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<document id="BB40AF5DB6C4F04584907AF3623046CE" ID-CLB-Dataset="22221" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2013.45" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a66592b8-63a8-4c2d-9471-e58ddb2c0559" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3822710" ID-ZooBank="41B10E4D-7DAB-40CA-A8FE-4ECA078E04A3" checkinTime="1589313835598" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Zahniser, James N. &amp; Dietrich, Chris H." docDate="2013" docId="6903BC00A314FFBDAC95E05C2AC0F8A1" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-2013-45.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 45" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.12:EJT.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="12" docTitle="Hecalini Distant 1908" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="92" masterDocId="953AC478A34EFFE6AE00E1572B5EFFD9" masterDocTitle="A review of the tribes of Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae)" masterLastPageNumber="211" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="91" updateTime="1685912909012" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="510E47AFD2DD68928497862465C04D8B">
<mods:title id="8F382F7D83FDB4779488B3BC3BFA5349">A review of the tribes of Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="C158FE2CF05922BF5F1433B8A92B9A0E" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="6FF1701796D0B01885899B3B3973797C">Zahniser, James N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2A2E491E6E91D8D1D85A5DD929FA3C40">Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: C 44 D 6 E 44 - FA 1 C- 4 B 29 - B 7 BB-FAF 5940 CD 225 &amp; corresponding author e-mail: zahniser @ illinois. edu</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7D7C3BD6BB0D10B8F05A153AF36A9CF6">Dietrich, Chris H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B0B8F9C452A03C32DBE180A44A6FD80F">Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 82 FCB 86 C- 54 B 4 - 456 A-AE 5 E-D 7847 D 271 CB 9</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="7C3D7130914C3B25D76F3D8955E8087D">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B10D970CFE755EA8ABAAFF4AF18F117B">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="7BA5911BEDECAD29E730579D4A3C767B" type="CLB-Dataset">22221</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7E60FB781436D2E37A4BDA48CE1C0935" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2013.45</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="6903BC00A314FFBDAC95E05C2AC0F8A1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3844696" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3844696" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6903BC00A314FFBDAC95E05C2AC0F8A1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6903BC00A314FFBDAC95E05C2AC0F8A1" lastPageId="91" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
<subSubSection id="A9B05E9DA314FFBCAC95E05C28C0FEFC" box="[661,926,267,293]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="E1150D16A314FFBCAC95E05C28C0FEFC" blockId="90.[661,926,267,329]" box="[661,926,267,293]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
<heading id="BA5DBA7AA314FFBCAC95E05C28C0FEFC" box="[661,926,267,293]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A314FFBCAC95E05C29A6FEFC" ID-CoL="9DMZ5" ID-ENA="2768485" authority="Distant, 1908" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1908" box="[661,760,267,293]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hecalini">Hecalini</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="853B70E7A314FFBCAD00E05C28C0FEFC" author="Distant W. L." box="[768,926,267,293]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" refId="ref85845" refString="Distant W. L. 1908. Rhynchota - Homoptera. In: Bingham C. T. (ed.) The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Volume 4. Taylor and Francis, London." type="book" year="1908">Distant, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A9B05E9DA314FFBCACD8E0792805FE90" box="[728,859,302,329]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="description">
<paragraph id="E1150D16A314FFBCACD8E0792805FE90" blockId="90.[661,926,267,329]" box="[728,859,302,329]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
<figureCitation id="79911193A314FFBCACD8E079286CFE90" box="[728,818,302,329]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="93.[189,232,1930,1956]" captionTargetBox="[233,1358,267,1885]" captionTargetId="figure@93.[231,1362,265,1892]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="Fig. 27. Hecalini (Glossocratina). Glossocratus afzelii (Stål, 1854). A–I. Standard views (see Material &amp; Methods). G. Connective and style shown with aedeagus. J. Dorsal view of ♂ abdominal sternites I-III (partial view of sternite III). s1ap = apodeme of sternite I, s2ap = apodeme of sternite II." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3822772" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3822772/files/figure.png" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Figs 27</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="79911193A314FFBCAD3EE0782805FE90" box="[830,859,303,329]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="95.[189,232,1894,1920]" captionTargetBox="[234,1351,265,1852]" captionTargetId="figure@95.[232,1354,263,1854]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="Fig. 28. Hecalini (Hecalina). A–B, D–I. Hecalus hamiltoni sp. nov. C. Hecalus viridis (Uhler, 1877). J. Attenuipyga platyrhynchus (Osborn, 1894). A1, ♂. A2, ♀. A–I. Standard views (see Material &amp; Methods). J. Ventral views of sternites I and II. s1ap = apodeme of sternite I, s2ap = apodeme of sternite II." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3822774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3822774/files/figure.png" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">28</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A9B05E9DA314FFBCAEBDE0272967FE53" box="[189,569,367,394]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="E1150D16A314FFBCAEBDE0272967FE53" blockId="90.[189,569,367,394]" box="[189,569,367,394]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
<typeStatus id="3E11B3B4A314FFBCAEBDE0272BA9FE53" box="[189,247,368,394]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Type</typeStatus>
genus:
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A314FFBCAF52E027296AFE53" authority="Stal, 1864" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1864" box="[338,564,367,394]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Hecalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A314FFBCAF52E0272AECFE53" box="[338,434,368,394]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Hecalus</emphasis>
Stål, 1864
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A9B05E9DA314FFBCAEBDE0E52959FE15" box="[189,519,433,460]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="E1150D16A314FFBCAEBDE0E52959FE15" blockId="90.[189,519,433,460]" box="[189,519,433,460]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="C1BA2A38A314FFBCAEBDE0E5295DFE15" box="[189,515,433,460]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
=
<treatmentCitation id="600B2B07A314FFBCAED5E0E6295DFE15" box="[213,515,433,460]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A314FFBCAED5E0E62959FE15" ID-CoL="8JKD5" authority="Evans, 1947" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1947" box="[213,519,433,460]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda">
Reuteriellini
<bibRefCitation id="853B70E7A314FFBCAF6FE0E52959FE15" box="[367,519,434,460]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Evans, 1947.</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A9B05E9DA314FFBCAEBDE0A4296EFCA1" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="E1150D16A314FFBCAEBDE0A42A68FDD4" blockId="90.[189,310,499,525]" box="[189,310,499,525]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
<heading id="BA5DBA7AA314FFBCAEBDE0A42A68FDD4" bold="true" box="[189,310,499,525]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" reason="3">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A314FFBCAEBDE0A42A68FDD4" bold="true" box="[189,310,499,525]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E1150D16A314FFBCAEBDE376296EFCA1" blockId="90.[189,1399,545,889]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A314FFBCAEBDE3762A7EFDE2" box="[189,288,545,571]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hecalini">Hecalini</taxonomicName>
are medium sized to large, somewhat to strongly dorsoventrally flattened, stramineous, yellow, green, or brown leafhoppers, sometimes with bright orange or reddish markings. They can be identified by the produced and parabolically shaped head, dorsoventrally flattened body, lateral margin of pronotum as long as or longer than the basal width of the eye, ocelli closer to they eyes than the laterofrontal sutures, apodemes of male sternite I long and relatively narrow, apodemes of male sternite II broad and well-developed, male pygofer often produced or pointed posterodorsally, segment X withdrawn into the pygofer, ventral margins of the male pygofer often lobate, aedeagus often with one or two pairs of apical processes, first valvula dorsal sculpturing granulose to maculose and submarginal, first valvula often with distinctly delimited ventroapical sculpturing, second valvula usually without teeth, humpbacked dorsally, and concave ventrally.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A9B05E9DA314FFBDAEBDE2C8289DFD1E" lastPageId="91" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="description">
<paragraph id="E1150D16A314FFBCAEBDE2C82A10FC60" blockId="90.[189,334,927,953]" box="[189,334,927,953]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
<heading id="BA5DBA7AA314FFBCAEBDE2C82A10FC60" bold="true" box="[189,334,927,953]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" reason="3">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A314FFBCAEBDE2C82A10FC60" bold="true" box="[189,334,927,953]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E1150D16A314FFBCAEBDE2982F23FAFC" blockId="90.[189,1399,974,1317]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
HEAD. Head subequal to or wider than pronotum; often produced anteriorly and/or parabolically shaped. Discal portion of crown glabrous with radial or longitudinal striae, shagreen or granulose. Anterior margin of head shagreen, glabrous, irregularly textured, foliaceous, with a single transverse carina, or with 2 or 3 parallel carinae. Frontoclypeus tumid or flat; texture shagreen. Clypellus parallel-sided, tapering apically, or rarely widening apically; apex following or slightly surpassing normal curve of gena. Lorum narrower than, subequal to, wider than clypellus near base. Antennal bases near middle or posteroventral (lower) corners of eyes. Antennae short, less than 1.5 x width of head. Gena obtusely incised laterally or strongly incised laterally (nearly forming right angle); with or without (
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A314FFBCAAE1E5922E31FB06" authorityName="Oman" authorityYear="1949" box="[1249,1391,1221,1247]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Attenuipyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A314FFBCAAE1E5922E31FB06" box="[1249,1391,1221,1247]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Attenuipyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, some
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A314FFBCAF05E5BF2AFEFADB" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1866" box="[261,416,1256,1282]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Glossocratus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A314FFBCAF05E5BF2AFEFADB" box="[261,416,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Glossocratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) fine erect seta beside laterofrontal suture. Antennal ledge absent. Ocelli present; close to eyes, closer to eyes than laterofrontal sutures; on anterior margin of head.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E1150D16A314FFBCAEBDE41A2E36FABE" blockId="90.[189,1384,1356,1383]" box="[189,1384,1356,1383]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">THORAX. Pronotum lateral margin carinate; lateral margin as long as or longer than basal width of eye.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E1150D16A314FFBCAEBDE4D92939F9CB" blockId="90.[189,1399,1422,1554]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
WINGS. Forewing brachypterous to macropterous; if macropterous, appendix restricted to anal margin or rarely large, extending around wing apex; with 3 anteapical cells; veins not elevated or rarely elevated (
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A314FFBCAEC7E4822A0BFA36" authorityName="Oman" authorityYear="1949" box="[199,341,1493,1519]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Attenuipyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A314FFBCAEC7E4822A0BFA36" box="[199,341,1493,1519]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Attenuipyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); without reflexed costal veins; A1-A2 crossvein absent or present; A1 and A2 sometimes confluent (
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A314FFBCAF3BE4AF2A97F9CB" authorityName="Oman" authorityYear="1949" box="[315,457,1528,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Attenuipyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A314FFBCAF3BE4AF2A97F9CB" box="[315,457,1528,1554]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Attenuipyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A314FFBCAFDAE4AF2912F9C8" authorityName="Emel'yanov" authorityYear="1966" box="[474,588,1528,1553]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Dorycara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A314FFBCAFDAE4AF2912F9C8" box="[474,588,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Dorycara</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E1150D16A314FFBCAEBDE76E2FB6F8DA" blockId="90.[189,1399,1593,1795]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
LEGS. Profemur with
<collectionCode id="87BB95D3A314FFBCAFB3E76E2AB9F98A" box="[435,487,1593,1619]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
1 seta only or rarely with
<collectionCode id="87BB95D3A314FFBCAD0BE76E2861F98A" box="[779,831,1593,1619]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
1 and with one or more additional proximal setae (some
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A314FFBCAF0EE70B2AF7F9AF" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1866" box="[270,425,1628,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Glossocratus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A314FFBCAF0EE70B2AF7F9AF" box="[270,425,1628,1654]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Glossocratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or
<collectionCode id="87BB95D3A314FFBCAFDBE70B2951F9AF" box="[475,527,1628,1654]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
1 absent (
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A314FFBCAC80E70B2850F9AF" authorityName="Oman" authorityYear="1949" box="[640,782,1628,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Attenuipyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A314FFBCAC80E70B2850F9AF" box="[640,782,1628,1654]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Attenuipyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); intercalary row with one row of five or more fine setae or setae scattered, not in one row, or setae absent or reduced; row AV with short, stout setae or with relatively long macrosetae. Protibia dorsal surface rounded, convex. Metafemur apex macrosetae 2+2+1, 2+2+1 and with additional proximal macrosetae (some
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A314FFBCADBCE7912F09F939" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1866" box="[956,1111,1734,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Glossocratus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A314FFBCADBCE7912F09F939" box="[956,1111,1734,1760]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Glossocratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), or 2+0 (
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A314FFBCAAD8E7912E38F939" authorityName="Oman" authorityYear="1949" box="[1240,1382,1734,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Attenuipyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A314FFBCAAD8E7912E38F939" box="[1240,1382,1734,1760]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Attenuipyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Metatarsomere I not expanded apically or expanded apically; plantar setae simple, tapered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E1150D16A314FFBDAEBDE67C2AB1FE6B" blockId="90.[189,1399,1834,2001]" lastBlockId="91.[189,1399,267,434]" lastPageId="91" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">
<collectionCode id="87BB95D3A314FFBCAEBDE67C2BA1F89B" box="[189,255,1835,1861]" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">MALE</collectionCode>
GENITALIA. Apodemes of sternite I usually long, usually as long as those of sternite II, relatively narrow. Apodemes of sternite II large, broad (exception:
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A314FFBCAD57E61A28ACF8BE" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1866" box="[855,1010,1869,1895]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Glossocratus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="90" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A314FFBCAD57E61A28ACF8BE" box="[855,1010,1869,1895]" italics="true" pageId="90" pageNumber="91">Glossocratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Valve articulated with pygofer; lateral margin short, articulating with pygofer at a point. Pygofer basolateral membranous cleft present; macrosetae well differentiated into several rows; often produced or pointed posterodorsally, with ‘anal tube’ withdrawn into pygofer; ventral margins often lobate. Subgenital plates free from each other; articulated with valve; macrosetae scattered, irregularly arranged or uniseriate laterally. Style broadly bilobed basally, median anterior lobe pronounced. Basal processes of the aedeagus/connective absent or reduced. Aedeagus with single shaft and gonopore; often with one or two pairs of apical processes, or rarely with preapical processes. Connective anterior arms somewhat divergent,
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDAAAFE0222F9AFE56" bold="true" box="[1199,1220,373,399]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Y</emphasis>
- or
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDAAFEE0222E4DFE56" bold="true" box="[1278,1299,373,399]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">U</emphasis>
-shaped; articulated with aedeagus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E1150D16A315FFBDAEBDE08D289DFD1E" blockId="91.[189,1399,473,711]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
FEMALE GENITALIA. Pygofer with macrosetae absent, reduced, or with numerous macrosetae. Ovipositor usually protruding or sometimes not protruding far beyond pygofer apex. First valvula not strongly convex; dorsal sculpturing pattern granulose or maculose; sculpturing submarginal or rarely reaching dorsal margin; usually with ventroapical sculpturing distinctly delimited. Second valvula gradually broadened medially or subapically; humpbacked dorsally; concave ventrally; usually without dorsal median tooth (except
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAFC7E3DD293CFD7D" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1866" box="[455,610,650,676]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Glossocratus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDAFC7E3DD293CFD7D" box="[455,610,650,676]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Glossocratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); dorsal teeth usually absent but if present (some
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAACAE3DD2E3BFD7D" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1866" box="[1226,1381,650,676]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Glossocratus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDAACAE3DD2E3BFD7D" box="[1226,1381,650,676]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Glossocratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), teeth small, regularly or irregularly shaped, on apical 1/3 or more.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A9B05E9DA315FFBDAEBDE3B928F6FCA4" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="E1150D16A315FFBDAEBDE3B92ABAFCD1" blockId="91.[189,484,750,776]" box="[189,484,750,776]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<heading id="BA5DBA7AA315FFBDAEBDE3B92ABAFCD1" bold="true" box="[189,484,750,776]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" reason="3">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDAEBDE3B92ABAFCD1" bold="true" box="[189,484,750,776]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Geography and ecology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E1150D16A315FFBDAEBDE24A28F6FCA4" blockId="91.[189,1398,797,894]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
Distribution: cosmopolitan.
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAC0DE24A292EFCEE" box="[525,624,797,823]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hecalini">Hecalini</taxonomicName>
are grass feeders and are sometimes very brightly colored with yellow, green (in live specimens), or orange. Some are extremely elongate and dorsoventrally flattened, apparently an adaptation enhancing crypsis on their grass hosts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A9B05E9DA315FFBDAEBDE2F22AC0F8A1" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="E1150D16A315FFBDAEBDE2F22A71FC66" blockId="91.[189,303,933,959]" box="[189,303,933,959]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<heading id="BA5DBA7AA315FFBDAEBDE2F22A71FC66" bold="true" box="[189,303,933,959]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" reason="3">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDAEBDE2F22A71FC66" bold="true" box="[189,303,933,959]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E1150D16A315FFBDAEBDE2842FEAFB19" blockId="91.[189,1399,979,1217]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAEBDE2842A7EFC34" box="[189,288,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hecalini">Hecalini</taxonomicName>
contains 23 genera and 180 species. The three included exemplars (
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAA47E2842FF9FC34" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1864" box="[1095,1191,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Hecalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDAA47E2842FF9FC34" box="[1095,1191,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Hecalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAAB6E2832E1AFC37" authorityName="Oman" authorityYear="1949" box="[1206,1348,980,1006]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Attenuipyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDAAB6E2832E1AFC37" box="[1206,1348,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Attenuipyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAEBDE2A12A06FBC9" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1866" box="[189,344,1014,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Glossocratus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDAEBDE2A12A06FBC9" box="[189,344,1014,1040]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Glossocratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) were resolved as a monophyletic group here in MP analyses, but not in ML or Bayesian analyses. In the MP analysis, the partitioned Bremer support from the Histone H3 data was -14.4 which apparently strongly conflicted with the signal from the 28S and morphology data sets (DI= 7.7 and 13.2, respectively). This conflict in signal likely influenced the results of the ML and Bayesian analyses which resolved different topologies for the hecalines included here. MP analyses of the combined data suggest that
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAEF0E5F12A0DFB19" box="[240,339,1190,1216]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hecalini">Hecalini</taxonomicName>
is closely related to Arrugadini, but more data are needed to confirm this.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E1150D16A315FFBDAEBDE5BF2FB4FA21" blockId="91.[189,1399,1256,1529]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<bibRefCitation id="853B70E7A315FFBDAEBDE5BF2ADEFADB" author="Hamilton K. G. A." box="[189,384,1256,1282]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="429 - 503" refId="ref87550" refString="Hamilton K. G. A. 2000. Five genera of New-World &quot; Shovel-Headed &quot; and &quot; Spoon-Bill &quot; leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Dorycephalini and Hecalini). The Canadian Entomologist 132 (4): 429 - 503. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 132429 - 4" type="journal article" year="2000">Hamilton (2000)</bibRefCitation>
revised the concept of
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAC8AE5BF29B3FADB" box="[650,749,1256,1282]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hecalini">Hecalini</taxonomicName>
and excluded several genera that have only a superficial similarity to the tribe. He also pointed out several characters that are shared between
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAADDE45C2E1EFAFC" box="[1245,1344,1291,1317]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hecalini">Hecalini</taxonomicName>
and “Dorycephalini”, although of the latter he was apparently referring only to the New World
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAAE9E4782E29FA90" authorityName="Oman" authorityYear="1949" box="[1257,1399,1327,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Attenuipyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDAAE9E4782E29FA90" box="[1257,1399,1327,1353]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Attenuipyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAEEDE4062AD7FAB2" baseAuthorityName="Hecalini" box="[237,393,1361,1387]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Neoslossonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDAEEDE4062AD7FAB2" box="[237,393,1361,1387]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Neoslossonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and not to
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAC10E40629EBFAB2" authorityName="Kouchakewitch" authorityYear="1866" box="[528,693,1361,1387]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Dorycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDAC10E40629EBFAB2" box="[528,693,1361,1387]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Dorycephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which does not share several of the characters he mentioned. The characters listed by
<bibRefCitation id="853B70E7A315FFBDAFE4E42329F4FA56" author="Hamilton K. G. A." box="[484,682,1396,1423]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="429 - 503" refId="ref87550" refString="Hamilton K. G. A. 2000. Five genera of New-World &quot; Shovel-Headed &quot; and &quot; Spoon-Bill &quot; leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Dorycephalini and Hecalini). The Canadian Entomologist 132 (4): 429 - 503. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 132429 - 4" type="journal article" year="2000">Hamilton (2000)</bibRefCitation>
and others noted here that are shared between
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAAE1E4222E31FA56" authorityName="Oman" authorityYear="1949" box="[1249,1391,1397,1423]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Attenuipyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDAAE1E4222E31FA56" box="[1249,1391,1397,1423]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Attenuipyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAEBDE4CF2A07FA6B" baseAuthorityName="Hecalini" box="[189,345,1432,1458]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Neoslossonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDAEBDE4CF2A07FA6B" box="[189,345,1432,1458]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Neoslossonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and other
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAFDDE4CF291EFA6B" box="[477,576,1432,1458]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hecalini">Hecalini</taxonomicName>
and not with
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDACE2E4CF28D9FA6B" authorityName="Kouchakewitch" authorityYear="1866" box="[738,903,1432,1458]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Dorycephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDACE2E4CF28D9FA6B" box="[738,903,1432,1458]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Dorycephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are listed in the Diagnosis. Based on their shared morphological characters and support from the molecular data,
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAA0FE4EC2FC3FA0C" authorityName="Oman" authorityYear="1949" box="[1039,1181,1467,1493]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Attenuipyga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDAA0FE4EC2FC3FA0C" box="[1039,1181,1467,1493]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Attenuipyga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAADAE4EC2E28FA0C" baseAuthorityName="Hecalini" box="[1242,1398,1467,1493]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Neoslossonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDAADAE4EC2E28FA0C" box="[1242,1398,1467,1493]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Neoslossonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are transferred to
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAF8DE4892AAEFA21" box="[397,496,1502,1528]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hecalini">Hecalini</taxonomicName>
here. Dorycephalini is maintained as a separate monotypic tribe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E1150D16A315FFBDAEBDE7772F42F97D" blockId="91.[189,1398,1568,1700]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<bibRefCitation id="853B70E7A315FFBDAEBDE7772ADEF9E3" author="Morrison W. P." box="[189,384,1568,1594]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="379 - 438" refId="ref89396" refString="Morrison W. P. 1973. A revision of the Hecalinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) of the Oriental region. Pacific Insects 15 (3 - 4): 379 - 438." type="journal article" year="1973">Morrison (1973)</bibRefCitation>
revised the
<collectingRegion id="236EC3F4A315FFBDAC0DE7772933F9E3" box="[525,621,1568,1594]" country="Republic of the Congo" name="Orientale" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Oriental</collectingRegion>
fauna and suggested that
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAD9BE77728A3F9E3" authorityName="Melichar" authorityYear="1902" box="[923,1021,1568,1594]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Clavena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDAD9BE77728A3F9E3" box="[923,1021,1568,1594]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Clavena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may belong to Ledrini based on the position of the ocelli stated in the original description of
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAD92E7142FF0F984" authority="Melichar. He" authorityName="Melichar. He" authorityYear="1902" box="[914,1198,1603,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Clavena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDAD92E7142F55F984" box="[914,1035,1603,1629]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">C. sulcata</emphasis>
Melichar. He
</taxonomicName>
did not examine the
<typeStatus id="3E11B3B4A315FFBDAEE9E7302A40F958" box="[233,286,1639,1665]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">type</typeStatus>
, so its inclusion in
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAC03E7312938F959" box="[515,614,1638,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hecalini">Hecalini</taxonomicName>
has not been confirmed.
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAD90E7312F53F959" authorityName="Morrison" authorityYear="1973" box="[912,1037,1638,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" genus="Sectoculus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDAD90E7312F53F959" box="[912,1037,1638,1664]" italics="true" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Sectoculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is removed from
<taxonomicName id="26AA7695A315FFBDAAE1E7312E1AF959" box="[1249,1348,1638,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="91" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hecalini">Hecalini</taxonomicName>
and placed in Eupelicini: Paradorydiina (see discussion under Paradorydiina).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E1150D16A315FFBDAEBDE79D2AF5F93D" blockId="91.[189,427,1738,1764]" box="[189,427,1738,1764]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<heading id="BA5DBA7AA315FFBDAEBDE79D2AF5F93D" bold="true" box="[189,427,1738,1764]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" reason="3">
<emphasis id="D3DED104A315FFBDAEBDE79D2AF5F93D" bold="true" box="[189,427,1738,1764]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Selected references</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E1150D16A315FFBDAEBDE7AE2ADAF8EE" blockId="91.[189,1399,1785,1847]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">
<bibRefCitation id="853B70E7A315FFBDAEBDE7AE2ACFF8CD" author="Linnavuori R." box="[189,401,1785,1812]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="133 - 143" refId="ref88288" refString="Linnavuori R. 1957. The Neotropical Hecalinae (Hom. Cicadellidae). Suomen Hyonteistieteellinen Aikakaukirja 23: 133 - 143." type="journal article" year="1957">Linnavuori (1957</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="853B70E7A315FFBDAFA1E7AE2A80F8CD" author="Linnavuori R." box="[417,478,1785,1812]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 370" refId="ref88311" refString="Linnavuori R. 1959. Revision of the Neotropical Deltocephalinae and some related subfamilies (Homoptera). Annales Zoologici Societatis Zoologicae Botanicae Fennicae ' Vanamo' 20: 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="1959">1959</bibRefCitation>
, 1975),
<bibRefCitation id="853B70E7A315FFBDAC45E7AE2851F8CA" author="Morrison W. P." box="[581,783,1785,1811]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="379 - 438" refId="ref89396" refString="Morrison W. P. 1973. A revision of the Hecalinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) of the Oriental region. Pacific Insects 15 (3 - 4): 379 - 438." type="journal article" year="1973">Morrison (1973)</bibRefCitation>
, Linnavuori &amp; DeLong (1978c),
<bibRefCitation id="853B70E7A315FFBDAAA7E7AE2E2FF8CA" author="Hamilton K. G. A." box="[1191,1393,1785,1811]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="429 - 503" refId="ref87550" refString="Hamilton K. G. A. 2000. Five genera of New-World &quot; Shovel-Headed &quot; and &quot; Spoon-Bill &quot; leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Dorycephalini and Hecalini). The Canadian Entomologist 132 (4): 429 - 503. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 132429 - 4" type="journal article" year="2000">Hamilton (2000)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="853B70E7A315FFBDAEBDE64B2ADFF8EE" author="Dmitriev D. A." box="[189,385,1820,1847]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92" pagination="975 - 1002" refId="ref85974" refString="Dmitriev D. A. 2002. Larvae of the leafhopper subfamily Deltocephalinae (Homoptera, Cicadellidae) from European part of Russia and adjacent territories. I. A key to tribes and review of the tribes Drabescini, Scaphytopiini, Hecalini, Limotettigini, and Opsiini. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 81 (3): 627 - 661. [In Russian, translated into English in Entomological Review 82 (8): 975 - 1002]" type="journal article" year="2002">Dmitriev (2002)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E1150D16A315FFBDAEBDE6092AC0F8A1" blockId="91.[189,414,1886,1912]" box="[189,414,1886,1912]" pageId="91" pageNumber="92">Included subtribes:</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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