151,341,1123,1147]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Aphanocomaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FF66DF52116AFBA6" box="[151,341,1123,1147]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Aphanocomaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from all other comatulid genera. Brachitaxes of two successive syzygial pairs are unknown in any other featherstar. We have not examined the specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFADA173FCE2DFB613B8FB43" box="[787,903,1158,1182]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulcher">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FCE2DFB613B8FB43" box="[787,903,1158,1182]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">A. pulcher</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from which the sequences are derived (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFADA173FAB1DFB6112CFB1E" author="Hemery" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" refString="Hemery, L. G., Roux, M., Ameziane, N. &amp; Eleaume, M. (2013) High-resolution crinoid phyletic inter-relationships derived from molecular data. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 54, 511 - 523." type="journal article" year="2013">
Hemery
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FF66DF9A10F0FB1E" box="[151,207,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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