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<mods:title id="D51ACA259EFD9EDD5CB00A3EC18C8AA3">The genera and species of Comatulidae (Comatulida: Crinoidea): taxonomic revisions and a molecular and morphological guide</mods:title>
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<treatment id="039EDF70FFA7A17DFF66DEFE15BAFC15" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6009146" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130809848" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6009146" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFA7A17DFF66DEFE15BAFC15" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039EDF70FFA7A17DFF66DEFE15BAFC15" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFA7A179FF66DEFE1142F9D6" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA7A179FF66DEFE131BFA34" blockId="25.[151,804,1487,1547]" box="[151,804,1487,1513]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">
<heading id="D0C0D90AFFA7A179FF66DEFE131BFA34" bold="true" box="[151,804,1487,1513]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA7A179FF66DEFE131BFA34" authority="Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail, 1986" authorityName="Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail" authorityYear="1986" box="[151,804,1487,1513]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA7A179FF66DEFE131BFA34" bold="true" box="[151,804,1487,1513]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA7A179FF66DEFE115EFA34" bold="true" box="[151,353,1487,1513]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Clarkcomanthus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA7A179FE99DEFE131BFA34" author="Rowe" box="[360,804,1487,1513]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" refString="Rowe, F. W. E., Hoggett, A. K., Birtles, R. A. &amp; Vail, L. L. (1986) Revision of some comasterid genera from Australia (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with descriptions of two new genera and nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 86, 197 - 277." type="journal article" year="1986">Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA7A179FF66DEC31142F9D6" blockId="25.[151,804,1487,1547]" box="[151,381,1522,1547]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">
<tableCitation id="C6B55BDDFFA7A179FF66DEC310D4F9D6" box="[151,235,1522,1547]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[125,197,537,558]" captionText="TABLE 1. Diagnostic morphological characteristics of genera of Comatulidae." pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Table 1</tableCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFA7A179FF09DEC31142F9D6" box="[248,381,1522,1547]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 12" captionStart-1="FIGURE 13" captionStart-2="FIGURE 14" captionStartId-0="26.[151,250,1643,1665]" captionStartId-1="27.[151,250,1675,1697]" captionStartId-2="28.[151,250,1836,1858]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,193,1622]" captionTargetBox-1="[252,1326,193,1632]" captionTargetBox-2="[166,1421,211,1805]" captionTargetId-0="figure@26.[151,1435,193,1622]" captionTargetId-1="figure@27.[252,1326,193,1632]" captionTargetId-2="figure@28.[150,1436,193,1815]" captionTargetPageId-0="26" captionTargetPageId-1="27" captionTargetPageId-2="28" captionText-0="FIGURE 12. Clarkcomanthus. (A – F) Clarkcomanthus mirabilis— (A – D) live, on reef, fully exposed (A, C) or semicryptic (B, D), illustrating color variations; (E – F) aboral surface, showing different color patterns and small, acirrate centrodorsal. (G – M) Clarkcomanthus alternans— (G, H, I, K) live, exposed on reef, (J, L) aboral views, showing small centrodorsal with no cirri, exposed radials, and overlapping division series and arm bases, (M) aboral view of small specimen with larger centrodorsal bearing few cirri and covering most of radials, and fewer non-overlapping arms. Madang, Papua New Guinea: A. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8158; B. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8111; C. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8162; E. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8086; F. not vouchered, SIO-BIC E 5973 (DNA subsample); G. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8180; I. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8055; J. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8173; K. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8173; L. not vouchered, SIO-BIC E 5968 (DNA subsample). Timor: D. AM J. 25411. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: H. not vouchered (RA 226); M. SIO- BIC E 6219." captionText-1="FIGURE 13. Clarkcomanthus. (A – J) Clarkcomanthus albinotus— (A) live, oral view following extraction from rubble; (B) semicryptic under ledge; (C – H) aboral views; (I – J) short combs tapering near tip, with J showing paired confluent comb teeth. (K – L) Clarkcomanthus luteofuscum, aboral surface showing rounded centrodorsal with row of cirri. (M – N) Clarkcomanthus cf. littoralis — (M) aboral surface showing centrodorsal with no cirri; (N) comb with separated confluent teeth, smaller near tip. (O – R) Clarkcomanthus comanthipinnus— (O, P) live, oral view following extraction from rubble; (Q) aboral surfaces showing rounded centrodorsal with few cirri at interradials; (R) comb tapering to distal point, composed of separated nonconfluent teeth. (S – T) Clarkcomanthus mirus— (S) aboral surface showing centrodorsal with cirrus buds at interradials; (T) comb tapering to blunt tip, composed of separated nonconfluent teeth. Madang, Papua New Guinea: A. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8060; B, C. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8122; D. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8068; K. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8184; O. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8082; P. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8151. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: E. SIO-BIC E 6186; F. SIO-BIC E 6187; G, I. SIO-BIC E 6190; L. SIO-BIC E 6210; M, N. SIO-BIC E 6193. South Island, near Lizard Island, Australia: H, J. AM J 17360; holotype. Lizard Island, Australia: Q-R. AM J 16992, holotype; S, T. AM J 17202, holotype." captionText-2="FIGURE 14. Maximum likelihood tree of Clarkcomanthus inferred from COI. Symbols, location abbreviations, and labels as in Figure 2. New COI sequences are Genbank KR 010190 - KR 010244." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/580185/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/580186/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/580187/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Figs. 12–14</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA7A179FF66DD02133AF991" blockId="25.[151,1437,1587,2008]" box="[151,773,1587,1612]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA7A179FF66DD02110DF991" bold="true" box="[151,306,1587,1612]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Type species.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA7A179FEC9DD051279F991" box="[312,582,1588,1612]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="luteofuscum">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA7A179FEC9DD051279F991" box="[312,582,1588,1612]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Comanthus luteofuscum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
HL Clark, 1915.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA7A179FF36DD6615A2F901" blockId="25.[151,1437,1587,2008]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA7A179FF36DD6611C9F9AD" bold="true" box="[199,502,1623,1648]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Other included taxa (7).</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA7A179FDF5DD6913F6F9AD" authority="Carpenter, 1881" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1881" box="[516,969,1624,1648]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alternans">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA7A179FDF5DD69133FF9AD" box="[516,768,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Actinometra alternans</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA7A179FCFEDD6913F6F9AD" author="Carpenter" box="[783,969,1624,1648]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" refString="Carpenter, P. H. (1881) The Comatulae of the Leyden Museum. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 3, 173 - 217." type="journal article" year="1881">Carpenter, 1881</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA7A179FC2DDD6915A8F9AD" authority="Carpenter, 1888" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1888" box="[988,1431,1624,1648]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="littoralis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA7A179FC2DDD6914EFF9AD" box="[988,1232,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Actinometra littoralis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA7A179FB2CDD6915A8F9AD" author="Carpenter" box="[1245,1431,1624,1648]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" refString="Carpenter, P. H. (1888) Report on the Crinoidea collected during the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Part II-The Comatulae. In: Thomson, C. W. &amp; Murray, J. (Eds.), Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876, Zoology-Vol. XXVI. Neill &amp; Company, Edinburgh, pp. 1 - 400." type="book chapter" year="1888">Carpenter, 1888</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA7A179FF66DD4D136DF949" authority="Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail, 1986" authorityName="Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail" authorityYear="1986" box="[151,850,1659,1684]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="albinotus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA7A179FF66DD4D1186F949" box="[151,441,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Clarkcomanthus albinotus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA7A179FE4EDD4D136DF949" author="Rowe" box="[447,850,1659,1684]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" refString="Rowe, F. W. E., Hoggett, A. K., Birtles, R. A. &amp; Vail, L. L. (1986) Revision of some comasterid genera from Australia (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with descriptions of two new genera and nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 86, 197 - 277." type="journal article" year="1986">Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA7A179FCACDD4D10EEF965" authority="Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail, 1986" authorityName="Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail" authorityYear="1986" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mirabilis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA7A179FCACDD4D147BF949" box="[861,1092,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Comanthus mirabilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA7A179FBBBDD4D10EEF965" author="Rowe" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" refString="Rowe, F. W. E., Hoggett, A. K., Birtles, R. A. &amp; Vail, L. L. (1986) Revision of some comasterid genera from Australia (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with descriptions of two new genera and nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 86, 197 - 277." type="journal article" year="1986">Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA7A179FF15DD9111DBF965" box="[228,484,1696,1720]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="perplexum">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA7A179FF15DD9111DBF965" box="[228,484,1696,1720]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Comanthus perplexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
HL Clark, 1916;
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA7A179FD37DD9114CDF965" box="[710,1266,1696,1720]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA7A179FD37DD91141EF96A" box="[710,1057,1696,1720]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="parvicirra" subGenus="Vania">Comanthus (Vania) parvicirra</taxonomicName>
ß comanthipinna
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA7A179FAF1DDAE15A8F965" author="Gislen" box="[1280,1431,1695,1720]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" refString="Gislen, T. (1922) The crinoids from Dr. S. Bock's expedition to Japan 1914. Nova Acta Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, 5, 1 - 183." type="journal article" year="1922">Gislén, 1922</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA7A179FF66DDF5132FF901" authority="Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail, 1986" authorityName="Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail" authorityYear="1986" box="[151,784,1731,1756]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Oxycomanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="exilis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA7A179FF66DDF51145F901" box="[151,378,1732,1756]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Oxycomanthus exilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA7A179FE71DDF5132FF901" author="Rowe" box="[384,784,1731,1756]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" refString="Rowe, F. W. E., Hoggett, A. K., Birtles, R. A. &amp; Vail, L. L. (1986) Revision of some comasterid genera from Australia (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with descriptions of two new genera and nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 86, 197 - 277." type="journal article" year="1986">Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA7A179FCEADDF515A6F901" authority="Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail, 1986" authorityName="Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail" authorityYear="1986" box="[795,1433,1731,1756]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Oxycomanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mirus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA7A179FCEADDF5143DF906" box="[795,1026,1732,1756]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Oxycomanthus mirus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA7A179FBF8DDF515A6F901" author="Rowe" box="[1033,1433,1731,1756]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" refString="Rowe, F. W. E., Hoggett, A. K., Birtles, R. A. &amp; Vail, L. L. (1986) Revision of some comasterid genera from Australia (Echinodermata: Crinoidea), with descriptions of two new genera and nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 86, 197 - 277." type="journal article" year="1986">Rowe, Hoggett, Birtles &amp; Vail, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFA7A179FF36DDD612EDF805" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA7A179FF36DDD612EDF805" blockId="25.[151,1437,1587,2008]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA7A179FF36DDD6117EF8DD" bold="true" box="[199,321,1767,1792]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Mouth excentric in fully developed individuals; up to 125 arms; centrodorsal circular to pentagonal; cirri in one row or absent (
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFA7A179FD92DC3A12FFF8F9" box="[611,704,1803,1828]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1643,1665]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1622]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[151,1435,193,1622]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 12. Clarkcomanthus. (A – F) Clarkcomanthus mirabilis— (A – D) live, on reef, fully exposed (A, C) or semicryptic (B, D), illustrating color variations; (E – F) aboral surface, showing different color patterns and small, acirrate centrodorsal. (G – M) Clarkcomanthus alternans— (G, H, I, K) live, exposed on reef, (J, L) aboral views, showing small centrodorsal with no cirri, exposed radials, and overlapping division series and arm bases, (M) aboral view of small specimen with larger centrodorsal bearing few cirri and covering most of radials, and fewer non-overlapping arms. Madang, Papua New Guinea: A. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8158; B. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8111; C. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8162; E. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8086; F. not vouchered, SIO-BIC E 5973 (DNA subsample); G. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8180; I. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8055; J. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8173; K. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8173; L. not vouchered, SIO-BIC E 5968 (DNA subsample). Timor: D. AM J. 25411. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: H. not vouchered (RA 226); M. SIO- BIC E 6219." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580185/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
E–F, 12J, 12L–M, 13C–H, 13K–M, 13Q, 13S); IBr2 united by synarthry; IIBr and subsequent brachitaxes 2 or 4(3+4); first syzygy at 3+4 on all undivided arms; distal intersyzygial interval 4; distalmost pinnule comb on P2, P3, or at intervals sometimes reaching near arm tip; comb terminating in large discrete tooth, or tapering either to a smaller terminal tooth or to a point; primary comb tooth confluent with exterior edge of pinnulars or nonconfluent; smaller secondary tooth present or not; transverse proximal tooth present or not (
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFA7A179FE1CDC8E1203F805" box="[493,572,1983,2008]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1675,1697]" captionTargetBox="[252,1326,193,1632]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[252,1326,193,1632]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 13. Clarkcomanthus. (A – J) Clarkcomanthus albinotus— (A) live, oral view following extraction from rubble; (B) semicryptic under ledge; (C – H) aboral views; (I – J) short combs tapering near tip, with J showing paired confluent comb teeth. (K – L) Clarkcomanthus luteofuscum, aboral surface showing rounded centrodorsal with row of cirri. (M – N) Clarkcomanthus cf. littoralis — (M) aboral surface showing centrodorsal with no cirri; (N) comb with separated confluent teeth, smaller near tip. (O – R) Clarkcomanthus comanthipinnus— (O, P) live, oral view following extraction from rubble; (Q) aboral surfaces showing rounded centrodorsal with few cirri at interradials; (R) comb tapering to distal point, composed of separated nonconfluent teeth. (S – T) Clarkcomanthus mirus— (S) aboral surface showing centrodorsal with cirrus buds at interradials; (T) comb tapering to blunt tip, composed of separated nonconfluent teeth. Madang, Papua New Guinea: A. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8060; B, C. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8122; D. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8068; K. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8184; O. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8082; P. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8151. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: E. SIO-BIC E 6186; F. SIO-BIC E 6187; G, I. SIO-BIC E 6190; L. SIO-BIC E 6210; M, N. SIO-BIC E 6193. South Island, near Lizard Island, Australia: H, J. AM J 17360; holotype. Lizard Island, Australia: Q-R. AM J 16992, holotype; S, T. AM J 17202, holotype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580186/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="176">
Fig.
<date id="FF8948A6FFA7A179FDD0DCF11203F805" box="[545,572,1984,2008]" pageId="25" pageNumber="176" value="2013-01">13</date>
</figureCitation>
I–J, N, R, T).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF483EEEFFA4A17AFF66DD5A1154F8AA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580185/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" targetBox="[151,1435,193,1622]" targetPageId="26">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA4A17AFF66DD5A1154F8AA" blockId="26.[151,1436,1643,1911]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA4A17AFF66DD5A1120F95D" bold="true" box="[151,287,1643,1665]" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA4A17AFED7DD5A11F2F95C" box="[294,461,1643,1665]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA4A17AFED7DD5A11F2F95C" box="[294,461,1643,1665]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">Clarkcomanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (A–F)
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA4A17AFDEFDD5A1301F95C" box="[542,830,1643,1665]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA4A17AFDEFDD5A12FAF95C" box="[542,709,1643,1665]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Clarkcomanthus</taxonomicName>
mirabilis—
</emphasis>
(A–D) live, on reef, fully exposed (A, C) or semicryptic (B, D), illustrating color variations; (E–F) aboral surface, showing different color patterns and small, acirrate centrodorsal. (G–M)
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA4A17AFF66DD981183F962" box="[151,444,1705,1727]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA4A17AFF66DD981101F962" box="[151,318,1705,1727]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="26" pageNumber="177" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Clarkcomanthus</taxonomicName>
alternans—
</emphasis>
(G, H, I, K) live, exposed on reef, (J, L) aboral views, showing small centrodorsal with no cirri, exposed radials, and overlapping division series and arm bases, (M) aboral view of small specimen with larger centrodorsal bearing few cirri and covering most of radials, and fewer non-overlapping arms. Madang, Papua New Guinea: A. MNHN-IE- 2013-8158; B. MNHN-IE-2013-8111; C. MNHN-IE-2013-8162; E. MNHN-IE-2013-8086; F. not vouchered, SIO-BIC E5973 (DNA subsample); G. MNHN-IE-2013-8180; I. MNHN-IE-2013-8055; J. MNHN-IE-2013-8173; K. MNHN-IE-2013-8173; L. not vouchered, SIO-BIC E5968 (DNA subsample). Timor: D. AM J.25411. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: H. not vouchered (RA226); M. SIO- BIC E6219.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF483EEEFFA5A17BFF66DDBA11A9F82F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580186/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" targetBox="[252,1326,193,1632]" targetPageId="27">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA5A17BFF66DDBA11A9F82F" blockId="27.[151,1437,1675,2034]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA5A17BFF66DDBA111DF97D" bold="true" box="[151,290,1675,1697]" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA5A17BFEDADDBA11EDF97C" box="[299,466,1675,1697]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA5A17BFEDADDBA11EDF97C" box="[299,466,1675,1697]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Clarkcomanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (A–J)
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA5A17BFDD5DDBA1376F97C" box="[548,841,1675,1697]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA5A17BFDD5DDBA12F4F97C" box="[548,715,1675,1697]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Clarkcomanthus</taxonomicName>
albinotus—
</emphasis>
(A) live, oral view following extraction from rubble; (B) semicryptic under ledge; (C–H) aboral views; (I–J) short combs tapering near tip, with J showing paired confluent comb teeth. (K–L)
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA5A17BFF2FDDF81231F902" box="[222,526,1737,1759]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA5A17BFF2FDDF81235F902" box="[222,522,1737,1759]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="luteofuscum">Clarkcomanthus luteofuscum</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
aboral surface showing rounded centrodorsal with row of cirri. (M–N)
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA5A17BFB05DDF81131F920" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="littoralis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA5A17BFB05DDF815A4F902" box="[1268,1435,1737,1759]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">Clarkcomanthus</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA5A17BFF46DDD61131F920" box="[183,270,1767,1789]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">littoralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—(M) aboral surface showing centrodorsal with no cirri; (N) comb with separated confluent teeth, smaller near tip. (O–R)
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA5A17BFF2FDC37127BF8C1" box="[222,580,1798,1820]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA5A17BFF2FDC3711BAF8C1" box="[222,389,1798,1820]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Clarkcomanthus</taxonomicName>
comanthipinnus—
</emphasis>
(O, P) live, oral view following extraction from rubble; (Q) aboral surfaces showing rounded centrodorsal with few cirri at interradials; (R) comb tapering to distal point, composed of separated nonconfluent teeth. (S–T)
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA5A17BFF2BDC7211E6F884" box="[218,473,1859,1881]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="178">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA5A17BFF2BDC7211BEF884" box="[218,385,1859,1881]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Clarkcomanthus</taxonomicName>
mirus—
</emphasis>
(S) aboral surface showing centrodorsal with cirrus buds at interradials; (T) comb tapering to blunt tip, composed of separated nonconfluent teeth. Madang, Papua New Guinea: A. MNHN-IE-2013-8060; B, C. MNHN-IE- 2013-8122; D. MNHN-IE-2013-8068; K. MNHN-IE-2013-8184; O. MNHN-IE-2013-8082; P. MNHN-IE-2013-8151. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: E. SIO-BIC E6186; F. SIO-BIC E6187; G, I. SIO-BIC E6190; L. SIO-BIC E6210; M, N. SIO-BIC E6193. South Island, near Lizard Island, Australia: H, J. AM
<accessionNumber id="9464F385FFA5A17BFD40DC8F12C2F809" box="[689,765,1982,2004]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/J17360" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="EnaNcbi">J17360</accessionNumber>
; holotype. Lizard Island, Australia: Q-R. AM
<accessionNumber id="9464F385FFA5A17BFB3CDC8F1526F809" box="[1229,1305,1982,2004]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/J16992" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="EnaNcbi">J16992</accessionNumber>
, holotype; S, T. AM
<accessionNumber id="9464F385FFA5A17BFF11DCED1113F82F" box="[224,300,2012,2034]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/J17202" pageId="27" pageNumber="178" type="EnaNcbi">J17202</accessionNumber>
, holotype.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF483EEEFFA2A17CFF66DC1D1363F8BC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580187/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" targetBox="[166,1421,211,1805]" targetPageId="28">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA2A17CFF66DC1D1363F8BC" blockId="28.[151,1436,1836,1889]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA2A17CFF66DC1D111FF89C" bold="true" box="[151,288,1836,1858]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
Maximum likelihood tree of
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA2A17CFDBFDC1D12CAF89F" box="[590,757,1836,1858]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA2A17CFDBFDC1D12CAF89F" box="[590,757,1836,1858]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Clarkcomanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inferred from COI. Symbols, location abbreviations, and labels as in Figure 2. New COI sequences are Genbank
<accessionNumber id="9464F385FFA2A17CFD9FDC7A12DFF8BC" box="[622,736,1867,1889]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KR010190" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">KR010190</accessionNumber>
-
<accessionNumber id="9464F385FFA2A17CFD16DC7A1367F8BC" box="[743,856,1867,1889]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/KR010244" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">KR010244</accessionNumber>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFA2A17DFF36DCBC1441FDBD" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA2A17DFF36DCBC13A9FF09" blockId="28.[151,1436,1933,2030]" lastBlockId="29.[151,1437,151,968]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA2A17CFF36DCBC115FF87B" bold="true" box="[199,352,1933,1958]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Distribution.</emphasis>
Tropical and warm temperate Indo-western Pacific from northern
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFA2A17CFBAEDCBC14F9F87B" box="[1119,1222,1933,1958]" name="Australia" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Australia</collectingCountry>
(Lancelin, WA, to Byron Bay, NSW), east to
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFA2A17CFE3DDC801200F817" box="[460,575,1969,1994]" country="Marshall Islands" name="Kwajalein" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Kwajalein</collectingRegion>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA2A17CFDA3DC8312E1F814" box="[594,734,1969,1993]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alternans">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA2A17CFDA3DC8312E1F814" box="[594,734,1969,1993]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">C. alternans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA2A17CFC8DDC801512F817" authority="in Zmarzly 1985" authorityName="in Zmarzly" authorityYear="1985" box="[892,1325,1969,1994]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="briareus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA2A17CFC8DDC80145CF814" box="[892,1123,1969,1993]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Comanthus briareus</emphasis>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA2A17CFB7BDC801512F817" author="Zmarzly" box="[1162,1325,1969,1994]" pageId="28" pageNumber="179" refString="Zmarzly, D. L. (1985) The shallow-water crinoid fauna of Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands: ecological observations, interatoll comparisons, and zoogeographic affinities. Pacific Science, 39, 340 - 358." type="journal article" year="1985">Zmarzly 1985</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
),
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFA2A17CFAB2DC801555F817" box="[1347,1386,1969,1994]" name="Fiji" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Fiji</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFA2A17CFF66DCE710E0F833" box="[151,223,2006,2030]" name="Tonga" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Tonga</collectingCountry>
, and north to Sagami Bay,
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFA2A17CFDECDCE7125FF830" box="[541,608,2006,2029]" name="Japan" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Japan</collectingCountry>
. Except for
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFA2A17CFD1EDCE71389F833" box="[751,950,2005,2030]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">
western
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFA2A17CFCBEDCE41389F833" box="[847,950,2005,2030]" name="Australia" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Australia</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFA2A17CFC00DCE4145EF833" box="[1009,1121,2005,2030]" name="Indonesia" pageId="28" pageNumber="179">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
, no reliable records are yet known from the Indian Ocean (AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA3A17DFDCBDBA61281FF6D" author="Clark" box="[570,702,151,176]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" refString="Clark, A. H. (1931) A monograph of the existing crinoids 1 (3). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, 1 - 916." type="journal article" year="1931">Clark 1931</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA3A17DFD3CDBA91383FF6D" author="Kogo" box="[717,956,151,176]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" refString="Kogo, I. &amp; Fujita, T. (2014) The Feather Stars of Sagami Bay. Tokai University Press, Toyko, 162 pp." type="book" year="2014">Kogo &amp; Fujita 2014</bibRefCitation>
; Rowe
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFBE6DBA8146DFF6D" box="[1047,1106,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">et al.</emphasis>
1986;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA3A17DFB57DBA915A8FF6D" author="Rowe" box="[1190,1431,151,176]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. &amp; Gates, J. (1995) Echinodermata. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne, 510 pp." type="book" year="1995">Rowe &amp; Gates 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA3A17DFF66DB8D1107FF08" author="Zmarzly" box="[151,312,188,213]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" refString="Zmarzly, D. L. (1985) The shallow-water crinoid fauna of Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands: ecological observations, interatoll comparisons, and zoogeographic affinities. Pacific Science, 39, 340 - 358." type="journal article" year="1985">Zmarzly 1985</bibRefCitation>
). Depth range:
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFA3A17DFE14DB8D1275FF09" box="[485,586,188,212]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" metricValueMax="14.4" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" unit="m" value="72.0" valueMax="144.0" valueMin="0.0">0–144 m</quantity>
; chiefly shallower than
<specimenCount id="9D31A5EFFFA3A17DFCA7DB8D13A9FF09" box="[854,918,188,213]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFA3A17DFCA7DB8D13ADFF09" box="[854,914,188,213]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA3A17DFF36DBEE1441FDBD" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
<materialsCitation id="3B5F643BFFA3A17DFF36DBEE1441FDBD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503125120" collectionCode="COI" country="Indonesia" county="Rowe" location="In" municipality="Multiple" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFF36DBEE11A0FF25" bold="true" box="[199,415,223,248]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Molecular results.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFA3A17DFE57DBD11290FF25" box="[422,687,224,248]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" refString="Summers, M. M., Messing C. G. &amp; Rouse G. W. (2014 a). Phylogeny of Comatulidae (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Comatulida). Molecular Phylogenetics &amp; Evolution, 80, 319 - 339." type="journal article">
Summers
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFDE6DBD0126FFF25" box="[535,592,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">et al.</emphasis>
(2014a)
</bibRefCitation>
expanded
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFCD9DBD113DEFF25" box="[808,993,224,248]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFCD9DBD113DEFF25" box="[808,993,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Clarkcomanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to contain eight clades as species-level taxa. All but one was assignable to an available species name (uncorrected distances of
<collectionCode id="ED26F6A3FFA3A17DFB6BDA3514F5FEC1" box="[1178,1226,260,284]" country="Portugal" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" name="University of Coimbra Botany Department" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">COI</collectionCode>
minimally&gt;2.8% between each) (
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFA3A17DFEBDDA16119EFE9D" box="[332,417,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1836,1858]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,211,1805]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[150,1436,193,1815]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 14. Maximum likelihood tree of Clarkcomanthus inferred from COI. Symbols, location abbreviations, and labels as in Figure 2. New COI sequences are Genbank KR 010190 - KR 010244." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580187/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
).
<location id="8EE838BDFFA3A17DFE49DA1911F0FEE2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFA7A17DFF66DEFE15BAFC15:8EE838BDFFA3A17DFE49DA1911F0FEE2" box="[440,463,296,319]" country="Indonesia" county="Rowe" municipality="Multiple" name="In" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">In</location>
addition to the three species previously included in
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFBDDDA1914DAFE9D" box="[1068,1253,296,320]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFBDDDA1914DAFE9D" box="[1068,1253,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Clarkcomanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, two each were formerly assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFE7ADA7D1234FEB9" box="[395,523,332,356]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFE7ADA7D1234FEB9" box="[395,523,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Comanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFDECDA7D1295FEB9" box="[541,682,332,356]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alternans">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFDECDA7D1295FEB9" box="[541,682,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">C. alternans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFD4BDA7D137DFEB9" box="[698,834,332,356]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mirabilis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFD4BDA7D137DFEB9" box="[698,834,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">C. mirabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFC77DA7D1413FEB9" box="[902,1068,332,356]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Oxycomanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFC77DA7D1413FEB9" box="[902,1068,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Oxycomanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFBCEDA7D15A3FEBE" box="[1087,1436,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFBCEDA7D1525FEB9" box="[1087,1306,332,356]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="comanthipinnus">O. comanthipinnus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFAD6DA7D15AFFEBE" box="[1319,1424,332,355]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Oxycomanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mirus">O. mirus</taxonomicName>
).
</emphasis>
<location id="8EE838BDFFA3A17DFF66DA5E10FCFE55" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFA7A17DFF66DEFE15BAFC15:8EE838BDFFA3A17DFF66DA5E10FCFE55" box="[151,195,367,392]" country="Indonesia" county="Rowe" municipality="Multiple" name="The" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">The</location>
unnamed clade included only one specimen identified in the field at
<location id="8EE838BDFFA3A17DFC39DA5E146EFE55" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFA7A17DFF66DEFE15BAFC15:8EE838BDFFA3A17DFC39DA5E146EFE55" box="[968,1105,367,392]" country="Indonesia" county="Rowe" municipality="Multiple" name="Raja Ampat" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Raja Ampat</location>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFA3A17DFBADDA5E14F3FE55" box="[1116,1228,367,392]" name="Indonesia" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFB04DA4110EDFE71" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Oxycomanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="exilis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFB04DA4110EDFE71" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Oxycomanthus exilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<location id="8EE838BDFFA3A17DFF11DAA5111BFE70" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFA7A17DFF66DEFE15BAFC15:8EE838BDFFA3A17DFF11DAA5111BFE70" box="[224,292,404,429]" country="Indonesia" county="Rowe" municipality="Multiple" name="Those" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Those</location>
assignable to descriptions of
<location id="8EE838BDFFA3A17DFD83DAA512D8FE70" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFA7A17DFF66DEFE15BAFC15:8EE838BDFFA3A17DFD83DAA512D8FE70" box="[626,743,404,429]" country="Indonesia" county="Rowe" municipality="Multiple" name="Australian" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Australian</location>
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFD1FDAA513D6FE71" box="[750,1001,404,428]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="exilis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFD1FDAA513D6FE71" box="[750,1001,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Clarkcomanthus exilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFBD1DAA514C3FE71" box="[1056,1276,404,428]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="comanthipinnus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFBD1DAA514C3FE71" box="[1056,1276,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Cl. comanthipinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also formed a clade with
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFEE8DA891170FE12" box="[281,335,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">intra</emphasis>
specific divergence &lt;0.3%, suggesting that
<location id="8EE838BDFFA3A17DFCA2DA8613F7FE0D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFA7A17DFF66DEFE15BAFC15:8EE838BDFFA3A17DFCA2DA8613F7FE0D" box="[851,968,439,464]" country="Indonesia" county="Rowe" municipality="Multiple" name="Australian" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Australian</location>
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFC22DA8914B9FE0D" box="[979,1158,440,464]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="comanthipinnus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFC22DA8914B9FE0D" box="[979,1158,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">comanthipinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFB32DA8914C1FE0D" box="[1219,1278,440,464]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="exilis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFB32DA8914C1FE0D" box="[1219,1278,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">exilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the same species.
<location id="8EE838BDFFA3A17DFF04DAED1160FE28" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFA7A17DFF66DEFE15BAFC15:8EE838BDFFA3A17DFF04DAED1160FE28" box="[245,351,476,501]" country="Indonesia" county="Rowe" municipality="Multiple" name="Although" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Although</location>
we did not sequence specimens from near the
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFA3A17DFC96DAEC13A8FE28" box="[871,919,477,501]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">type</typeStatus>
locality of
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFBE7DAED14D5FE29" box="[1046,1258,476,500]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="comanthipinnus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFBE7DAED14D5FE29" box="[1046,1258,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">O. comanthipinnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<location id="8EE838BDFFA3A17DFB08DAED15A8FE28" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFA7A17DFF66DEFE15BAFC15:8EE838BDFFA3A17DFB08DAED15A8FE28" box="[1273,1431,476,501]" country="Indonesia" county="Rowe" municipality="Multiple" name="Bonin Islands" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Bonin Islands</location>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFA3A17DFF66D93110E4FDC5" box="[151,219,512,536]" name="Japan" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Japan</collectingCountry>
), the identifications are unambiguous, and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFD4CD93112C7FDC5" box="[701,760,512,536]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="exilis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFD4CD93112C7FDC5" box="[701,760,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">exilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to simply be smaller specimens of
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFB13D93115A2FDC5" box="[1250,1437,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFB13D93115A6FDC5" box="[1250,1433,512,536]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="comanthipinnus">comanthipinnus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingMunicipality id="6BECF41CFFA3A17DFF66D91510C7FDE0" box="[151,248,548,573]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Multiple</collectingMunicipality>
specimens assigned morphologically to
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFD3ED91513CCFDE1" box="[719,1011,548,572]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="littoralis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFD3ED91513CCFDE1" box="[719,1011,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Clarkcomanthus littoralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on
<collectingCounty id="62E916EAFFA3A17DFB9FD9141490FDE1" box="[1134,1199,549,572]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Rowe</collectingCounty>
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFB4BD91414CAFDE1" box="[1210,1269,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">et al.</emphasis>
(1986) nested within a clade of specimens identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFD94D97912C9FDBD" box="[613,758,584,608]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="albinotus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFD94D97912C9FDBD" box="[613,758,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Cl. albinotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFCF7D9791303FD82" box="[774,828,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">intra</emphasis>
specific divergence &lt;2.3%).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFA3A17DFF36D95D15BAFC15" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA3A17DFF36D95D13CEFCE5" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFF36D95D1104FD58" bold="true" box="[199,315,620,645]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Remarks.</emphasis>
The taxa included in
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFDDAD95D12DBFD59" box="[555,740,620,644]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFDDAD95D12DBFD59" box="[555,740,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Clarkcomanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possess a wide variety of comb structures, e.g., teeth paired or not, confluent or not, tapering to a point or not, and with a transverse proximal tooth or not. Unlike
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFAE4D9A115ABFD75" box="[1301,1428,656,680]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFAE4D9A115ABFD75" box="[1301,1428,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Comanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, however,
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFEF7D9851180FD11" box="[262,447,692,716]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFEF7D9851180FD11" box="[262,447,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Clarkcomanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species share combs restricted to the most proximal few pairs of pinnules [although a few combs sometimes occur beyond mid-arm in
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFD39D9E9147BFD2D" authority="Rowe et al. 1986" authorityName="Rowe et al." authorityYear="1986" box="[712,1092,727,752]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alternans">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFD39D9E91362FD2D" box="[712,861,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Cl. alternans</emphasis>
(Rowe
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFC48D9E813CBFD2D" box="[953,1012,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">et al.</emphasis>
1986)
</taxonomicName>
]. Also, although
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFAF6D9E915A3FD2D" box="[1287,1436,728,752]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alternans">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFAF6D9E915A3FD2D" box="[1287,1436,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Cl. alternans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFF38D9CD1165FCC9" box="[201,346,764,788]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mirabilis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFF38D9CD1165FCC9" box="[201,346,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Cl. mirabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a transverse proximal comb tooth as in
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFC80D9CD13CFFCC9" box="[881,1008,764,788]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFC80D9CD13CFFCC9" box="[881,1008,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Comanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, the following teeth are well separated, unlike the triangular, basally abutting teeth in
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFCE3D81113ADFCE5" box="[786,914,800,824]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFCE3D81113ADFCE5" box="[786,914,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Comanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFA3A17DFF36D87515BAFC15" blockId="29.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFF36D8751404FC81" box="[199,1083,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFF36D87511BFFC81" box="[199,384,836,860]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Clarkcomanthus</taxonomicName>
is most abundant along the reef crest and in shallow water.
</emphasis>
Members showcase incredible morphological variation, especially in color patterns, leading us to suggest that robust identifications should incorporate genetic information. Within
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFD85D8BD130AFC79" box="[628,821,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFD85D8BD130FFC79" box="[628,816,908,932]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Clarkcomanthus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
cirri are uniformly absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFB52D8BD1508FC79" box="[1187,1335,908,932]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mirabilis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFB52D8BD1508FC79" box="[1187,1335,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Cl. mirabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFA8BD8BD10C7FC15" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Clarkcomanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="littoralis">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFA8BD8BD10C7FC15" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Cl. littoralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below), and are lost with development in
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFCF2D88113A9FC15" box="[771,918,944,968]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="alternans">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFCF2D88113A9FC15" box="[771,918,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Cl. alternans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and, possibly,
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFA3A17DFBCDD88115BEFC15" authority="Rowe et al. 1986" authorityName="Rowe et al." authorityYear="1986" box="[1084,1409,943,968]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Oxycomanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="29" pageNumber="180" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="mirus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFBCDD881149AFC1A" box="[1084,1189,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">Cl. mirus</emphasis>
(Rowe
<emphasis id="B943B274FFA3A17DFB0CD8801509FC15" box="[1277,1334,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="180">et al.</emphasis>
1986)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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