380 lines
46 KiB
XML
380 lines
46 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.91.709" ID-GBIF-Dataset="78741a70-2be5-4536-a819-3a51f9d89cde" ID-PMC="PMC3084493" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-91-1" ID-PubMed="21594108" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-91-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 91" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the flightless Mancallinae (Aves, Pan-Alcidae)" checkinTime="1451250487905" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Smith, Neil Adam" docDate="2011" docId="EAE0349D7B533FE33D2177F75D4B570C" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 91: 1-116" docOrigin="ZooKeys 91" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.91.709" docTitle="Miomancalla howardi Smith, 2011, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="FF8FFFC9A904277FD17A5E6B442A302C" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the flightless Mancallinae (Aves, Pan-Alcidae)" masterLastPageNumber="116" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1668168425552" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the flightless Mancallinae (Aves, Pan-Alcidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Smith, Neil Adam</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>91</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>116</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.91.709</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.91.709</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-91-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159364926" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BF31D07E-0CFF-4202-BE8C-C5E97F49F625" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EAE0349D7B533FE33D2177F75D4B570C" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BF31D07E-0CFF-4202-BE8C-C5E97F49F625" class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla howardi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howardi">Miomancalla howardi</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="13" pageNumber="14">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">SDSNH 68312: a partial skeleton collected by B. O. Riney on May 31, 1990 and comprising the following elements: partial skull, mandible, two cervical vertebrae, partial sternum, partial right humerus, left carpometacarpus, pelvis, femora, tibiotarsi, left tarsometatarsus (Figs 10, 11; Tables 1, 2 and 3).</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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Figure 10. Holotype specimen of
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla howardi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howardi">Miomancalla howardi</taxonomicName>
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(SDSNH 68312). A Photograph with contrast digitally adjusted to better display bone against similarly colored matrix B Line drawing of holotype specimen showing position of preserved elements with bones in light grey and matrix in dark grey.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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Figure 11. Photograph A and line drawing B of the skull of
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla howardi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howardi">Miomancalla howardi</taxonomicName>
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compared with the skull of
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Pinguinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinguinus impennis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="impennis">Pinguinus impennis</taxonomicName>
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(C; not to scale; USNM 346387). Cross-hatched lines on the premaxilla represent abrasion and dotted lines represent approximate reconstruction of incomplete elements. Anatomical abbreviations: a articular cmf caudal mandibular fenestrae en external nares f frontal j jugal l lacrimal m mandible n nasal pm premaxilla nfh nasofrontal hinge o orbit rmf rostral mandibular fenestra sq squamosal;? unidentified bone fragment.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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This new species is named in honor of Hildegarde Howard in recognition of her many contributions to the systematics of extinct
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<taxonomicName family="Alcidae" lsidName="" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="family">Alcidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="locality and horizon">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Locality and horizon.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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Early Pliocene (Zanclean;
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<bibRefCitation author="Demere, TA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="379 - 411" title="New skeletal material of Thalassoleon (Otariidae: Pinnipedia) from the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene (Hemphillian) of California." volume="45" year="2005">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Deméré">Demere</normalizedToken>
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and Berta 2005
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</bibRefCitation>
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) upper siltstone member of the Capistrano Formation, San Clemente, Orange County, California. Latitude, longitude and elevation data on file at SDSNH (locality 4160). Details of the geologic setting are provided in Appendix 6.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="referred specimen">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Referred specimen.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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SDSNH 24584, a left humerus (Fig. 12) from the Late Miocenelower member(Messinian) of the San Mateo Formation of San Diego County, California (SDSNH locality 3177). This specimen was noted but not named or described by
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<bibRefCitation pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chandler (1985)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Livezey, BC" journalOrPublisher="Auk" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="681 - 698" title="Morphometrics of flightlessness in the Alcidae." volume="105" year="1988">Livezey (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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Figure 12. Referred left humerus of
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla howardi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howardi">Miomancalla howardi</taxonomicName>
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(SDSNH 24584; dark outlined areas represent reconstructed areas obscured by repair). A posterior view B dorsal view C anterior view D ventral view E proximal view F distal view. Anatomical abbreviations: bs brachialis scar c caput cg capital groove d deltopectoral crest dc dorsal condyle dsp dorsal supracondylar process dst dorsal supracondylar tubercles fp flexor process hs humerotricipital sulcus pf1 primary pneumotricipital fossa ps pectoralis scar sc supracoracoidal crest ss scapulotricipital sulcus tc tricipital crest tf tricipital fossae tls transverse ligament sulcus vc ventral condyle vst ventral supracondylar tubercle vc ventral condyle vst ventral supracondylar tubercle vt ventral tubercle.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="differential diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
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Differs from
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla wetmorei" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wetmorei">Miomancalla wetmorei</taxonomicName>
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in the following characteristics: ventral margin of ventral tubercle more deeply grooved; transverse ligament
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<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="15" start="start">furrow</pageBreakToken>
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deeper, with lateral lip extended farther medially; capital groove wider, and flatter; dorsal supracondylar process less dorsally projected; groove between dorsal supracondylar process and dorsal condyle wider; ventral supracondylar tubercle more prominent; tubercle present proximal to dorsal condyle as in
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
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(155:1); humerus ~20% longer (Table 2;
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<bibRefCitation author="Livezey, BC" journalOrPublisher="Auk" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="681 - 698" title="Morphometrics of flightlessness in the Alcidae." volume="105" year="1988">Livezey 1988</bibRefCitation>
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, Fig. 3A).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="anatomical description">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anatomical description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">The holotype specimen is preserved in a matrix of dark grey, highly indurated, siltstone (Fig. 10). Some elements areslightly crushed and many cortical bone surfaces are considerably abraded, obscuring fine morphological details in many portions of the specimen.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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Elements of the skull are exposed in oblique right lateral view (Figs 10, 11). The premaxilla, maxilla, nasal, lacrimal, jugal, frontal, and squamosal are present. Additional fragments of bone adjacent to the posterior frontal may represent a portion of the parietal. An unidentified fragment of bone protrudes from the external narial opening. The premaxilla is relatively shorter and mediolaterally compressed in comparison with the only other known premaxillae referable to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
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(LACM 103940; SDSNH 25236; Fig. 13), which resemble the more terete bills of some other
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<taxonomicName family="Alcidae" lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="family">Alcidae</taxonomicName>
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(e.g.,
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Uria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Uria" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Uria</taxonomicName>
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). The maxilla, which broadens anteriorly before fusion with the premaxilla, is complete but broken at approximately its midpoint. As in many alcids (e.g.,
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Cepphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cepphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cepphus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Alca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alca" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Alca</taxonomicName>
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) the nasal contacts the maxilla at ~45° angle. This angle is ~60° in the puffins and auklets (i.e.,
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Fratercula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fratercula" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Fratercula</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Cerorhinca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerorhinca" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cerorhinca</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Aethia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aethia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aethia</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Ptychoramphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ptychoramphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ptychoramphus</taxonomicName>
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). As in
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Pinguinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinguinus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pinguinus</taxonomicName>
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, and in contrast to other alcids, the lacrimal appears to be directed ventrally rather than posteroventrally. However, crushing of the skull may have changed the relative orientation of elements and it is possible that distortion is responsible for this condition. The jugal is preserved in contact with the mandible. Fusion between the jugal and the jugal process of the premaxilla is visible. The frontal is distorted by crushing and most morphological details obscured in this element. The outline of the right orbit is visible, but is deformed by ventrolateral displacement of the lateral margin of the frontal. The frontal bears a robust orbital rim as in
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Uria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Uria" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Uria</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miocepphus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miocepphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Miocepphus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Alle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alle" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Alle</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Alca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alca" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Alca</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Pinguinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinguinus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pinguinus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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Figure 13. Skull of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
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(SDSNH 25236). A Dorsal view of skull B Dorsal view of mandible C Left lateral view of skull D Left lateral view of mandible E Ventral view of skull F Ventral view of mandible (sketches by Michael Emerson).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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The mandible is preserved in right lateral view (Figs 10, 11). The mandibular symphysis is elongate as in
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Uria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Uria" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Uria</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Fratercula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fratercula" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Fratercula</taxonomicName>
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. The mandibular rami are fused along a relatively shorter distance in some alcids (e.g.,
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Alle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alle" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Alle</taxonomicName>
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). The proximal and distal ends of the mandible are dorsoventrally expanded, similar to the condition in
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Alca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alca" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Alca</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Pinguinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinguinus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pinguinus</taxonomicName>
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. A pair of small posterior mandibular fenestrae is present as in other known
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
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mandibles (LACM 103940; SDSNH 25236; Fig. 13),
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="tribe" tribe="Fraterculini">Fraterculini</taxonomicName>
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Storer, 1960, and some charadriiforms (e.g.,
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Stercorariidae" genus="Stercorarius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stercorarius longicaudus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicaudus">Stercorarius longicaudus</taxonomicName>
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Vieillot, 1819).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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At least two cervical vertebrae are partially exposed on the surface of the slab (Fig. 10). Fine morphological details are obscured by matrix and the poor preservation of the vertebrae. One vertebra resembles the axis, but positive identification is hindered by matrix and damage to the element. The other is a cervical vertebra exposed in dorsal view.
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
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vertebrae are known only from the holotype specimens of
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla vegrandis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vegrandis">Mancalla vegrandis</taxonomicName>
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. Comparisons with
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
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are not possible because only a single thoracic vertebra is preserved in the holotype specimen. The shape of the dorsal surface of the cervical vertebrae of
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla howardi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howardi">Miomancalla howardi</taxonomicName>
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is consistent
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<pageBreakToken pageId="15" pageNumber="16" start="start">with</pageBreakToken>
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that of
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla vegrandis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vegrandis">Mancalla vegrandis</taxonomicName>
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. Further preparation of the holotype specimen of
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla howardi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howardi">Miomancalla howardi</taxonomicName>
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,or discovery of additional material referable to this species is necessary before more details of vertebral anatomy can be described for this species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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Fragments of the sternum are preserved adjacent to the humerus in what appears to be ventral view (Fig. 10). The craniolateral process appears to point dorsally, rather than anteriorly as in
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla lucasi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasi">Mancalla lucasi</taxonomicName>
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, although the possibility that crushing of this element altered the relative orientation of that feature cannot be ruled out. Other morphological details are obscured by matrix and the poor preservation of the sternum.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
The holotype specimen preserves the proximal end of the right humerus in posterior view (Fig. 10). In addition to the head of the humerus, which is slightly crushed, the outline of the proximal half of the humeral shaft is visible as an impression in matrix. A complete left humerus (SDSNH 24584; Fig. 12) is referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla howardi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howardi">Miomancalla howardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
based upon its similar proportions (i.e., larger than any other known
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Table 2), and the fact that the ventral surface of ventral tubercle is more deeply grooved than in any other alcid. The ventral surface of the ventral tubercle is also grooved in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Pinguinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinguinus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pinguinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla wetmorei" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wetmorei">Miomancalla wetmorei</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the degree of excavation of this groove is more pronounced in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla howardi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howardi">Miomancalla howardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The ventral margin of the ventral tubercle of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mancalla</taxonomicName>
|
||
is convex. The capital groove is relatively wider than that of other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and it is incised more deeply into the transverse ligament sulcus in anterior view than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla wetmorei" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wetmorei">Miomancalla wetmorei</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The proximal end of the deltopectoral crest is less pronounced than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla wetmorei" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wetmorei">Miomancalla wetmorei</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The distal end of the deltopectoral crest transitions to the shaft less abruptly than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mancalla</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The humeral head is rotated more anteriorly than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla wetmorei" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wetmorei">Miomancalla wetmorei</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and is more similar to the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mancalla</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla wetmorei" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wetmorei">Miomancalla wetmorei</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Fratercula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fratercula" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Fratercula</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and in contrast to the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mancalla</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, the supracoracoideus muscle scar broadens proximally. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla howardi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howardi">Miomancalla howardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla wetmorei" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wetmorei">Miomancalla wetmorei</taxonomicName>
|
||
the 'mancalline
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="scar’">scar'</normalizedToken>
|
||
extends from a point just proximal to the junction of the bicipital crest with the humeral shaft and tapers to a point that meets the dorsal border of the primary pneumotricipital fossa (i.e., crus dorsale fossae of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Baumel, J" editor="Baumel, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Nuttall Ornithology Club" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="45 - 132" title="Osteologica" volumeTitle="Handbook of avian anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium, 2 nd edition" year="1993">Baumel and Witmer 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 99). The scar is relatively smaller in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Miomancalla</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla lucasi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasi">Mancalla lucasi</taxonomicName>
|
||
thanin comparison with other
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The scar is an excavation in all
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
except
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla lucasi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasi">Mancalla lucasi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the scar is raised in relief to the floor of the primary pneumotricipital fossa and the humeral shaft. The shaft of the humerus is arced more so than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla wetmorei" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wetmorei">Miomancalla wetmorei</taxonomicName>
|
||
or any other known alcid, and is less dorsoventrally compressed than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Pinguinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinguinus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pinguinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As in all alcids other than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mancalla</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the dorsal supracondylar process is continuous with the dorsal epicondyle, rather than separated from it by a small notch. The dorsal supracondylar process is less pronounced than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla wetmorei" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wetmorei">Miomancalla wetmorei</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A tubercle or papilla on the posterior side of the distal end of the humerus adjacent to the dorsal condyle was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Howard, H" journalOrPublisher="Los Angles County Museum Contributions in Science" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 8" title="A possible ancestor of the Lucas Auk (Family: Mancallidae) from the Tertiary of Orange County, California." volume="101" year="1966">Howard (1966)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who used that characteristic to differentiate between species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mancalla</taxonomicName>
|
||
that possessed the tubercle, and species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Miomancalla</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Praemancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Praemancalla" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Praemancalla</taxonomicName>
|
||
sensu Howard, 1966) that did not posses it. The tubercle is present in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla howardi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howardi">Miomancalla howardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As with all
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the anterior surface of the ventral condyle is rounded, rather than flattened as in all other
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Alcidae" lsidName="" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="family">Alcidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Rounded
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="16" pageNumber="17" start="start">fossae</pageBreakToken>
|
||
are present at the proximal ends of the humerotricipital and scapulotricipital grooves. That character cannot be evaluated in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla wetmorei" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wetmorei">Miomancalla wetmorei</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla californiensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californiensis">Mancalla californiensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
owing to damage to the holotype specimens of those species and current lack of referable specimens. The flexor process extends distal to the ventral condyle as in all
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Pinguinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pinguinus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pinguinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The left carpometacarpus is preserved in dorsal view (Fig. 10). Although hundreds of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
carpometacarpi are known from Pliocene marine deposits in California, the holotype specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla howardi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howardi">Miomancalla howardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
are the only associated specimens that allow for species-level referral of carpometacarpi. The carpometacarpus of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Miomancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Miomancalla howardi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="howardi">Miomancalla howardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is larger than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(~23%; Table 3;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Howard, H" journalOrPublisher="Los Angles County Museum Contributions to Science" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 17" title="Pliocene avian remains from Baja California." volume="217" year="1971">Howard 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and displays the distal elongation of metacarpal I that is characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The abraded preservation of this element limits further comparisons.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The pelvis is exposed in dorsal view (Fig. 10). Comparisons within
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are limited to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla vegrandis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vegrandis">Mancalla vegrandis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As in all alcids the anteroposterior length of the pelvis is greater than two times the mediolateral width across the antitrochanters. The relative length of the pelves of other charadriiforms is anteroposteriorly shorter. The proximal end of the preacetabular ilium is wide as in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla vegrandis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vegrandis">Mancalla vegrandis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and most alcids (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Brachyramphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyramphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Brachyramphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The distal end of the preacetabular ilium narrows more so than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla vegrandis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vegrandis">Mancalla vegrandis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla vegrandis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vegrandis">Mancalla vegrandis</taxonomicName>
|
||
the antitrochanteral sulcus does not extend proximally to contact the antitrochanter. The dorsal iliac spine has a pointed tip as in all alcids other than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Aethia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aethia" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aethia</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Ptychoramphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ptychoramphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ptychoramphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the end of the spine is blunt.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The distal ends of both tibiotarsi are missing or embedded in matrix (Fig. 10). The poor preservation of these elements limits comparisons with the smaller holotype tibiotarsi of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
to size (~26% larger; Table 3;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Howard, H" journalOrPublisher="Los Angles County Museum Contributions to Science" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 17" title="Pliocene avian remains from Baja California." volume="217" year="1971">Howard 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The right femur is exposed in posterolateral view along the edge of the block but is severely abraded: however, the left femur is well-preserved and exposed in anterior view (Fig. 10). The femur is robust and less sigmoidal in shape in comparison with the femora of extant alcids such as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Alle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alle" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Alle</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Uria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Uria" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Uria</taxonomicName>
|
||
, resembling the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla lucasi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasi">Mancalla lucasi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the only other
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
from which the femur is known. The intercondylar sulcus is relatively broader and more well-defined proximally than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla lucasi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasi">Mancalla lucasi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Cepphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cepphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cepphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Brachyramphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Brachyramphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Brachyramphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Synthliboramphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Synthliboramphus" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Synthliboramphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the distally extending and anteriorly projected crest of the femoral trochanter is convex in shape. This feature is flattened (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Alca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alca" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Alca</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Uria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Uria" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Uria</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or concave (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Fratercula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fratercula" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Fratercula</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Cerorhinca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerorhinca" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cerorhinca</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in other alcids. The femoral head appears relatively smaller in comparison with this element in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla lucasi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasi">Mancalla lucasi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The length of the femur is greater than in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla lucasi" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lucasi">Mancalla lucasi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Table 3;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Howard, H" journalOrPublisher="Los Angles County Museum Contributions to Science" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 17" title="Pliocene avian remains from Baja California." volume="217" year="1971">Howard 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
The left tarsometatarsus is preserved in anterior view (Fig. 10). The anterior surface of the shaft is deeply grooved as in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Mancalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mancalla cedrosensis" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cedrosensis">Mancalla cedrosensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Alcidae" genus="Fratercula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Fratercula" order="Charadriiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Fratercula</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Associated specimens with tarsometatarsi that would allow for referral of isolated tarsometatarsi to species are not currently known from other
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mancallinae">Mancallinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The outlines of trochlea
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="17" pageNumber="18" start="start">are</pageBreakToken>
|
||
visible but the distal end of the element is too badly abraded to discern fine morphological details.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |