223 lines
22 KiB
XML
223 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3739808" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b7e93c79-44a6-4d9c-8b78-dcb62033fb0d" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3739808" approvalRequired="13" approvalRequired_for_treatments="13" checkinTime="1585778501182" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03BD87A2C663A212F880F5BFFC194F46" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Hipposideridae_210.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Hipposideros ruber" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="249" masterDocId="FF84FFDAC676A204FFF8FF9AFFEF4346" masterDocTitle="Hipposideridae" masterLastPageNumber="258" masterPageNumber="227" pageNumber="248" updateTime="1658320025573" updateUser="diego">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Hipposideridae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place>
|
||
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>227</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>258</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3739808</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">b7e93c79-44a6-4d9c-8b78-dcb62033fb0d</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3739808</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3810847" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163433766" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3810847" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BD87A2C663A212F880F5BFFC194F46" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C663A212F880F5BFFC194F46" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="249" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">
|
||
<heading pageId="21" pageNumber="248">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1912,1991,2597,2658]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[1909,3216,2596,2752]" box="[1912,1991,2597,2658]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1912,1991,2597,2658]" captionStart="Plate 18: Hipposideridae" captionStartId="18.[172,215,4473,4502]" captionTargetBox="[0,3699,0,4866]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="47. Short-tailed Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros curtus), 49. Aellen’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros marisae), 50. Schneider’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros speoris), 51. Spurred Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros calcaratus), 52. Fawn-colored Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros ceruinus), 53. Cox’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros coxi), 54. Cantor’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros galeritus), 55. Aba Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros abae), 56. Benito Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros beatus), 57. Sundevall’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros caffer), 58. Sooty Leaf-nosed (Bat Hipposiderosfuliginosus), 59. Lamotte’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros lamottei), 60. Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros ruber), 61. Maghreb Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros tephrus), 62. Dusky Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros ater), 63. Bicolored Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros bicolor), 64. Short-headed Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros breviceps), 65. Least Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros cineraceus), 66. Large Mindanao Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros coronatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3739814" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3739814/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">60.</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[2015,2671,2597,2658]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[1909,3216,2596,2752]" box="[2015,2671,2597,2658]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">
|
||
<vernacularName box="[2015,2671,2597,2658]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat</vernacularName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[2735,3211,2597,2658]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[1909,3216,2596,2752]" box="[2735,3211,2597,2658]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Noack" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[2735,3211,2597,2658]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="248" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruber">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2735,3211,2597,2658]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Hipposideros ruber</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="248" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[1909,3216,2596,2752]" box="[1910,3216,2673,2700]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1910,2013,2675,2700]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[2024,2325,2673,2700]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Phyllorhine de Noack I</vernacularName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2332,2456,2675,2700]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[2466,2768,2673,2700]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Noack-Rundblattnase I</vernacularName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2776,2901,2675,2700]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[2912,3216,2673,2700]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Hiposidérido de Noack</vernacularName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[1909,3216,2596,2752]" box="[1910,2556,2725,2752]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1910,2243,2727,2752]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[2254,2556,2725,2752]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Noack's Roundleaf Bat</vernacularName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[2729,3527,2827,2866]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[2726,3530,2827,3394]" box="[2729,3527,2827,2866]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2729,2940,2827,2866]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Noack, 1893" authorityName="Noack" authorityYear="1893" box="[2956,3520,2827,2866]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Phyllorhina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="248" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubra">Phyllorhina rubra Noack, 1893</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="248" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[2726,3530,2827,3394]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2595781666" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">
|
||
Ngerengere River, Eastern Province,
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Tanzania" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="248" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[2726,3530,2827,3394]" lastBlockId="21.[1902,3525,3405,4655]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="ZyfetThomas" authorityYear="1913" box="[2729,3046,2985,3024]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="248" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruber">Hipposideros ruber</taxonomicName>
|
||
was formerly included in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1834" box="[2803,2915,3038,3077]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="248" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">bicolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group, but is now placed in the ru&erspecies group. There has been much confusion in the literature regarding the taxonomic status of this species, particularly with respect to its relationship with the savanna H. cofferspecies complex. Recent molecular work shows deep divergence between several lineages within this complex. The savanna species H. coffer and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cabrera" authorityYear="1906" box="[1907,2092,3457,3496]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="248" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tephrus">H. tephrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are clearly distinct from the rainforest species, based on both morphology and molecular sequences. However, there are at least three distinct species within the rainforest complex. The species Ä
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Noack" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[2590,2682,3563,3602]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="248" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruber">ruber</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sensu stricto) refers to populations in East Africa. Populations in Central and West Africa refer to different, but as yet unnamed taxa. They have been referred to as separate lineages in the literature, but almost certainly are valid species. This confusion needs urgent attention. Many subspecies have been described but it is not clear what their status is, taxonomy requires reassessment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="248" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3749155" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3749155" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3749155/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="248" startId="21.[1905,2136,3826,3865]" targetBox="[1904,2699,2829,3386]" targetPageId="21">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[1902,3525,3405,4655]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1905,2143,3826,3865]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Widely in tropical Africa, but boundaries of each lineage (presumably separate species) are not known; this species complex occurs almost continuously from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2011,2162,3932,3971]" name="Senegal" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Senegal</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2185,2335,3932,3971]" name="Gambia" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Gambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2443,2583,3932,3971]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
E to S
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2723,2843,3932,3971]" name="Sudan" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2943,3110,3932,3971]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and S to
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3306,3437,3932,3971]" name="Gabon" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2315,2520,3984,4023]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2627,2801,3984,4023]" name="Tanzania" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with isolated populations in NW
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Angola" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Angola</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2007,2152,4037,4076]" name="Zambia" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2170,2306,4037,4076]" name="Malawi" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and N
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2452,2704,4037,4076]" name="Mozambique" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
; also on
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2868,3314,4037,4076]" name="Sao Tome and Principe" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Principe and Sâo Tomé</collectingCountry>
|
||
Is.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="248" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[1902,3525,3405,4655]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1903,2245,4090,4129]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 52-62 mm, tail 30-41 mm, ear 15-19 mm, hindfoot 7-12 mm, forearm 47-55 mm; weight 9-12 g. No obvious sexual differences in pelage or size, although males tend to average slightly larger than females, but with considerable overlap. Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat has short, rounded wings. Muzzle is relatively short with a large but simple noseleaf that has two lateral leaflets. A frontal sac is present in males. Intemarial septum is not swollen and does not partially cover the nares. Ears are separate, and relatively small. Fur is fine and fluffy, dark grayish brown or dark brown dorsally, paler ventrally; an orange morph exists, which is bright rusty brown or golden dorsally and paler ventrally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="249" pageId="21" pageNumber="248" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[1902,3525,3405,4655]" lastBlockId="22.[166,1790,386,3073]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="249" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1902,2052,4563,4602]" pageId="21" pageNumber="248">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Typically lowland rainforest, as well as riparian forest and secondary forest. Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat does not occur in drier savannas except along rivers. Locally, it occurs at higher elevations—e.g. up to
|
||
<quantity box="[963,1101,386,425]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="249" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
on Mount
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1321,1454,386,425]" country="Liberia" name="Nimba" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">Nimba</collectingRegion>
|
||
. It may utilize agricultural land but typically under semi-natural habitats where some indigenous trees and well-developed undergrowth vegetation persists.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="249" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[166,1790,386,3073]" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[168,535,547,586]" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat is insectivorous, feeding predominandy on beedes but it may also take a variety of other arthropods. It typically forages in cluttered vegetation, departing from the day roost at sunset and returning with bulging stomach two hours later. It may forage within agricultural land, particularly where these are intermixed with natural vegetation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="249" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[166,1790,386,3073]" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[169,354,813,852]" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding of Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat is seasonal, with births of single young occurring at different times in different populations. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1314,1455,866,905]" name="Liberia" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Central African Republic" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and northern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[645,852,919,958]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
, young are bom in March-April. In contrast, in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[168,345,972,1011]" name="Tanzania" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which refers to
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Noack" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[671,826,972,1011]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruber">H. ruber</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sensu stricto), copulation and fertilization occur in June-July followed by retarded development, births in December and lactation through to February. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[661,792,1078,1117]" name="Gabon" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
, this species appears to have two birthing seasons in March and October, although there is confusion over the exact species that was studied.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="249" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[166,1790,386,3073]" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[167,487,1238,1277]" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat roosts during the day in a variety of cavities and structures including caves, hollow trees, holes in the ground, old mines, culverts under roads, and abandoned houses. Like its congeners, it has a low wing loading and low aspect ratio, allowing it to fly in cluttered environments such as thickets, and to take off from the ground. It is active throughout the year. Bats emerge from day roost at sunset and are active throughout the night, but with three peaks of activity corresponding to the first two hours after sunset, an hour around midnight and the hour before sunrise. Males tend to fly for a longer period per night than females. Echolocation call includes a F component that is highly variable and may be distincdy different in different lineages—e.g. at Mount
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1049,1180,1714,1753]" country="Liberia" name="Nimba" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">Nimba</collectingRegion>
|
||
, in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1254,1392,1714,1753]" name="Liberia" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">Liberia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, one lineage had an echolocation call at 128 kHz, whereas the second lineage called at 148 kHz. Published accounts of echolocation calls of the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Noack" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[884,1037,1821,1860]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruber">H. ruber</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex typically fall within this range of variation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="249" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[166,1790,386,3073]" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[169,1141,1927,1966]" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat typically roosts in small to very large colonies of over 500 individuals. Individual bats hang separately from the ceiling of the roost but in close proximity to other group-members. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[328,458,2085,2124]" name="Ghana" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
, mean home range size of 13 radio-tracked bats was 36 ha, and these overlapped extensively between individuals; the foraging area was 50% of the home range. Mean maximum foraging distance from the day roost was 1 •
|
||
<quantity box="[1431,1519,2191,2230]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="249" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
but extended up to 2-6 km for some individuals, which is within the range predicted for a bat of this size. It occasionally shares its roosting sites with other bat species including various
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[169,509,2349,2388]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Rhinolophus spp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[529,872,2349,2388]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Hipposideros spp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Angolan Soft-fùrred Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Bocage" baseAuthorityYear="1898" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Lissonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="angolensis">Lissonycteris angolensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="249" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[166,1790,386,3073]" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[168,659,2456,2495]" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat complex has a wide distribution, utilizes many different structures as day roosts, and usually occurs in good numbers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="249" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[166,1790,386,3073]" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[169,375,2620,2649]" pageId="22" pageNumber="249">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Anciaux de Faveaux (1978), Bernard & Cumming (1997), Brosset (1968), Brosset & Saint Girons (1980), Denys et al. (2013), ahr & Ebigbo (2003), Grubb et al. (1998), Guillén-Servent et al. (2000), Happold, D.C.D. (1987), Happold, D.C.D. & Happold (1990), Happold, M. (2013aa), Hill (1963a), Jones et al. (1993), Kock et al. (2002), Koopman (1989), Koopman et al. (1995), Monadjem & Fahr (2007), Monadjem, Richards & Denys (2016), Monadjem, Richards, Taylor, Denys et al. (2013), Monadjem, Schoeman et al. (2010), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Nkrumah, Vallo, Klose, Ripperger, Badu, Dorsten et al. (2016), Nkrumah, Vallo, Klose, Ripperger, Badu, Gloza-Rausch et al. (2016), Patterson & Webala (2012), Rosevear (1965), Schütter et al. (1982), Thorn & Kerbis Peterhans(2009), Vallo, Benda et al. (2011), Vallo, Guillén-Servent étal. (2008), Van Cakenberghe et al. (2017), Verschuren (1957,1977,1982),Wolton et al. (1982).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |