170 lines
18 KiB
XML
170 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6678191" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-08-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6678191" approvalRequired="360" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="32" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="325" approvalRequired_for_treatments="3" checkinTime="1655746672033" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2018" docId="0380B547B64EFF9E9AAEF630F60CCB7D" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_8_Talpidae_0552.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Talpa romana Thomas 1902" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="612" masterDocId="FFB9CD3FB65FFF8F9A30FF87FF98C371" masterDocTitle="Talpidae" masterLastPageNumber="619" masterPageNumber="52" pageNumber="612" updateTime="1657742667520" updateUser="valdenar">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Talpidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2018</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2018-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>52</mods:start>
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<mods:end>619</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6678191</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-08-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6678191</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6671972" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6671972" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0380B547B64EFF9E9AAEF630F60CCB7D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0380B547B64EFF9E9AAEF630F60CCB7D" lastPageNumber="612" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
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<heading pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
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<subSubSection box="[158,215,2487,2533]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[157,963,2487,2571]" box="[158,215,2487,2533]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
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<figureCitation box="[158,215,2487,2533]" captionStart="Plate 27: Talpidae" captionStartId="14.[140,170,3248,3273]" captionTargetBox="[11,2748,15,3635]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="22. Altai Mole (Talpa altaica), 23. Pere David’s Mole (Talpa davidiana), 24. Talysch Mole (Talpa talyschensis), 25. Ognev’s Mole (Talpa ognevi), 26. Caucasian Mole (Talpa caucasica), 27. Levant Mole (Talpa levantis), 28. Balkan Mole (Talpa stankovici), 29. Blind Mole (Talpa caeca), 30. Roman Mole (Talpa romana), 31. Iberian Mole (Talpa occidentalis), 32. European Mole (Talpa europaea), 33. Aquitanian Mole (Talpa aquitania), 34. Japanese Mountain Mole (Oreoscaptor mizura), 35. Ussuri Mole (Mogera robusta), 36. Large Japanese Mole (Mogera wogura), 37. Small Japanese Mole (Mogera imaizumii), 38. Sado Mole (Mogera tokudae), 39. Echigo Mole (Mogera etigo), 40. Senkaku Mole (Mogera uchidai), 41. Insular Mole (Mogera insularis), 42. Kano’s Mole (Mogera kanoana), 43. La Touche’s Mole (Mogera latoucher), 44. Himalayan Mole (Ewroscaptor micrurus), 45. Greater Chinese Mole (Euroscaptor grandis), 46. Long-nosed Mole (Euroscaptor longurostris), 47. Kloss’s Mole (Euroscaptor klosst), 48. Kuznetsov’s Mole (Euroscaptor kuznetsovi), 49. Orlov’s Mole (Euroscaptor orlovi), 50. Vietnamese Mole (Euroscaptor subanura), 51. Small-toothed Mole (Euroscaptor parvidens), 52. Malaysian Mole (Euroscaptor malayanus), 53. White-tailed Mole (Parascaptor lewcurus), 54. Short-faced Mole (Scaptochirus moschatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6678253" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6678253/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">30.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[232,502,2487,2533]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[157,963,2487,2571]" box="[232,502,2487,2533]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
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<vernacularName box="[232,502,2487,2533]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Roman Mole</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[560,823,2487,2533]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[157,963,2487,2571]" box="[560,823,2487,2533]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[560,823,2487,2533]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="romana">
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<emphasis box="[560,823,2487,2533]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Talpa romana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[157,963,2550,2571]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[157,963,2487,2571]" box="[157,963,2550,2571]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[157,233,2550,2571]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[238,386,2550,2571]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Taupe romaine</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[406,497,2550,2571]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[507,715,2550,2571]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Romischer Maulwurf</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[735,827,2550,2571]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[832,963,2550,2571]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Topo romano</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection box="[770,1358,2626,2651]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[770,1362,2626,3044]" box="[770,1358,2626,2651]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[770,925,2626,2651]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1902" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[948,1353,2626,2651]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="romana">Talpa romana Thomas, 1902</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[771,1122,2665,2690]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="materials_examined">
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<materialsCitation box="[771,1122,2665,2690]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[770,1362,2626,3044]" box="[771,875,2665,2690]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">“Ostia,”</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="17.[770,1362,2626,3044]" box="[887,1122,2665,2690]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">near Rome, Italy.</paragraph>
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</materialsCitation>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[770,1362,2626,3044]" lastBlockId="17.[156,1360,3050,3477]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[774,961,2696,2729]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="romana">Talpa romana</taxonomicName>
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is in subgenus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1219,1289,2696,2729]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Talpa</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[772,883,2744,2769]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="europaea">europaea</taxonomicName>
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species group. In the past, 1. ro- mana also included 71.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="V. Martino & E. Martino" authorityYear="1931" box="[1090,1217,2775,2808]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stankovici">stankovici</taxonomicName>
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and T. og- nevi, although these three species are not closely related.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[1007,1192,2853,2886]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="romana">Talpa romana</taxonomicName>
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is sister to 1.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Savi" authorityYear="1822" box="[810,876,2893,2926]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caeca">caeca</taxonomicName>
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, with which it is widely sympatric. Past introgression between 71.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[1200,1297,2932,2965]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="romana">romana</taxonomicName>
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and 1.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[812,923,2971,3004]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="europaea">europaea</taxonomicName>
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was documented in a narrow contact zone in Central Italy where they are parapatric. Co-occurring populations diverge morphologically due to character displacement. Up to seven subspecies have been recognized, but such a taxonomic split is probably excessive. Genetic distances among putative subspecies are low. Size, which was frequently used to diagnose subspecies, shows clinal variation with smallest individuals confined to peripheral populations. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6678197" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6678197" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6678197/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" targetBox="[155,747,2624,3038]" targetPageId="17">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[156,1360,3050,3477]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[156,332,3247,3280]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Endemic to C & S Italy, as far N as Umbria. Presumably extinct in Sicily where it was recorded for the last time in 1885.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[156,1360,3050,3477]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[156,409,3330,3359]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 120-160 mm (males) and 95-155 mm (females), tail 24-37 mm (males) and 22-35 mm (females), hindfoot 170 mm; weight 73-134 g (males) and 61-112 mm (females). Males average 18% heavier than females. The Roman Mole is externally similar to the European Mole (7.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[982,1099,3444,3477]" class="Mammalia" family="Talpidae" genus="Talpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="europaea">europaea</taxonomicName>
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), except for being
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="17.[1430,2640,292,2063]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">slightly larger, with more cylindrical tail and sealed eyelids. Females have four pairs of nipples. Pelvis is cecoidal. Skull is large and robust, with massive rostrum. Upper molars are heavy, and mesosytle is bifurcated. Length of upper molar row relative to skull length is longer than that of the European Mole. Dental formulais 13/3, C 1/1, P4/4,M 3/3 (x2) = 44. Oligodonties are frequent, and 36% of Roman Moles lack 1-4 upper premolars. Incidences with supernumerary teeth and missing lower molars are rare. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 34 and FNa = 64.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[1430,2640,292,2063]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1432,1544,568,601]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Wide variety of habitats such as sandy dunes, cultivated land, olive groves, meadows, deciduous forests, and mountain pastures from sea level up to elevations of 1500 m (exceptionally 2000 m). Habitat suitability modeling showed that the Roman Mole is restricted to a limited part of its potential distribution.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[1430,2640,292,2063]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1432,1691,726,759]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Roman Mole does not show clear dietary preferences but preys on the most abundant large invertebrates available. Earthworms, insect larvae, and mollusks constitute the bulk in a diet. Food items can vary seasonally and between regions. Roman Moles eat earthworms most of the time but eat insect larvae during dry months when earthworms became scarce. Captive moles were maintained on a diet of 35 g of fresh liver and heart and 10 g of earthworms (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="J. E. Areschoug" authorityYear="1876" box="[2183,2278,923,956]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Eisenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Eisenia</taxonomicName>
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foetida) per day.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[1430,2640,292,2063]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1432,1566,962,995]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Unlike in the European Mole, male Roman Moles do not movefar in search of females. Pregnant females with 2-3 embryos were captured in April.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[1430,2640,292,2063]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1431,1666,1041,1074]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Roman Mole is strictly fossorial, digging underground galleries and depositing excavated soil aboveground as molehills. Diurnal activity shows a regular alternation between resting and active periods, each lasting 3-4 hours. Females are most active in morning (06:00-12:00 h) and afternoon (15:00-21:00 h), and they rest before sunrise (03:00-06:00 h) and around noon (12:00-15:00 h). Periods of activity (131 minutes on average) and rest (155 minutes) of a captive female did not differ significantly in length. Active bouts were shorter in two captive males (13-19 minutes), and resting periods were longer. During reproductive period, females synchronize timing of rest periods, but activity patterns of males become less regular. Summer droughts suppress activity.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[1430,2640,292,2063]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1432,2141,1435,1468]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Roman Moles are solitary and territorial. Home ranges are well defined. They overlap between females and between individuals of the opposite sex. Degree of spatial overlap between home ranges is reportedly higher in habitats with more food resources. Under no circumstances, however, do two moles with overlapping ranges occupy the same area at the same time. Core area 1s in exclusive possession of the territorial individual. Home ranges are larger for males (averages in two studies were 3116 m* and 4300 m?) than females (2804 m? and 1658 m?), and differences possibly reflected food availability. Size and location of home ranges are not constant across seasons. Male home ranges were 2304-5117 m* (mean 3710 m?) in October and 412-4160 m? (mean 2819 m?) in January. Densities of Roman Moles in CentralItaly are 2-2-3 ind/ha.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1432,2482,1873,1902]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[1430,2640,292,2063]" box="[1432,2482,1873,1902]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1432,1781,1873,1902]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="612" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[1430,2640,292,2063]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1432,1585,1916,1941]" pageId="17" pageNumber="612">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Amori, Contoli & Nappi (2008), Bannikova, Zemlemerova, Colangelo et al. (2015), Beolchini & Loy (2004), Borroni, Loy & Bertolucci (1999), Capolongo & Panasci (1978), Colangelo et al. (2010), Filippucci et al. (1987), Gornung et al. (2008), Loy (1999b), Loy & Capanna (1998), Loy, Beolchini et al. (1994), Loy, Cassini et al. (2017), Loy, Di Martino & Capolongo (1996), Loy, Dupré & Stone (1992), Niethammer (1990b).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |