127 lines
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127 lines
13 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3245327" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9bf3a9f5-cd36-4be6-bba9-49607815bcd0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3245327" approvalRequired="3" approvalRequired_for_bibRefs="3" checkinTime="1559900965784" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Holtz, T. R." docDate="2001" docId="03EE87AEFFA2FF8EFEE7FE3F8E330242" docLanguage="en" docName="Holtz2001TyrannosauridaeGS.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, Bloomington: Indiana University Press" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="71" masterDocId="FFD7FFD6FFA5FF89FFE1FFFB8A660428" masterDocTitle="The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae" masterLastPageNumber="83" masterPageNumber="64" pageNumber="71" updateTime="1645527105248" updateUser="jeremy">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Holtz, T. R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2001</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2001-12-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Indiana University Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Bloomington</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Tanke D. H.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Carpenter K.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Mesozoic Vertebrate Life</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>64</mods:start>
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<mods:end>83</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.3245327</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">9bf3a9f5-cd36-4be6-bba9-49607815bcd0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3245327</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5204494" ID-GBIF-Taxon="184353351" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5204494" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EE87AEFFA2FF8EFEE7FE3F8E330242" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EE87AEFFA2FF8EFEE7FE3F8E330242" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="7" pageNumber="71">
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<subSubSection box="[262,864,449,489]" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[185,1388,149,2646]" box="[262,864,449,489]" pageId="7" pageNumber="71">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[262,858,449,489]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis box="[262,598,449,489]" pageId="7" pageNumber="71">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Osborn" box="[613,858,450,489]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural Historl" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" pagination="259 - 265" part="21" refId="ref6049" refString="Osborn, H. F. 1905. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural Historl, 21: 259 - 265." title="Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1905">Osborn 1905</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="71" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[185,1388,149,2646]" pageId="7" pageNumber="71">
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The last and largest known tyrannosaurid,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[449,541,503,538]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis box="[449,541,503,538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="71">T. rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is represented by numerous skulls and postcrania from the late Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation of Montana, Wyoming, and South Dakota, the Lance Formation of Wyoming, and equivalent beds in Saskatchewan, Alberta, and other localities in the North American West. This species is characterized by numerous autapomorphies.
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<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore, C. W." box="[414,680,753,791]" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" pagination="l-I 9" part="1,06" refId="ref5087" refString="Gilmore, C. W. 1946. A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Montana. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 1,06: l-I 9." title="A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Montana" type="journal volume" year="1946">Gilmore (1946)</bibRefCitation>
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described
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3334579301" box="[867,1098,750,790]" collectionCode="CMNH" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" specimenCode="CMNH 7541">CMNH 7541</materialsCitation>
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, a 572 mm long skull from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana, as a new species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[188,409,855,890]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[188,409,855,890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="71">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gilmore" authorityYear="1946" box="[436,644,854,891]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
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<emphasis box="[436,644,854,891]" pageId="7" pageNumber="71">G. lancensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. This taxon was later (
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<bibRefCitation author="Bakker" box="[1049,1369,852,891]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bakker" journalOrPublisher="Hunteria" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 30" part="1" refId="ref4524" refString="Bakker, R. T., M. Williarns, and P. J. Currie. 1988. Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana. Hunteria 1 (5): 1 - 30." title="Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana" type="journal article" year="1988">Bakker et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
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) referred to its own genus,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bakker, Williams & Currie" authorityYear="1988" box="[634,885,903,940]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[634,885,903,940]" pageId="7" pageNumber="71">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Because of some similarities with adult
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[372,693,955,990]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis box="[372,693,955,990]" pageId="7" pageNumber="71">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, these authors and others (
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<bibRefCitation author="Russell" box="[1152,1374,954,989]" firstAuthor="Russell" journalOrPublisher="National Musewm Natural Sciences Publications in Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - - 34" part="1" refId="ref6245" refString="Russell, D. A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Musewm Natural Sciences Publications in Palaeontology 1: 1 - - 34." title="Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada" type="journal volume" year="1970">Russell 1970</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter, K." box="[187,454,1003,1041]" editor="N. Mateer & P. - J. Chen" journalOrPublisher="Beijing: China Ocean Press" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" pagination="250 - 268" refId="ref4605" refString="Carpenter, K. 1992. Tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria) of Asia and North America. In N. Mateer and P. - J. Chen (eds.), Aspects of Nonmarine Cretaceous Geology, pp. 250 - 268. Beijing: China Ocean Press." title="Tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria) of Asia and North America" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Aspects of Nonmarine Cretaceous Geology" year="1992">Carpenter 1992</bibRefCitation>
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) have voiced suspicion that this skull might represent a juvenile of that larger sympatric species.
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<bibRefCitation author="Carr, T. D." box="[921,1122,1054,1091]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref4655" refString="Carr, T. D. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 497 - 520." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)" type="journal article" year="1999">Carr (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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documents the presence of juvenile striated cortical bone over most of the skull's surface, and cannot verify the presence of cranial fusions previously used to indicate the adult nature of this skull. Additionally, the changes in lateral tooth shape and maxillary tooth number used to distinguish "
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bakker, Williams & Currie" authorityYear="1988" box="[204,459,1303,1340]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[204,459,1303,1340]" pageId="7" pageNumber="71">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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" from
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[589,837,1306,1341]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[589,837,1306,1341]" pageId="7" pageNumber="71">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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also occur in the growth series of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1914" box="[239,459,1357,1392]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gorgosaurus</taxonomicName>
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. Furthermore, the skull of "
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bakker, Williams & Currie" authorityYear="1988" box="[964,1225,1352,1389]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[964,1225,1352,1389]" pageId="7" pageNumber="71">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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" demonstrates several
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[453,568,1400,1442]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis box="[453,568,1400,1442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="71">T. rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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autapomorphies: 103.1, 104.1, 105.1, 106.1, 108.1, and 109.1. In light of this, and pending the discovery of a skull of different morphology which can be more clearly demonstrated to be a juvenile
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[371,482,1553,1592]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis box="[371,482,1553,1592]" pageId="7" pageNumber="71">T. rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, "
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bakker, Williams & Currie" authorityYear="1988" box="[519,778,1549,1588]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[519,778,1549,1588]" pageId="7" pageNumber="71">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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" is here considered to be a young individual of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[420,670,1605,1640]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[420,670,1605,1640]" pageId="7" pageNumber="71">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and not a distinct taxon.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |