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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.6.e21617" ID-PMC="PMC6185993" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828--21617" ID-PubMed="30393453" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1314-2828--e21617" ModsDocOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal " ModsDocTitle="A new record of Avrainvilleacf.erecta (Berkeley) A. Gepp &amp; E. S. Gepp (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) from urbanized estuaries in the Hawaiian Islands" checkinTime="1553125792505" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Wade, Rachael M, Spalding, Heather L, Peyton, Kimberly A, Foster, Kevin, Sauvage, Thomas, Ross, Matthew &amp; Sherwood, Alison R" docDate="2018" docId="A88FAED6417B7A9DE11BC41160C9A33C" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 6: e21617" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 6" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.6.e21617" docTitle="Avrainvillea erecta Gepp &amp; Gepp 1911" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="21617" masterDocId="8B49FFDEFFB9660CBC2C1467FF8DFF9B" masterDocTitle="A new record of Avrainvilleacf. erecta (Berkeley) A. Gepp &amp; E. S. Gepp (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) from urbanized estuaries in the Hawaiian Islands" masterLastPageNumber="21617" masterPageNumber="21617" pageNumber="21617" updateTime="1668124554006" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A new record of Avrainvilleacf. erecta (Berkeley) A. Gepp &amp; E. S. Gepp (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) from urbanized estuaries in the Hawaiian Islands</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Wade, Rachael M</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Spalding, Heather L</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Peyton, Kimberly A</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Foster, Kevin</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Sauvage, Thomas</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ross, Matthew</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Sherwood, Alison R</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>6</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>21617</mods:start>
<mods:end>21617</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.6.e21617</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.6.e21617</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828--21617</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A88FAED6417B7A9DE11BC41160C9A33C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A88FAED6417B7A9DE11BC41160C9A33C" lastPageNumber="21617" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">
<taxonomicName authority="Gepp &amp; Gepp 1911" authorityYear="1911" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Dichotomosiphonaceae" genus="Avrainvillea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avrainvillea erecta" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="erecta">Avrainvillea erecta Gepp &amp; Gepp 1911</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">Materials</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2017-04-22" collectionCode="BISH" collectorName="Matthew Ross" country="USA" latitude="21.29" location="Malama Bay, seaward of Ke'ehi Lagoon" longitude="157.9205" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" specimenCode="BISH 768278 - 83" specimenCount="6" typeStatus="Other material">
Type status:
<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">Other material</typeStatus>
. Occurrence: catalogNumber:
<specimenCode pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">BISH768278-83</specimenCode>
; recordedBy:
<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">Matthew Ross</collectorName>
; individualCount:
<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">6</specimenCount>
; otherCatalogNumbers: ARS09414,-09417,-09418, -09429,-09431,-09432; associatedSequences: MF872080-85, MF872105-110; Taxon: scientificName: Avrainvillea cf. erecta; kingdom: Plantae; phylum: Chlorophyta; class: Ulvophyceae; order: Bryopsidales; family: Dichotomosiphonaceae; genus: Avrainvillea; specificEpithet: erecta; scientificNameAuthorship: (Berkeley) A. Gepp &amp; E.S. Gepp; Location: country:
<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">USA</collectingCountry>
; municipality: Honolulu; locality:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A88FAED6417B7A9DE11BC41160C9A33C:6A71D99EB793053EEE9CE466A1AC0B2F" country="USA" latitude="21.29" longitude="157.9205" name="Malama Bay, seaward of Ke'ehi Lagoon" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mālama">Malama</normalizedToken>
Bay, seaward of
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ke‘ehi">Ke'ehi</normalizedToken>
Lagoon
</location>
; minimumDepthInMeters: 25; maximumDepthInMeters: 40; decimalLatitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" value="21.29">21.29</geoCoordinate>
; decimalLongitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" value="157.9205">157.9205</geoCoordinate>
; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy:
<determinerName pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">Rachael M. Wade</determinerName>
; dateIdentified: May-2017; identificationReferences: Olsen-Stojkovich 1985; Event: eventDate:
<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" value="2017-04-22">Apr-22-2017</collectingDate>
; Record Level: language: en; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2015-10-15" collectionCode="BISH" collectorName="Kimberly Peyton, Kevin Foster, Paul Murakawa" country="USA" latitude="21.3" location="Malama Bay, Honolulu Harbor" longitude="157.8689" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" specimenCode="BISH 768338 - 9" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="Other material">
Type status:
<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">Other material</typeStatus>
. Occurrence: catalogNumber:
<specimenCode pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">BISH768338-9</specimenCode>
; recordedBy:
<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">Kimberly Peyton, Kevin Foster, Paul Murakawa</collectorName>
; individualCount:
<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">2</specimenCount>
; otherCatalogNumbers: ARS09436-7; associatedSequences: MF969093-6; Taxon: scientificName: Avrainvillea cf. erecta; kingdom: Plantae; phylum: Chlorophyta; class: Ulvophyceae; order: Bryopsidales; family: Dichotomosiphonaceae; genus: Avrainvillea; specificEpithet: erecta; scientificNameAuthorship: (Berkeley) A. Gepp &amp; E.S. Gepp; Location: country:
<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">USA</collectingCountry>
; municipality: Honolulu; locality:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A88FAED6417B7A9DE11BC41160C9A33C:9F9BC8A991721EC3042D2BE26A66602B" country="USA" latitude="21.3" longitude="157.8689" name="Malama Bay, Honolulu Harbor" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mālama">Malama</normalizedToken>
Bay, Honolulu Harbor
</location>
; minimumDepthInMeters: 12; maximumDepthInMeters: 15; decimalLatitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" value="21.30">21.30</geoCoordinate>
; decimalLongitude:
<geoCoordinate orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" value="157.8689">157.8689</geoCoordinate>
; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy:
<determinerName pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">Rachael M. Wade</determinerName>
; dateIdentified: Aug-2017; identificationReferences: Olsen-Stojkovich 1985; Event: eventDate:
<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" value="2015-10-15">Oct-15-2015</collectingDate>
; Record Level: language: en; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation country="Indonesia" location="Indonesia" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Other material">
Type status:
<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">Other material</typeStatus>
. Occurrence: associatedSequences: MH938452; Taxon: scientificName: Avrainvilleaerecta; acceptedNameUsage: Avrainvilleaerecta Gepp &amp; Gepp 1911; originalNameUsage: ChloroplegmapapuanumZanaradini 1878; kingdom: Plantae; phylum: Chlorophyta; class: Ulvophyceae; order: Bryopsidales; family: Dichotomosiphonaceae; genus: Avrainvillea; specificEpithet: erecta; taxonomicStatus: heterotypic synonym; Location: waterBody: Pacific Ocean; country:
<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
; stateProvince: Papua; Identification: identifiedBy:
<determinerName pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">Zanardini</determinerName>
; dateIdentified: 1878; Event: year: 1872; month: May; fieldNotes: Collected by Odoardo Beccari; Record Level: institutionID: BM000561613; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">Description</paragraph>
<subSection pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" type="in situ observations">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">In situ observations</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">
During the 2014 seagrass community survey, the newly discovered
<taxonomicName class="Ulvophyceae" family="Dichotomosiphonaceae" genus="Avrainvillea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avrainvillea" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">Avrainvillea</taxonomicName>
sp. was observed at six of 16 survey sites in the Honolulu Harbor entrance channel from 12-15m depths (four &quot;Control Sites&quot;, two &quot;Impact Sites&quot;; Suppl. material 1). The two morphologies (blade-like versus assemblage of loose siphons) differed in their exposure to water flow - individuals with a completely formed blade were often elevated and fully exposed to water motion, while individuals with a loose assemblage of siphons were in depressions or divots and therefore protected (K. Peyton, unpublished data). This water motion effect was also supported by informal experimentation: in water tables without water flow, blades were observed to unweave and become loose assemblages while specimens with water flow maintained the blade morphology (K. Peyton, unpublished data).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">
In 2017, the newly recorded
<taxonomicName class="Ulvophyceae" family="Dichotomosiphonaceae" genus="Avrainvillea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avrainvillea" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">Avrainvillea</taxonomicName>
sp. was observed as single individuals or in patches with 10-20 individuals per m2 (estimated visually) in areas with deep sand (Fig. 2a, b). The dominant vegetation in these sand beds was the seagrass
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Hydrocharitaceae" genus="Halophila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Halophila decipiens" order="Alismatales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decipiens">Halophila decipiens</taxonomicName>
Ostenfeld, patches of the macroalga
<taxonomicName class="Ulvophyceae" family="Halimedaceae" genus="Halimeda" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Halimeda kanaloana" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="kanaloana">Halimeda kanaloana</taxonomicName>
Vroom, and an unidentified
<taxonomicName class="Ulvophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Udotea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Udotea" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">Udotea</taxonomicName>
sp. Several individuals were observed with feeding scars (large bite marks), giving some thalli a U-shaped appearance. The holdfasts of larger, more mature individuals protruded from the sediment by approximately 1-5 cm, creating a conical mound at the base of the alga. Individuals were generally clean and not heavily epiphytized. The two morphologies at this location experienced very little water motion due to attenuation of wave motion with depth, and therefore were most likely the result of differences in age. The individuals with spherical assemblages of loose siphons were consistently much smaller in thallus size than the well-formed blade morphology.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" type="morphological characterization">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">Morphological characterization</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">
The specimens were olive-green upon collection and dried to a darker green with fulvous, or tawny, coloration (Fig. 2c, d). Specimens were categorized as mature adults (BISH768278), immature adults (BISH768279-80) or juveniles (BISH768281-3). Adult individuals, both mature and immature, ranged in overall length from 6.7-15.8 cm; frond length ranged from 3.6-10.8 cm. Each adult thallus was distinctly differentiated into a holdfast, stipe, and blade. The rhizomatous holdfasts comprised up to 46% of the total thallus length. The thin stipes of adult individuals supported a lightly zonate and reniform to sub-reniform blade; margins appeared to be composed of loose aggregates of siphons, but not necessarily lacerate. Individuals that appeared to be juveniles consisted only of a holdfast and a spherical assemblage of loose siphons, which appeared to be in the beginning stages of forming a blade. Siphons throughout the specimens (e.g. margin, blade, stipe, and holdfast) were mostly cylindrical to slightly torulose and measured in width 11.1-(25.4-59.1)-93.1
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
with acute and deep constrictions above the dichotomies (Fig. 2e). Constrictions were also common below the dichotomy, except in the holdfast siphons. Apices were primarily rounded, but also rarely blunt or sub-clavate. Siphons appeared olive green, transparent, or fulvus, which was attributed to overall siphon color and/or chloroplast pigmentation. These characters and measurements suggest affinity with the description of
<taxonomicName class="Ulvophyceae" family="Dichotomosiphonaceae" genus="Avrainvillea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avrainvillea erecta" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="erecta">Avrainvillea erecta</taxonomicName>
(Berkeley) A. Gepp &amp; E.S. Gepp and their further morphological characterization by
<bibRefCitation author="Olsen-Stojkovich, JL" journalOrPublisher="Nova Hedwigia" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" pagination="1 - 68" title="A systematic study of the genus Avrainvillea Decaisne (Chlorophyta, Udoteaceae)" volume="41" year="1985">Olsen-Stojkovich (1985)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" type="molecular assessment">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">Molecular assessment</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="21617">
The majority of examined specimens were sequenced for both rbcL and tufA, however, molecular characterization of historical material was only successful for rbcL for one of the heterotypic synonym type specimens -
<taxonomicName class="Ulvophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Chloroplegma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chloroplegma papuanum" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="papuanum">Chloroplegma papuanum</taxonomicName>
BM000561613. The concatenated alignment of the two gene regions yielded a dataset of 1,360 bp. Both the Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogenetic reconstructions strongly supported that the newly recorded
<taxonomicName class="Ulvophyceae" family="Dichotomosiphonaceae" genus="Avrainvillea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avrainvillea" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">Avrainvillea</taxonomicName>
species,
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. erecta" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" rank="species" species="erecta">A. cf. erecta</taxonomicName>
, was clearly distinct from
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hawai‘i">Hawai'i</normalizedToken>
specimens identified as &quot;
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. amadelpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" rank="species" species="amadelpha">A. amadelpha</taxonomicName>
&quot; (
<bibRefCitation author="Brostoff, W. N." journalOrPublisher="Pacific Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" pagination="166 - 169" title="Avrainvilleaamadelpha (Codiales, Chlorophyta) from O'ahu, Hawai'i." volume="43" year="1989">Brostoff 1989</bibRefCitation>
); these newly sequenced specimens belong to the &quot;
<taxonomicName lsidName="obscura" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" rank="species" species="obscura">obscura</taxonomicName>
&quot; group while &quot;
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. amadelpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" rank="species" species="amadelpha">A. amadelpha</taxonomicName>
&quot; clusters within the
<normalizedToken originalValue="“longicaulis”">&quot;longicaulis&quot;</normalizedToken>
group (
<bibRefCitation author="Olsen-Stojkovich, JL" journalOrPublisher="Nova Hedwigia" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" pagination="1 - 68" title="A systematic study of the genus Avrainvillea Decaisne (Chlorophyta, Udoteaceae)" volume="41" year="1985">Olsen-Stojkovich 1985</bibRefCitation>
) (Fig. 3). These analyses also support the monophyletic grouping of sequences from the newly sequenced specimens and those morphologically identified as
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. erecta" pageId="0" pageNumber="21617" rank="species" species="erecta">A. cf. erecta</taxonomicName>
(Berkeley) A. Gepp &amp; E. S. Gepp from Japan and Micronesia. Although they exhibited two different morphs (loose siphons or blade), all specimens from the two
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hawai‘i">Hawai'i</normalizedToken>
populations had identical DNA sequences.
</paragraph>
</subSection>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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