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<document id="70C2B49FBC3891DA53832197D15F0667" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.274211" ID-GBIF-Dataset="68c7145b-412f-447e-b5c2-c9b4e902402b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="274211" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459832635659" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hernández, Luis Miguel, Hamada, Neusa, Pepinelli, Mateus &amp; Kikuchi, Regina Mayumi" docDate="2008" docId="320387A6FF95FFF383DD652845986794" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01732p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1732" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Simulium lobatoi Luna Dias, Hernandez, Maia-Herzog &amp; Shelley" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="68" masterDocId="CE3AFFDEFF95FFF0834A600446006425" masterDocTitle="Description of the larva of Simulium lobatoi Luna Dias, Hernández, Maia-Herzog &amp; Shelley (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="65" pageNumber="65" updateTime="1698223070087" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="05FE9455BD38A7FAA6ACC4C730016B9A">Description of the larva of Simulium lobatoi Luna Dias, Hernández, Maia-Herzog &amp; Shelley (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F8440F7CC22B6EEE502AE086D782EAE9">Hernández, Luis Miguel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7C6C087741A644EE1462B2DB257268C7">Hamada, Neusa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A09B7688F9AFE36DE64CED1A57884DB6">Pepinelli, Mateus</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1FB2ED5C4A99C519DE2F4C0E9782C9F8">Kikuchi, Regina Mayumi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="1F491C18A00A54779B1959C0056AC099">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="ABD6CFFB0965E09F136B953485739ED5">1732</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="2C663F7F3AE7D2A055AB6610FB4CF17F" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.274211</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="320387A6FF95FFF383DD652845986794" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6229785" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119358162" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6229785" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:320387A6FF95FFF383DD652845986794" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/320387A6FF95FFF383DD652845986794" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
<subSubSection id="F2B0653BFF95FFF083DD652847196141" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="BA1536B0FF95FFF083DD652845766161" blockId="0.[151,886,1324,1380]" box="[151,886,1324,1348]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
<heading id="E15D81DCFF95FFF083DD652845766161" bold="true" box="[151,886,1324,1348]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF95FFF083DD652845766161" ID-CoL="6YRMN" authority="Luna Dias, Hernandez, Maia-Herzog &amp; Shelley" authorityName="Luna Dias, Hernandez, Maia-Herzog &amp; Shelley" box="[151,886,1324,1348]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobatoi">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF95FFF083DD652845766161" bold="true" box="[151,886,1324,1348]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF95FFF083DD652847566161" bold="true" box="[151,342,1324,1348]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Simulium lobatoi</emphasis>
Luna Dias, Hernández, Maia-Herzog &amp; Shelley
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA1536B0FF95FFF083DD654947196141" blockId="0.[151,886,1324,1380]" box="[151,281,1357,1380]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
(
<figureCitation id="22912A35FF95FFF083D5654947116141" box="[159,273,1357,1380]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStart-1="FIGURES 6 – 10" captionStartId-0="1.[151,257,1956,1977]" captionStartId-1="2.[151,269,1703,1727]" captionTargetBox-0="[248,1397,435,1940]" captionTargetBox-1="[187,1392,164,1685]" captionTargetId-0="figure@1.[173,1413,401,1949]" captionTargetId-1="figure@2.[173,1413,149,1697]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 5. Simulium lobatoi (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 1. Larva, lateral view; 2. Head (dorsal view); 3. Head showing cervical sclerites (dorsal view), arrow indicate position of the cervical sclerites; 4. Head showing postgenal cleft (ventral view); 5. Hypostomium (ventral view)." captionText-1="FIGURES 6 – 10. Simulium lobatoi (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 6. Head (ventral view), arrow indicate the subesophageal ganglion; 7. Antennal segments; 8. Mandible (lateral view), inset higher magnification of mandibular apical teeth, comb teeth and mandibular serrations; 9. Filaments of gill histoblast; 10. Anal sclerite and posterior circlet." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/274212/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/274213/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Figs. 1–10</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F2B0653BFF95FFF083DD659647E6624C" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="BA1536B0FF95FFF083DD659647BD61C7" blockId="0.[151,1436,1426,1506]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="9ABA119EFF95FFF083DD659647BD61C7" infered="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF95FFF083DD6596457A6182" ID-CoL="6YRMN" authority="Luna Dias, Hernandez, Maia Herzog &amp; Shelley, 2004: 37" authorityName="Luna Dias, Hernandez, Maia Herzog &amp; Shelley" authorityPageNumber="37" authorityYear="2004" box="[151,890,1426,1447]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobatoi">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF95FFF083DD6596473D6182" box="[151,317,1426,1447]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Simulium lobatoi</emphasis>
Luna Dias, Hernández, Maia Herzog &amp;
<treatmentCitation id="3B0B10A1FF95FFF081876596457A6182" author="Shelley" box="[717,890,1426,1447]" page="37" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="DE3B4B41FF95FFF08187659645556182" author="Shelley" box="[717,853,1426,1447]" pageId="0" pageNumber="68" refString="Luna Dias, A. P. A., Hernandez, L. M., Maia-Herzog, M. &amp; Shelley, A. J. (2004) Simulium lobatoi, new species of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the states of Mato Grosso and Goias, Central Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 99, 37 - 43." type="journal article" year="2004">Shelley, 2004</bibRefCitation>
: 37
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<typeStatus id="65118812FF95FFF080CF659642046182" box="[901,1028,1426,1447]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
Ψ (reared),
<collectingCountry id="C2BD7620FF95FFF08736659642D76182" box="[1148,1239,1426,1447]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
: Mato Grosso State, Tangará da Serra, Estância Primavera, Cachoeira I, (site 1053);
<date id="CE141070FF95FFF0806F65AB458561E1" box="[805,901,1455,1476]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" value="1995-05-26">26.v.1995</date>
, (
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF95FFF080DD65AB46F861C7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">A.P.A. Luna Dias, P.R. Garritano, M.M. Elázaro &amp; M. Leila</emphasis>
) (IOC) [Examined.]
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA1536B0FF95FFF083DD660847E6624C" blockId="0.[151,1436,1548,2022]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF95FFF083DD660847366201" bold="true" box="[151,310,1548,1572]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Mature larva.</emphasis>
Body length
<quantity id="7D529B55FF95FFF08280660844596206" box="[458,601,1548,1571]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.649999999999999" metricValueMax="10.6" metricValueMin="8.7" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="9.649999999999999" valueMax="10.6" valueMin="8.7">8.7–10.6 mm</quantity>
(n=4); length of head capsule 0.9–1.0 mm (n=4); width of head capsule 0.7– 0.8 (n=4). Body colour dark grey dorso-laterally, whitish ventrally (specimens fixed in Carnoy’s solution and/or alcohol). General body form as in
<figureCitation id="22912A35FF95FFF082EB665647DF624C" box="[417,479,1618,1641]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="1.[151,257,1956,1977]" captionTargetBox="[248,1397,435,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[173,1413,401,1949]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Simulium lobatoi (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 1. Larva, lateral view; 2. Head (dorsal view); 3. Head showing cervical sclerites (dorsal view), arrow indicate position of the cervical sclerites; 4. Head showing postgenal cleft (ventral view); 5. Hypostomium (ventral view)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274212/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F2B0653BFF95FFF383F0667145986794" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" type="description">
<paragraph id="BA1536B0FF95FFF183F06671452E6532" blockId="0.[151,1436,1548,2022]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1437,152,383]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF95FFF083F06671470B62A9" box="[186,267,1653,1676]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Head—</emphasis>
mainly dark brown, anterior region of cephalic apotome yellowish. Numerous small setae present on all surfaces and head capsule slightly wrinkled. Head pattern positive (
<figureCitation id="22912A35FF95FFF080006693458C628B" box="[842,908,1687,1710]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="1.[151,257,1956,1977]" captionTargetBox="[248,1397,435,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[173,1413,401,1949]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Simulium lobatoi (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 1. Larva, lateral view; 2. Head (dorsal view); 3. Head showing cervical sclerites (dorsal view), arrow indicate position of the cervical sclerites; 4. Head showing postgenal cleft (ventral view); 5. Hypostomium (ventral view)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274212/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Cervical sclerites small, elliptical, free in membrane (
<figureCitation id="22912A35FF95FFF083A866BE472562F4" box="[226,293,1722,1745]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="1.[151,257,1956,1977]" captionTargetBox="[248,1397,435,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[173,1413,401,1949]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Simulium lobatoi (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 1. Larva, lateral view; 2. Head (dorsal view); 3. Head showing cervical sclerites (dorsal view), arrow indicate position of the cervical sclerites; 4. Head showing postgenal cleft (ventral view); 5. Hypostomium (ventral view)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274212/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Postgenal cleft deep, bell-shaped, subtriangular apically; postgenal bridge nearly as long as hypostoma (
<figureCitation id="22912A35FF95FFF083D566D946E062D1" box="[159,224,1757,1780]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="1.[151,257,1956,1977]" captionTargetBox="[248,1397,435,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[173,1413,401,1949]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Simulium lobatoi (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 1. Larva, lateral view; 2. Head (dorsal view); 3. Head showing cervical sclerites (dorsal view), arrow indicate position of the cervical sclerites; 4. Head showing postgenal cleft (ventral view); 5. Hypostomium (ventral view)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274212/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Hypostoma strongly pigmented on anterior margin, with approximately nine apical teeth distinctly protruding in central region; median tooth sharp, well-developed and most prominent; 3+3 sublateral teeth, with the pair adjacent to base of median tooth longer than remainder; 1+1 lateral tooth, longer than basal sublateral tooth; 2+2 small, lateral serrations; 1+1 lines of approximately fourteen hypostomial setae parallel to lateral margin; 1+1 long, simple setae in posterior half of hypostoma (
<figureCitation id="22912A35FF95FFF082D8676347DD635B" box="[402,477,1895,1918]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="1.[151,257,1956,1977]" captionTargetBox="[248,1397,435,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[173,1413,401,1949]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Simulium lobatoi (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 1. Larva, lateral view; 2. Head (dorsal view); 3. Head showing cervical sclerites (dorsal view), arrow indicate position of the cervical sclerites; 4. Head showing postgenal cleft (ventral view); 5. Hypostomium (ventral view)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274212/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
). Subesophageal ganglion lightly pigmented (
<figureCitation id="22912A35FF95FFF0808F67634206635B" box="[965,1030,1895,1918]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 10" captionStartId="2.[151,269,1703,1727]" captionTargetBox="[187,1392,164,1685]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[173,1413,149,1697]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 10. Simulium lobatoi (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 6. Head (ventral view), arrow indicate the subesophageal ganglion; 7. Antennal segments; 8. Mandible (lateral view), inset higher magnification of mandibular apical teeth, comb teeth and mandibular serrations; 9. Filaments of gill histoblast; 10. Anal sclerite and posterior circlet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274213/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). Antenna longer than labral fan stalk, segment I, apex of segment II and segment III dark brown, two thirds of segment II pale whitish (
<figureCitation id="22912A35FF95FFF087D5678E42E06384" box="[1183,1248,1930,1953]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 10" captionStartId="2.[151,269,1703,1727]" captionTargetBox="[187,1392,164,1685]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[173,1413,149,1697]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 10. Simulium lobatoi (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 6. Head (ventral view), arrow indicate the subesophageal ganglion; 7. Antennal segments; 8. Mandible (lateral view), inset higher magnification of mandibular apical teeth, comb teeth and mandibular serrations; 9. Filaments of gill histoblast; 10. Anal sclerite and posterior circlet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274213/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
), length of antennal segments I–III excluding the sensillum 0.1:0.1–0.2:0.1 (n=6). Mandible with three apical teeth, first one longer than second and third apical teeth; mandibular comb with approximately eleven teeth, first fourteen more prominent than remainder, third, fourth and fifth comb teeth longer and more prominent than first, and sixth to eleventh mandibular comb teeth; two mandibular serrations, anterior more prominent and longer than posterior (
<figureCitation id="22912A35FF94FFF1873C60BE42B964F4" box="[1142,1209,186,209]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 10" captionStartId="2.[151,269,1703,1727]" captionTargetBox="[187,1392,164,1685]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[173,1413,149,1697]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 10. Simulium lobatoi (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 6. Head (ventral view), arrow indicate the subesophageal ganglion; 7. Antennal segments; 8. Mandible (lateral view), inset higher magnification of mandibular apical teeth, comb teeth and mandibular serrations; 9. Filaments of gill histoblast; 10. Anal sclerite and posterior circlet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274213/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). Lateral mandibular process absent. Maxillary palps heavily pigmented; one and a half times as long as wide at base. Labral fan with 49 primary rays (n=4) with fine, single line of microtrichia in a row.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA1536B0FF94FFF1838C612645A8655A" blockId="1.[151,1437,152,383]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF94FFF1838C61264713651C" box="[198,275,290,313]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">Thorax</emphasis>
— grey dorsally and whitish ventrally. Cuticle without setae. Proleg with plate heavily sclerotised with band of approximately 41–50 processes (n=4). Pupal respiratory gill histoblast dark brown; dissected gill histoblast with 8 filaments, all branching from a common trunk and pointed apically (
<figureCitation id="22912A35FF94FFF18013616C459B655A" box="[857,923,360,383]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 10" captionStartId="2.[151,269,1703,1727]" captionTargetBox="[187,1392,164,1685]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[173,1413,149,1697]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 10. Simulium lobatoi (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 6. Head (ventral view), arrow indicate the subesophageal ganglion; 7. Antennal segments; 8. Mandible (lateral view), inset higher magnification of mandibular apical teeth, comb teeth and mandibular serrations; 9. Filaments of gill histoblast; 10. Anal sclerite and posterior circlet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274213/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="EED56638FF94FFF183DD67A0476363D1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274212/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" targetBox="[248,1397,435,1940]" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph id="BA1536B0FF94FFF183DD67A0476363D1" blockId="1.[151,1436,1956,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF94FFF183DD67A0472B639C" bold="true" box="[151,299,1956,1977]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">FIGURES 1–5</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF94FFF1827267A047DC639C" box="[312,476,1956,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobatoi">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF94FFF1827267A047DC639C" box="[312,476,1956,1977]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">Simulium lobatoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF94FFF182A367A04436639C" box="[489,566,1956,1977]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF94FFF1817567A044A9639C" box="[575,681,1956,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
) larva. 1. Larva, lateral view; 2. Head (dorsal view); 3. Head showing cervical sclerites (dorsal view), arrow indicate position of the cervical sclerites; 4. Head showing postgenal cleft (ventral view); 5. Hypostomium (ventral view).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="EED56638FF97FFF283DD66A3430F6321" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274213/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" targetBox="[187,1392,164,1685]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="BA1536B0FF97FFF283DD66A3430F6321" blockId="2.[151,1436,1703,1796]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF97FFF283DD66A34752629A" bold="true" box="[151,338,1703,1727]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">FIGURES 6–10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF97FFF2821166AC4415629A" box="[347,533,1704,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobatoi">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF97FFF2821166AC4415629A" box="[347,533,1704,1727]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Simulium lobatoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF97FFF2816F66AC447B629A" box="[549,635,1704,1727]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF97FFF281CD66AC44FC629A" box="[647,764,1704,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
) larva. 6. Head (ventral view), arrow indicate the subesophageal ganglion; 7. Antennal segments; 8. Mandible (lateral view), inset higher magnification of mandibular apical teeth, comb teeth and mandibular serrations; 9. Filaments of gill histoblast; 10. Anal sclerite and posterior circlet.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="BA1536B0FF97FFF283FD673642E263F1" blockId="2.[151,1437,1842,2004]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF97FFF283FD6736471C636C" box="[183,284,1842,1865]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Abdomen</emphasis>
— usually grey dorsally, progressively paler ventrally, especially towards posterior where last segments are white, gradually expanded posteriorly. Ventral nerve cord greyish. Ventral tubercles absent. Cuticle lacking setae except area around anal sclerite and anal gills. Anal sclerite well sclerotised with anterior arms extending one third of diameter of posterior circlet anteriorly; no sclerotised areas between arms (
<figureCitation id="22912A35FF97FFF28019679F45A26397" box="[851,930,1947,1970]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 10" captionStartId="2.[151,269,1703,1727]" captionTargetBox="[187,1392,164,1685]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[173,1413,149,1697]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 10. Simulium lobatoi (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 6. Head (ventral view), arrow indicate the subesophageal ganglion; 7. Antennal segments; 8. Mandible (lateral view), inset higher magnification of mandibular apical teeth, comb teeth and mandibular serrations; 9. Filaments of gill histoblast; 10. Anal sclerite and posterior circlet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274213/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). Posterior circlet with 251–290 rows of 45–46 simple hooks (n= 3). Rectal papillae with two lobes of approximately 24 small, finger-like lobes (n=1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA1536B0FF96FFF3838C609342A164CA" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,945]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF3838C609347C1648A" bold="true" box="[198,449,151,175]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Taxonomic Discussion</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation id="DE3B4B41FF96FFF38284609C44C3648A" box="[462,707,152,175]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Luna Dias, A. P. A., Hernandez, L. M., Maia-Herzog, M. &amp; Shelley, A. J. (2004) Simulium lobatoi, new species of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the states of Mato Grosso and Goias, Central Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 99, 37 - 43." type="journal article">
Luna Dias
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF38108609C4477648A" box="[578,631,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">et al.</emphasis>
(2004)
</bibRefCitation>
did not assign
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF38029609C45C9648A" box="[867,969,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobatoi">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF38029609C45C9648A" box="[867,969,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">S. lobatoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to subgenus because of their morphological resemblance to adults and pupal exuviae of species assigned to the subgenera
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF3809F60BC425664EA" box="[981,1110,184,207]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Hemicnetha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF3809F60BC425664EA" box="[981,1110,184,207]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Hemicnetha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF387C360BC431E64EA" box="[1161,1310,184,207]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Trichodagmia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF387C360BC431E64EA" box="[1161,1310,184,207]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Trichodagmia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Therefore, we here compare the larva of
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF3829E60DC443A64CA" box="[468,570,216,239]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobatoi">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF3829E60DC443A64CA" box="[468,570,216,239]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">S. lobatoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with those currently included in the latter two subgenera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA1536B0FF96FFF3838C60FC42C8660A" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,945]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">
The larva of
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF3820760FC47B2652A" box="[333,434,248,271]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobatoi">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF3820760FC47B2652A" box="[333,434,248,271]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">S. lobatoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished readily from those of Brazilian species of
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF3871960FC42E9652A" box="[1107,1257,248,271]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Trichodagmia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF3871960FC42E9652A" box="[1107,1257,248,271]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Trichodagmia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF3865160FC439C652A" box="[1307,1436,248,271]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Hemicnetha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF3865160FC439C652A" box="[1307,1436,248,271]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Hemicnetha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the gill histoblast possessing eight filaments, all branching basally (
<figureCitation id="22912A35FF96FFF380D9611C45D6650A" box="[915,982,280,303]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 10" captionStartId="2.[151,269,1703,1727]" captionTargetBox="[187,1392,164,1685]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[173,1413,149,1697]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 10. Simulium lobatoi (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 6. Head (ventral view), arrow indicate the subesophageal ganglion; 7. Antennal segments; 8. Mandible (lateral view), inset higher magnification of mandibular apical teeth, comb teeth and mandibular serrations; 9. Filaments of gill histoblast; 10. Anal sclerite and posterior circlet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274213/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). In this respect,
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF387DB611C42F9650A" box="[1169,1273,280,303]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobatoi">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF387DB611C42F9650A" box="[1169,1273,280,303]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">S. lobatoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF386C2611C474F656A" authority="Lutz" authorityName="Lutz" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrithorax">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF386C2611C4713656A" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">S. rubrithorax</emphasis>
Lutz
</taxonomicName>
, but in the latter species the gill histoblast filaments are rounded apically (
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF387CD613C46FA654A" authority="Digital Image Archives" authorityName="Digital Image Archives" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae Digital Image Archives</taxonomicName>
, BMNH;
<bibRefCitation id="DE3B4B41FF96FFF3822B615C4432654A" author="Shelley" box="[353,562,344,367]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Shelley, A. J., Lowry, C. A., Maia-Herzog, M., Luna Dias, A. P. A. &amp; Moraes, M. A. P. (1997) Biosystematic studies on the Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Amazonia onchocerciasis focus of Brazil. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology series), 66, 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1997">
Shelley
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF382FD615C47EC654A" box="[439,492,344,367]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">et al.</emphasis>
, 1997
</bibRefCitation>
), while in
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF381D5615C4505654A" box="[671,773,344,367]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobatoi">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF381D5615C4505654A" box="[671,773,344,367]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">S. lobatoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
they are pointed (
<figureCitation id="22912A35FF96FFF38089615C4205654A" box="[963,1029,344,367]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 10" captionStartId="2.[151,269,1703,1727]" captionTargetBox="[187,1392,164,1685]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[173,1413,149,1697]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 10. Simulium lobatoi (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 6. Head (ventral view), arrow indicate the subesophageal ganglion; 7. Antennal segments; 8. Mandible (lateral view), inset higher magnification of mandibular apical teeth, comb teeth and mandibular serrations; 9. Filaments of gill histoblast; 10. Anal sclerite and posterior circlet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274213/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). The best character for distinguishing the larva of
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF38251617C478365AA" box="[283,387,376,399]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobatoi">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF38251617C478365AA" box="[283,387,376,399]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">S. lobatoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from that of
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF3815F617C44AD65AA" box="[533,685,376,399]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrithorax">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF3815F617C44AD65AA" box="[533,685,376,399]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">S. rubrithorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the structure of the hypostomal teeth. In
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF387C3617C42F065AA" box="[1161,1264,376,399]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobatoi">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF387C3617C42F065AA" box="[1161,1264,376,399]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">S. lobatoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the teeth of the hypostoma are produced anteromedially, with the median tooth longer than the remaining teeth, only three sublateral teeth and 1+1 lateral teeth that are slightly longer than the posterior sublateral tooth; the hypostoma has approximately 14 hypostomal setae per side (
<figureCitation id="22912A35FF96FFF3828E61DC440865CA" box="[452,520,472,495]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="1.[151,257,1956,1977]" captionTargetBox="[248,1397,435,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[173,1413,401,1949]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Simulium lobatoi (Diptera: Simuliidae) larva. 1. Larva, lateral view; 2. Head (dorsal view); 3. Head showing cervical sclerites (dorsal view), arrow indicate position of the cervical sclerites; 4. Head showing postgenal cleft (ventral view); 5. Hypostomium (ventral view)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274212/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). The hypostoma of
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF381B161DC459565CA" box="[763,917,472,495]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrithorax">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF381B161DC459565CA" box="[763,917,472,495]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">S. rubrithorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has all teeth at the same level, except that the median tooth is longer, and there are only 2+2 sublateral teeth and 1+1 lateral teeth are all projected to nearly the same level anteromedially; the hypostoma has approximately nine hypostomal setae (
<bibRefCitation id="DE3B4B41FF96FFF380A2621C42BD660A" author="Shelley" box="[1000,1213,536,559]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Shelley, A. J., Lowry, C. A., Maia-Herzog, M., Luna Dias, A. P. A. &amp; Moraes, M. A. P. (1997) Biosystematic studies on the Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Amazonia onchocerciasis focus of Brazil. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology series), 66, 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1997">
Shelley
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF3870A621C426F660A" box="[1088,1135,536,559]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">et al</emphasis>
., 1997
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA1536B0FF96FFF3838C623C431D66AA" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,945]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">
The general morphology of the postgenal cleft and mandibular teeth of
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF3809C623C423F666A" box="[982,1087,568,591]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobatoi">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF3809C623C423F666A" box="[982,1087,568,591]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">S. lobatoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
largely agree with the variation found in species of
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF3822D625C47E8664A" box="[359,488,600,623]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Hemicnetha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF3822D625C47E8664A" box="[359,488,600,623]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Hemicnetha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Therefore, we assign
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF38190625C4540664A" box="[730,832,600,623]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobatoi">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF38190625C4540664A" box="[730,832,600,623]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">S. lobatoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF380B8625C4273664A" box="[1010,1139,600,623]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Hemicnetha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF380B8625C4273664A" box="[1010,1139,600,623]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Hemicnetha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Because of its overall similarity with
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF38259627C47AB66AA" box="[275,427,632,655]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrithorax">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF38259627C47AB66AA" box="[275,427,632,655]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">S. rubrithorax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
we place this species in the
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF38193627C453866AA" box="[729,824,632,655]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">paynei—</emphasis>
species group of
<bibRefCitation id="DE3B4B41FF96FFF380A7627C431966AA" author="Crosskey" box="[1005,1305,632,655]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Crosskey, R. W. &amp; Howard, T. M. (2004) A revised taxonomic and geographical inventory of world blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). The Natural History Museum, London, 82 pp. [web version: http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / entomology / projects / blackflies / Inventory. pdf] (last accessed 19 October 2007)." type="book" year="2004">Crosskey &amp; Howard (2004)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA1536B0FF96FFF3838C629345596734" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,945]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF3838C6293473D668A" bold="true" box="[198,317,663,687]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Bionomics</emphasis>
. Larvae and pupae of
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF3817E629C449D668A" box="[564,669,664,687]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobatoi">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF3817E629C449D668A" box="[564,669,664,687]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">S. lobatoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were collected in the municipality of
<collectingCountry id="C2BD7620FF96FFF38774629C429E668A" box="[1086,1182,664,687]" name="Taiwan" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Formosa</collectingCountry>
, Goiás state, below the waterfall named Salto do Itiquira. The stream was approximately
<quantity id="7D529B55FF96FFF3801362BC458866EA" box="[857,904,696,719]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" unit="m" value="10.0">10m</quantity>
wide with a bed of boulders and sand. The water had a temperature of 17o C, a
<collectingCountry id="C2BD7620FF96FFF3828462DE47EF66D4" box="[462,495,730,753]" name="Philippines" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">pH</collectingCountry>
of 7.9 and an electrical conductivity below 30 µS/cm. All larvae were collected in large numbers, mainly on stones, where the water current was very fast.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA1536B0FF96FFF3838C631E45986794" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,945]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">
<emphasis id="88DEEAA2FF96FFF3838C631E47976717" bold="true" box="[198,407,794,818]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Acknowledgments</emphasis>
. The first author would like to thank The Natural History Museum (BMNH) for providing funds for collecting and curating Neotropical
<taxonomicName id="7DAA4D33FF96FFF3810B633E44B56774" box="[577,693,826,849]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Simuliidae</taxonomicName>
and A.J.Shelley for critically reviewing the manuscript. The second author would like to thank the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for providing funds to carry out this research. We thank Peter H. Adler and an anonymous reviewer for reading and commenting on the manuscript.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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