299 lines
26 KiB
XML
299 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/alpento.5.76930" ID-GBIF-Dataset="990af25d-b6ff-4470-8fba-96004795d941" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190685586" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2535-0889-5-101" ID-Pensoft-UUID="47ADE9A099F2565B962ACA7F69A400D4" ID-ZooBank="5AA2883F43774C94BD916D7938872A26" ModsDocID="2535-0889-5-101" checkinTime="1637640619455" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Huemer, Peter & Schmid, Juerg" docDate="2021" docId="5D57A0550E1DD36F0B51B5B220006013" docLanguage="en" docName="AlpEntomol 5: 101-106" docOrigin="Alpine Entomology 5" docPubDate="2021-11-22" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/alpento.5.76930" docTitle="Lyonetia ledi Wocke 1859" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="47ADE9A099F2565B962ACA7F69A400D4" lastPageNumber="101" masterDocId="47ADE9A099F2565B962ACA7F69A400D4" masterDocTitle="Relict populations of Lyonetia ledi Wocke, 1859 (Lepidoptera, Lyonetiidae) from the Alps indicate postglacial host-plant shift to the famous Alpenrose (Rhododendron ferrugineum L.)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="101" pageNumber="101" updateTime="1637777467066" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Relict populations of Lyonetia ledi Wocke, 1859 (Lepidoptera, Lyonetiidae) from the Alps indicate postglacial host-plant shift to the famous Alpenrose (Rhododendron ferrugineum L.)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Huemer, Peter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0630-545X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen, Sammlungs- und Forschungszentrum, Tiroler Landesmuseen Betriebsges. m. b. H., A- 6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">p.huemer@tiroler-landesmuseen.at</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Schmid, Juerg</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Poststrasse 3, CH- 7130 Ilanz, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Alpine Entomology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-11-22</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>5</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>101</mods:start>
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<mods:end>106</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/alpento.5.76930</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/alpento.5.76930</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">2535-0889-5-101</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">5AA2883F43774C94BD916D7938872A26</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">47ADE9A099F2565B962ACA7F69A400D4</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="190685586" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5D57A0550E1DD36F0B51B5B220006013" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5D57A0550E1DD36F0B51B5B220006013" lastPageNumber="101" pageNumber="101">
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<subSubSection type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
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Alpine population of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Wocke" authorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Lyonetiidae" genus="Lyonetia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lyonetia ledi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ledi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Lyonetia ledi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation collectedFrom="Rhododendron ferrugineum" collectingDate="1859-01-01" collectingDateMax="1859-12-31" collectingDateMin="1859-01-01" collectorName="Huemer" country="Switzerland" latitude="46.760555" location="SE Sur En" longLatPrecision="15" longitude="10.1865835" municipality="Ardez" specimenCount="1763" specimenCount-larva="1" specimenCount-male="1761" stateProvince="Graubuenden">
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<specimenCount type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
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:
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<collectingCountry name="Switzerland">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Graubünden">
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<collectingRegion>Graubuenden</collectingRegion>
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</normalizedToken>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality>Ardez</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5D57A0550E1DD36F0B51B5B220006013:531F08186CAD1ACF5783AC4B8FCF6D4E" country="Switzerland" latitude="46.760555" longLatPrecision="15" longitude="10.1865835" municipality="Ardez" name="SE Sur En" stateProvince="Graubuenden">SE Sur En</location>
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,
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<specimenCount type="male">1760 m</specimenCount>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="46" direction="north" minutes="45" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="38" value="46.760555">46°45'38"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="east" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="11.7" value="10.1865835">10°11'11.7"E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<collectingDate>6.8.2021</collectingDate>
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<specimenCount type="generic">ex</specimenCount>
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<specimenCount type="larva">larva</specimenCount>
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(
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Rhododendron" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhododendron ferrugineum" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
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<collectedFrom>Rhododendron ferrugineum</collectedFrom>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), leg.
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<collectorName>Huemer</collectorName>
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation collectedFrom="Rhododendron ferrugineum" collectingDate="1859-01-01" collectingDateMax="1859-12-31" collectingDateMin="1859-01-01" collectionCode="TLMF" collectorName="Huemer" country="Switzerland" latitude="46.760555" location="SE Sur En" longLatPrecision="15" longitude="10.1865835" municipality="Ardez" specimenCode="TLMF 30911, TLMF 30912, TLMF 30913" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-male="3" stateProvince="Graubuenden">
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<specimenCount type="male">3♂</specimenCount>
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: same data, but DNA Barcode
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<specimenCode>TLMF 30911</specimenCode>
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, DNA Barcode
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<specimenCode>TLMF 30912</specimenCode>
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, DNA Barcode
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<specimenCode>TLMF 30913</specimenCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation collectedFrom="Rhododendron ferrugineum" collectingDate="1859-01-01" collectingDateMax="1859-12-31" collectingDateMin="1859-01-01" collectionCode="TLMF" collectorName="Huemer" country="Switzerland" latitude="46.760555" location="SE Sur En" longLatPrecision="15" longitude="10.1865835" municipality="Ardez" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-male="4" specimenCount-pupa="1" stateProvince="Graubuenden">
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<specimenCount type="male">4♂</specimenCount>
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: same data, but
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<collectingDate>21.8.2021</collectingDate>
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<specimenCount type="generic">ex</specimenCount>
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<specimenCount type="pupa">pupae</specimenCount>
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, all leg
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<collectorName>Huemer</collectorName>
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coll.
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<collectionCode>TLMF</collectionCode>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation collectedFrom="Rhododendron ferrugineum" collectingDate="1859-01-01" collectingDateMax="1859-12-31" collectingDateMin="1859-01-01" collectionCode="TLMF" collectorName="JS" country="Switzerland" latitude="46.760555" location="SE Sur En" longLatPrecision="15" longitude="10.1865835" municipality="Ardez" specimenCount="17" specimenCount-female="6" specimenCount-male="11" stateProvince="Graubuenden">
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<specimenCount type="male">11♂</specimenCount>
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,
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<specimenCount type="female">6♀</specimenCount>
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same locality,
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<collectingDate>8.2021</collectingDate>
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e.l., e.p. leg. et coll.
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<collectorName>JS</collectorName>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
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Adult (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 2, 3" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2, 3. Lyonetia ledi adults resting on leaves of Rhododendron ferrugineum (Switzerland, Graubuenden, Ardez)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.5.76930.figures2-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612940" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 2, 3" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2, 3. Lyonetia ledi adults resting on leaves of Rhododendron ferrugineum (Switzerland, Graubuenden, Ardez)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.5.76930.figures2-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612940" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">3</figureCitation>
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).
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</emphasis>
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Head, tuft, and eye-cap as well as thorax glossy white; labial palpus white with some fuscous on outer surface; antenna about length of forewing, pale grey. Wingspan c. 7-9 mm; forewings glossy white; short oblique dark brown streak from tornus at half-length of wing, longitudinal patch at about 2/3, two dorsal streaks from tornus converging in disc at 3/4; large ochre-brown patch in distal fifth; costal ciliae with four blackish strigulae, large black apical dot followed by black line and apical scale-pencil. Hindwings grey. The variation of forewing markings is considerable, i.e. a short sub-basal streak below fold at about 1/5 or a complete medial streak as figured by
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<bibRefCitation author="Bengtsson, BA" journalOrPublisher="ArtDatabanken, SLU, Uppsala" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" refId="B3" refString="Bengtsson, BA, Johansson, R, 2011. Nationalnyckeln till Sveriges flora och fauna. Fjaerilar: Bronsmalar-rullvingemalar. Lepidoptera: Roeslerstammiidae-Lyonetiidae. ArtDatabanken, SLU, Uppsala" title="Nationalnyckeln till Sveriges flora och fauna. Fjaerilar: Bronsmalar-rullvingemalar. Lepidoptera: Roeslerstammiidae-Lyonetiidae." year="2011">Bengtsson and Johansson (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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could not be observed, whereas the medial and postmedial markings are completely reduced in one specimen.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/alpento.5.76930.figures2-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612940" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" start="Figures 2, 3" startId="F2">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Figures 2, 3.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Wocke" authorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Lyonetiidae" genus="Lyonetia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lyonetia ledi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ledi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Lyonetia ledi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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adults resting on leaves of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Rhododendron" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhododendron ferrugineum" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Rhododendron ferrugineum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Switzerland,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Graubünden">Graubuenden</normalizedToken>
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, Ardez).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
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For exhaustive description of the adults including genitalia of both sexes see
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<bibRefCitation author="Bengtsson, BA" journalOrPublisher="ArtDatabanken, SLU, Uppsala" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" refId="B3" refString="Bengtsson, BA, Johansson, R, 2011. Nationalnyckeln till Sveriges flora och fauna. Fjaerilar: Bronsmalar-rullvingemalar. Lepidoptera: Roeslerstammiidae-Lyonetiidae. ArtDatabanken, SLU, Uppsala" title="Nationalnyckeln till Sveriges flora och fauna. Fjaerilar: Bronsmalar-rullvingemalar. Lepidoptera: Roeslerstammiidae-Lyonetiidae." year="2011">Bengtsson and Johansson (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Biology.</emphasis>
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In Europe,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Wocke" authorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Lyonetiidae" genus="Lyonetia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lyonetia ledi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ledi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Lyonetia ledi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a widespread leaf-miner of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Rhododendron" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhododendron tomentosum" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tomentosum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Rhododendron tomentosum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Rhododendron" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ericaceae</taxonomicName>
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), but in the northern part of the continent it is also regularly recorded from the unrelated
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myricaceae" genus="Myrica" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrica gale" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gale">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Myrica gale</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myricaceae" genus="Myrica" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myricaceae</taxonomicName>
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), a species absent from large parts of Central Europe. Larvae of the newly discovered population from the Engadine mine the leaves of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="R." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="R. ferrugineum" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">R. ferrugineum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The egg is laid on the upper side of a leaf. The tunnel-mine initially extends towards the base of the leaf, then turns and continues alongside the leaf rim towards the leaf tip, where a spacious blotch mine is formed. Only current year leaves, recognizable by their green underside are infested, while older leaves with the plant's name-giving rusty underside may contain mines from previous years only (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 4, 5" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 4, 5. Leaf-mines of Lyonetia ledi on Rhododendron ferrugineum (Switzerland, Graubuenden, Ardez)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.5.76930.figures4-5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612941" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">4</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 4, 5" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 4, 5. Leaf-mines of Lyonetia ledi on Rhododendron ferrugineum (Switzerland, Graubuenden, Ardez)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.5.76930.figures4-5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612941" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">5</figureCitation>
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). The mine is hardly visible on the underside. Frass is firstly deposited in continuous line which later fills the complete tunnel-mine, whereas it is deposited in irregular flawy patches in the botch-mine. According to
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<bibRefCitation author="Kuroko, H" journalOrPublisher="Esakia" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 61" refId="B11" refString="Kuroko, H, 1964. Revisional studies on the family Lyonetiidae of Japan (Lepidoptera). Esakia 4: 1 - 61" title="Revisional studies on the family Lyonetiidae of Japan (Lepidoptera)." volume="4" year="1964">Kuroko (1964)</bibRefCitation>
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frass may also be ejected through semicircular lateral slits along the border of the blotch mine on the lower side. The same author also reports the larva moving to a new leaf and starting to produce a new mine, an observation unconfirmed in alpine habitats. The final instar larva is light yellow with a light brown head and a brownish mottled thoracic shield and ca. 4.8 mm long (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 6. Final instar larva of Lyonetia ledi on Rhododendron ferrugineum (Switzerland, Graubuenden, Ardez)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.5.76930.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612942" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">6</figureCitation>
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). On the underside of a nearby leaf, it constructs a X-shaped silken scaffold in the center of which it then pupates like in a hammock (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7, 8" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 7, 8. Characteristic cocoon with final instar larva and pupa of Lyonetia ledi on Rhododendron ferrugineum (Switzerland, Graubuenden, Ardez)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.5.76930.figures7-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612943" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">7</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 7, 8" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 7, 8. Characteristic cocoon with final instar larva and pupa of Lyonetia ledi on Rhododendron ferrugineum (Switzerland, Graubuenden, Ardez)." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.5.76930.figures7-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612943" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">8</figureCitation>
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). The ca. 4.4 mm long pupa can be easily found when examining the underside of mined or adjacent leaves. First larvae were detected on the 29th of July 2021, two weeks later on the 12th of August 2021 only pupae were found. In captivity the adults emerged after about a week to 10 days between 6th and 21st of August. These data suggest hibernation of the adults as it is also reported from Sweden, with a flight period lasting from mid-August to October and again from April to May (
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<bibRefCitation author="Bengtsson, BA" journalOrPublisher="ArtDatabanken, SLU, Uppsala" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" refId="B3" refString="Bengtsson, BA, Johansson, R, 2011. Nationalnyckeln till Sveriges flora och fauna. Fjaerilar: Bronsmalar-rullvingemalar. Lepidoptera: Roeslerstammiidae-Lyonetiidae. ArtDatabanken, SLU, Uppsala" title="Nationalnyckeln till Sveriges flora och fauna. Fjaerilar: Bronsmalar-rullvingemalar. Lepidoptera: Roeslerstammiidae-Lyonetiidae." year="2011">Bengtsson and Johansson 2011</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/alpento.5.76930.figures4-5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612941" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" start="Figures 4, 5" startId="F3">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Figures 4, 5.</emphasis>
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Leaf-mines of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Wocke" authorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Lyonetiidae" genus="Lyonetia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lyonetia ledi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ledi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Lyonetia ledi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Rhododendron" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhododendron ferrugineum" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Rhododendron ferrugineum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Switzerland,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Graubünden">Graubuenden</normalizedToken>
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, Ardez).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption doi="10.3897/alpento.5.76930.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612942" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" start="Figure 6" startId="F4">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Figure 6.</emphasis>
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Final instar larva of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Wocke" authorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Lyonetiidae" genus="Lyonetia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lyonetia ledi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ledi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Lyonetia ledi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Rhododendron" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhododendron ferrugineum" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Rhododendron ferrugineum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Switzerland,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Graubünden">Graubuenden</normalizedToken>
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, Ardez).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption doi="10.3897/alpento.5.76930.figures7-8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612943" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" start="Figures 7, 8" startId="F5">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Figures 7, 8.</emphasis>
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Characteristic cocoon with final instar larva and pupa of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Wocke" authorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Lyonetiidae" genus="Lyonetia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lyonetia ledi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ledi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Lyonetia ledi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Rhododendron" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhododendron ferrugineum" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ferrugineum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Rhododendron ferrugineum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
(Switzerland,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Graubünden">Graubuenden</normalizedToken>
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, Ardez).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
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The larvae seem to be regularly infested by parasitic wasps of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Hellen" baseAuthorityYear="1949" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Diadegma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diadegma semiclausum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semiclausum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Diadegma cf. semiclausum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
, (
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<taxonomicName family="Ichmeumonidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" rank="family">Ichmeumonidae</taxonomicName>
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|
) (barcoded) and an unidentified species of
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|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ichneumonidae</taxonomicName>
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as we found a number of their cocoons that were already empty.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">
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|
Habitat (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 9. Habitat of Lyonetia ledi in Engadine / Switzerland with Rhododendron ferrugineum." figureDoi="10.3897/alpento.5.76930.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/612944" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">9</figureCitation>
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|
).
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</emphasis>
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|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wocke" authorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Lyonetiidae" genus="Lyonetia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lyonetia ledi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ledi">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Lyonetia ledi</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is considered as a tyrphobiontic species (
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|
<bibRefCitation author="Spitzer, K" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft oesterreichischer Entomologen" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" pagination="87 - 97" refId="B17" refString="Spitzer, K, Jaros, J, Lichtenberger, F, Malicky, H, 1996. Die Biodiversitaet der Puergschachenmoores im steirischen Ennstal und ihr Schutzwert. Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft oesterreichischer Entomologen 48: 87 - 97" title="Die Biodiversitaet der Puergschachenmoores im steirischen Ennstal und ihr Schutzwert." volume="48" year="1996">Spitzer et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
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|
) because it is restricted to peat bogs. The Swiss habitat is completely different and can be characterized as a northern exposed subalpine Larici-Piceetum plant-association dominated by
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|
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Larix" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Larix decidua" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decidua">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Larix decidua</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Mill. and
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|
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Picea abies" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="abies">
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|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Picea abies</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(L.) H. Karst and interspersed
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pinus cembra" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cembra">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Pinus cembra</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
L.,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Betula pendula" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pendula">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Betula pendula</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Roth and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Alnus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Alnus alnobetula" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alnobetula">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Alnus alnobetula</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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|
(Ehrh.) K. Koch are also present in the adjacent area. This biotope is located in a north-facing, steep avalanche gully at the bottom of which remaining snow masses may persist into early summer and provide unique microclimatic conditions. Furthermore, the most infested
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|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Rhododendron" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhododendron" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="101" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="101">Rhododendron</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
shrubs are often rather puny specimens, growing in very shady places and thus unable to produce flowers.
|
|
</paragraph>
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|
</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |