treatments-xml/data/93/58/42/9358422AD1375BA38BC4629764467C1F.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.906.47834" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2de80530-d393-46a8-81f6-fd7351d6409c" ID-PMC="PMC6989570" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-906-73" ID-Pensoft-UUID="91044969637254CDA469D4780B5A02F1" ID-PubMed="32021557" ID-ZooBank="A511F89A4BBB408BA77BD8CD694AD519" ModsDocID="1313-2970-906-73" checkinTime="1579803431304" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Imada, Yume" docDate="2020" docId="9358422AD1375BA38BC4629764467C1F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 906: 73-111" docOrigin="ZooKeys 906" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.906.47834" docTitle="Eukiefferiella endobryonia Imada 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="2EFD6644-44B9-4CF2-8C5F-6E2523DE6CF6" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="91044969637254CDA469D4780B5A02F1" lastPageNumber="73" masterDocId="91044969637254CDA469D4780B5A02F1" masterDocTitle="A novel leaf-rolling chironomid, Eukiefferiella endobryonia sp. nov. (Diptera, Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae), highlights the diversity of underwater chironomid tube structures" masterLastPageNumber="111" masterPageNumber="73" pageNumber="73" updateTime="1668168358847" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A novel leaf-rolling chironomid, Eukiefferiella endobryonia sp. nov. (Diptera, Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae), highlights the diversity of underwater chironomid tube structures</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Imada, Yume</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>906</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>73</mods:start>
<mods:end>111</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.906.47834</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.906.47834</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-906-73</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A511F89A4BBB408BA77BD8CD694AD519</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">91044969637254CDA469D4780B5A02F1</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="161838068" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2EFD6644-44B9-4CF2-8C5F-6E2523DE6CF6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9358422AD1375BA38BC4629764467C1F" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<taxonomicName LSID="9358422A-D137-5BA3-8BC4-629764467C1F" authority="Imada, 2020" authorityName="Imada" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eukiefferiella endobryonia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endobryonia" status="sp. nov.">Eukiefferiella endobryonia</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="73">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Eukiefferiella endobryonia sp. nov., adult. A Female head B male antenna C thorax D right wing E hypopygium with tergite IX and with left gonocoxite and gonostylus, in dorsal view with gonostylus (left) and in ventral view without gonostylus (right) F female genitalia, dorsal (left) and ventral view (right) G female tergum IX. Abbreviations (adult). Al: alula; An: anal vein; Ap: antepronotum; Aps: antepronotals; B: brachiolum; C: costa; Ca: coxapodeme; Ce: cercus; Cl: clypeus; Co: cornua; Cp: cibarial pump; Csa: coxosternapodeme; Dc: dorsocentrals; F: fulcrum; Gc: gonocoxite; Gca: gonocozapodeme; Gc IX: gonocoxite IX; Gp IX: gonapophysis IX; Gs: gonostylus; H: humerals; Ivo: inferior volsella; Ll: labial lonchus; No: notum; Pa: prealars; Pha: phallapodeme; Pm: palpal segments; Pn: postnotum; Ps: pseudospurs; Sa: sternapodeme; Sc: subcosta; Sca: seminal capsule; Scts: scutellars; Scu: scutum; Se: spermathecal eminence; Spt: scopula thoracalis; Sq: squama; T IX: tergum IX." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.47834.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374395" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Eukiefferiella endobryonia sp. nov., fourth-instar larva and pupa. Larva (A-C): A general appearance of larva B larval antenna, maxilla and mandible, lateral view C mentum. Pupa (D, E): D pupa, ventral aspect E ditto, dorsal aspect. Abbreviations (larva). Abl: accessory blade; Ap: anterior parapods; As: anal seta; Bl: blade; M: mentum; Mx: maxilla; Pc: procercus; Pm: premandible; Pp: posterior parapods; Ro: ring organ; Sa: supraanal seta; Si: seta interna; Ssd: seta subdentalis; Ta: anal tubules. Abbreviations (pupa). Al: anal lobe; Am: anal macroseta; Ho: orally curved hooklets. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (C), 1 mm (A)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.47834.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374396" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">, 2</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Adult male with squama with few (two or three) setae; gonostylus with crista dorsalis; hind tibial comb and tibial spurs reduced, outer spur absent. Pupa lacks precorneal setae and respiratory horns; three anal macrosetae consisting of two thinner inner macrosetae and a normal outer macroseta. Larval body setae short; seta interna with five branches deeply divided to the base; mentum with four pairs of lateral teeth and single, wide, truncate median tooth.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Holotype</emphasis>
: USA, VA • 1 adult male (YI-CR-013); Mountain Lake (
<geoCoordinate degrees="37.357627" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="37.357628">37.357627 N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate degrees="80.534448" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-80.53445">80.534448 W</geoCoordinate>
); 24-II-2018 (as larva); Y. Imada leg; emerged as adult on 12-III-2018; NMNH.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Paratypes</emphasis>
: USA, VA • 2 adult males (YI-CR-009, YI-CR-016) and 3 adult females (YI-CR-010, YI-CR-011, YI-CR-015); Mountain Lake (
<geoCoordinate degrees="37.357627" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="37.357628">37.357627N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate degrees="80.534448" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-80.53445">80.534448W</geoCoordinate>
); 24-II-2018 (as larvae); Y. Imada leg; emerged as adults between 12-III-2018 and 28-IV-2018; NMNH.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Other material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
USA, TN • 2 female pupae (YI-CR-001, YI-CR-002), 2 larvae (YI-CR-006, YI-CR-007); Sparks Lane (
<geoCoordinate degrees="35.600894" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.600895">35.600894N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="83.794004" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-83.79401">83.794004W</geoCoordinate>
); 13-XI-2018 (as larvae); Y. Imada leg; NMNH; VA • 1 male pupa (YI-CR-012), 2 female pupa (YI-CR-005, YI-CR-015), 1 pupal exuviae (no voucher), 4 larvae (YI-CR-003, YI-CR-023, YI-CR-024, YI-CR-025); Mountain Lake (
<geoCoordinate degrees="37.357627" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="37.357628">37.357627N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="80.534448" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-80.53445">80.534448W</geoCoordinate>
); 9-XI-2018; Y. Imada leg, NMNH.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.906.47834.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374395" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Figure 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Imada" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eukiefferiella endobryonia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endobryonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Eukiefferiella endobryonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., adult. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">A</emphasis>
Female head 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">B</emphasis>
male antenna 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">C</emphasis>
thorax 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">D</emphasis>
right wing 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E</emphasis>
hypopygium with tergite IX and with left gonocoxite and gonostylus, in dorsal view with gonostylus (left) and in ventral view without gonostylus (right) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">F</emphasis>
female genitalia, dorsal (left) and ventral view (right) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">G</emphasis>
female tergum IX. Abbreviations (adult). Al: alula; An: anal vein; Ap: antepronotum; Aps: antepronotals; B: brachiolum; C: costa; Ca: coxapodeme; Ce: cercus; Cl: clypeus; Co: cornua; Cp: cibarial pump; Csa: coxosternapodeme; Dc: dorsocentrals; F: fulcrum; Gc: gonocoxite; Gca: gonocozapodeme; Gc IX: gonocoxite IX; Gp IX: gonapophysis IX; Gs: gonostylus; H: humerals; Ivo: inferior volsella; Ll: labial lonchus; No: notum; Pa: prealars; Pha: phallapodeme; Pm: palpal segments; Pn: postnotum; Ps: pseudospurs; Sa: sternapodeme; Sc: subcosta; Sca: seminal capsule; Scts: scutellars; Scu: scutum; Se: spermathecal eminence; Spt: scopula thoracalis; Sq: squama; T IX: tergum IX.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="egg">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Egg.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="first instar larva">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">First instar larva.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="fourth instar larva">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Fourth instar larva.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">N</emphasis>
= 4) Body length 3.0 mm. Head capsule dark brown. Body yellowish. Head capsule with frontoclypeal apotome with clypeus without divided by strong suture. Antenna nonretractile, 5-segmented; fourth segment twice as long as third segment; lauterborn organ small; blade as long as flagellum; ring organ in basal third. Premandible with one broad, blunt apical tooth. Mandible with apical tooth longer than first lateral tooth; inner margin smooth, without serrations; seta subdentalis short, peg-like; five very long seta interna with five branches divided nearly to the base, each branch similar in length and width to each other; mola with four long spines. Maxilla without pecten galearis; chaetulae of palpiger lacking; lamellae of galea short; anterior lacinial chaeta apparently short, broad-based, more or less differentiated from other chaetae. Mentum with single median tooth and four pairs of lateral teeth; ventromental plates inconspicuous, without beard beneath. Parapods well developed. Claws of anterior parapods all smooth. Procercus unsclerotized, less than 1.5 times as long as wide, without tooth, spur, or seta; anal setae 5-7. Supraanal seta absent. Anal tubules developed, longer than posterior parapods. Body setae very short and inconspicuous, shorter than one-quarter the length of abdominal segments.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="pupa">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Pupa.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">N</emphasis>
= 8) Frontal apotome without frontal seta and warts. Thoracic horn and precorneal seta absent. Dorsocentrals four. Thorax nearly smooth. Wing sheath smooth, without pearl row. T I-II, T VIII, S I and S VIII without shagreen. T II-IX with strong anterior shagreen. S II-VII with weak posterior shagreen. Pedes spurii A and B absent. Caudal spines absent on T II-VIII. S IV-VII female at most with very weak caudal spines. Orally curved hooklets present in uninterrupted rows posterior to caudal spines on T III-V. Apophyses and O setae absent. Segments IV-VIII with very short and weak L-setae. Anal lobe with three unequal anal macrosetae, consisting of two, thinner inner macrosetae and a normal outer macroseta; without median seta, fringe, apical spine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="adult male">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Adult male.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">N</emphasis>
= 3, if not mentioned) Body length 2.9-3.0 mm without antenna. Body color dark brown. Antennal length 0.8 mm. Flagellum plumose, with 13 flagellomeres; apex spatula-shaped, without a strong straight seta; antennal groove in male reaching flagellomere 3; AR 1.1. Eye bare. Temporal setae 2, not clearly separated into inner and outer verticals and postorbitals. Postocular setae present in a single row, only behind eyes. Palpus 5-segmented; palpomere lengths: 55-72, 86-90, 96, 159-159 (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">N</emphasis>
= 1); palpomeres with 3, 4, 5, 0 setae, respectively. Antepronotum well developed with lobes meeting medially at anterior margin of scutum; dorsal anterpronotals absent; four lateral antepronotals; acrostichals absent; six dorsocentrals in a single row. Approximately three prealars. Scutellum smooth with nine scutellars in single row. Supraalar setae present. Wing length 2.3 mm; L/WR 3.01. Wing membrane glabrous, unmarked. Anal lobe small. Costa not extended. Crossvein m-cu absent. Cu1 straight. R4+5 only fused with C at apex. R2+3 present, ending at middle of distance between R1 and R4+5. Cu1 very slightly curved apically at wing margin. Squama with two or three setae. Sensilla campaniformia ca. eight at base of brachiolum, three above setae and eight at apex of brachiolum; 1 on Sc, one basally on R, one near base of R1; and one on FR. Calypter without marginal setae; calyptral fringe absent. First tarsomere of foreleg shorter than fore tibia. Fore coxa not enlarged. Hind tibial comb and tibial spurs reduced; outer spur absent. Pulvilli very faint. Gonostylus hinged to gonocoxite and folded inward. Anal point absent. Anterior margin of transverse sternapodeme convex, phallapodeme and aedeagal lobe normal. Virga absent. Gonocoxite with well-developed inferior volsella. Gonostylus with crista dorsalis; apical spine absent. HR 1.99. Lengths of leg segments and leg ratios as in Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Leg segment lengths of adult male specimens of E. endobryonia sp. nov. Data are provided in µm (N = 1). Abbreviations. Fe: femur; Ti: tibia; Ta 1 - 5: tarsal segments 1 - 5; P 1 - 3: front, mid and hind legs, respectively." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C0D480BFB6FAD70A43E19AFA39E131EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="C0D480BFB6FAD70A43E19AFA39E131EB">2</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.906.47834.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374396" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Imada" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eukiefferiella endobryonia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endobryonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Eukiefferiella endobryonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., fourth-instar larva and pupa. Larva (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">A-C</emphasis>
): 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">A</emphasis>
general appearance of larva 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">B</emphasis>
larval antenna, maxilla and mandible, lateral view 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">C</emphasis>
mentum. Pupa (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">D, E</emphasis>
): 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">D</emphasis>
pupa, ventral aspect 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E</emphasis>
ditto, dorsal aspect. Abbreviations (larva). Abl: accessory blade; Ap: anterior parapods; As: anal seta; Bl: blade; M: mentum; Mx: maxilla; Pc: procercus; Pm: premandible; Pp: posterior parapods; Ro: ring organ; Sa: supraanal seta; Si: seta interna; Ssd: seta subdentalis; Ta: anal tubules. Abbreviations (pupa). Al: anal lobe; Am: anal macroseta; Ho: orally curved hooklets. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">C</emphasis>
), 1 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">A</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="C0D480BFB6FAD70A43E19AFA39E131EB" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C0D480BFB6FAD70A43E19AFA39E131EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" start="Table 2" startId="T2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Table 2.</emphasis>
Leg segment lengths of adult male specimens of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. endobryonia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endobryonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. endobryonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. Data are provided in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(N = 1). Abbreviations. Fe: femur; Ti: tibia; Ta1-5: tarsal segments 1-5; P1-3: front, mid and hind legs, respectively.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<th colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">-</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">Fe</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">Ti</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">Ta1</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">Ta2</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">Ta3</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">Ta4</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">Ta5</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">LR</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">BV</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">SV</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">P1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">737.01</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">675.68</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">538.6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">300.14</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">216.45</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">98.12</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">113.63</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.79</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">2.67</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">1.33</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">P2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">831.89</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">788.23</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">427.12</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">292.56</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">218.61</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">110.38</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">124.81</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.54</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">2.74</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">1.72</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">P3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">736.29</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">736.29</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">540.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">200.21</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">180.73</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">91.99</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">104.25</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.73</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">3.48</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">1.59</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="adult female">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Adult female.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">N</emphasis>
= 3, if not mentioned) Body length 2.8 mm. Antenna with five flagellomeres; flagellomere lengths (in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
): 56.7, 35.8, 38.2, 45.2, 101.2; with 2, 3, 2, 3, 3 setae, respectively (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">N</emphasis>
= 1). Eye bare. Clypeus with 8 setae. R with two setae, squama with 4-6 setae. Scutellum as in male. Gonocoxapodemes not jointed mesally, well sclerotized. Gonocoxite long, with long and short setae. Tergite IX with two unseparated distinct lobes. Triangular floor under vagina present. Gonapophysis VIII pointed caudally, with two apodeme lobe. Membrane T-shaped. Labia small, bluntly quadrangular, void of microtrichia. Seminal capsule ovoid, darker sclerotized in oral half, without microtrichia. Spermathecal ducts with triangular bulb before separate openings. Cercus normal, length twice as long as width.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">North America (US: Tennessee, Virginia).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
The species name is a compound word in which three words from Ancient Greek are combined, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">endo</emphasis>
- (ἔνδον), a prefix meaning within, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">bryon</emphasis>
(βρύον), meaning moss, and the suffix - 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">ia</emphasis>
(-ία), forming abstract nouns of feminine gender. It alludes to the biology of this species, which live within the case made of mosses.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
This species is unique among species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1926" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eukiefferiella" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in that its pupae lack the precorneal seta. This species can also be distinguished from others in the genus by the following combination of traits: pupa lacks respiratory horns, and has the unique configuration of pupal anal macrosetae (two thinner inner macrosetae, a normal outer macroseta); and larva has a mentum with four pairs of lateral teeth and a single, wide, and truncate median tooth. Any geographic variation in this 
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
characters was detectable between the populations sampled in VA and TN.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="dna barcoding">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">DNA barcoding.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
The results of the species delimitation analyses are summarized in Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. Summary of the results of species delimitation analysis based on COI. Measures of phylogenetic support and diagnosability of species calculated by species delimitation plug-in in Geneious bioinformatics software are summarized for the species of the genus Eukiefferiella included in the dataset, as well as two geographic populations (GRSM and ML) of E. endobryonia sp. nov. Monophyly (' Mono') was supported for all species / populations. For the other measures, see Materials and methods." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C6FF7B80A025371CBC720A6E5203B21C" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="C6FF7B80A025371CBC720A6E5203B21C">3</tableCitation>
. First, BLAST search using the partial COI sequence of voucher YI-CR-001 was executed. This resulted in 98.7 % identical to ' 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1926" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eukiefferiella" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. voucher BIOUG01648-H02' in GenBank (accession No. KR660601.1) (
<bibRefCitation author="Telfer, AC" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" refId="B166" refString="Telfer, AC, Young, MR, Quinn, J, Perez, K, Sobel, CN, Sones, JE, Levesque-Beaudin, V, Derbyshire, R, Fernandez-Triana, J, Rougerie, R, Thevanayagam, A, Boskovic, A, Borisenko, AV, Cadel, A, Brown, A, Pages, A, Castillo, AH, Nicolai, A, Glenn Mockford, BM, Bukowski, B, Wilson, B, Trojahn, B, Lacroix, CA, Brimblecombe, C, Hay, C, Ho, C, Steinke, C, Warne, CP, Garrido Cortes, C, Engelking, D, Wright, D, Lijtmaer, DA, Gascoigne, D, Hernandez Martich, D, Morningstar, D, Neumann, D, Steinke, D, Marco DeBruin, DD, Dobias, D, Sears, E, Richard, E, Damstra, E, Zakharov, EV, Laberge, F, Collins, GE, Blagoev, GA, Grainge, G, Ansell, G, Meredith, G, Hogg, I, McKeown, J, Topan, J, Bracey, J, Guenther, J, Sills-Gilligan, J, Addesi, J, Persi, J, Layton, KK, D'Souza, K, Dorji, K, Grundy, K, Nghidinwa, K, Ronnenberg, K, Lee, KM, Xie, L, Lu, L, Penev, L, Gonzalez, M, Rosati, ME, Kekkonen, M, Kuzmina, M, Iskandar, M, Mutanen, M, Fatahi, M, Pentinsaari, M, Bauman, M, Nikolova, N, Ivanova, NV, Jones, N, Weerasuriya, N, Monkhouse, N, Lavinia, P, Jannetta, DP, Hanisch, PE, McMullin, RT, Ojeda Flores, R, Mouttet, R, Vender, R, Labbee, RN, Forsyth, R, Lauder, R, Dickson, R, Kroft, R, Miller, SE, MacDonald, S, Panthi, S, Pedersen, S, Sobek-Swant, S, Naik, S, Lipinskaya, T, Eagalle, T, Decaens, T, Kosuth, T, Braukmann, T, Woodcock, T, Roslin, T, Zammit, T, Campbell, V, Dinca, V, Peneva, V, Hebert, PD, deWaard, JR, 2015. Biodiversity inventories in high gier: DNA barcoding facilitates a rapid biotic survey of a temperate nature reserve. Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e6313." title="Biodiversity inventories in high gier: DNA barcoding facilitates a rapid biotic survey of a temperate nature reserve. Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e 6313." year="2015">Telfer et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
); thus, this sequence was included in the following phylogenetic analyses on the assumption that this specimen may belong to 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. endobryonia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endobryonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. endobryonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Specimen and collection information used for the DNA barcoding analysis. Summary of specimens used for the COI analyses. Species names identified by morphology." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/AE246D64B0103D5505F4F44A7F4785F5" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="AE246D64B0103D5505F4F44A7F4785F5">1</tableCitation>
). Second, the intra- and inter-specific genetic differentiations were estimated using Bayesian inferences, with the dataset for 28 OTUs. Monophyly of each five species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1926" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eukiefferiella" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was recovered in the Bayesian phylogeny (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. A Bayesian phylogeny based on the COI dataset. Information on the sequences used for this analysis is shown in Table 1. Bayesian Posterior Probabilities were given on each node. Caution is needed to interpret the phylogenetic relationship between and among the members of the species groups (e. g., devonica group, consisting of E. devonica and E. ilkleyensis) included herein, due to the scarcity of available genetic data of the species belonging to the genus Eukiefferiella." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.47834.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374397" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">3</figureCitation>
), as well as 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. endobryonia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endobryonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. endobryonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (95 % BPP) together with the above-mentioned sequence data. A Bayesian tree indicated that 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. endobryonia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endobryonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. endobryonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. was sister to 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. dittmari" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dittmari">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. dittmari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
among four species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1926" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eukiefferiella" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the dataset with significantly high BPP support (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. A Bayesian phylogeny based on the COI dataset. Information on the sequences used for this analysis is shown in Table 1. Bayesian Posterior Probabilities were given on each node. Caution is needed to interpret the phylogenetic relationship between and among the members of the species groups (e. g., devonica group, consisting of E. devonica and E. ilkleyensis) included herein, due to the scarcity of available genetic data of the species belonging to the genus Eukiefferiella." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.47834.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374397" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">3</figureCitation>
). Values of P ID(Strict) for 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. endobryonia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endobryonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. endobryonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. moderately supported the prediction that this species is correctly identified based on the COI sequence (Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. Summary of the results of species delimitation analysis based on COI. Measures of phylogenetic support and diagnosability of species calculated by species delimitation plug-in in Geneious bioinformatics software are summarized for the species of the genus Eukiefferiella included in the dataset, as well as two geographic populations (GRSM and ML) of E. endobryonia sp. nov. Monophyly (' Mono') was supported for all species / populations. For the other measures, see Materials and methods." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C6FF7B80A025371CBC720A6E5203B21C" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="C6FF7B80A025371CBC720A6E5203B21C">3</tableCitation>
). Likewise, P(RD) value exceeded 0.05 and hence the clade distinctiveness was supported (Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. Summary of the results of species delimitation analysis based on COI. Measures of phylogenetic support and diagnosability of species calculated by species delimitation plug-in in Geneious bioinformatics software are summarized for the species of the genus Eukiefferiella included in the dataset, as well as two geographic populations (GRSM and ML) of E. endobryonia sp. nov. Monophyly (' Mono') was supported for all species / populations. For the other measures, see Materials and methods." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C6FF7B80A025371CBC720A6E5203B21C" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="C6FF7B80A025371CBC720A6E5203B21C">3</tableCitation>
). However, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rosenberg’s">Rosenberg's</normalizedToken>
PAB value was not significant (P = 0.05) and thus the reciprocal monophyly of the clade of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. endobryonia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endobryonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. endobryonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. was not supported. Two geographic populations sampled, Great Smoky Mountains (GRSM) and Mountain Lake (ML), formed separate clades and between which genetic divergence among population was substantial (Intra/Inter = 0.12) (Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. Summary of the results of species delimitation analysis based on COI. Measures of phylogenetic support and diagnosability of species calculated by species delimitation plug-in in Geneious bioinformatics software are summarized for the species of the genus Eukiefferiella included in the dataset, as well as two geographic populations (GRSM and ML) of E. endobryonia sp. nov. Monophyly (' Mono') was supported for all species / populations. For the other measures, see Materials and methods." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C6FF7B80A025371CBC720A6E5203B21C" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="C6FF7B80A025371CBC720A6E5203B21C">3</tableCitation>
), of which values were equivalent to those of the species clade of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. claripennis" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="claripennis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. claripennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, composed by the specimens from Europe and Canada (Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. Summary of the results of species delimitation analysis based on COI. Measures of phylogenetic support and diagnosability of species calculated by species delimitation plug-in in Geneious bioinformatics software are summarized for the species of the genus Eukiefferiella included in the dataset, as well as two geographic populations (GRSM and ML) of E. endobryonia sp. nov. Monophyly (' Mono') was supported for all species / populations. For the other measures, see Materials and methods." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C6FF7B80A025371CBC720A6E5203B21C" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="C6FF7B80A025371CBC720A6E5203B21C">3</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.906.47834.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374397" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Figure 3.</emphasis>
A Bayesian phylogeny based on the COI dataset. Information on the sequences used for this analysis is shown in Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Specimen and collection information used for the DNA barcoding analysis. Summary of specimens used for the COI analyses. Species names identified by morphology." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/AE246D64B0103D5505F4F44A7F4785F5" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="AE246D64B0103D5505F4F44A7F4785F5">1</tableCitation>
. Bayesian Posterior Probabilities were given on each node. Caution is needed to interpret the phylogenetic relationship between and among the members of the species groups (e.g., 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="devonica" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="devonica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">devonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, consisting of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. devonica" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="devonica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. devonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. ilkleyensis" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ilkleyensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. ilkleyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) included herein, due to the scarcity of available genetic data of the species belonging to the genus 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1926" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eukiefferiella" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="C6FF7B80A025371CBC720A6E5203B21C" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C6FF7B80A025371CBC720A6E5203B21C" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" start="Table 3" startId="T3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Table 3.</emphasis>
Summary of the results of species delimitation analysis based on COI. Measures of phylogenetic support and diagnosability of species calculated by species delimitation plug-in in Geneious bioinformatics software are summarized for the species of the genus 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thienemann" authorityYear="1926" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eukiefferiella" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Eukiefferiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
included in the dataset, as well as two geographic populations (GRSM and ML) of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. endobryonia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endobryonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. endobryonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. Monophyly (
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Mono’">'Mono'</normalizedToken>
) was supported for all species/populations. For the other measures, see Materials and methods.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">Species</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">Closest species</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">Mono</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">D Intra</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">D Inter</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">Intra/Inter</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">P ID(Strict)</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">P ID(Liberal)</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">Av(MRCA)</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">P(RD)</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rosenberg’s">Rosenberg's</normalizedToken>
PAB
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. ilkleyensis" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ilkleyensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. ilkleyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. devonica" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="devonica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. devonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">yes</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.002</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.152</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.01</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.93 (0.80, 1.0)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.98 (0.88, 1.0)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">9.33E-04</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.05</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">1.20E-04</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. devonica" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="devonica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. devonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. ilkleyensis" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ilkleyensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. ilkleyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">yes</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.002</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.152</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.01</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.86 (0.72, 1.0)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.98 (0.87, 1.0)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">9.38E-04</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.05</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">5.20E-05</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. claripennis" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="claripennis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. claripennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. devonica" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="devonica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. devonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">yes</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.024</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.206</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.12</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.91 (0.83, 1.0)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.97 (0.92, 1.0)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.0172</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.05</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">2.50E-08</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. endobryonia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endobryonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. endobryonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. ilkleyensis" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ilkleyensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. ilkleyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">yes</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.02</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.163</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.12</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.85 (0.73, 0.98)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.97 (0.86, 1.0)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.0131</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.05</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. endobryonia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endobryonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. endobryonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(GRSM)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. endobryonia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endobryonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. endobryonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ML)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">yes</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.008</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.026</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.59 (0.41, 0.77)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.84 (0.69, 0.98)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.0039</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.05</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.02</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. endobryonia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endobryonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. endobryonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ML)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. endobryonia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endobryonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. endobryonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(GRSM)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">yes</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.015</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.026</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.57</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.41 (0.23, 0.59)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.68 (0.53, 0.83)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.0096</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.11</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rowspan="1">0.02</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="habitat">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
Larvae of this species occupied slightly different microhabitats in Mountain Lake, VA (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Biology of Eukiefferiella endobryonia sp. nov. A a colony of Fontinalis dalecarlica growing on the sides of pebbles in a gently flowing inlet connected to Mountain Lake, VA, USA (type locality) B a colony of Fontinalis novae-angliae occurring in a rapidly flowing stream at Sparks Lane, TN, USA C early fourth-instar larva, undulating its body in the tube D immature capsule of Fontinalis dalecarlica attached to the stem underwater E fourth-instar larva F fourth-instar larva feeding on a leaf margin of F. dalecarlica G a tube structure of the third-instar larva, which was mainly built from particles from the feces of mature larvae H amorphous, jelly-like silk mass spotted with detritus and diatoms, ripped off of the inner wall of the inner end of the pupal case I a dissected leaf-rolling case, consisting of five leaves and the resident pupa; the leaves used as the case materials are placed in the order of leaf arrangement, with the outermost leaf at the left-most; the innermost leaf (right next to the pupa) contains the head capsule (white arrow) and exuvium of the fourth-instar larva; some debris (pink arrow) and silk mass (black arrow) stuffed in at both ends can be seen J a pupa in its case: the pupal head is oriented toward the distal end of the shoot tip; most of the leaves near the pupal case were consumed by the larva early in the fourth instar stage." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.47834.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374398" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">4A</figureCitation>
) and Sparks Lane, TN (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Biology of Eukiefferiella endobryonia sp. nov. A a colony of Fontinalis dalecarlica growing on the sides of pebbles in a gently flowing inlet connected to Mountain Lake, VA, USA (type locality) B a colony of Fontinalis novae-angliae occurring in a rapidly flowing stream at Sparks Lane, TN, USA C early fourth-instar larva, undulating its body in the tube D immature capsule of Fontinalis dalecarlica attached to the stem underwater E fourth-instar larva F fourth-instar larva feeding on a leaf margin of F. dalecarlica G a tube structure of the third-instar larva, which was mainly built from particles from the feces of mature larvae H amorphous, jelly-like silk mass spotted with detritus and diatoms, ripped off of the inner wall of the inner end of the pupal case I a dissected leaf-rolling case, consisting of five leaves and the resident pupa; the leaves used as the case materials are placed in the order of leaf arrangement, with the outermost leaf at the left-most; the innermost leaf (right next to the pupa) contains the head capsule (white arrow) and exuvium of the fourth-instar larva; some debris (pink arrow) and silk mass (black arrow) stuffed in at both ends can be seen J a pupa in its case: the pupal head is oriented toward the distal end of the shoot tip; most of the leaves near the pupal case were consumed by the larva early in the fourth instar stage." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.47834.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374398" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">4B</figureCitation>
). At Mountain Lake, they inhabited a shallow inlet brook flowing into the sink water of the lake. Some leafy and thallose liverworts, including 
<taxonomicName authorityName="A.K.J.Corda" authorityYear="1829" class="Hepaticae" family="Geocalycaceae" genus="Chiloscyphus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chiloscyphus" order="Jungermanniales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Chiloscyphus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName authorityName="A.K.J.Corda" authorityYear="1829" class="Hepaticae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Jungermanniales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="order">Jungermanniales</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName authorityName="A.K.J.Corda" authorityYear="1829" class="Hepaticae" family="Geocalycaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Jungermanniales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="family">Geocalycaceae</taxonomicName>
), as well as some pleurocarpous moss species, such as 
<taxonomicName authorityName="W.P.Schimper" authorityYear="1853" class="Bryopsida" family="Brachytheciaceae" genus="Brachythecium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brachythecium" order="Hypnales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Brachythecium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (
<taxonomicName authorityName="W.P.Schimper" authorityYear="1853" class="Bryopsida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Hypnales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="order">Hypnales</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName authorityName="W.P.Schimper" authorityYear="1853" class="Bryopsida" family="Brachytheciaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Hypnales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="family">Brachytheciaceae</taxonomicName>
), were abundant there on the upper sides of boulders and cobbles that were exposed to spray and occasionally submerged in water. 
<taxonomicName class="Bryopsida" family="Fontinalaceae" genus="Fontinalis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fontinalis dalecarlica" order="Hypnales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="dalecarlica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Fontinalis dalecarlica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a host plant species of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. endobryonia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endobryonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E. endobryonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., occurred at high densities on the lateral sides of submerged boulders in the stream. As a matter of fact, this seemed to be the only aquatic moss species of which conspicuous amounts were found in this particular stream. I was able to find some white-bodied insect larvae occupying some of the apical shoots of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="J.Hedwig" authorityYear="1801" class="Bryopsida" family="Fontinalaceae" genus="Fontinalis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fontinalis" order="Hypnales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Fontinalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
moss plants (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Biology of Eukiefferiella endobryonia sp. nov. A a colony of Fontinalis dalecarlica growing on the sides of pebbles in a gently flowing inlet connected to Mountain Lake, VA, USA (type locality) B a colony of Fontinalis novae-angliae occurring in a rapidly flowing stream at Sparks Lane, TN, USA C early fourth-instar larva, undulating its body in the tube D immature capsule of Fontinalis dalecarlica attached to the stem underwater E fourth-instar larva F fourth-instar larva feeding on a leaf margin of F. dalecarlica G a tube structure of the third-instar larva, which was mainly built from particles from the feces of mature larvae H amorphous, jelly-like silk mass spotted with detritus and diatoms, ripped off of the inner wall of the inner end of the pupal case I a dissected leaf-rolling case, consisting of five leaves and the resident pupa; the leaves used as the case materials are placed in the order of leaf arrangement, with the outermost leaf at the left-most; the innermost leaf (right next to the pupa) contains the head capsule (white arrow) and exuvium of the fourth-instar larva; some debris (pink arrow) and silk mass (black arrow) stuffed in at both ends can be seen J a pupa in its case: the pupal head is oriented toward the distal end of the shoot tip; most of the leaves near the pupal case were consumed by the larva early in the fourth instar stage." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.47834.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374398" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">4C</figureCitation>
) simply by looking in the surface layer of slow-moving, shallow water. Interestingly, these larvae apparently resembled the moss capsules enclosed within the bracts of intact plants at first glance (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Biology of Eukiefferiella endobryonia sp. nov. A a colony of Fontinalis dalecarlica growing on the sides of pebbles in a gently flowing inlet connected to Mountain Lake, VA, USA (type locality) B a colony of Fontinalis novae-angliae occurring in a rapidly flowing stream at Sparks Lane, TN, USA C early fourth-instar larva, undulating its body in the tube D immature capsule of Fontinalis dalecarlica attached to the stem underwater E fourth-instar larva F fourth-instar larva feeding on a leaf margin of F. dalecarlica G a tube structure of the third-instar larva, which was mainly built from particles from the feces of mature larvae H amorphous, jelly-like silk mass spotted with detritus and diatoms, ripped off of the inner wall of the inner end of the pupal case I a dissected leaf-rolling case, consisting of five leaves and the resident pupa; the leaves used as the case materials are placed in the order of leaf arrangement, with the outermost leaf at the left-most; the innermost leaf (right next to the pupa) contains the head capsule (white arrow) and exuvium of the fourth-instar larva; some debris (pink arrow) and silk mass (black arrow) stuffed in at both ends can be seen J a pupa in its case: the pupal head is oriented toward the distal end of the shoot tip; most of the leaves near the pupal case were consumed by the larva early in the fourth instar stage." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.47834.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374398" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">4D</figureCitation>
). At another locality in TN, the larvae occurred in a stream with fast-flowing water. Some clumps of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="F. novae-angliae" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rank="species" species="novae-angliae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">F. novae-angliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were found growing in this rapidly flowing stream, which were anchored to the sediment of the streambed. The plants bend 50 cm below the water surface in riffle habitats. Similar to observations in the other population, larval and pupal cases occurred at the terminal ends of moss shoots of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="F. novae-angliae" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rank="species" species="novae-angliae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">F. novae-angliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.906.47834.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374398" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Biology of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Imada" authorityYear="2020" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Eukiefferiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eukiefferiella endobryonia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endobryonia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Eukiefferiella endobryonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">A</emphasis>
a colony of 
<taxonomicName class="Bryopsida" family="Fontinalaceae" genus="Fontinalis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fontinalis dalecarlica" order="Hypnales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="dalecarlica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Fontinalis dalecarlica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
growing on the sides of pebbles in a gently flowing inlet connected to Mountain Lake, VA, USA (type locality) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">B</emphasis>
a colony of 
<taxonomicName class="Bryopsida" family="Fontinalaceae" genus="Fontinalis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fontinalis novae-angliae" order="Hypnales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="novae-angliae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Fontinalis novae-angliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurring in a rapidly flowing stream at Sparks Lane, TN, USA 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">C</emphasis>
early fourth-instar larva, undulating its body in the tube 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">D</emphasis>
immature capsule of 
<taxonomicName class="Bryopsida" family="Fontinalaceae" genus="Fontinalis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fontinalis dalecarlica" order="Hypnales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="species" species="dalecarlica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Fontinalis dalecarlica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
attached to the stem underwater 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">E</emphasis>
fourth-instar larva 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">F</emphasis>
fourth-instar larva feeding on a leaf margin of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="F. dalecarlica" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" rank="species" species="dalecarlica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">F. dalecarlica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">G</emphasis>
a tube structure of the third-instar larva, which was mainly built from particles from the feces of mature larvae 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">H</emphasis>
amorphous, jelly-like silk mass spotted with detritus and diatoms, ripped off of the inner wall of the inner end of the pupal case 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">I</emphasis>
a dissected leaf-rolling case, consisting of five leaves and the resident pupa; the leaves used as the case materials are placed in the order of leaf arrangement, with the outermost leaf at the left-most; the innermost leaf (right next to the pupa) contains the head capsule (white arrow) and exuvium of the fourth-instar larva; some debris (pink arrow) and silk mass (black arrow) stuffed in at both ends can be seen 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">J</emphasis>
a pupa in its case: the pupal head is oriented toward the distal end of the shoot tip; most of the leaves near the pupal case were consumed by the larva early in the fourth instar stage.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="73" type="life history">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Life history.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
The life cycle of this new species between late spring and early autumn (May-October) is unknown. This species is likely multivoltine because fourth-instar larvae and pupae were found together at both sites in both April and November. It appears that the larvae were collector-gatherers at the third instar, but became scrapers at the fourth instar (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0715-0_7" author="Berg, M" editor="Armitage, P" journalOrPublisher="Springer Netherlands, Netherlands" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" pagination="136 - 168" refId="B4" refString="Berg, M, 1995. Larval food and feeding behavior. In: Armitage, P, Cranston, PS, Pinder, LCV, Eds., The Chironomidae - the biology and ecology of non-biting midges. Springer Netherlands, Netherlands: 136 - 168, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0715-0_7" title="Larval food and feeding behavior." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0715-0_7" volumeTitle="The Chironomidae - the biology and ecology of non-biting midges." year="1995">Berg 1995</bibRefCitation>
). The third-instar larva restlessly gathered diatoms, which grew on the rims or surfaces of moss leaves. During the later period of the third larval instar, the larva started to dwell on the apical moss shoots and undulated its body among the terminal leaves. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="J.Hedwig" authorityYear="1801" class="Bryopsida" family="Fontinalaceae" genus="Fontinalis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fontinalis" order="Hypnales" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Fontinalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
leaves are slender, with enrolled margins, and are closely appressed at the tip, forming a semi-enclosed space. At the early stage, a larva showed sinusoidal swimming or undulation behavior (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1910(00)00079-2" author="Brackenbury, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Insect Physiology" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" pagination="1517 - 1527" refId="B8" refString="Brackenbury, J, 2000. Locomotory modes in the larva and pupa of Chironomus plumosus (Diptera, Chironomidae). Journal of Insect Physiology 46 (12): 1517 - 1527, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1910(00)00079-2" title="Locomotory modes in the larva and pupa of Chironomus plumosus (Diptera, Chironomidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1910(00)00079-2" volume="46" year="2000">Brackenbury 2000</bibRefCitation>
) within the terminal leaves, where it would later make its case. Approximately five days after colonizing the terminal moss leaves, it developed into the fourth larval instar stage (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Biology of Eukiefferiella endobryonia sp. nov. A a colony of Fontinalis dalecarlica growing on the sides of pebbles in a gently flowing inlet connected to Mountain Lake, VA, USA (type locality) B a colony of Fontinalis novae-angliae occurring in a rapidly flowing stream at Sparks Lane, TN, USA C early fourth-instar larva, undulating its body in the tube D immature capsule of Fontinalis dalecarlica attached to the stem underwater E fourth-instar larva F fourth-instar larva feeding on a leaf margin of F. dalecarlica G a tube structure of the third-instar larva, which was mainly built from particles from the feces of mature larvae H amorphous, jelly-like silk mass spotted with detritus and diatoms, ripped off of the inner wall of the inner end of the pupal case I a dissected leaf-rolling case, consisting of five leaves and the resident pupa; the leaves used as the case materials are placed in the order of leaf arrangement, with the outermost leaf at the left-most; the innermost leaf (right next to the pupa) contains the head capsule (white arrow) and exuvium of the fourth-instar larva; some debris (pink arrow) and silk mass (black arrow) stuffed in at both ends can be seen J a pupa in its case: the pupal head is oriented toward the distal end of the shoot tip; most of the leaves near the pupal case were consumed by the larva early in the fourth instar stage." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.47834.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374398" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">4E</figureCitation>
). The fourth-instar larva seemed incapable of living detached from the case due to its limited locomotory habits. When it was removed from its case, the larva attempted to crawl using the anterior half of its body, but was not able to move forward. It spent most of its time feeding on moss leaves. It extended its head and the anterior part of its body outside of the tube to feed, while using its posterior prolegs to maintain contact with a part of its own tube. It grasped the marginal tissues of moss leaves with its mandibles and dragged them back toward its case (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Biology of Eukiefferiella endobryonia sp. nov. A a colony of Fontinalis dalecarlica growing on the sides of pebbles in a gently flowing inlet connected to Mountain Lake, VA, USA (type locality) B a colony of Fontinalis novae-angliae occurring in a rapidly flowing stream at Sparks Lane, TN, USA C early fourth-instar larva, undulating its body in the tube D immature capsule of Fontinalis dalecarlica attached to the stem underwater E fourth-instar larva F fourth-instar larva feeding on a leaf margin of F. dalecarlica G a tube structure of the third-instar larva, which was mainly built from particles from the feces of mature larvae H amorphous, jelly-like silk mass spotted with detritus and diatoms, ripped off of the inner wall of the inner end of the pupal case I a dissected leaf-rolling case, consisting of five leaves and the resident pupa; the leaves used as the case materials are placed in the order of leaf arrangement, with the outermost leaf at the left-most; the innermost leaf (right next to the pupa) contains the head capsule (white arrow) and exuvium of the fourth-instar larva; some debris (pink arrow) and silk mass (black arrow) stuffed in at both ends can be seen J a pupa in its case: the pupal head is oriented toward the distal end of the shoot tip; most of the leaves near the pupal case were consumed by the larva early in the fourth instar stage." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.47834.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374398" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">4F</figureCitation>
); simultaneously, silk threads produced from the mouth were extruded with the assistance of the serrated claws of the anterior parapods. The partly grazed leaves were therefore pulled toward the case, which made it easier for the larva to access the surrounding leaf area. The larva repeatedly cut out and fed on the leaves in the bore of the plant in proximity to its case; as a result, ca. 12-20 leaves occurring more or less within ca. 13 mm from the base of the tube were completely consumed (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">N</emphasis>
= 6). The foraging areas were therefore mainly restricted to the region immediately surrounding the tube. This territorial feeding behavior has been reported for many tube-dwelling chironomids (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3733/hilg.v32n01p001" author="Darby, R" journalOrPublisher="Hilgardia" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" pagination="1 - 206" refId="B35" refString="Darby, R, 1962. Midges associated with California rice fields, with special reference to their ecology. Hilgardia 32 (1): 1 - 206, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3733/hilg.v32n01p001" title="Midges associated with California rice fields, with special reference to their ecology." url="https://doi.org/10.3733/hilg.v32n01p001" volume="32" year="1962">Darby 1962</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19670520203" author="Jonasson, PM" journalOrPublisher="Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" pagination="139 - 162" refId="B67" refString="Jonasson, PM, Kristiansen, J, 1967. Primary and secondary production in Lake Esrom. Growth of Chironomus anthracinus in relation to seasonal cycles of phytoplankton and dissolved oxygen. Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie 13: 139 - 162, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19670520203" title="Primary and secondary production in Lake Esrom. Growth of Chironomus anthracinus in relation to seasonal cycles of phytoplankton and dissolved oxygen." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19670520203" volume="13" year="1967">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jónasson">Jonasson</normalizedToken>
and Kristiansen 1967
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Edgar, WD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Experimental Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" pagination="247 - 253" publicationUrl="https://jeb.biologists.org/content/50/1/247.abstract" refId="B40" refString="Edgar, WD, Meadows, PS, 1969. Case construction, movement, spatial distribution and substrate selection in the larva of Chironomus riparius Meigen. Journal of Experimental Biology 50: 247 - 253, https://jeb.biologists.org/content/50/1/247.abstract" title="Case construction, movement, spatial distribution and substrate selection in the larva of Chironomus riparius Meigen." url="https://jeb.biologists.org/content/50/1/247.abstract" volume="50" year="1969">Edgar and Meadows 1969</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/3952" author="McLachlan, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Animal Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" pagination="139 - 146" refId="B93" refString="McLachlan, AJ, 1977. Some effects of tube shape on the feeding of Chironomus plumosus L. (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of Animal Ecology 46: 139 - 146, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3952" title="Some effects of tube shape on the feeding of Chironomus plumosus L. (Diptera: Chironomidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/3952" volume="46" year="1977">McLachlan 1977</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1938063" author="McAuliffe, J" journalOrPublisher="Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" pagination="894 - 908" refId="B90" refString="McAuliffe, J, 1984. Competition for space, disturbance, and the structure of a benthic stream community. Ecology 65 (3): 894 - 908, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1938063" title="Competition for space, disturbance, and the structure of a benthic stream community." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1938063" volume="65" year="1984">McAuliffe 1984</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Leuchs, H" journalOrPublisher="Abteilung fuer Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" pagination="31 - 40" refId="B81" refString="Leuchs, H, Neumann, D, 1990. Tube texture, spinning and feeding behaviour of Chironomus larvae. Zoologische Jahrbuecher. Abteilung fuer Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 117: 31 - 40" title="Tube texture, spinning and feeding behaviour of Chironomus larvae. Zoologische Jahrbuecher." volume="117" year="1990">Leuchs and Neumann 1990</bibRefCitation>
). The larva occasionally defecated, and subsequently immediately ejected the fecal pellet from the end of the tube, which is similar to the behavior of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1924" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cladotanytarsus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cladotanytarsus atridorsum" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atridorsum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">Cladotanytarsus atridorsum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(K.) Edw. (
<bibRefCitation author="Mackey, AP" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" pagination="240 - 267" refId="B84" refString="Mackey, AP, 1976. Quantitative studies on the Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Rivers Thames and Kennet. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie 78 (2): 240 - 267" title="Quantitative studies on the Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Rivers Thames and Kennet." volume="78" year="1976">Mackey 1976</bibRefCitation>
). The larval fecal pellets were long, ca. half of the body length of the larva, and were loose and cylindrical, which allowed them to easily be released into the water. Under laboratory conditions, younger larvae often used the particles originating from the fecal pellets of mature larvae as tube materials (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Biology of Eukiefferiella endobryonia sp. nov. A a colony of Fontinalis dalecarlica growing on the sides of pebbles in a gently flowing inlet connected to Mountain Lake, VA, USA (type locality) B a colony of Fontinalis novae-angliae occurring in a rapidly flowing stream at Sparks Lane, TN, USA C early fourth-instar larva, undulating its body in the tube D immature capsule of Fontinalis dalecarlica attached to the stem underwater E fourth-instar larva F fourth-instar larva feeding on a leaf margin of F. dalecarlica G a tube structure of the third-instar larva, which was mainly built from particles from the feces of mature larvae H amorphous, jelly-like silk mass spotted with detritus and diatoms, ripped off of the inner wall of the inner end of the pupal case I a dissected leaf-rolling case, consisting of five leaves and the resident pupa; the leaves used as the case materials are placed in the order of leaf arrangement, with the outermost leaf at the left-most; the innermost leaf (right next to the pupa) contains the head capsule (white arrow) and exuvium of the fourth-instar larva; some debris (pink arrow) and silk mass (black arrow) stuffed in at both ends can be seen J a pupa in its case: the pupal head is oriented toward the distal end of the shoot tip; most of the leaves near the pupal case were consumed by the larva early in the fourth instar stage." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.47834.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374398" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">4G</figureCitation>
), which means these fecal pellets may also be a source of tube material for younger larvae (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003472329603" author="Hirabayashi, K" journalOrPublisher="Hydrobiologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="73" pagination="151 - 159" refId="B61" refString="Hirabayashi, K, Wotton, RS, 1999. Organic matter processing by chironomid larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Hydrobiologia 382: 151 - 159, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003472329603" title="Organic matter processing by chironomid larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003472329603" volume="382" year="1999">Hirabayashi and Wotton 1999</bibRefCitation>
). Judging from the composition of fragments in the fecal pellets, at this stage, the larva largely relied on moss leaves as a food source, which is supplemented with fine amorphous detritus and epiphytic diatoms. Under laboratory conditions, the larva only occasionally withdrew into the tube and engaged in lateral undulations of the body therein.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="73">
The larva became less active in the later period of the fourth instar. It scratched the inner surfaces of the leaf margins, not for consuming the leaves, but presumably for strengthening the case wall. As a result of this intensive fabrication behavior, the tissues of the leaves comprising the case became light brown to red in color due to reactions in the plant tissues, whereas undamaged leaves and stems remained green. Approximately half of the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="larva’s">larva's</normalizedToken>
time was spent spinning silk at this point, and the other half was spent staying still. The spinning behavior was stereotyped, regular, and persisted for more than 5 h at a time. The larva lined the interior of the case with silk, which provided a surface with which the claws of the anal prolegs could engage, anchoring the insect within the case. Due to the fabrication and feeding behavior performed in the earlier stages, there were some apertures in the rolled leaf case on the stem-end side. The larva frequently turned around inside the case to strengthen the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="case’s">case's</normalizedToken>
inside wall. The innermost leaves in the wall, especially at both ends, thus included a thick layer of silk (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Biology of Eukiefferiella endobryonia sp. nov. A a colony of Fontinalis dalecarlica growing on the sides of pebbles in a gently flowing inlet connected to Mountain Lake, VA, USA (type locality) B a colony of Fontinalis novae-angliae occurring in a rapidly flowing stream at Sparks Lane, TN, USA C early fourth-instar larva, undulating its body in the tube D immature capsule of Fontinalis dalecarlica attached to the stem underwater E fourth-instar larva F fourth-instar larva feeding on a leaf margin of F. dalecarlica G a tube structure of the third-instar larva, which was mainly built from particles from the feces of mature larvae H amorphous, jelly-like silk mass spotted with detritus and diatoms, ripped off of the inner wall of the inner end of the pupal case I a dissected leaf-rolling case, consisting of five leaves and the resident pupa; the leaves used as the case materials are placed in the order of leaf arrangement, with the outermost leaf at the left-most; the innermost leaf (right next to the pupa) contains the head capsule (white arrow) and exuvium of the fourth-instar larva; some debris (pink arrow) and silk mass (black arrow) stuffed in at both ends can be seen J a pupa in its case: the pupal head is oriented toward the distal end of the shoot tip; most of the leaves near the pupal case were consumed by the larva early in the fourth instar stage." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.47834.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374398" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">4H</figureCitation>
) as a consequence of continuous silk fabrication. Before entering the prepupal stage, debris containing various particles (fecal pellets, diatoms, and strips of moss leaves) was squashed and accumulated at both ends of the case together with a silk mass to seal the end of the tube (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Biology of Eukiefferiella endobryonia sp. nov. A a colony of Fontinalis dalecarlica growing on the sides of pebbles in a gently flowing inlet connected to Mountain Lake, VA, USA (type locality) B a colony of Fontinalis novae-angliae occurring in a rapidly flowing stream at Sparks Lane, TN, USA C early fourth-instar larva, undulating its body in the tube D immature capsule of Fontinalis dalecarlica attached to the stem underwater E fourth-instar larva F fourth-instar larva feeding on a leaf margin of F. dalecarlica G a tube structure of the third-instar larva, which was mainly built from particles from the feces of mature larvae H amorphous, jelly-like silk mass spotted with detritus and diatoms, ripped off of the inner wall of the inner end of the pupal case I a dissected leaf-rolling case, consisting of five leaves and the resident pupa; the leaves used as the case materials are placed in the order of leaf arrangement, with the outermost leaf at the left-most; the innermost leaf (right next to the pupa) contains the head capsule (white arrow) and exuvium of the fourth-instar larva; some debris (pink arrow) and silk mass (black arrow) stuffed in at both ends can be seen J a pupa in its case: the pupal head is oriented toward the distal end of the shoot tip; most of the leaves near the pupal case were consumed by the larva early in the fourth instar stage." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.47834.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374398" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">4I</figureCitation>
). At the prepupa stage or later, the case consisted of five or six moss leaves, which were firmly enclosed in silk. The larva molted inside the case and casted off the cuticle; the head capsule and exuvium were thus packed into the posterior end of the pupal case (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Biology of Eukiefferiella endobryonia sp. nov. A a colony of Fontinalis dalecarlica growing on the sides of pebbles in a gently flowing inlet connected to Mountain Lake, VA, USA (type locality) B a colony of Fontinalis novae-angliae occurring in a rapidly flowing stream at Sparks Lane, TN, USA C early fourth-instar larva, undulating its body in the tube D immature capsule of Fontinalis dalecarlica attached to the stem underwater E fourth-instar larva F fourth-instar larva feeding on a leaf margin of F. dalecarlica G a tube structure of the third-instar larva, which was mainly built from particles from the feces of mature larvae H amorphous, jelly-like silk mass spotted with detritus and diatoms, ripped off of the inner wall of the inner end of the pupal case I a dissected leaf-rolling case, consisting of five leaves and the resident pupa; the leaves used as the case materials are placed in the order of leaf arrangement, with the outermost leaf at the left-most; the innermost leaf (right next to the pupa) contains the head capsule (white arrow) and exuvium of the fourth-instar larva; some debris (pink arrow) and silk mass (black arrow) stuffed in at both ends can be seen J a pupa in its case: the pupal head is oriented toward the distal end of the shoot tip; most of the leaves near the pupal case were consumed by the larva early in the fourth instar stage." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.47834.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374398" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">4I</figureCitation>
). Pupation occurred with the head oriented toward the distal end of the case, without exception (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">N</emphasis>
= 7) (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Biology of Eukiefferiella endobryonia sp. nov. A a colony of Fontinalis dalecarlica growing on the sides of pebbles in a gently flowing inlet connected to Mountain Lake, VA, USA (type locality) B a colony of Fontinalis novae-angliae occurring in a rapidly flowing stream at Sparks Lane, TN, USA C early fourth-instar larva, undulating its body in the tube D immature capsule of Fontinalis dalecarlica attached to the stem underwater E fourth-instar larva F fourth-instar larva feeding on a leaf margin of F. dalecarlica G a tube structure of the third-instar larva, which was mainly built from particles from the feces of mature larvae H amorphous, jelly-like silk mass spotted with detritus and diatoms, ripped off of the inner wall of the inner end of the pupal case I a dissected leaf-rolling case, consisting of five leaves and the resident pupa; the leaves used as the case materials are placed in the order of leaf arrangement, with the outermost leaf at the left-most; the innermost leaf (right next to the pupa) contains the head capsule (white arrow) and exuvium of the fourth-instar larva; some debris (pink arrow) and silk mass (black arrow) stuffed in at both ends can be seen J a pupa in its case: the pupal head is oriented toward the distal end of the shoot tip; most of the leaves near the pupal case were consumed by the larva early in the fourth instar stage." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.906.47834.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/374398" pageId="0" pageNumber="73">4J</figureCitation>
). The pupa rested inside the case throughout most of its development. The pupa then swam toward the surface water and emerged as an adult when its development was completed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>