343 lines
63 KiB
XML
343 lines
63 KiB
XML
<document id="7D1B510998886D72FE764068171B3662" ID-CLB-Dataset="38658" ID-DOI="10.1111/zoj.12381" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d73105df-ed15-4fed-8798-0e9b473a114a" ID-Zenodo-Dep="270304" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1467563411394" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Adán Ṕerez-Garćia, Francisco Ortega & Emiliano Jiménez Fuentes" docDate="2016" docId="931F87FCFFFCDC42FEB935E0D30543EB" docLanguage="en" docName="zjls_177_648.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37.3:ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleId="FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Fontainechelon cassouleti Claude & Tong 2004, COMB. NOV." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="664" masterDocId="6F26FF84FFF2DC52FF9B3039D6104052" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy, systematics, and diversity of the European oldest testudinids" masterLastPageNumber="675" masterPageNumber="648" pageNumber="662" updateTime="1732899122845" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="145BB2DCEC410A2AC34366222DD95FEE">Taxonomy, systematics, and diversity of the European oldest testudinids</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3130CBD0F54775AEDBD9613FBF756959">Adán Ṕerez-Garćia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E20FD3D1F01B09BC64A3997DA2395E02">Francisco Ortega</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="890BD0D93DF87D88821671858FEEFE45">Emiliano Jiménez Fuentes</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4DCF1FBEA0EF2FC3DD9C4B9F03698024">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="57E20FEE46E826BA137F7CDCEB31F270">2016</mods:date>
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<treatment id="931F87FCFFFCDC42FEB935E0D30543EB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5619933" ID-GBIF-Taxon="121268854" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5619933" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:931F87FCFFFCDC42FEB935E0D30543EB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/931F87FCFFFCDC42FEB935E0D30543EB" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="664" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" scope_family="Testudinidae" scope_order="Testudines">
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<subSubSection id="53AC6561FFFCDC5CFEB935E0D4A8465C" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="1B0936EAFFFCDC5CFEB935E0D48145BC" blockId="14.[251,696,1497,1581]" box="[290,657,1497,1518]" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">
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<heading id="40418186FFFCDC5CFEB935E0D48145BC" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[290,657,1497,1518]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="4" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFFCDC5CFEB935E0D48145BC" authority="Claude & Tong, 2004" authorityName="Claude & Tong" authorityYear="2004" box="[290,657,1497,1518]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Fontainechelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cassouleti" status="comb. nov.">
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<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFCDC5CFEB935E0D48145BC" bold="true" box="[290,657,1497,1518]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">FONTAINECHELON CASSOULETI</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1B0936EAFFFCDC5CFF6035CDD4A8465C" blockId="14.[251,696,1497,1581]" box="[251,696,1524,1551]" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">
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<heading id="40418186FFFCDC5CFF6035CDD4A8465C" allCaps="true" box="[251,696,1524,1551]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" reason="5">
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="7F274B1BFFFCDC5CFE9F35CFD40A465C" author="Claude J & Tong H." box="[260,538,1524,1551]" journalOrPublisher="Oryctos" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" pagination="3 - 45" part="5" refString="Claude J, Tong H. 2004. Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea. Oryctos 5: 3 - 45." title="Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea" type="journal article" year="2004">CLAUDE & TONG, 2004</bibRefCitation>
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)
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="32F15783FFFCDC5CFDB735C2D4A8465C" box="[556,696,1524,1550]" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">
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<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFCDC5CFDB735C2D4A8465C" bold="true" box="[556,696,1524,1550]" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">COMB. NOV.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="53AC6561FFFCDC5CFE39362BD401467F" box="[418,529,1554,1581]" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="1B0936EAFFFCDC5CFE39362BD401467F" blockId="14.[251,696,1497,1581]" box="[418,529,1554,1581]" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">
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<heading id="40418186FFFCDC5CFE39362BD401467F" allCaps="true" box="[418,529,1554,1581]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" reason="1">
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(
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<figureCitation id="838D2A6FFFFCDC5CFE30362DD7E4467E" box="[427,500,1554,1581]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[144,223,209,228]" captionText="Figure 6. Shells and elements of the shells of several Eocene testudinid taxa. A, B, Hadrianus corsoni, from the middle Eocene of Wyoming. A, shell AMNH 6027, from the Bridger Formation, in dorsal (A 1), ventral (A 2), left lateral (A 3), anterior (A 4), and posterior (A 5) views, and details of its anterior plastral lobe in right lateral (A 6), ventral (A 7), left lateral (A 8), antero-dorsal (A 9), and anterior (A 10) views. Previous images of this specimen are provided in figs 473 – 475 of Hay (1908). B, some of the preserved elements of the shell of AMNH 1068, from the Bridger Formation, corresponding to the dorsal view of the plastron (B 1), the antero-dorsal view of the anterior region of the carapace (B 2), the ventral view of the anterior plastral lobe (B 3), and the dorsal view of the anterior plastral lobe (B 4). C, anterior region of the epiplastra of AMNH 1065, Hadrianus sp. from the Washakie Formation (Eocene of Wyoming), in ventral (C 1), dorsal (C 2), left lateral (C 3), right lateral (C 4), and anterior (C 5) views. D, plastron of the holotype of Fontainechelon cassouleti, MDE-sp 37, from the early Eocene of Saint-Papoul (Aude, France), in ventral (D 1) and dorsal (D 2) views, and detail of the dorsal view of its anterior plastral lobe (D 3). Previous images of this specimen are provided in plate 3 A – E and fig. 3 of Claude & Tong (2004). E, F, several epiplastra of Pelorochelon cf. eocaenica, from the early Eocene of Marne (France). E, MNHN. F SVT 15363, right epiplastron in ventral (E 1), dorsal (E 2), medial (E 3), lateral (E 4), and anterior (E 5) views. F, MNHN. F AC 8535, right epiplastron in ventral (F 1), dorsal (F 2), medial (F 3), and lateral (F 4) views. G, anterior half of a right epiplastron, in ventral (G 1), dorsal (G 2), and medial (G 3) views. H, anterior half of a right epiplastron, in ventral (H 1), dorsal (H 2), lateral (H 3), and medial (H 4) views. Scale bars = 10 cm." pageId="14" pageNumber="662">FIG. 6</figureCitation>
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D)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="53AC6561FFFCDC5CFF3D367DD48D46C5" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="1B0936EAFFFCDC5CFF3D367DD49C460B" blockId="14.[166,781,1604,1901]" box="[166,652,1604,1626]" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">
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<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFFCDC5CFF3D367DD49C460B" authority="Claude & Tong, 2004" authorityName="Claude & Tong" authorityYear="2004" box="[166,652,1604,1626]" class="Reptilia" genus="Achilemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cassouleti">
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<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFCDC5CFF3D367DD7804608" bold="true" box="[166,400,1604,1626]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">Achilemys cassouleti</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="7F274B1BFFFCDC5CFE02367DD49C460B" author="Claude J & Tong H." box="[409,652,1604,1626]" journalOrPublisher="Oryctos" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" pagination="3 - 45" part="5" refString="Claude J, Tong H. 2004. Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea. Oryctos 5: 3 - 45." title="Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea" type="journal article" year="2004">Claude & Tong, 2004</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="1B0936EAFFFCDC5CFF24365AD48D46C5" blockId="14.[166,781,1604,1901]" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">
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||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFFCDC5CFF24365AD4A0462A" authority="Gmira et al., 2013" authorityName="Gmira et al." authorityYear="2013" box="[191,688,1634,1657]" class="Reptilia" genus="Achilemys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cassouleti">
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‘
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<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFCDC5CFF5F365BD728462A" bold="true" box="[196,312,1634,1656]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">Achilemys</emphasis>
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’
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<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFCDC5CFED5365BD7AC462A" bold="true" box="[334,444,1634,1656]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">cassouleti</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="7F274B1BFFFCDC5CFE57365AD4A0462A" author="Gmira S & de Broin F & Geraads D" box="[460,688,1634,1657]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" pagination="691 - 733" part="35" refString="Gmira S, de Broin F, Geraads D, Lefevre`D, Mohib A, Raynal JP. 2013. Les tortues du Pliocene d'Ahl al Oughlam (Casablanca, Maroc) et de localites Mio-Pliocenes avoisinantes. Geodiversitas 35: 691 - 733." title="Les tortues du Pliocene d'Ahl al Oughlam (Casablanca, Maroc) et de localites Mio-Pliocenes avoisinantes" type="journal article" year="2013">
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Gmira
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<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFCDC5CFDBD365AD470462A" bold="true" box="[550,608,1634,1656]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2013
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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; Ṕerez- Garćıa & Vlachos, 2014; Ṕerez-Garćıa, 2015
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="53AC6561FFFCDC5CFF3D36A6D264416A" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="1B0936EAFFFCDC5CFF3D36A6D4D54743" blockId="14.[166,781,1604,1901]" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">
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||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFCDC5CFF3D36A6D70046E7" bold="true" box="[166,272,1695,1717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">
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<typeStatus id="C40D8848FFFCDC5CFF3D36A6D71C46E7" box="[166,268,1695,1717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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MDE-sp37, a specimen preserving the partial carapace, the complete plastron, the right humerus and the left femur (
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<figureCitation id="838D2A6FFFFCDC5CFDB736E4D46046A1" box="[556,624,1757,1779]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[144,223,209,228]" captionText="Figure 6. Shells and elements of the shells of several Eocene testudinid taxa. A, B, Hadrianus corsoni, from the middle Eocene of Wyoming. A, shell AMNH 6027, from the Bridger Formation, in dorsal (A 1), ventral (A 2), left lateral (A 3), anterior (A 4), and posterior (A 5) views, and details of its anterior plastral lobe in right lateral (A 6), ventral (A 7), left lateral (A 8), antero-dorsal (A 9), and anterior (A 10) views. Previous images of this specimen are provided in figs 473 – 475 of Hay (1908). B, some of the preserved elements of the shell of AMNH 1068, from the Bridger Formation, corresponding to the dorsal view of the plastron (B 1), the antero-dorsal view of the anterior region of the carapace (B 2), the ventral view of the anterior plastral lobe (B 3), and the dorsal view of the anterior plastral lobe (B 4). C, anterior region of the epiplastra of AMNH 1065, Hadrianus sp. from the Washakie Formation (Eocene of Wyoming), in ventral (C 1), dorsal (C 2), left lateral (C 3), right lateral (C 4), and anterior (C 5) views. D, plastron of the holotype of Fontainechelon cassouleti, MDE-sp 37, from the early Eocene of Saint-Papoul (Aude, France), in ventral (D 1) and dorsal (D 2) views, and detail of the dorsal view of its anterior plastral lobe (D 3). Previous images of this specimen are provided in plate 3 A – E and fig. 3 of Claude & Tong (2004). E, F, several epiplastra of Pelorochelon cf. eocaenica, from the early Eocene of Marne (France). E, MNHN. F SVT 15363, right epiplastron in ventral (E 1), dorsal (E 2), medial (E 3), lateral (E 4), and anterior (E 5) views. F, MNHN. F AC 8535, right epiplastron in ventral (F 1), dorsal (F 2), medial (F 3), and lateral (F 4) views. G, anterior half of a right epiplastron, in ventral (G 1), dorsal (G 2), and medial (G 3) views. H, anterior half of a right epiplastron, in ventral (H 1), dorsal (H 2), lateral (H 3), and medial (H 4) views. Scale bars = 10 cm." pageId="14" pageNumber="662">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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D; fig. 3A–E, fig.
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<date id="6F08102AFFFCDC5CFF4836C2D6FA4742" box="[211,234,1787,1808]" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">3I</date>
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–N, and plate
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<quantity id="DC4E9B0FFFFCDC5CFE1536C2D7AA4743" box="[398,442,1787,1809]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
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<bibRefCitation id="7F274B1BFFFCDC5CFE5936C2D4A94743" author="Claude J & Tong H." box="[450,697,1787,1809]" journalOrPublisher="Oryctos" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" pagination="3 - 45" part="5" refString="Claude J, Tong H. 2004. Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea. Oryctos 5: 3 - 45." title="Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea" type="journal article" year="2004">Claude & Tong, 2004</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1B0936EAFFFCDC5CFF3D3720D40A473E" blockId="14.[166,781,1604,1901]" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">
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<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFCDC5CFF3D3720D768477D" bold="true" box="[166,376,1817,1839]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">Referred material.</emphasis>
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MDE-sp90, a right femur (fig. 3F–H in
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<bibRefCitation id="7F274B1BFFFCDC5CFF5D3700D7A9471D" author="Claude J & Tong H." box="[198,441,1849,1871]" journalOrPublisher="Oryctos" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" pagination="3 - 45" part="5" refString="Claude J, Tong H. 2004. Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea. Oryctos 5: 3 - 45." title="Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea" type="journal article" year="2004">Claude & Tong, 2004</bibRefCitation>
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||
), and some unnumbered shell fragments in
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<bibRefCitation id="7F274B1BFFFCDC5CFEAF376ED406473E" author="Claude J & Tong H." box="[308,534,1879,1901]" journalOrPublisher="Oryctos" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" pagination="3 - 45" part="5" refString="Claude J, Tong H. 2004. Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea. Oryctos 5: 3 - 45." title="Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea" type="journal article" year="2004">Claude& Tong, 2004</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1B0936EAFFFCDC5CFCA630FED264416A" blockId="14.[829,1445,198,1901]" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">
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<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFCDC5CFCA630FED28D408E" bold="true" box="[829,1181,198,220]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">
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<typeStatus id="C40D8848FFFCDC5CFCA630FED563408E" box="[829,883,199,220]" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">Type</typeStatus>
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locality and horizon.
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</emphasis>
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Saint-Papoul, Aude,
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<collectingCountry id="63A1767AFFFCDC5CFCA630DFD59C40A9" box="[829,908,230,251]" name="France" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">France</collectingCountry>
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||
(
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<figureCitation id="838D2A6FFFFCDC5CFC2930DCD5E440A9" box="[946,1012,229,251]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[807,886,760,779]" captionTargetBox="[815,1412,198,726]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[815,1413,198,726]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Geographical position of the type localities of the European Eocene testudinids discussed here. 1, Llamaquique (Asturias, Spain), middle-late Eocene, type locality of ‘ Asturichelys multicostatus ’. 2, Mazateŕon (Soria, Spain), middle Eocene, type locality of Pelorochelon soriana. 3, Falaise de Baby (Gironde, France), late Eocene, type locality of Cheirogaster maurini. 4, Castrais (Tarn, France), middle Eocene, type locality of ‘ Testudo castrensis ’. 5, Saint-Papoul (Aude, France), early Eocene, type locality of Fontainechelon cassouleti. 6, Salzburg (Austria), middle Eocene, type locality of ‘ Cheirogaster steinbacheri ’. 7, Mücheln (Germany), middle Eocene, type locality of Pelorochelon eocaenica." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/270305/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). Clays of Saint-Papoul, early Ypresian, MP 8–9, early Eocene (Pérez-Garćıa & de Lapparent de Broin, 2015).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="53AC6561FFFCDC5CFCA63179D255464F" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="1B0936EAFFFCDC5CFCA63179D255464F" blockId="14.[829,1445,198,1901]" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFCDC5CFCA63179D2234104" bold="true" box="[829,1075,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">Emended diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Western European Cenozoic testudinid, with the length of the shell close to
|
||
<quantity id="DC4E9B0FFFFCDC5CFAC33159D38F4127" box="[1368,1439,352,373]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" unit="cm" value="40.0">40 cm</quantity>
|
||
, differing from all the medium and large European testudinids by the presence of markedly wider than long nuchal, first suprapygal noticeably narrower than the second one, contact between the suprapygals perpendicular to the axial plane, and shorter than wide epiplastra, and characterized by the following exclusive character combination: shallow notch in the anterior carapace margin; eight neurals; hexagonal first neural, with the short sides positioned posteriorly; quadrangular second neural; octagonal third neural; significantly wider than long pygal; dorsally directed distal margins of the anterior and posterior peripherals; smooth outline in the anterior carapacial rim but with the presence of pointed tips in the posterior rim, generating an undulating morphology; presence of a cervical scute; cervical almost as wide as long; third vertebral longer than wide; overlap of the first pair of pleural scutes on the nuchal; third pleurals contacting the seventh to ninth pair of marginals; medial margins of the first marginals not contacting the suture between the first costals and the peripherals; second marginals not contacting the nuchal; fourth marginals medially in contact with the first pleurals; presence of twelve pairs of marginals; overlap of the twelfth marginals on the second suprapygal; anterior plastral lobe as long as the posterior one; straight anterior margin of the anterior plastral lobe; concave dorsal lip of the epiplastra; well-developed gular protrusions; absence of gular pocket; step-like morphology behind the epiplastral lip; sutured contact between all plastral plates; gular scutes not contacting the entoplastron; anterior angle between the sagittal axis and the gularo-humeral sulcus of 65° or more obtuse; contact of the pectorals with the posterior margin of the entoplastron; medially long pectorals scutes; slightly curved diaphyses of the humerus an femur; relatively large angle between the femoral head and the diaphysis of the femur.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="53AC6561FFFCDC5DFCA6361CD37146C5" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="663" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="1B0936EAFFFCDC5DFCA6361CD70C4401" blockId="14.[829,1445,198,1901]" lastBlockId="15.[144,759,199,1901]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="663" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFCDC5CFCA6361CD2404669" bold="true" box="[829,1104,1573,1595]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">Description of the shell.</emphasis>
|
||
The estimated length of the shell of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="C40D8848FFFCDC5CFC71367DD25A4608" box="[1002,1098,1604,1626]" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and only known shell of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFFCDC5CFCA6365AD5DC462A" box="[829,972,1634,1656]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Fontainechelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cassouleti">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFCDC5CFCA6365AD5DC462A" bold="true" box="[829,972,1634,1656]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="662">F. cassouleti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is
|
||
<quantity id="DC4E9B0FFFFCDC5CFB85365AD26B462A" box="[1054,1147,1635,1656]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" unit="mm" value="370.0">370 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="838D2A6FFFFCDC5CFB38365AD2F6462B" box="[1187,1254,1635,1657]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[144,223,209,228]" captionText="Figure 6. Shells and elements of the shells of several Eocene testudinid taxa. A, B, Hadrianus corsoni, from the middle Eocene of Wyoming. A, shell AMNH 6027, from the Bridger Formation, in dorsal (A 1), ventral (A 2), left lateral (A 3), anterior (A 4), and posterior (A 5) views, and details of its anterior plastral lobe in right lateral (A 6), ventral (A 7), left lateral (A 8), antero-dorsal (A 9), and anterior (A 10) views. Previous images of this specimen are provided in figs 473 – 475 of Hay (1908). B, some of the preserved elements of the shell of AMNH 1068, from the Bridger Formation, corresponding to the dorsal view of the plastron (B 1), the antero-dorsal view of the anterior region of the carapace (B 2), the ventral view of the anterior plastral lobe (B 3), and the dorsal view of the anterior plastral lobe (B 4). C, anterior region of the epiplastra of AMNH 1065, Hadrianus sp. from the Washakie Formation (Eocene of Wyoming), in ventral (C 1), dorsal (C 2), left lateral (C 3), right lateral (C 4), and anterior (C 5) views. D, plastron of the holotype of Fontainechelon cassouleti, MDE-sp 37, from the early Eocene of Saint-Papoul (Aude, France), in ventral (D 1) and dorsal (D 2) views, and detail of the dorsal view of its anterior plastral lobe (D 3). Previous images of this specimen are provided in plate 3 A – E and fig. 3 of Claude & Tong (2004). E, F, several epiplastra of Pelorochelon cf. eocaenica, from the early Eocene of Marne (France). E, MNHN. F SVT 15363, right epiplastron in ventral (E 1), dorsal (E 2), medial (E 3), lateral (E 4), and anterior (E 5) views. F, MNHN. F AC 8535, right epiplastron in ventral (F 1), dorsal (F 2), medial (F 3), and lateral (F 4) views. G, anterior half of a right epiplastron, in ventral (G 1), dorsal (G 2), and medial (G 3) views. H, anterior half of a right epiplastron, in ventral (H 1), dorsal (H 2), lateral (H 3), and medial (H 4) views. Scale bars = 10 cm." pageId="14" pageNumber="662">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
D; fig. 3 and plate 3A–E in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F274B1BFFFCDC5CFC7C36B8D2F446C5" author="Claude J & Tong H." box="[999,1252,1665,1687]" journalOrPublisher="Oryctos" pageId="14" pageNumber="662" pagination="3 - 45" part="5" refString="Claude J, Tong H. 2004. Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea. Oryctos 5: 3 - 45." title="Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea" type="journal article" year="2004">Claude & Tong, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Its carapace is relatively high. It shows a granular outer surface. Well-developed carapace growth rings are identified. The morphology of the carapace is subquadrangular. It lacks carapace keels and bumps. The anterior carapace margin has a shallow but wide notch. The nuchal plate is markedly wider than long. This taxon has eight neurals, composing an irregular but continuous series. The first to fifth neurals are longer than wide. The others are wider than long. The first neural is hexagonal, with the short sides positioned posteriorly. The second one is subrectangular, the lateral edges being slightly convex. The third neural is octagonal, with very short latero-anterior and latero-posterior margins. The fourth and fifth neurals are not known. The posterior neurals are hexagonal, their latero-anterior margins being shorter than the latero-posterior.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFFDDC5DFF0B31C1D7A7425C" box="[144,439,504,526]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Fontainechelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cassouleti">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFDDC5DFF0B31C1D7A7425C" bold="true" box="[144,439,504,526]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="663">Fontainechelon cassouleti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has eight pairs of costals. It shows a well-developed alternating pattern of costals, with the odd costals wider medially, and the even ones wider laterally. The proximal regions of the dorsal ribs are short. Two suprapygals are present. The contact between these plates is perpendicular to the axial plane. The first one is narrower than the second. The first is trapezoidal, wider at the posterior region than at the anterior one. The other suprapygal can be interpreted as subpentagonal. The pygal plate is more than two times wider than long. Eleven pairs of peripherals are present. The distal margins of the anterior and posterior peripherals are dorsally directed. Althought
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFFDDC5DFF0B339DD70E43EB" box="[144,286,931,953]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Fontainechelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cassouleti">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFDDC5DFF0B339DD70E43EB" bold="true" box="[144,286,931,953]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="663">F. cassouleti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks pointed tips in the anterior carapacial rim, these structures are present in the posterior rim, in the region of contact of the sulci between the marginal scutes and the lateral border of peripherals, generating an undulating morphology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1B0936EAFFFDDC5DFF333462D4DA473F" blockId="15.[144,759,199,1901]" pageId="15" pageNumber="663">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFFDDC5DFF333462D7DE4423" box="[168,462,1115,1137]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Fontainechelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cassouleti">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFDDC5DFF333462D7DE4423" bold="true" box="[168,462,1115,1137]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="663">Fontainechelon cassouleti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a cervical. In dorsal view, this scute is almost as wide as long. However, its visceral length is short (plate 3C–E and fig.
|
||
<quantity id="DC4E9B0FFFFDDC5DFD5C34A0D4E644FC" box="[711,758,1176,1198]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="15" pageNumber="663" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F274B1BFFFDDC5DFF0B348ED79E449F" author="Claude J & Tong H." box="[144,398,1207,1229]" journalOrPublisher="Oryctos" pageId="15" pageNumber="663" pagination="3 - 45" part="5" refString="Claude J, Tong H. 2004. Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea. Oryctos 5: 3 - 45." title="Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea" type="journal article" year="2004">Claude & Tong, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Five relatively narrow vertebral scutes are present. The first is approximately as wide as long. It has an anterior rounded outline but their latero-posterior margins are substraight, constituting slightly divergent margins. The second to fourth vertebrals are longer than wide. The third one is the longest in the vertebral series. The second and third are subrectangular but the fourth is subhexagonal. The fifth is the widest, being substantially wider than long. The first pair of pleurals overlaps the latero-posterior region of the nuchal plate.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFFDDC5DFF74363ED43A464F" box="[239,554,1543,1565]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Fontainechelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cassouleti">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFDDC5DFF74363ED43A464F" bold="true" box="[239,554,1543,1565]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="663">Fontainechelon cassouleti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks contact between the second pleurals and the fourth marginals, as well as between the third pleurals and the sixth marginals. The anterior marginals do not contact the suture between the costals and the peripherals. However, the contact between the marginals and the pleurals coincides with that suture from the third marginals. The second marginals do not contact the nuchal plate nor the vertebral series. This taxon lacks supracaudal scute. Therefore, twelve pairs of marginals are present. The twelfth marginals overlap the posterior region of the second suprapygal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1B0936EAFFFDDC5DFCA430FED21444FC" blockId="15.[807,1422,199,1901]" pageId="15" pageNumber="663">
|
||
The anterior plastral lobe is as long as the posterior one (
|
||
<figureCitation id="838D2A6FFFFDDC5DFCC530DCD5B140A9" box="[862,929,229,251]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[144,223,209,228]" captionText="Figure 6. Shells and elements of the shells of several Eocene testudinid taxa. A, B, Hadrianus corsoni, from the middle Eocene of Wyoming. A, shell AMNH 6027, from the Bridger Formation, in dorsal (A 1), ventral (A 2), left lateral (A 3), anterior (A 4), and posterior (A 5) views, and details of its anterior plastral lobe in right lateral (A 6), ventral (A 7), left lateral (A 8), antero-dorsal (A 9), and anterior (A 10) views. Previous images of this specimen are provided in figs 473 – 475 of Hay (1908). B, some of the preserved elements of the shell of AMNH 1068, from the Bridger Formation, corresponding to the dorsal view of the plastron (B 1), the antero-dorsal view of the anterior region of the carapace (B 2), the ventral view of the anterior plastral lobe (B 3), and the dorsal view of the anterior plastral lobe (B 4). C, anterior region of the epiplastra of AMNH 1065, Hadrianus sp. from the Washakie Formation (Eocene of Wyoming), in ventral (C 1), dorsal (C 2), left lateral (C 3), right lateral (C 4), and anterior (C 5) views. D, plastron of the holotype of Fontainechelon cassouleti, MDE-sp 37, from the early Eocene of Saint-Papoul (Aude, France), in ventral (D 1) and dorsal (D 2) views, and detail of the dorsal view of its anterior plastral lobe (D 3). Previous images of this specimen are provided in plate 3 A – E and fig. 3 of Claude & Tong (2004). E, F, several epiplastra of Pelorochelon cf. eocaenica, from the early Eocene of Marne (France). E, MNHN. F SVT 15363, right epiplastron in ventral (E 1), dorsal (E 2), medial (E 3), lateral (E 4), and anterior (E 5) views. F, MNHN. F AC 8535, right epiplastron in ventral (F 1), dorsal (F 2), medial (F 3), and lateral (F 4) views. G, anterior half of a right epiplastron, in ventral (G 1), dorsal (G 2), and medial (G 3) views. H, anterior half of a right epiplastron, in ventral (H 1), dorsal (H 2), lateral (H 3), and medial (H 4) views. Scale bars = 10 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="663">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
D; fig. 3 and plate 3A, B in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F274B1BFFFDDC5DFB4030DCD5714148" author="Claude J & Tong H." journalOrPublisher="Oryctos" pageId="15" pageNumber="663" pagination="3 - 45" part="5" refString="Claude J, Tong H. 2004. Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea. Oryctos 5: 3 - 45." title="Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea" type="journal article" year="2004">Claude & Tong, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The length of the plastral bridge is greater than that of each of the lobes. The anterior lobe is subtrapezoidal. It lacks medial notch. Its anterior margin is straight, perpendicular to the axial axis. The lateral margins are rounded. This taxon has well-developed gular protrusions. A well-developed dorsal lip of the epiplastra is observed. This lip is concave. Its medial length is greater than half of the length of the epiplastral symphysis. The symphysis is relatively long, its length being greater than half of that of the entoplastron. The epiplastra are noticeably wider than long.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFFDDC5DFBBD326AD35A423B" box="[1062,1354,595,617]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Fontainechelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cassouleti">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFDDC5DFBBD326AD35A423B" bold="true" box="[1062,1354,595,617]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="663">Fontainechelon cassouleti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks gular pocket. However, a relatively well-developed change in the visceral relief of the epiplastra, behind the lip, is present. The suture between the epiplastra and the hyoplastra is subperpendicular to the axial axis. The entoplastron is subrombic. This plate is posteriorly elongated. The hyoplastra are longer that the hypoplastra. The axillary and inguinal buttresses are in contact with the lateral region of the costal series: the axillary buttresses contacting with the lateral region of the first pair of costals, and the inguinals contacting with the lateral region of the fifth pair of costals. The xiphiplastra are shorter that the hypoplastra but slightly longer than the entoplastron. This taxon lacks plastral hinges. It has a wider than long anal notch. The lateral margins of the xiphiplastra, and those of the anal notch, are subrounded. A slight protrusion is identified in the lateral margin of the xiphiplastra, in the contact region with the femoro-anal sulcus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1B0936EAFFFDDC5DFCA4348ED37146C5" blockId="15.[807,1422,199,1901]" pageId="15" pageNumber="663">
|
||
The gular scutes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFFDDC5DFBAA348ED2AF449E" box="[1073,1215,1206,1228]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Fontainechelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="15" pageNumber="663" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cassouleti">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFDDC5DFBAA348ED2AF449E" bold="true" box="[1073,1215,1206,1228]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="663">F. cassouleti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
not contact with the entoplastron (
|
||
<figureCitation id="838D2A6FFFFDDC5DFC6734ECD25044B9" box="[1020,1088,1237,1259]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[144,223,209,228]" captionText="Figure 6. Shells and elements of the shells of several Eocene testudinid taxa. A, B, Hadrianus corsoni, from the middle Eocene of Wyoming. A, shell AMNH 6027, from the Bridger Formation, in dorsal (A 1), ventral (A 2), left lateral (A 3), anterior (A 4), and posterior (A 5) views, and details of its anterior plastral lobe in right lateral (A 6), ventral (A 7), left lateral (A 8), antero-dorsal (A 9), and anterior (A 10) views. Previous images of this specimen are provided in figs 473 – 475 of Hay (1908). B, some of the preserved elements of the shell of AMNH 1068, from the Bridger Formation, corresponding to the dorsal view of the plastron (B 1), the antero-dorsal view of the anterior region of the carapace (B 2), the ventral view of the anterior plastral lobe (B 3), and the dorsal view of the anterior plastral lobe (B 4). C, anterior region of the epiplastra of AMNH 1065, Hadrianus sp. from the Washakie Formation (Eocene of Wyoming), in ventral (C 1), dorsal (C 2), left lateral (C 3), right lateral (C 4), and anterior (C 5) views. D, plastron of the holotype of Fontainechelon cassouleti, MDE-sp 37, from the early Eocene of Saint-Papoul (Aude, France), in ventral (D 1) and dorsal (D 2) views, and detail of the dorsal view of its anterior plastral lobe (D 3). Previous images of this specimen are provided in plate 3 A – E and fig. 3 of Claude & Tong (2004). E, F, several epiplastra of Pelorochelon cf. eocaenica, from the early Eocene of Marne (France). E, MNHN. F SVT 15363, right epiplastron in ventral (E 1), dorsal (E 2), medial (E 3), lateral (E 4), and anterior (E 5) views. F, MNHN. F AC 8535, right epiplastron in ventral (F 1), dorsal (F 2), medial (F 3), and lateral (F 4) views. G, anterior half of a right epiplastron, in ventral (G 1), dorsal (G 2), and medial (G 3) views. H, anterior half of a right epiplastron, in ventral (H 1), dorsal (H 2), lateral (H 3), and medial (H 4) views. Scale bars = 10 cm." pageId="15" pageNumber="663">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
D; fig. 3 and plate 3A, B in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F274B1BFFFDDC5DFCBC34CDD2084558" author="Claude J & Tong H." box="[807,1048,1268,1290]" journalOrPublisher="Oryctos" pageId="15" pageNumber="663" pagination="3 - 45" part="5" refString="Claude J, Tong H. 2004. Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea. Oryctos 5: 3 - 45." title="Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea" type="journal article" year="2004">Claude & Tong, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The anterior angle between the sagittal axis and the gularo-humeral sulcus is higher than 65°. The pectorals contact with the posterior margin of the entoplastron. Medially, the humero-pectoral sulcus is perpendicular to the axial plane. However, it shows a well-developed lateral change of curvature. The pectorals are medially long, being almost as long as the entoplastron. These scutes contact with the posterior margin of the entoplastron. The longer scutes are the abdominals. Medially, the sulcus between the pectoral and the abdominal scutes is subperpendicular to the axial axis. However, the abdomino-femoral sulcus is medially concave. That between the femoral and the anal scutes is convex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="53AC6561FFFDDC42FCBC36A6D30543EB" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="664" pageId="15" pageNumber="663" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="1B0936EAFFFDDC42FCBC36A6D43B464F" blockId="15.[807,1422,199,1901]" lastBlockId="16.[166,781,198,1901]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="664" pageId="15" pageNumber="663">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFDDC5DFCBC36A6D58246E7" bold="true" box="[807,914,1695,1717]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="663">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
As has been indicated, the previous generic attribution of the testudinid from the French locality of Saint-Papoul (early Eocene),
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFDDC5DFA8936E5D39646A0" bold="true" box="[1298,1414,1756,1778]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="663">Achilemys</emphasis>
|
||
, has been refuted (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F274B1BFFFDDC5DFC6236C2D2DF4743" author="Gmira S & de Broin F & Geraads D" box="[1017,1231,1787,1809]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="15" pageNumber="663" pagination="691 - 733" part="35" refString="Gmira S, de Broin F, Geraads D, Lefevre`D, Mohib A, Raynal JP. 2013. Les tortues du Pliocene d'Ahl al Oughlam (Casablanca, Maroc) et de localites Mio-Pliocenes avoisinantes. Geodiversitas 35: 691 - 733." title="Les tortues du Pliocene d'Ahl al Oughlam (Casablanca, Maroc) et de localites Mio-Pliocenes avoisinantes" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Gmira
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFDDC5DFBD736C5D2954743" bold="true" box="[1100,1157,1787,1809]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="663">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Ṕerez-Garćıa & Vlachos, 2014; Ṕerez-Garćıa, 2015).
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFFDDC5DFB453723D3424762" bold="true" box="[1246,1362,1818,1840]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="663">Achilemys</emphasis>
|
||
was defined by a specimen, from the middle Eocene of Wyomming (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="63A1767AFFFDDC5DFC22376ED5E0473F" box="[953,1008,1879,1901]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="663">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F274B1BFFFDDC5DFB91376ED295473F" author="Hay OP." box="[1034,1157,1879,1901]" journalOrPublisher="Washington, DC: Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington" pageId="15" pageNumber="663" refString="Hay OP. 1908. The fossil Turtles of North America. Washington, DC: Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington." title="The fossil Turtles of North America" type="book" year="1908">Hay, 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This specimen is the
|
||
<typeStatus id="C40D8848FFE2DC42FF3D30FED716408F" box="[166,262,199,221]" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of the species
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FE5730FED444408E" bold="true" box="[460,596,198,220]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">A. allabiata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F274B1BFFE2DC42FDF030FED511408F" author="Cope ED." box="[619,769,199,221]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" pagination="466 - 468" part="12" refString="Cope ED. 1872 b. Second account of new Vertebrata from the Bridger Eocene. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 12: 466 - 468." title="Second account of new Vertebrata from the Bridger Eocene" type="journal article" year="1872" yearSuffix="b">Cope, 1872b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the only known specimen of this genus. It is a partial shell, represented by the right half of the anterior plastral lobe, two anterior peripherals, three posterior peripherals, a portion of the pygal, and a portion of the last suprapygal. Therefore, the information available for this North American taxon is very limited. That specimen was first attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFE2DC42FF3D3182D7324183" box="[166,290,443,465]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Hadrianus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FF3D3182D7324183" bold="true" box="[166,290,443,465]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">Hadrianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(i.e.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFE2DC42FEF93182D44C4183" box="[354,604,443,465]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Hadrianus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="allabiatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FEF93182D44C4183" bold="true" box="[354,604,443,465]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">Hadrianus allabiatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F274B1BFFE2DC42FDED3182D5164183" author="Cope ED." box="[630,774,443,465]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" pagination="466 - 468" part="12" refString="Cope ED. 1872 b. Second account of new Vertebrata from the Bridger Eocene. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 12: 466 - 468." title="Second account of new Vertebrata from the Bridger Eocene" type="journal article" year="1872" yearSuffix="b">Cope, 1872b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and, subsequently, recognized as belonging to a new genus,
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FE9D31C1D76A425C" bold="true" box="[262,378,504,526]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">Achilemys</emphasis>
|
||
, based on the thin and short epiplastral lip, probably being concave; the absence of contact of the posterior margin of the fifth vertebral with the pygal plate; and the presence of recurved posterior peripherals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F274B1BFFE2DC42FE37324AD43842DB" author="Hay OP." box="[428,552,627,649]" journalOrPublisher="Washington, DC: Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" refString="Hay OP. 1908. The fossil Turtles of North America. Washington, DC: Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington." title="The fossil Turtles of North America" type="book" year="1908">Hay, 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The identification of these three characters in the testudinid from Saint- Papoul (
|
||
<figureCitation id="838D2A6FFFE2DC42FE9E3296D7584297" box="[261,328,687,709]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="9.[144,223,209,228]" captionText="Figure 6. Shells and elements of the shells of several Eocene testudinid taxa. A, B, Hadrianus corsoni, from the middle Eocene of Wyoming. A, shell AMNH 6027, from the Bridger Formation, in dorsal (A 1), ventral (A 2), left lateral (A 3), anterior (A 4), and posterior (A 5) views, and details of its anterior plastral lobe in right lateral (A 6), ventral (A 7), left lateral (A 8), antero-dorsal (A 9), and anterior (A 10) views. Previous images of this specimen are provided in figs 473 – 475 of Hay (1908). B, some of the preserved elements of the shell of AMNH 1068, from the Bridger Formation, corresponding to the dorsal view of the plastron (B 1), the antero-dorsal view of the anterior region of the carapace (B 2), the ventral view of the anterior plastral lobe (B 3), and the dorsal view of the anterior plastral lobe (B 4). C, anterior region of the epiplastra of AMNH 1065, Hadrianus sp. from the Washakie Formation (Eocene of Wyoming), in ventral (C 1), dorsal (C 2), left lateral (C 3), right lateral (C 4), and anterior (C 5) views. D, plastron of the holotype of Fontainechelon cassouleti, MDE-sp 37, from the early Eocene of Saint-Papoul (Aude, France), in ventral (D 1) and dorsal (D 2) views, and detail of the dorsal view of its anterior plastral lobe (D 3). Previous images of this specimen are provided in plate 3 A – E and fig. 3 of Claude & Tong (2004). E, F, several epiplastra of Pelorochelon cf. eocaenica, from the early Eocene of Marne (France). E, MNHN. F SVT 15363, right epiplastron in ventral (E 1), dorsal (E 2), medial (E 3), lateral (E 4), and anterior (E 5) views. F, MNHN. F AC 8535, right epiplastron in ventral (F 1), dorsal (F 2), medial (F 3), and lateral (F 4) views. G, anterior half of a right epiplastron, in ventral (G 1), dorsal (G 2), and medial (G 3) views. H, anterior half of a right epiplastron, in ventral (H 1), dorsal (H 2), lateral (H 3), and medial (H 4) views. Scale bars = 10 cm." pageId="16" pageNumber="664">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
D) led
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F274B1BFFE2DC42FE0E3296D4804294" author="Claude J & Tong H." box="[405,656,687,710]" journalOrPublisher="Oryctos" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" pagination="3 - 45" part="5" refString="Claude J, Tong H. 2004. Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea. Oryctos 5: 3 - 45." title="Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea" type="journal article" year="2004">Claude & Tong (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to propose that cogeneric attribution. However, it is now known that these character states are also present in other testudinids, including European forms, as has been previously stated. Thus, as can be observed in the cladistic analysis performed here, the epiplastral lip may be shorter in some European taxa than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFE2DC42FF3D33BFD72343C9" box="[166,307,901,923]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Fontainechelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cassouleti">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FF3D33BFD72343C9" bold="true" box="[166,307,901,923]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">F. cassouleti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFE2DC42FE0933BFD41743C8" box="[402,519,901,923]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Pelorochelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="soriana">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FE0933BFD41743C8" bold="true" box="[402,519,901,923]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">P. soriana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The last pair of marginal scutes (or the supracaudal scute) is superimposed on the posterior region of the second suprapygal in all European taxa analyzed here. The presence of recurved posterior peripherals, observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFE2DC42FF3D3426D7234466" box="[166,307,1054,1076]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Fontainechelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cassouleti">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FF3D3426D7234466" bold="true" box="[166,307,1054,1076]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">F. cassouleti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is also shared with several European taxa, as is the case of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFE2DC42FE413405D4784400" box="[474,616,1084,1106]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Pelorochelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="657" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FE413405D4784400" bold="true" box="[474,616,1084,1106]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">Pelorochelon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
members and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFE2DC42FF3D3465D70A4422" box="[166,282,1115,1137]" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FF3D3465D70A4422" bold="true" box="[166,282,1115,1137]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">Ta. gigas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F274B1BFFE2DC42FEAF3462D45F4423" author="Claude J & Tong H." box="[308,591,1115,1137]" journalOrPublisher="Oryctos" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" pagination="3 - 45" part="5" refString="Claude J, Tong H. 2004. Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea. Oryctos 5: 3 - 45." title="Early Eocene testudinoid turtles from Saint-Papoul, France, with comments on the early evolution of modern Testudinoidea" type="journal article" year="2004">Claude & Tong (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
indicated that the pygal plates of
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FE1B3443D41744DD" bold="true" box="[384,519,1145,1167]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">A. allabiata</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFE2DC42FDDA3443D4DE44DD" box="[577,718,1145,1167]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Fontainechelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cassouleti">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FDDA3443D4DE44DD" bold="true" box="[577,718,1145,1167]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">F. cassouleti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were wider than long, supporting the cogeneric relationship. As a result of its preservation, the ratio between the width and the length of the pygal plate of the North American taxon is not known. However, a similar ratio to that being part of the variability of some European testudinids can be interpreted (compare the pygal plate of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="C40D8848FFE2DC42FEB63569D79C4534" box="[301,396,1360,1382]" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FE353569D4254537" bold="true" box="[430,565,1359,1381]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">A. allabiata</emphasis>
|
||
, in fig. 482 of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F274B1BFFE2DC42FD4C3569D6CF45D1" author="Hay OP." journalOrPublisher="Washington, DC: Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" refString="Hay OP. 1908. The fossil Turtles of North America. Washington, DC: Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington." title="The fossil Turtles of North America" type="book" year="1908">Hay, 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; with those of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFE2DC42FE733556D44D45D1" box="[488,605,1390,1412]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Pelorochelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="soriana">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FE733556D44D45D1" bold="true" box="[488,605,1390,1412]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">P. soriana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens in
|
||
<figureCitation id="838D2A6FFFE2DC42FF3D35B4D6F945F0" box="[166,233,1421,1443]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="1.[807,886,760,779]" captionTargetBox="[815,1412,198,726]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[815,1413,198,726]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Figure 1. Geographical position of the type localities of the European Eocene testudinids discussed here. 1, Llamaquique (Asturias, Spain), middle-late Eocene, type locality of ‘ Asturichelys multicostatus ’. 2, Mazateŕon (Soria, Spain), middle Eocene, type locality of Pelorochelon soriana. 3, Falaise de Baby (Gironde, France), late Eocene, type locality of Cheirogaster maurini. 4, Castrais (Tarn, France), middle Eocene, type locality of ‘ Testudo castrensis ’. 5, Saint-Papoul (Aude, France), early Eocene, type locality of Fontainechelon cassouleti. 6, Salzburg (Austria), middle Eocene, type locality of ‘ Cheirogaster steinbacheri ’. 7, Mücheln (Germany), middle Eocene, type locality of Pelorochelon eocaenica." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/270305/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A, 2B). Therefore, the most accurate knowledge about the Paleogene forms shows that all the characters previously considered as exclusively shared between
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FE9535D1D78545AC" bold="true" box="[270,405,1512,1534]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">A. allabiata</emphasis>
|
||
and the Saint-Papoul taxon are also shared with other testudinids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1B0936EAFFE2DC42FF24361FD30543EB" blockId="16.[166,781,198,1901]" lastBlockId="16.[829,1444,198,954]" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">
|
||
Most of the limited characters available in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="C40D8848FFE2DC42FD4E361FD6C74608" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FE9B367DD7984608" bold="true" box="[256,392,1604,1626]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">A. allabiata</emphasis>
|
||
, several of them recognized here and other recent studies as having relevant systematic value (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F274B1BFFE2DC42FEB436B8D41C46C4" author="Gmira S & de Broin F & Geraads D" box="[303,524,1665,1687]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" pagination="691 - 733" part="35" refString="Gmira S, de Broin F, Geraads D, Lefevre`D, Mohib A, Raynal JP. 2013. Les tortues du Pliocene d'Ahl al Oughlam (Casablanca, Maroc) et de localites Mio-Pliocenes avoisinantes. Geodiversitas 35: 691 - 733." title="Les tortues du Pliocene d'Ahl al Oughlam (Casablanca, Maroc) et de localites Mio-Pliocenes avoisinantes" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Gmira
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FE1E36B8D7AF46C5" bold="true" box="[389,447,1665,1687]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Ṕerez-Garćıa & Vlachos, 2014; Ṕerez-Garćıa, 2015), are not shared with the Saint-Papoul taxon: absence of undulating posterior carapace margin, absence of gular protrusion, short epiplastral symphysis, longer than wide epiplastra, antero-laterally directed suture between the epiplastra and the hyoplastra, elongated anterior half of the entoplastron, absence of the morphology of the epiplastral lip described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFE2DC42FBC130FED2F9408E" box="[1114,1257,198,220]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Fontainechelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cassouleti">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FBC130FED2F9408E" bold="true" box="[1114,1257,198,220]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">F. cassouleti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, gular scutes on the anterior region of the entoplastron, anterior angle between the sagittal axis and the gularo-humeral sulcus approximately 45°, gularo-humeral sulcus almost reaching the anterior plastral margin. Therefore, the previously proposed attribution of ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FB743166D3734127" bold="true" box="[1263,1379,351,373]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">Achilemys</emphasis>
|
||
’
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFE2DC42FAEC3159D59741C6" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Fontainechelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cassouleti">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FAEC3159D59741C6" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">cassouleti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to a new genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F274B1BFFE2DC42FBF13147D35A41C1" author="Gmira S & de Broin F & Geraads D" box="[1130,1354,382,404]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" pagination="691 - 733" part="35" refString="Gmira S, de Broin F, Geraads D, Lefevre`D, Mohib A, Raynal JP. 2013. Les tortues du Pliocene d'Ahl al Oughlam (Casablanca, Maroc) et de localites Mio-Pliocenes avoisinantes. Geodiversitas 35: 691 - 733." title="Les tortues du Pliocene d'Ahl al Oughlam (Casablanca, Maroc) et de localites Mio-Pliocenes avoisinantes" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Gmira
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FB593147D2EB41C6" bold="true" box="[1218,1275,382,404]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Ṕerez- Garćıa & Vlachos, 2014; Ṕerez-Garćıa, 2015) is supported here. The review of several European Paleogene testudinids performed here, as well as the comparison with North American forms, allows us to characterize this new genus (i.e.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFE2DC42FB5F322FD361427E" box="[1220,1393,534,556]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Fontainechelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="662" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FB5F322FD361427E" bold="true" box="[1220,1393,534,556]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">Fontainechelon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In addition to the comparisons between the shell of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFE2DC42FCA6326DD5DC423B" box="[829,972,595,617]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Fontainechelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cassouleti">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FCA6326DD5DC423B" bold="true" box="[829,972,595,617]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">F. cassouleti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and those of other European taxa performed here, Ṕerez-Garćıa & Vlachos (2014) indicated some differences corresponding to appendicular bones. The appendicular bones so far described in the European taxa analyzed here are the humerus and femur of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFE2DC42FCC132D4D5F94350" box="[858,1001,748,770]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Fontainechelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cassouleti">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FCC132D4D5F94350" bold="true" box="[858,1001,748,770]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">F. cassouleti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and numerous elements of
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FAB032D5D5714373" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">Titanochelon</emphasis>
|
||
. As Ṕerez-Garćıa & Vlachos (2014) indicated, the humerus and femur of
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FBF93310D2E6436D" bold="true" box="[1122,1270,809,831]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">Titanochelon</emphasis>
|
||
show a more curved diaphysis compared with those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFE2DC42FA953370D38C430C" box="[1294,1436,840,862]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Fontainechelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cassouleti">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FA953370D38C430C" bold="true" box="[1294,1436,840,862]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">F. cassouleti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Moreover, the longer diameter of the femoral head of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCB64D69FFE2DC42FCA633BFD5DC43C9" box="[829,972,901,923]" class="Reptilia" family="Testudinidae" genus="Fontainechelon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="16" pageNumber="664" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cassouleti">
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FCA633BFD5DC43C9" bold="true" box="[829,972,901,923]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">F. cassouleti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is developed with an acute angle, much lower than that observed in
|
||
<emphasis id="29C2EAF8FFE2DC42FBE1339DD31E43E8" bold="true" box="[1146,1294,932,954]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="664">Titanochelon</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |