376 lines
35 KiB
XML
376 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.559.6281" ID-GBIF-Dataset="af2bb8b7-ca61-44df-ab39-005d4d5061b2" ID-PMC="PMC4768271" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-559-35" ID-PubMed="27006604" ID-ZBK="925D73930B7B466D93A9C737F1671D82" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-559-35" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 559" ModsDocTitle="A black-and-red stick insect from the Philippines – observations on the external anatomy and natural history of a new species of Orthomeria" checkinTime="1454575629294" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Vallotto, Davide, Bresseel, Joachim, Heitzmann, Thierry & Gottardo, Marco" docDate="2016" docId="03ACC39579C7FF47B618BDC6A808853C" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 559: 35-57" docOrigin="ZooKeys 559" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.559.6281" docTitle="Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi Vallotto, Bresseel, Heitzmann & Gottardo, 2016, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="52E1ED01-9054-4983-BD5A-82B9187EA8B3" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="47" masterDocId="FFBCFFB04321FFE8FF9CCF38D061FF80" masterDocTitle="A black-and-red stick insect from the Philippines - observations on the external anatomy and natural history of a new species of Orthomeria" masterLastPageNumber="57" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1668162563487" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A black-and-red stick insect from the Philippines - observations on the external anatomy and natural history of a new species of Orthomeria</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Vallotto, Davide</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bresseel, Joachim</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Heitzmann, Thierry</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gottardo, Marco</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>559</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>35</mods:start>
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<mods:end>57</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.559.6281</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.559.6281</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-559-35</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">925D73930B7B466D93A9C737F1671D82</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">925D73930B7B466D93A9C737F1671D82</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127877028" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:52E1ED01-9054-4983-BD5A-82B9187EA8B3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACC39579C7FF47B618BDC6A808853C" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Taxon classification Animalia ORDO FAMILIA</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/52E1ED01-9054-4983-BD5A-82B9187EA8B3" class="Insecta" family="Aschiphasmatidae" genus="Orthomeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangi" subGenus="Orthomeria">Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="36">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="36">1 ♂, Philippines, Luzon Island, Benguet, Sablang, Barangay Bayabas, 5.VI.2014, leg. T. Heitzmann (MSNG) (Fig. 1).</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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Figure 1.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aschiphasmatidae" genus="Orthomeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangi" subGenus="Orthomeria">Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. holotype ♂, habitus, lateral view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="paratypes">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Paratypes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="36">1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, and eggs (MSNG); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, and eggs (OC); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, and eggs (RBINS); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, and eggs (UPLBM), same data as for holotype.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Additional material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="36">3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, eggs (reared by D. Vallotto 2015; origin, same locality as for holotype; used for macrophotography); 2 ♂♂ (reared by M. Gottardo 2015; origin, same locality as for holotype; used for SEM).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="36">This species is named after Albert Kang (Manila) who discovered the first specimens during a photographic trip down the Benguet province of the Philippines.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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A new species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aschiphasmatidae" genus="Orthomeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomeria (Orthomeria)" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Orthomeria">Orthomeria (Orthomeria)</taxonomicName>
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characterised by (1) relatively small body size, ♂♂ ca. 40 mm in length or shorter, ♀♀ less then 50 mm in length; (2) tegmina blood red; (3) costal area of hind wings with blood red markings; (4) tergum 7 of ♀♀ pale brown with a definite black longitudinal line centrally; (5) relatively short hind wings, only slightly projecting over abdominal tergum 5.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="description of the male">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Description of the male.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="36">A full set of measurements is presented in Table 1.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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Table 1. Morphometric data for the type specimens of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aschiphasmatidae" genus="Orthomeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangi" subGenus="Orthomeria">Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. from Benguet, Philippines.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<table pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<tr pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<th colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">Parameter</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">♂ holotype</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">♂♂ paratypes</th>
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<th colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">♀♀ paratypes</th>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">Measurement (mm)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">Pronotum length (PL)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">Mesonotum length (MOL)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">Metanotum length (MAL)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">Median segment length (MSL)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">Morphometric ratios</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">MOLPL</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">MALMOL</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">MSLMAL</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Colouration: Body, compound eyes, antennae and legs black. Tegmina red. Costal region of hind wings blood red with a longitudinal black narrow stripe on posterior margin. Anal region of hind wings dark brown (Figs 1, 2A).</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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Figure 2.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aschiphasmatidae" genus="Orthomeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangi" subGenus="Orthomeria">Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. habitus, dorsal view A Adult ♂ B Adult ♀.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
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Head: In lateral view (Fig. 3), head capsule prognathous, almost as long as the pronotum. Vertex relatively flat. Compound eye large and circular, distinctly protruding hemispherically. Gena narrower than the diameter of the compound eye. Paraglossae not distinctly surpassing the anterior margin of the labrum. In dorsal view (Fig. 4A), head capsule slightly wider than long; dorsal surface with four shallow median depression between the compound eyes. Coronal suture barely recognizable. Ocelli lacking. In ventral view (Fig. 4B), frontal convexity ventrad the antennal base present.
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<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="37" start="start">Labrum</pageBreakToken>
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notched anteromedially. Median gular sclerite present and small (not shown). Palpomeres of labial and maxillary palps cylindrical. Antenna filiform, slightly shorter than body length (Fig. 2A), consisting of ca. 58 antennomeres; scapus roughtly rec
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="38" start="start">tangular</pageBreakToken>
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; pedicellus cylindrical, shorter than scapus (Fig. 4); first flagellomere twice as long as pedicel. Antennifer absent.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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Figure 3.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aschiphasmatidae" genus="Orthomeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangi" subGenus="Orthomeria">Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. ♂ head and prothorax, lateral view; Apg, aperture of pronotal gland; Af, antennal field; Ce, compound eye; Cl, clypeus; Cx, coxa; Ge, gena; Lb, labrum; Md, mandible; Pd, pedicellus; Pgl, paraglossa; Plb, labial palpus; Pmx, maxillary palpus; PrNo, pronotum; Sc, scapus.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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Figure 4.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aschiphasmatidae" genus="Orthomeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangi" subGenus="Orthomeria">Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. ♂ head and pro- and mesothorax A dorsal view B ventra view; Af, antennal field; Bs1-Bs2, pro- and mesothoracic basisterna; Ce, compound eye; Cx, coxa; Eps, episternum; Ff, fore femur; Fs1-Fs2, pro- and mesothoracic furcasternites; Fu2, mesothoracic furca; Gl, glossa; Lb, labrum; Pd, pedicellus; Pgl, paraglossa; Plb, labial palpus; Pmx, maxillary palpus; PrNo, pronotum; Prx, precoxale; Sc, scapus; Tg, tegmina; Tr, trochanter; Arrow, frontal convexity.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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Thorax: Prothorax longer than head. Pronotum longer than wide (Fig. 4A); anterior half approximately one-third higher than posterior half (Fig. 3); front margin very moderately concave with narrow elliptical glandular field laterally (Fig. 3); hind margin rather straight. Paranota well-developed. Prothoracic coxopleurite subtriangular;
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="39" start="start">prothoracic</pageBreakToken>
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basisternum with bell-shaped outline (Fig. 4B). Mesothorax very moderately constricted anteriorly, then slightly widening posteriorly. Mesonotum with concave front and hind margins, about 1.70 times length of pronotum. Basisternum flat; precoxale narrow with subtriangular outline; furcasternum with clearly demarcated furca (Fig. 4B). Metathorax only slightly shorter then mesothorax. Metanotum with globose and strongly setose prescutum (Fig. 5A). Metathoracic pleural and sternal regions as in the mesothorax but shorter.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
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Wings: Tegmina very small, oval, without shoulder pads (Fig. 5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
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). Hind wing slightly extending beyond the fifth abdominal tergum (Figs 1, 2A). Area between anterior wing margin and posterior Subcosta bent laterally; posterior Subcosta weak, not reaching the wing apex; Radius strongly sclerotized and unbranched, parallel to posterior Subcosta; anterior Media and posterior Media simple and straight; Cubitus + first anterior Analis straight; hind wing fan oval (Fig. 5C).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
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Figure 5.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aschiphasmatidae" genus="Orthomeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangi" subGenus="Orthomeria">Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. ♂ A Pterothorax, dorsal view B Right tegmina, lateral view C Left hind wing, dorsal view; AA2a-f, second anterior Analis; (Cu+)AA1, Cubitus + first anterior Analis; HwL, Left hind wing; HwR, right hind wing; MA, anterior Media; MP, posterior Media; MsNo, mesonotum; Prs, prescutum; R, Radius; ScP, posterior Subcosta; Tg, tegmina; WmA, anterior margin of the hind wing.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
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Legs: Hind leg distinctly projecting beyond the abdomen (Fig. 2A). Coxa unarmed; trochanters small and fused to femora (Fig. 4B). Femora semicircular in cross section with weakly developed carinae. Fore femur straight basally, unarmed (Fig. 2A). Mid femur with 3 minute spines on the ventro-anterior carina. Hind femur with 4-7 small spines on the ventro-anterior carina and about 3 minute spines on the ventro-posterior carina. Tibiae unarmed and circular in cross section, lacking carinae, with V-shaped area apicalis (Fig. 6A). Tarsus more than two-thirds the length of the cor
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="40" start="start">responding</pageBreakToken>
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tibia (Fig. 2A). Proximal tarsomere (1) elongated, about as long as combined length of tarsomeres 2-4; tarsomeres 1-4 progressively shorter; distal tarsomere (5) distinctly shorter than combined length of tarsomeres 1-4 (Fig. 6A). Tarsomeres 1-4 each with a small euplantula, absent on tarsomere 5 (Fig. 6A). Pretarsus with well developed unguitractor plate; arolium large with broad outer band covered with oval or rounded outgrowths (Fig. 6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
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); pretarsal claws distinctly pectinate (Fig. 6D).
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="41" start="start">Euplantulae</pageBreakToken>
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without transverse furrows and lacking sensory bristles (Fig. 6E); surface microstructure smooth with irregular patterns of microgrooves (Fig. 6F).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
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Figure 6.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aschiphasmatidae" genus="Orthomeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangi" subGenus="Orthomeria">Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. tarsal and pretarsal attachment devices A Fore tarsus, ventral view B Arolium, frontal view, arrowheads indicate the outer band C
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Arolium’s">Arolium's</normalizedToken>
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micropattern at the outer band level D Pretarsal claw, lateral view E Tarsal euplantula, ventral view F
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Euplantula’s">Euplantula's</normalizedToken>
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micropattern; Ap, area apicalis; Ar, arolium; Eu, euplantula; Ta1-Ta5, tarsomeres 1-5; Ti, tibia; Un, peretarsal claws.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
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Abdomen: About 1.60 times length of head and thorax combined. Segments 2-5 increasing in length, 6-9 decreasing in length, 10 about 1.40 times length of 9. First tergum (= median segment) longer than wide, and longer than metanotum, fused to the metanotum. Terga 2-6 longer than broad; terga 7-10 broader than long (Fig. 7A). Sternum 1 fused with the metasternum. Sterna without carinae. Sternum 9 undivided, upcurving and slightly boat shaped in lateral view (Fig. 7B), about 2.50 times length of sternum 8 (Fig. 7C), apex rounded distinctly projecting beyond segment 10. Tergum 10 slightly longer than tergum 9, hind margin concave dorso-medially (Fig. 7A). Tergal thorn pads lacking ventrally (Fig. 8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
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). Epiproct very short, triangular; paraprocts sub-triangular with a straight inner side (Fig. 8A). Cerci about 1.30 times length of tergum 10 (Fig. 7B), slightly flattened and gently incurved, clasper-like in appearance (Figs 7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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, 8A). Distal tip of cerci broadened, vaguely bilobed; outer
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="42" start="start">lobe</pageBreakToken>
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roundly pointed, inner lobe differentiated into a sclerotized blade-like ridge ca. 340-360
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in length (Fig. 8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
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). Vomer acutely triangular and setose (Figs 7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
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, 8A), inserted into sternum 10 through two proximal arm-like processes (Fig. 8E); proximal two-thirds almost straight, distal third strongly curved upwards with smooth spine-like apex (Figs 7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
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, 8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Figure 7.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aschiphasmatidae" genus="Orthomeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangi" subGenus="Orthomeria">Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. ♂ postabdomen A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view; Ce, cercus; T7-T10, terga 7-19; S7-S9, sterna 7-9; Vo, vomer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Figure 8.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aschiphasmatidae" genus="Orthomeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangi" subGenus="Orthomeria">Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. ♂ details of tenth abdominal segment A Whole segment X, ventral view B Hind margin of tergum 10, ventral view C Distal tip of right cercus with highlight (hatched area) and detail of the inner blade-like ridge, dorsal view, arrow indicates the outer pointed lobe D Blade-like ridge of right cercus, lateral view E Vomer, lateral view, hatched area indicates the proximal arm-like process F Spine-like apex of vomer, lateral view; Ce, cercus; Ep, epiproct; Pa, paraproct; T10, tergum 10; Vo, vomer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" type="description of the female">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Description of the female.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||
The female differs from the male in the following characters. Body slightly larger (Table 1) and more robust (Fig. 2B). Colouration variable, typically similar to male, except abdominal tergum 7 pale brown with a definite dark longitudinal line medially and lateral margins of abdominal terga with yellowish rim (Figs 2B, 9
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
). Alternatively, body, compound eyes, antennae and legs brown; costal
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="43" start="start">region</pageBreakToken>
|
||
of hind wings dark brown with pale brown venation, anterior margin with a blood red tinge near wing articulation (Suppl. material 1). Mesothorax parallel-sided. Length of hind wing variable, reaching to posterior margin of the fourth tergum up to extending midway on to the fifth tergum. Abdomen about 1.50 times length of head and thorax combined. Abdominal segments 2-3 increasing in length, 4 shorther than 3, 5-6 increasing in length, 7-10 progressively shorter, 10 ca. 0.90 times length of 9. Abdominal terga 2-10 broader than long in full-grown females. Hind margin of tergum 10 rounded (Fig. 9A). Cerci terete and straight (Fig. 9
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
). Sternum 8 (= operculum) folded in two along the middle, covering completely the ovipositor, apex roundly pointed (Fig. 9
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Figure 9.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aschiphasmatidae" genus="Orthomeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangi" subGenus="Orthomeria">Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. ♀ postabdomen A dorsal view B lateral view C ventral view; Ce, cercus; T6-T10, terga 6-10; S6-S8, sterna 6-8.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="43" type="external eggshell morphology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="43">External eggshell morphology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="43">Capsule light brown, oval in outline, laterally flattened, surface minutely pitted (length, 2.6-2.7 mm; height, 2.3 mm; width, 1.6-1.7 mm) (Fig. 10). Operculum mid brown, elongate-oval with a medial longitudinal furrow, slightly convex in lateral aspect (height, 1.8 mm; width 0.7 mm). Opercular angle negative. Micropylar plate visible in lateral aspect, structured as pale brown stripe surrounding the entire capsule and delimited by a thin yellow rim extending also along the opercular opening area. Micropylar cup close to the posterior pole.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Figure 10.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aschiphasmatidae" genus="Orthomeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangi" subGenus="Orthomeria">Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. egg; Mp, micropylar plate; Op, operculum; Arrow, medial longitudinal furrow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="description of the first-instar nymph">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="44" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
|
||
of the first-instar nymph.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Body length ca. 8.9 mm. Head, prothorax, and abdominal segments
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="V–X">V-X</normalizedToken>
|
||
black; meso- and metatorax, and abdominal segments
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="I–IV">I-IV</normalizedToken>
|
||
brown (Fig. 11
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
|
||
). Scape and pedicel white; flagellomeres black with white distal dot. Palpomeres of labial and maxillary palps white. Hind margin of thoracic and abdominal terga white. Femora brown with a white spot in the middle. Tibiae black with a central white band. Tarsi with proximal tarsomere white, remainder black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Figure 11.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aschiphasmatidae" genus="Orthomeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangi" subGenus="Orthomeria">Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. first instar nymph A Dorsal view B ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="geographic distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Geographic distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="44">The new species is so far reported only from the Benguet province, Luzon island, Northern Philippines (Fig. 12). Specimens have been found in the Sablang region (Barangay Bayabas, Mt. Bilbil) and in the Tuba region (Mt. Calugong).</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Figure 12. Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aschiphasmatidae" genus="Orthomeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangi" subGenus="Orthomeria">Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. in Luzon island.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="9" pageNumber="44" type="natural history observations">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="44">Natural history observations.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="9" pageNumber="44">
|
||
The studied locality, Sablang, is a mountainous region (400-650 m elevation) of the Benguet Province, in the north-west Philippines. It is characterised by the presence of small communities scattered around a main provincial road, with several pockets of secondary vegetation (Fig. 13A) and some areas
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="45" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
|
||
primary forests. Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aschiphasmatidae" genus="Orthomeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomeria kangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangi">Orthomeria kangi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. were first observed at night on the leaf underside of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ficus" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. trees (
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Moraceae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The host plants were mainly big trees of an unidentified
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ficus" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. ca. 8-10 m height and up to 10-15 m wide located on forested slopes. The stick insects have been found on the low hanging branches (<4 m height), where the number of observed individuals varied from 1 to 10 per tree (Fig. 13B). The species was found also in smaller fig trees (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ficus septica" order="Rosales" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="septica">Ficus septica</taxonomicName>
|
||
) ca. 2-3 m height (Fig. 13C), and occasionally on shrubs of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pipturus" order="Rosales" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pipturus</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Leucosyke" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leucosyke" order="Rosales" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Leucosyke</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Urticaceae" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="45" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Fig.
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="46" start="start">13</pageBreakToken>
|
||
D), with usually 2-5 individuals present on the same plant. Daytime search revealed the presence of fewer individuals, mainly juveniles at different nymphal stages. Searching over a wide area, we noted that the distribution of the species on host trees was markedly discontinuous, with individuals concentrated on single larger plants and apparently absent from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ficus" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees in the immediate vicinity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Figure 13.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aschiphasmatidae" genus="Orthomeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangi" subGenus="Orthomeria">Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. A Secondary vegetation in the type locality, Sablang, Benguet, Philippines B Adults on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ficus" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. C Adult females on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ficus septica" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="septica">Ficus septica</taxonomicName>
|
||
D Adult female on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Pipturus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pipturus arborescens" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arborescens">Pipturus arborescens</taxonomicName>
|
||
; arrowheads indicate the insects on branches. Photographs by Albert Kang.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
|
||
Eggs were dropped to the ground and needed ca. 40 days to hatch at 23 °C. Newly hatched nymphs were reared to adulthood using the hauili tree (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ficus septica" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="septica">Ficus septica</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or stinging nettle (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Urtica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Urtica dioica" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dioica">Urtica dioica</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as food plants. Under rearing conditions, the nymphal development lasted for ca. 60 days, and the average life span for males was ca. 45 days compared with ca. 140 days for females. The insects were active both during the day and night.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="11" pageNumber="46">
|
||
The mating was observed under rearing conditions. On day before the final moult, the subadult female starts to be guarded by 3-4 competing males, usually with one male mounted on the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="female’s">female's</normalizedToken>
|
||
back and facing into the same direction as the female. Copulation starts immediately after the female has completed the last nymphal moult. Generally, we found that when presented with a receptive virgin female, the male
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="47" start="start">quickly</pageBreakToken>
|
||
mounts her and starts a series of abdominal bending movements apparently searching for the appropriate mating position. The female curve the abdominal tip upwards thereby exposing her terminalia, while the male bends its abdomen on the left side with his terminalia directed forward. The clasping cerci of the male grasp the female at the base of her eighth sternum, and at the same time a bulb-like phallic organ comes into contact with the female genitalia (Fig. 14). Copulation lasted approximately three hours. The presence of a spermatophore has not been ascertained. Mated females showed an aggressive behaviour towards potential mates, and multiple matings were rarely observed. They chase away approaching males through quivering movements of the body, beating legs on the substrate, and flashing their wings for a few seconds. This behaviour is also practiced by resting individuals when disturbed by conspecifics.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Figure 14.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aschiphasmatidae" genus="Orthomeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangi" subGenus="Orthomeria">Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. mating pair. Photograph by Albert Kang.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="47">
|
||
If threatened, adults and nymphs of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Aschiphasmatidae" genus="Orthomeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthomeria kangi" order="Phasmida" pageId="12" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kangi">Orthomeria kangi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. spray a milky defensive secretion from the prothoracic exocrine glads and inevitably let themselves fall to the floor and quickly run away.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |