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<document id="B6D377DB423ACC33EA241F74D6F99D92" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.274392" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f211f2ff-ab11-4076-90e0-e1d2dd30d755" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="274392" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459889433405" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Achatz, Johannes G." docDate="2008" docId="03FE827F7148C278FF7FF8D2C8A6F8C5" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01824p016.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1824" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Convoluta schuelii" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="FFC7FA077141C274FFE8FF9CC92EFF87" masterDocTitle="Convolutidae (Acoela) from the Andaman Sea" masterLastPageNumber="16" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="10" updateTime="1698227943219" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="51D8E57422202657038E06EB8D65909F">Convolutidae (Acoela) from the Andaman Sea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5FBA500271B0C9F7404AFCAC1D082449">Achatz, Johannes G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="A52DE17EE81B4002A9DA44FF51A70964">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="007BB5F8DD74DD67AFB65F54B7A8812C">1824</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="F3DECB5F911B6B501284DF5ABFD145CF" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.274392</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03FE827F7148C278FF7FF8D2C8A6F8C5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6234992" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119371801" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6234992" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FE827F7148C278FF7FF8D2C8A6F8C5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE827F7148C278FF7FF8D2C8A6F8C5" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<subSubSection id="C34D60E27148C27DFF7FF8D2CB58F8EF" box="[151,630,1870,1896]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE833697148C27DFF7FF8D2CB58F8EF" blockId="9.[151,630,1870,1896]" box="[151,630,1870,1896]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="D0A084057148C27DFF7FF8D2CB58F8EF" bold="true" box="[151,630,1870,1896]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7148C27DFF7FF8D2CB58F8EF" bold="true" box="[151,630,1870,1896]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="4C5748EA7148C27DFF7FF8D2C857F8EF" ID-CoL="XYQX" box="[151,377,1870,1896]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="schuelii">
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7148C27DFF7FF8D2C857F8EF" bold="true" box="[151,377,1870,1896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Convoluta schuelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nov. sp. (
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC7148C27DFE06F8D2CB43F8EF" box="[494,621,1870,1896]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURE 9" captionStart-2="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="10.[151,255,1872,1896]" captionStartId-1="11.[151,255,1509,1533]" captionStartId-2="13.[151,255,1068,1092]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1434,1174,1847]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,196,1484]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1434,194,1042]" captionTargetId-0="figure@10.[151,1436,1167,1849]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[151,1436,182,1486]" captionTargetId-2="figure@13.[151,1436,194,1044]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired, but for clarity, just the left testis and right ovary are shown." captionText-1="FIGURE 9. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; photomicrographs of sagittal histological sections stained with Richardson’s staining solution. A. Female and male copulatory organs. B. Glandular part of male copulatory organ. C. Middle part of prostatoid gland cell. Arrows point to muscular sheath of seminal vesicle, arrowheads to prostatoid vesicles; the asterisk marks the plug of male prostatoid mucus in the vagina." captionText-2="FIGURE 10. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; whole mounts stained with Alexa- 488 - labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. A. Projection of dorsal body-wall musculature. B. Projection of ventral body-wall musculature. C. Projection of male copulatory organ. Arrowheads point to the pair of thicker longitudinal muscles; asterisk marks the male gonopore." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/274400/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/274401/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/274402/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 8–10</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D60E27148C27EFF7FF802CDA5FED5" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE833697148C27EFF7FF802CDA5FED5" blockId="9.[151,1436,1950,2016]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,152,338]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7148C27DFF7FF802C839F83F" bold="true" box="[151,279,1950,1976]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5748EA7148C27DFEC9F803C8B5F83F" box="[289,411,1951,1976]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923EF7B7148C27DFEC9F803C8B5F83F" box="[289,411,1951,1976]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Convoluta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with red rhabdoids and endosymbiotic zoochlorellae distributed evenly except at the anterior end where the absence of zoochlorellae within the large lateral thickenings of the brain creates two lateral lighter spots. Male copulatory organ consists of a muscular seminal vesicle filled with sperm proximally and with the distal parts of prostatoid gland cells distally. Female copulatory organ consists of a gonopore, a vagina with a weak sphincter at its distal end, a seminal bursa, and one bursal nozzle. Setting the total body length to 100 units (100 U), the distances from the anterior tip of the body of major parts are as follows: statocyst 13 U, mouth 40 U, female gonopore 79 U, (facultative) male gonopore 83 U.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF2863E1714BC27EFF7FFC2DC9DDFBB6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274399/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[151,1435,394,921]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BE83369714BC27EFF7FFC2DC9DDFBB6" blockId="10.[151,1436,945,1073]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B923EF7B714BC27EFF7FFC2DC836FC4E" bold="true" box="[151,280,945,969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5748EA714BC27EFEF7FC2EC8C8FC4E" box="[287,486,946,969]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="niphoni" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B923EF7B714BC27EFEF7FC2EC8C8FC4E" box="[287,486,946,969]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Convoluta niphoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B923EF7B714BC27EFE04FC2DCB6FFC4E" bold="true" box="[492,577,945,969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2105200714BC27EFE04FC2DCB6FFC4E" box="[492,577,945,969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
; whole mounts of a specimen from population B stained with Alexa-488-labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. A. Projection of posterior part of body. Arrow points to male gonopore, arrowheads to prostatoid organs. B. Projection of ventral body-wall musculature of posterior part of body. C. Projection of penis.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2863E1714BC27EFF7FF8CCCC40F80D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274400/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[151,1434,1174,1847]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BE83369714BC27EFF7FF8CCCC40F80D" blockId="10.[151,1436,1872,1930]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B923EF7B714BC27EFF7FF8CCC834F8EF" bold="true" box="[151,282,1872,1896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5748EA714BC27EFECBF8CDC8C0F8EF" box="[291,494,1873,1896]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="schuelii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B923EF7B714BC27EFECBF8CDC8C0F8EF" box="[291,494,1873,1896]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Convoluta schuelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2105200714BC27EFE1EF8CCCB63F8EF" box="[502,589,1872,1896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B923EF7B714BC27EFE1EF8CCCB63F8EF" bold="true" box="[502,589,1872,1896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired, but for clarity, just the left testis and right ovary are shown.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF2863E1714AC27FFF7FFA79CBCCF9E2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274401/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[151,1436,196,1484]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BE83369714AC27FFF7FFA79CBCCF9E2" blockId="11.[151,1436,1509,1637]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B923EF7B714AC27FFF7FFA79C832FA7A" bold="true" box="[151,284,1509,1533]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5748EA714AC27FFECCFA7AC8C1FA7A" box="[292,495,1510,1533]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="schuelii" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B923EF7B714AC27FFECCFA7AC8C1FA7A" box="[292,495,1510,1533]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Convoluta schuelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B923EF7B714AC27FFE10FA79CB7EFA7A" bold="true" box="[504,592,1509,1533]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2105200714AC27FFE10FA79CB7EFA7A" box="[504,592,1509,1533]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
; photomicrographs of sagittal histological sections stained with Richardson’s staining solution. A. Female and male copulatory organs. B. Glandular part of male copulatory organ. C. Middle part of prostatoid gland cell. Arrows point to muscular sheath of seminal vesicle, arrowheads to prostatoid vesicles; the asterisk marks the plug of male prostatoid mucus in the vagina.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34D60E2714AC27FFF2DF904C815F824" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE83369714AC27FFF2DF904C8C9F95C" blockId="11.[151,1436,1688,2035]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B923EF7B714AC27FFF2DF904C854F935" bold="true" box="[197,378,1688,1714]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<typeStatus id="54EC8DCB714AC27FFF2DF904C82EF935" box="[197,256,1688,1714]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="54EC8DCB714AC27FFE6DF905C8D9F934" box="[389,503,1689,1715]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="ED46ABAC714AC27FFDEBF905CB7AF934" box="[515,596,1689,1715]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c3cw-qjai" name="Phuket Marine Biological Centre" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">PMBC</collectionCode>
24798, one set of serial sagittal sections.
<typeStatus id="54EC8DCB714AC27FFBAFF905CD9CF934" box="[1095,1202,1689,1715]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="ED46ABAC714AC27FFB56F905CC3EF934" box="[1214,1296,1689,1715]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c3cw-qjai" name="Phuket Marine Biological Centre" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">PMBC</collectionCode>
24799, one set of serial sagittal sections.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE83369714AC27FFF2DF974CD40F8D4" blockId="11.[151,1436,1688,2035]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B923EF7B714AC27FFF2DF974CB24F885" bold="true" box="[197,522,1768,1794]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Other material examined.</emphasis>
Living specimens with a stereo microscope, one set of serial sagittal sections of an immature specimen stained with hematoxylin, two sets of serial sagittal sections of mature specimens stained with Richardson’s stain, and six whole mounts for fluorescence microscopy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE83369714AC27FFF2DF8FCC815F824" blockId="11.[151,1436,1688,2035]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B923EF7B714AC27FFF2DF8FCC840F8FD" bold="true" box="[197,366,1888,1914]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<typeStatus id="54EC8DCB714AC27FFF2DF8FCC82CF8FD" box="[197,258,1888,1914]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
From fine grained sand on the south beach of Koluk Kamlok,
<collectingCountry id="F34073F9714AC27FFB9EF8FDCDF0F8FC" box="[1142,1246,1889,1915]" name="Thailand" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE6355AE714AC27FFB1AF8FDCCB9F8FC" box="[1266,1431,1889,1915]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="1" value="9.51175">9°30’42.3” N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE6355AE714AC27FFF7FF815C803F824" box="[151,301,1929,1955]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" precision="15" value="98.35833">98°21’30” E</geoCoordinate>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D60E2714AC27FFF2DF82CCAD5F874" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BE83369714AC27FFF2DF82CCAD5F874" blockId="11.[151,1436,1688,2035]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B923EF7B714AC27FFF2DF82CC87CF84D" bold="true" box="[197,338,1968,1994]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species is named after Luca
<taxonomicName id="4C5748EA714AC27FFD0CF82DCA12F84C" box="[740,828,1969,1995]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="11" pageNumber="1" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="schueli" status="sp. nov.">Schueli</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F34073F9714AC27FFC6EF82DCD3BF84C" box="[902,1045,1969,1995]" name="Switzerland" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
, president of ECoSwiss, Captain of the Sea Nomad, and leader of the Mergui-Archipelago Excursion 2007.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D60E2714DC278FF2DFF0BC995F9FD" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE83369714DC278FF2DFF0BCAFBFED5" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B923EF7B714DC278FF2DFF0BC873FF36" bold="true" box="[197,349,151,177]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Description.</emphasis>
Mature animals are 650–700 µm long and 200–250 µm wide. The anterior tip is rounded, the posterior tip slightly pointed, and the body is slightly constricted at the level of the mouth (
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC714DC278FB13FF5CCC6CFF5D" box="[1275,1346,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1872,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,1174,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,1167,1849]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired, but for clarity, just the left testis and right ovary are shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274400/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
B). The anterior end forms a basket (
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC714DC278FE00FF74CB6EFE85" box="[488,576,232,258]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[151,255,1068,1092]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,194,1042]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,194,1044]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; whole mounts stained with Alexa- 488 - labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. A. Projection of dorsal body-wall musculature. B. Projection of ventral body-wall musculature. C. Projection of male copulatory organ. Arrowheads point to the pair of thicker longitudinal muscles; asterisk marks the male gonopore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274402/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
B). The coloration is mostly due to the presence of numerous zoochlorellae and red rhabdoid gland cells. The animals slightly enroll their lateral sides ventrally. A pair of more translucent spots at the anterior tip is due to the absence of symbionts there.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE83369714DC278FF2DFEFCCD65FE25" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">The epidermis is completely ciliated; the cilia on the dorsal side are ~5 µm long, on the ventral side ~8 µm long. The nuclei of the epidermis are sunken beneath the body-wall musculature.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE83369714DC278FF2DFE2CCB19FDC5" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The brain consists of an anterior arch with lateral thickenings. Each thickening is about 50 µm long, 35 µm high, and 35 µm wide (
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC714DC278FE09FE44CB06FE75" box="[481,552,472,498]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1872,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,1174,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,1167,1849]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired, but for clarity, just the left testis and right ovary are shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274400/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
B). The nuclei of the nerve cells lie in the periphery of the nervous tissue, mostly on the ventral side. There are two dorsal and one ventro-lateral pair of nerve cords (
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC714DC278FB2BFD9CCC27FD9D" box="[1219,1289,512,538]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1872,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,1174,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,1167,1849]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired, but for clarity, just the left testis and right ovary are shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274400/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
B). The statocyst measures 15 µm in diameter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE83369714DC278FF2DFDCCCACDFD3D" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Red rhabdoid gland cells are distributed in high density and protrude through the body wall on the lateral and dorsal surface but are absent on the ventral side. There is no distinct frontal organ, but frontal gland cells that contain small vesicles protrude across the anterior tip (
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC714DC278FCA2FD3CCAB4FD3D" box="[842,922,672,698]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1872,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,1174,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,1167,1849]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired, but for clarity, just the left testis and right ovary are shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274400/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
A, B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE83369714DC278FF2DFD54C805FC55" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The dorsal body-wall musculature consists of circular muscles, dorsal crossover muscles, and longitudinal muscles (
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC714DC278FEEDFD6CC874FC8D" box="[261,346,752,778]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[151,255,1068,1092]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,194,1042]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,194,1044]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; whole mounts stained with Alexa- 488 - labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. A. Projection of dorsal body-wall musculature. B. Projection of ventral body-wall musculature. C. Projection of male copulatory organ. Arrowheads point to the pair of thicker longitudinal muscles; asterisk marks the male gonopore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274402/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
A). The ventral body-wall musculature consists of circular muscles and longitudinal muscles. Some of the anterior longitudinal muscles run straight from the anterior tip into the mouth, others run around the mouth forming a kind of a sphincter. The other longitudinal muscles cross over each other in front of the mouth. These muscles run caudally, and posterior to the mouth they start to bend laterally away from the midline–the more laterally positioned they are, the stronger they bend (
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC714DC278FC44FC0CCD2DFC2D" box="[940,1027,912,938]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[151,255,1068,1092]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,194,1042]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,194,1044]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; whole mounts stained with Alexa- 488 - labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. A. Projection of dorsal body-wall musculature. B. Projection of ventral body-wall musculature. C. Projection of male copulatory organ. Arrowheads point to the pair of thicker longitudinal muscles; asterisk marks the male gonopore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274402/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
B). There are just a few dorso-ventral muscles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE83369714DC278FF2DFC7CCCBBFC7D" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1858]" box="[197,1429,992,1018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Zoochlorellae are scattered throughout the parenchyma and have a diameter of ~10 µm (
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC714DC278FB22FC7CCC34FC7D" box="[1226,1306,992,1018]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1872,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,1174,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,1167,1849]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired, but for clarity, just the left testis and right ovary are shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274400/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
A, 9A, C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE83369714DC278FF2DFB94C886FBCD" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The mouth is situated 250 µm posterior to the anterior tip (
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC714DC278FC66FB94CACEFBA5" box="[910,992,1032,1058]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1872,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,1174,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,1167,1849]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired, but for clarity, just the left testis and right ovary are shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274400/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
A, B, 10B). The digestive syncytium often contains diatoms.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE83369714DC278FF2DFBC4C8EAFABD" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The male follicles originate at the level of the statocyst, the female follicles 50 µm further posterior. The paired ovaries lie more central and ventral than the paired testes. The female gonopore lies 15 µm in front of the male gonopore. The vagina is ~40 µm long and at its entrance some circular muscles constitute a weak sphincter (
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC714DC278FEFEFB4CC841FB6D" box="[278,367,1232,1258]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[151,255,1068,1092]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,194,1042]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,194,1044]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; whole mounts stained with Alexa- 488 - labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. A. Projection of dorsal body-wall musculature. B. Projection of ventral body-wall musculature. C. Projection of male copulatory organ. Arrowheads point to the pair of thicker longitudinal muscles; asterisk marks the male gonopore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274402/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
C). Often a plug of mucous material, a remnant of copulation, occurs proximally to the sphincter (
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC714DC278FEFCFB64C875FA95" box="[276,347,1272,1298]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1509,1533]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,196,1484]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,182,1486]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; photomicrographs of sagittal histological sections stained with Richardson’s staining solution. A. Female and male copulatory organs. B. Glandular part of male copulatory organ. C. Middle part of prostatoid gland cell. Arrows point to muscular sheath of seminal vesicle, arrowheads to prostatoid vesicles; the asterisk marks the plug of male prostatoid mucus in the vagina." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274401/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
A). The bursal nozzle measures 40–50 µm in length, is directed frontally, and is slightly Sshaped (
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC714DC278FF10FABCC866FABD" box="[248,328,1312,1338]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1872,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,1174,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,1167,1849]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired, but for clarity, just the left testis and right ovary are shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274400/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
A, B, 9A).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE83369714DC278FF2DFAD4C995F9FD" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The male follicles mature caudally and aggregate to form paired false seminal vesicles anterior and lateral to the male copulatory organ. The male gonopore appears to be facultative from histological sections (
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC714DC278FA89FAECC988FA35" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1509,1533]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,196,1484]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,182,1486]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; photomicrographs of sagittal histological sections stained with Richardson’s staining solution. A. Female and male copulatory organs. B. Glandular part of male copulatory organ. C. Middle part of prostatoid gland cell. Arrows point to muscular sheath of seminal vesicle, arrowheads to prostatoid vesicles; the asterisk marks the plug of male prostatoid mucus in the vagina." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274401/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 9</figureCitation>
A, B, C), but using the CLSM a pore in the body-wall musculature can be seen (
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC714DC278FBA4FA04CD8CFA35" box="[1100,1186,1432,1458]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[151,255,1068,1092]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,194,1042]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,194,1044]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; whole mounts stained with Alexa- 488 - labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. A. Projection of dorsal body-wall musculature. B. Projection of ventral body-wall musculature. C. Projection of male copulatory organ. Arrowheads point to the pair of thicker longitudinal muscles; asterisk marks the male gonopore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274402/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
B). It lies ~120 µm in front of the terminal tip. The copulatory organ consists of a muscular sheath, which is partially continuous with the ventral body-wall musculature (
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC714DC278FD9AFA74CBEBF985" box="[626,709,1512,1538]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="13.[151,255,1068,1092]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,194,1042]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,194,1044]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 10. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; whole mounts stained with Alexa- 488 - labeled phalloidin and viewed with confocal microscopy. A. Projection of dorsal body-wall musculature. B. Projection of ventral body-wall musculature. C. Projection of male copulatory organ. Arrowheads point to the pair of thicker longitudinal muscles; asterisk marks the male gonopore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274402/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
C) and filled with sperm proximally and with the distal part of prostatoid gland cells distally (
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC714DC278FDE9F98CCB6FF9AD" box="[513,577,1552,1578]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1509,1533]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,196,1484]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,182,1486]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; photomicrographs of sagittal histological sections stained with Richardson’s staining solution. A. Female and male copulatory organs. B. Glandular part of male copulatory organ. C. Middle part of prostatoid gland cell. Arrows point to muscular sheath of seminal vesicle, arrowheads to prostatoid vesicles; the asterisk marks the plug of male prostatoid mucus in the vagina." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274401/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig 9</figureCitation>
A). The gland cells contain basophilic vesicles with a diameter of ~2 µm (
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC714DC278FF77F9A4C9C8F9D5" box="[159,230,1592,1618]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,255,1509,1533]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,196,1484]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,182,1486]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; photomicrographs of sagittal histological sections stained with Richardson’s staining solution. A. Female and male copulatory organs. B. Glandular part of male copulatory organ. C. Middle part of prostatoid gland cell. Arrows point to muscular sheath of seminal vesicle, arrowheads to prostatoid vesicles; the asterisk marks the plug of male prostatoid mucus in the vagina." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274401/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
B). The muscle sheath is egg shaped, 60 µm wide, 80 µm long, and 40 µm high (
<figureCitation id="136C2FEC714DC278FB71F9A4CDC4F9D5" box="[1177,1258,1592,1618]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1872,1896]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,1174,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,1167,1849]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 8. Convoluta schuelii sp. nov.; reconstructions to show arrangement of organs. A. Sagittal reconstruction of whole specimen. B. Dorsal view. The gonads are paired, but for clarity, just the left testis and right ovary are shown." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274400/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
A, B, 9A, 10B, C).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D60E2714DC278FF2DF91BC8A6F8C5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE83369714DC278FF2DF91BC8A6F8C5" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1858]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B923EF7B714DC278FF2DF91BC810F926" bold="true" box="[197,318,1671,1697]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Remarks.</emphasis>
Even though a penis is absent in the new species, the architecture of the male copulatory organ, with a muscular sheath enclosing sperm proximally and the distal part of prostate gland cells distally, clearly places this species within the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C5748EA714DC278FDABF944CB93F976" box="[579,701,1752,1777]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923EF7B714DC278FDABF944CB93F976" box="[579,701,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Convoluta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The copulatory organ is most similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C5748EA714DC278FB14F944C85CF89D" authority="Achatz et al. 2007" authorityName="Achatz et al." authorityYear="2007" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Convoluta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="lacrimosa">
<emphasis id="B923EF7B714DC278FB14F944CCBAF976" box="[1276,1428,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C. lacrimosa</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64E98714DC278FF7FF89CC85CF89D" author="Achatz" box="[151,370,1792,1818]" pageId="12" pageNumber="16" refString="Achatz, J. G., Hooge, M. D. &amp; Tyler, S. (2007) Convolutidae (Acoela) from Belize. Zootaxa, 1479, 35 - 66." type="journal article" year="2007">
Achatz
<emphasis id="B923EF7B714DC278FF19F89CC80BF89E" box="[241,293,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, except for the presence in that species of a long penis, and the sperm are also very similar in these two species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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