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<document id="04403CBE71CA192F9DCC78A36BD78B1F" ID-DOI="10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00058.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5437607" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630437499139" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Strong, Ellen E." docDate="2003" docId="03B6B923EE25FFF78F97649C3AA96C86" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2003.00058.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137 (4)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00058.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8.2:ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Bithynia tentaculata" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="468" masterDocId="FF8FC15BEE36FFE28F4B66213B1A6964" masterDocTitle="Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda" masterLastPageNumber="554" masterPageNumber="447" pageNumber="466" updateTime="1699271261741" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="2F59A2F829AE95B0F50322DD07E1DAB1">Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="834A358A8382B15688B9B917BD90295A">Strong, Ellen E.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03B6B923EE25FFF78F97649C3AA96C86" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B6B923EE25FFF78F97649C3AA96C86" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B6B923EE25FFF78F97649C3AA96C86" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="468" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">
<subSubSection id="C3055BBEEE25FFF18F97649C39DB6BB0" box="[220,705,700,724]" pageId="19" pageNumber="466" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE25FFF18F97649C39DB6BB0" blockId="19.[220,705,668,724]" box="[220,705,700,724]" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">
<heading id="D0E8BF59EE25FFF18F97649C39DB6BB0" box="[220,705,700,724]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="466" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE25FFF18F97649C39DB6BB0" ID-CoL="LXJH" authority="(LINNAEUS 1758)" baseAuthorityName="LINNAEUS" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[220,705,700,724]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="19" pageNumber="466" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE25FFF18F97649C3AE96BB7" box="[220,499,701,724]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">BITHYNIA TENTACULATA</emphasis>
(LINNAEUS 1758)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3055BBEEE25FFF78FD064C43AA96C86" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="468" pageId="19" pageNumber="466" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE25FFF18FD064C43A686B9E" blockId="19.[155,590,741,794]" box="[155,370,741,762]" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE25FFF18FD064C43A686B9E" box="[155,370,741,762]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">Material Examined</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE25FFF18FD0652539546A7E" blockId="19.[155,590,741,794]" box="[155,590,772,794]" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">
Alexandria,
<collectingRegion id="49DBC6D7EE25FFF18E6C65253A9F6A7E" box="[295,389,772,794]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">Virginia</collectingRegion>
(
<collectionCode id="ED0E90F0EE25FFF18EDF65253AFE6A7D" box="[404,484,772,793]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="466" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
890938).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE25FFF18FD0657939296A09" blockId="19.[155,770,856,1031]" box="[155,563,856,877]" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE25FFF18FD0657939296A09" box="[155,563,856,877]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">External anatomy and mantle cavity</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE25FFF18FD06556397A6D63" blockId="19.[155,770,856,1031]" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">Mantle edge smooth. Pedal gland opening to shallow flap along anterior margin of propodium. Anterior kidney chamber extending into pallial roof. Short, monopectinate osphradium present along anterior one third of ctenidium. Operculum present.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE25FFF18FD062643A676D3F" blockId="19.[155,771,1093,1483]" box="[155,381,1093,1115]" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE25FFF18FD062643A676D3F" box="[155,381,1093,1115]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">Reproductive system</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE25FFF18FD062453A286CAF" blockId="19.[155,771,1093,1483]" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">Gonopericardial canal present. Renal oviduct forming seminal receptacle bearing orientated sperm. Oviduct opening to posterior bursa just before entering glandular gonoduct. Pallial oviduct closed along entire length, opening anteriorly via short vagina. Bursa copulatrix extending posteriorly along surface of capsule gland, opening anteriorly to vagina. Vas deferens convoluted, functioning as seminal vesicle. Pallial vas deferens closed along entire length, from prostate at base of mantle cavity to tip of penis. Tubular, accessory prostate gland opening to subterminal lateral lobe of penis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE25FFF18FD0602B3A736F44" blockId="19.[155,771,1546,1906]" box="[155,361,1546,1568]" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE25FFF18FD0602B3A736F44" box="[155,361,1546,1568]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">Alimentary system</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE25FFF18FD0600B3E156831" blockId="19.[155,771,1546,1906]" lastBlockId="19.[819,1434,196,341]" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE25FFF18FD0600B3BE36F5B" box="[155,249,1578,1599]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">Foregut.</emphasis>
Weakly developed jaws present at anterior ends of dorsal folds; jaw composed of rods with laterally overlapping homogeneous layer. Subradular membrane incompletely covering odontophore. Subradular organ present forming vertical ridge of tissue within long, narrow sublingual cavity. Short, tubular salivary glands (
<figureCitation id="132414B0EE25FFF18E1D60C03AB16F93" box="[342,427,1761,1783]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="50.[142,220,1701,1720]" captionTargetBox="[289,1276,198,1663]" captionTargetId="figure-144@50.[289,1278,192,1674]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 6. Morphology of cephalic haemocoel among basal caenogastropods. (A) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. For simplicity, large salivary glands removed. Scale bar = 1 mm. (B) Lampanella minima. Scale bar = 1 mm. (C) Cypraea robertsi. For simplicity, large salivary glands removed. Scale bar = 1 mm. (D) Bithynia tentaculata. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Crepidula plana. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: bp, buccal pouch; d, dialyneury; e, oesophagus; eg, oesophageal gland; nr, circum-oesophageal nerve ring; os, osphradium; osg, osphradial ganglion; ps, proboscis sheath; sb, sub-oesophageal ganglion; sgd, salivary gland duct; sgl, salivary glands; sp., supra-oesophageal ganglion; tn, tentacular nerve; vg, visceral ganglion; z, zygoneury." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5437619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5437619/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
, sgl) overlying nerve ring (nr). Radular sac short. Anterior oesophagus bearing single mid-ventral fold (
<figureCitation id="132414B0EE25FFF18E22613E3AA46E50" box="[361,446,1823,1845]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="54.[142,220,1725,1744]" captionTargetBox="[283,1280,197,1693]" captionTargetId="figure-140@54.[283,1281,197,1693]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Figure 9. Histology of anterior oesophagus; ventro-lateral folds. (A) Macleaniella moskalevi. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (B) Theodoxus fluviatilis. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Lampanella minima. Scale bar = 1 mm. (E) Strombus mutabilis. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (F) Crepidula plana. Scale bar = 1 mm. (G) Bithynia tentaculata. Scale bar = 1 mm. (H) Littorina littorea. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: bp, buccal pouch; bg, buccal ganglion; ca, radular cartilage; ceg, cerebral ganglion; df, dorsal fold; e, oesophagus; r, radula; sgl, salivary gland; vf, ventral fold; vlf, ventro-lateral fold." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5437625" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5437625/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">Fig. 9G</figureCitation>
, vf) and two, broad ventrolateral folds (vlf). Mid-ventral fold gradually merging with right glandular field posteriorly within anterior oesophagus, producing paired ventral folds with intervening ciliated groove. Ventral glandular folds diminishing through region of torsion within circumoesophageal nerve ring. Mid-oesophagus uniformly folded; septate oesophageal gland absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE25FFF18C78674C38B46A2B" blockId="19.[819,1435,365,847]" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE25FFF18C78674C389468E6" box="[819,910,365,386]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">Midgut.</emphasis>
Oesophagus (
<figureCitation id="132414B0EE25FFF18B7F674C3FAC68E6" box="[1076,1206,365,387]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="64.[142,220,1725,1744]" captionTargetBox="[283,1268,197,1693]" captionTargetId="figure-125@64.[283,1281,197,1693]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="Figure 15. Midgut morphology. White arrows indicate direction of ciliary currents. (A) Bithynia tentaculata, dorsal view. Distal end of gastric chamber obscured in scanning electron micrograph, indicated by dotted line in diagram on right. (B) Littorina littorea, dorsal view. Stippling indicates ciliary tract within gastric chamber extending from oesophageal aperture. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: c, caecum; ce, caecal extension; cf, ciliated fold; cs, ciliated strip; ctr, ciliary tract; dgd, digestive gland duct; e, oesophagus; gp, glandular pad; gs, gastric shield; sa, sorting area; ss, style sac; t1, major typhlosole; t2, minor typhlosole." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5437639" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5437639/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">Figs 15A, e</figureCitation>
) opening to midgut ventrally to left of ventro-lateral gastric shield (gs). Paired, ciliated folds emerging from intestinal groove, extending posteriorly to left of oesophageal aperture. Left fold diminishing; right fold (cf) curving to right at posterior end of gastric chamber, terminating within shallow caecum (c) behind gastric shield (gs) on right. Development of fold (cf) variable, in some individuals forming shallow shelf subdividing base of gastric chamber. Glandular pad (gp) projecting only short distance posterior to gastric shield. Paired digestive gland ducts (dgd) present to left of gastric shield. Style sac region characterized by presence of paired typhlosoles (t1, t2), differentiated cilia and crystalline style. Broad tract of raised cilia (ctr) present on major typhlosole.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE25FFF18C7865463FF66ADE" blockId="19.[819,1434,871,954]" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE25FFF18C78654638806A18" box="[819,922,871,892]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">Hindgut.</emphasis>
Intestine emerging from style sac, extending posteriorly beside style sac, curving around distal end of kidney, then turning anteriorly.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE25FFF18C7862213F246D71" blockId="19.[819,1435,1024,1567]" box="[819,1086,1024,1045]" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE25FFF18C7862213F246D71" box="[819,1086,1024,1045]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">Reno-pericardial system</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE25FFF18C78623E3F346F7B" blockId="19.[819,1435,1024,1567]" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">
Kidney large and elongate, comprising posterior, visceral chamber and anterior pallial chamber. Visceral lumen large, extending posteriorly past pericardium (
<figureCitation id="132414B0EE25FFF18C71625A38866DF4" box="[826,924,1147,1169]" captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="77.[155,233,1471,1490]" captionTargetBox="[383,1220,197,1439]" captionTargetId="figure-127@77.[369,1220,184,1461]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Figure 22. Kidney morphology; basal caenogastropods with undifferentiated lamellae. (A) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum, lateral view. Dotted line indicates removed lateral lobe overhanging pericardium. Scale bar = 1 mm. (B) Bithynia tentaculata, dorsal view. Scale bar =.5 mm. (C) Petaloconchus varians, ventral view. Horizontal line indicates base of mantle cavity. Excretory tubules within pallial portion revealed by ventral incision. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Strombus mutabilis. Dorsal view. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: arv, afferent renal vessel; au, auricle; ng, nephridial gland; np, nephropore; per, pericardium; rpc, reno-pericardial canal; ve, ventricle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5437653" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5437653/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">Fig. 22B</figureCitation>
, per) to gastric chamber. Visceral lumen subdivided by vertical septum of excretory tissue beside pericardium. Pallial chamber alongside rectum, extending almost to anus, with weakly developed excretory tissue along walls surrounding large central lumen. Afferent renal vessel entering floor of visceral kidney lumen, at base of mantle cavity, in front of reno-pericardial canal (rpc) and septum. Ventral branches extending anteriorly and posteriorly, supplying excretory tissue within pallial and visceral chambers. Branch of afferent renal vessel extending dorsally, posteriorly passing nephropore (np), supplying small mass of excretory tissue, then entering nephridial gland (ng).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE25FFF18C7860473FFB6F1F" blockId="19.[819,1435,1637,1905]" box="[819,1249,1637,1659]" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE25FFF18C7860473FFB6F1F" box="[819,1249,1637,1659]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">Nervous system and sensory structures</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE25FFF68C7860A53A2A699D" blockId="19.[819,1435,1637,1905]" lastBlockId="20.[142,756,196,249]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="467" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">
Nervous system epiathroid, right and left dialyneurous. Nerve ring lying just behind base of buccal mass. Tentacular nerve (
<figureCitation id="132414B0EE25FFF18B4360E03F476FB3" box="[1032,1117,1729,1751]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="50.[142,220,1701,1720]" captionTargetBox="[289,1276,198,1663]" captionTargetId="figure-144@50.[289,1278,192,1674]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 6. Morphology of cephalic haemocoel among basal caenogastropods. (A) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. For simplicity, large salivary glands removed. Scale bar = 1 mm. (B) Lampanella minima. Scale bar = 1 mm. (C) Cypraea robertsi. For simplicity, large salivary glands removed. Scale bar = 1 mm. (D) Bithynia tentaculata. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Crepidula plana. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: bp, buccal pouch; d, dialyneury; e, oesophagus; eg, oesophageal gland; nr, circum-oesophageal nerve ring; os, osphradium; osg, osphradial ganglion; ps, proboscis sheath; sb, sub-oesophageal ganglion; sgd, salivary gland duct; sgl, salivary glands; sp., supra-oesophageal ganglion; tn, tentacular nerve; vg, visceral ganglion; z, zygoneury." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5437619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5437619/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="466">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
, tn) with large basal swelling, splitting into three nerves of approximately equal size (one slightly larger) persisting length of tentacle. Metapodial and propodial ganglia present. Metapodial commissure present. Visceral loop bearing single visceral ganglion to right of posterior oesophagous. Statocysts with single statolith present dorso-laterally on pedal ganglia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE22FFF68FC5671F3BEA6837" blockId="20.[142,758,318,1537]" box="[142,240,318,339]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE22FFF68FC5671F3BEA6837" box="[142,240,318,339]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE22FFF68FC5677C39366BC2" blockId="20.[142,758,318,1537]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">
There are several published descriptions on the anatomy of this species. Reproductive details have been provided in
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68E5D67BA3AB968D4" author="Krull H" box="[278,419,410,433]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="399 - 464" refId="ref76579" refString="Krull H. 1935. Anatomische Untersuchungen an einheimischen Prosobranchiern und Beitrage zur Phylogenie Gastropoden. Zoologische Jahrbucher 60: 399 - 464." type="journal article" year="1935">Krull (1935)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68EE567BA395B68D5" author="Ankel WE" box="[430,577,411,433]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="1 - 240" refId="ref71937" refString="Ankel WE. 1936. Prosobranchia. In: Grimpe G, Wagler E, eds. Die Tierwelt der Nord- und Ostsee. Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 1 - 240." type="book chapter" year="1936">Ankel (1936)</bibRefCitation>
and a thorough account by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68E5967983A8D68AB" author="Lilly MM" box="[274,407,441,463]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="87 - 110" refId="ref76751" refString="Lilly MM. 1953. The mode of life and the structure and functioning of the reproductive ducts of Bithynia tentaculata (L.). Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 30: 87 - 110." type="journal article" year="1953">Lilly (1953)</bibRefCitation>
that is in agreement with the report here. However, Lilly, while noting the presence of sperm in the renal oviduct and unorientated sperm in
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE22FFF68FE664343A5A6B4F" baseAuthorityName="Woodward" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[173,320,533,555]" genus="The" pageId="20" pageNumber="502" rank="species" species="posterior">the posterior</taxonomicName>
bursa, identified the latter as a seminal receptacle;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68E76641539796B2E" author="Fretter V &amp; Graham A" box="[317,611,564,586]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" refId="ref73894" refString="Fretter V, Graham A. 1962. British prosobranch molluscs; their functional anatomy and ecology. London: Ray Society." type="book" year="1962">Fretter &amp; Graham (1962)</bibRefCitation>
later identified the renal oviduct as a seminal receptacle. The gonopericardial canal has been described as present (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68FDD64B13A036BC2" author="Krull H" box="[150,281,656,678]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="399 - 464" refId="ref76579" refString="Krull H. 1935. Anatomische Untersuchungen an einheimischen Prosobranchiern und Beitrage zur Phylogenie Gastropoden. Zoologische Jahrbucher 60: 399 - 464." type="journal article" year="1935">Krull, 1935</bibRefCitation>
) or absent (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68EEF64B139056BC2" author="Lilly MM" box="[420,543,656,678]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="87 - 110" refId="ref76751" refString="Lilly MM. 1953. The mode of life and the structure and functioning of the reproductive ducts of Bithynia tentaculata (L.). Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 30: 87 - 110." type="journal article" year="1953">Lilly, 1953</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE22FFF68FEC648E3A446DF5" blockId="20.[142,758,318,1537]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68FEC648E3A426BA1" author="Graham A" box="[167,344,687,709]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="75 - 112" refId="ref74257" refString="Graham A. 1939. On the structure of the alimentary canal of style-bearing prosobranchs. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 109: 75 - 112." type="journal article" year="1939">Graham (1939)</bibRefCitation>
provided a brief description of the foregut, noting that the walls of the large buccal cavity are cuticularized, the salivary glands are small, and the dorsal folds conspicuous. Within the anterior oesophagus, Graham recorded the presence of paired ventral folds.
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68E6065693AA26A3A" author="Krull H" box="[299,440,840,862]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="399 - 464" refId="ref76579" refString="Krull H. 1935. Anatomische Untersuchungen an einheimischen Prosobranchiern und Beitrage zur Phylogenie Gastropoden. Zoologische Jahrbucher 60: 399 - 464." type="journal article" year="1935">Krull (1935)</bibRefCitation>
remarked that the jaw was composed of small scales. Gross midgut morphology was figured by Krull and elaborated by Graham. There are several discrepancies between these and the present description. Graham described both folds emerging near the minor typhlosole and intestinal groove as curving into the pocket behind the gastric shield; the latter was characterized as being dorsally situated. Digestive gland ducts have been cited as paired (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68FA3627D3A766D16" author="Krull H" box="[232,364,1116,1138]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="399 - 464" refId="ref76579" refString="Krull H. 1935. Anatomische Untersuchungen an einheimischen Prosobranchiern und Beitrage zur Phylogenie Gastropoden. Zoologische Jahrbucher 60: 399 - 464." type="journal article" year="1935">Krull, 1935</bibRefCitation>
) or single (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68EBB627D398D6D15" author="Graham A" box="[496,663,1116,1138]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="75 - 112" refId="ref74257" refString="Graham A. 1939. On the structure of the alimentary canal of style-bearing prosobranchs. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 109: 75 - 112." type="journal article" year="1939">Graham, 1939</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68DEF627D3A486DF5" author="Fretter V &amp; Graham A" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" refId="ref73894" refString="Fretter V, Graham A. 1962. British prosobranch molluscs; their functional anatomy and ecology. London: Ray Society." type="book" year="1962">Fretter &amp; Graham, 1962</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE22FFF68FEC62B8390B6D89" blockId="20.[142,758,318,1537]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">
The pallial kidney extension was described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68D8A62B83BCD6DAA" author="Lilly MM" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="87 - 110" refId="ref76751" refString="Lilly MM. 1953. The mode of life and the structure and functioning of the reproductive ducts of Bithynia tentaculata (L.). Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 30: 87 - 110." type="journal article" year="1953">Lilly (1953)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68FAE629939146DAA" author="Fretter V &amp; Graham A" box="[229,526,1208,1230]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" refId="ref73894" refString="Fretter V, Graham A. 1962. British prosobranch molluscs; their functional anatomy and ecology. London: Ray Society." type="book" year="1962">Fretter &amp; Graham (1962)</bibRefCitation>
discussed the functional significance of this feature.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE22FFF68FEC62D43A7F6F65" blockId="20.[142,758,318,1537]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">
All basic features of the nervous system have been documented by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68E0B63353AF36C4E" author="Bouvier E-L" box="[320,489,1300,1322]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" refId="ref72611" refString="Bouvier E-L. 1887. Systeme nerveux, morphologie generale et classification des gasteropodes prosobranches. Academie de Paris." type="book" year="1887">Bouvier (1887)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68EB8633539646C4E" author="Krull H" box="[499,638,1300,1322]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="399 - 464" refId="ref76579" refString="Krull H. 1935. Anatomische Untersuchungen an einheimischen Prosobranchiern und Beitrage zur Phylogenie Gastropoden. Zoologische Jahrbucher 60: 399 - 464." type="journal article" year="1935">Krull (1935)</bibRefCitation>
made several clarifications, including the presence of a right dialyneury. Krull noted the presence of a bifid tentacular nerve and the absence of the tentacular basal swelling which disagree with the present description. The metapodial commissure has been recorded as absent (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68FBB63ED3A8F6C86" author="Bouvier E-L" box="[240,405,1484,1506]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" refId="ref72611" refString="Bouvier E-L. 1887. Systeme nerveux, morphologie generale et classification des gasteropodes prosobranches. Academie de Paris." type="book" year="1887">Bouvier, 1887</bibRefCitation>
) or present (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68D7563ED39FD6C86" author="Simroth H" box="[574,743,1484,1506]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" refId="ref79936" refString="Simroth H. 1896 - 1907. Gastropoda prosobranchia. H. G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen Des Thierreichs, Wissenschaftlich Dargestellt in Wort und Bild, Vol. 3. Mollusca, Abteilung II. Leipzig: CF Winter'sche Verlagshandlung." type="book" year="1896">Simroth, 1896</bibRefCitation>
– 1907;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68F9863CA3A426F65" author="Krull H" box="[211,344,1515,1537]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="399 - 464" refId="ref76579" refString="Krull H. 1935. Anatomische Untersuchungen an einheimischen Prosobranchiern und Beitrage zur Phylogenie Gastropoden. Zoologische Jahrbucher 60: 399 - 464." type="journal article" year="1935">Krull, 1935</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE22FFF68FC560663A1F6F38" blockId="20.[142,758,1607,1905]" box="[142,261,1607,1628]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE22FFF68FC560663A1F6F38" box="[142,261,1607,1628]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">Discussion</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE22FFF68FC560443E946B2E" blockId="20.[142,758,1607,1905]" lastBlockId="20.[806,1422,196,1905]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">
Traditionally, bithyniids have been classified near (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68FDE60A53A026FFE" author="Wenz W" box="[149,280,1668,1690]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="1 - 1639" refId="ref80847" refString="Wenz W. 1938 - 44. Gastropoda, Allgemeiner Teil und Prosobranchia. In: Schindewolf OH, ed. Handbuch der Palaozoologie, 6. Berlin: Gebruder Borntrager, 1 - 1639." type="book chapter" year="1938">Wenz, 1938</bibRefCitation>
–44) or within (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68E8660A539736FFE" author="Thiele J" box="[461,617,1668,1690]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="351 - 402" refId="ref80596" refString="Thiele J. 1928 a. Revision des Systems der Hydrobiiden und Melaniiden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematique, Okologie und Geographie der Thiere 55: 351 - 402." type="journal article" year="1928">Thiele, 1928a</bibRefCitation>
) the
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE22FFF68DED60A53BCC6FDD" authorityName="Stimpson" authorityYear="1865" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Hydrobiidae</taxonomicName>
. However, bithyniids possess a number of features not found in hydrobiids, including features of the head-foot, mantle cavity, operculum, egg capsules, and differ in feeding and reproductive modes (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68DED60DE3BD26E57" author="Taylor DW" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="152 - 223" refId="ref80418" refString="Taylor DW. 1966. A remarkable snail fauna from Coahuila, Mexico. The Veliger 9: 152 - 223." type="journal article" year="1966">Taylor, 1966</bibRefCitation>
). In spite of these differences,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68D22613C3A426E36" author="Hershler R &amp; Thompson FG" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="81 - 92" refId="ref75632" refString="Hershler R, Thompson FG. 1988. Notes on morphology of Amnicola limosa (Say, 1817) (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) with comments on status of the subfamily Amnicolinae. Malacological Review 21: 81 - 92." type="journal article" year="1988">Hershler &amp; Thompson (1988)</bibRefCitation>
continued to support a close relationship between the
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE22FFF68EDB617A390C6E15" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1857" box="[400,534,1883,1905]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Bithyniidae</taxonomicName>
and the hydrobiid subfamilies
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE22FFF68CFA66E53F5A69BE" authorityName="Tryon" authorityYear="1863" box="[945,1088,196,218]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="548" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Amnicolinae">Amnicolinae</taxonomicName>
and Emmericiinae, based on the shared presence of a unique caecum-like accessory prostate within the penis. A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of rissooidean gastropods placed the
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE22FFF68A656701384C6831" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1857" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Bithyniidae</taxonomicName>
firmly within the superfamily, but suggested that the family is a divergent lineage within the group (Ponder, 1988). Preliminary results of molecular phylogenetic analysis suggest that the
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE22FFF68B8467BA3E4F68D5" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1857" box="[1231,1365,411,433]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Bithyniidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE22FFF68C6D679838A968AB" authorityName="Stimpson" authorityYear="1865" box="[806,947,441,463]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Hydrobiidae</taxonomicName>
are not closely related (
<collectionCode id="ED0E90F0EE22FFF68B8C67983FC668AA" box="[1223,1244,441,462]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">R</collectionCode>
. Hershler, pers. comm.). In general, relationships of bithyniid gastropods to other rissooideans remains poorly understood. Despite this uncertainty, for comparative purposes discussion will be limited to hydrobiids and bithyniids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE22FFF68C7464723E626D72" blockId="20.[806,1422,196,1905]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">
The female reproductive system of hydrobiids consists of a coiled oviduct, a renal oviduct modified into a posterior bursa and seminal receptacle, and a closed pallial oviduct with a ventral channel; a gonopericardial duct may be present or absent (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68BF264EC3E266B87" author="Krull H" box="[1209,1340,717,739]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="399 - 464" refId="ref76579" refString="Krull H. 1935. Anatomische Untersuchungen an einheimischen Prosobranchiern und Beitrage zur Phylogenie Gastropoden. Zoologische Jahrbucher 60: 399 - 464." type="journal article" year="1935">Krull, 1935</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68A0D64EC38456A65" author="Davis GM" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="195 - 238" refId="ref73220" refString="Davis GM. 1980. Snail hosts of asian Schistosoma infecting man: evolution and coevolution. Malacological Review Supplement 2: 195 - 238." type="journal article" year="1980">Davis, 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68C2164CD3F636A65" author="Hershler R &amp; Davis GM" box="[874,1145,748,770]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="195 - 219" refId="ref75567" refString="Hershler R, Davis GM. 1980. The morphology of Hydrobia truncata (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae): relevance to systematics of Hydrobia. Biological Bulletin 158: 195 - 219." type="journal article" year="1980">Hershler &amp; Davis, 1980</bibRefCitation>
; Davis, Mazurkiewicz &amp; Mandravvhia, 1982;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68B6B652A3E906A44" author="Davis GM &amp; Pons da Silva MC" box="[1056,1418,779,801]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="73 - 108" refId="ref73328" refString="Davis GM, Pons da Silva MC. 1984. Potamolithus: morphology, convergence and relationships among hydrobicid snails. Malacologia 25: 73 - 108." type="journal article" year="1984">Davis &amp; Pons da Silva, 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68C6D65083F6D6A5B" author="Davis GM &amp; Mazurkiewicz M" box="[806,1143,809,831]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="28 - 47" refId="ref73246" refString="Davis GM, Mazurkiewicz M. 1985. Systematics of Cincinnatia winkleyi (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 137: 28 - 47." type="journal article" year="1985">Davis &amp; Mazurkiewicz, 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68BCF65083E2A6A5B" author="Hershler R" box="[1156,1328,809,831]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="31 - 123" refId="ref75535" refString="Hershler R. 1985. Systematic revision of the Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda: Rissoacea) of the Cuatro Cienegas Basin, Coahuila, Mexico. Malacologia 26: 31 - 123." type="journal article" year="1985">Hershler, 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68A76650838876A39" author="Ponder WF &amp; Colgan DJ &amp; Clark GA" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="445 - 497" refId="ref78668" refString="Ponder WF, Colgan DJ, Clark GA. 1991. The morphology, taxonomy and genetic structure of Tatea (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae), estuarine snails from temperate Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 39: 445 - 497." type="journal article" year="1991">
Ponder
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE22FFF68C6D656838446A39" box="[806,862,840,862]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">et al.</emphasis>
1991
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68CE365693FA86A3A" author="Hershler R &amp; Frest TJ" box="[936,1202,840,862]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref75600" refString="Hershler R, Frest TJ. 1996. A review of the North American freshwater snail genus Fluminicola (Hydrobiidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 583: 1 - 41." type="journal article" year="1996">Hershler &amp; Frest, 1996</bibRefCitation>
). In addition, much of the albumen gland lies posterior to the base of the mantle cavity.
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE22FFF68C9F65A43FDE6AFE" baseAuthorityName="LINNAEUS" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[980,1220,901,922]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE22FFF68C9F65A43FDE6AFE" box="[980,1220,901,922]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">Bithynia tentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also possesses a coiled oviduct; the recurvent portion, rather than a discrete sac, forming a seminal receptacle as in
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE22FFF68C6D65C33FF16A93" authority="(Beliakova-Butenko, 1974)" baseAuthorityName="Beliakova-Butenko" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[806,1259,993,1015]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="caerulane">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE22FFF68C6D65C338A86A92" box="[806,946,993,1015]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">B. caerulane</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68C8A65C03FF96A93" author="Beliakova-Butenko I" box="[961,1251,993,1015]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" refId="ref72101" refString="Beliakova-Butenko I. 1974. A contribution to the morphology of Bithynia caerulane (Gastropoda). Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SER (Alma-Ata). Translated from Russian by Geti Saad." type="book" year="1974">Beliakova-Butenko, 1974</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Only
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE22FFF68A7865C0387C6D72" baseAuthorityName="Woodward" baseAuthorityYear="1894" genus="The" pageId="20" pageNumber="502" rank="species" species="posterior">the posterior</taxonomicName>
bursa of
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE22FFF68C9E62203F696D71" baseAuthorityName="LINNAEUS" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[981,1139,1024,1046]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE22FFF68C9E62203F696D71" box="[981,1139,1024,1046]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">B. tentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is visceral in position.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE22FFF68C74623E38766CC1" blockId="20.[806,1422,196,1905]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">
As in
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE22FFF68CC1623E3F606D50" baseAuthorityName="LINNAEUS" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[906,1146,1055,1076]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE22FFF68CC1623E3F606D50" box="[906,1146,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">Bithynia tentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, hydrobiid male reproductive anatomy is characterized by the presence of a seminal vesicle, a closed prostate and pallial vas deferens and a lobate penis with the penial duct opening at its tip (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68CD162B83F386DCA" author="Davis GM" box="[922,1058,1177,1199]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="195 - 238" refId="ref73220" refString="Davis GM. 1980. Snail hosts of asian Schistosoma infecting man: evolution and coevolution. Malacological Review Supplement 2: 195 - 238." type="journal article" year="1980">Davis, 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68B6562B83E5A6DCA" author="Hershler R &amp; Davis GM" box="[1070,1344,1177,1199]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="195 - 219" refId="ref75567" refString="Hershler R, Davis GM. 1980. The morphology of Hydrobia truncata (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae): relevance to systematics of Hydrobia. Biological Bulletin 158: 195 - 219." type="journal article" year="1980">Hershler &amp; Davis, 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68A0662B838B36DA9" author="Davis GM &amp; Mazurkiewicz M &amp; Mandracchia M" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="143 - 177" refId="ref73279" refString="Davis GM, Mazurkiewicz M, Mandracchia M. 1982. Spurwinkia: Morphology, systematics, and ecology of a new genus of North American marshland Hydrobiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 134: 143 - 177." type="journal article" year="1982">
Davis
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE22FFF68C6D6298384C6DA9" box="[806,854,1208,1230]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">et al</emphasis>
., 1982
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68CF162993E016DA9" author="Davis GM &amp; Pons da Silva MC" box="[954,1307,1208,1230]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="73 - 108" refId="ref73328" refString="Davis GM, Pons da Silva MC. 1984. Potamolithus: morphology, convergence and relationships among hydrobicid snails. Malacologia 25: 73 - 108." type="journal article" year="1984">Davis &amp; Pons da Silva, 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68A6762993F0C6D89" author="Davis GM &amp; Mazurkiewicz M" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="28 - 47" refId="ref73246" refString="Davis GM, Mazurkiewicz M. 1985. Systematics of Cincinnatia winkleyi (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 137: 28 - 47." type="journal article" year="1985">Davis &amp; Mazurkiewicz, 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68B6062F63E4F6D89" author="Hershler R &amp; Frest TJ" box="[1067,1365,1239,1261]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref75600" refString="Hershler R, Frest TJ. 1996. A review of the North American freshwater snail genus Fluminicola (Hydrobiidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 583: 1 - 41." type="journal article" year="1996">Hershler &amp; Frest, 1996</bibRefCitation>
). As stated above, bithyniids possess a unique accessory gland that opens to a lateral lobe of the penis (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68A75633538776C2C" author="Thiele J" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="351 - 402" refId="ref80596" refString="Thiele J. 1928 a. Revision des Systems der Hydrobiiden und Melaniiden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematique, Okologie und Geographie der Thiere 55: 351 - 402." type="journal article" year="1928">Thiele, 1928a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68C3363123F826C2D" author="Beliakova-Butenko I" box="[888,1176,1331,1353]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" refId="ref72101" refString="Beliakova-Butenko I. 1974. A contribution to the morphology of Bithynia caerulane (Gastropoda). Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SER (Alma-Ata). Translated from Russian by Geti Saad." type="book" year="1974">Beliakova-Butenko, 1974</bibRefCitation>
), suggesting an affinity to the hydrobiid subfamilies
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE22FFF68B8863703E486C03" authorityName="Tryon" authorityYear="1863" box="[1219,1362,1361,1383]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="548" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Amnicolinae">Amnicolinae</taxonomicName>
and Emmericiinae (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68C9F63513F9B6CE1" author="Seshaiya RV" box="[980,1153,1392,1414]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref79764" refString="Seshaiya RV. 1930. Anatomy of Mysorella costigera Kuster. Records of the Indian Museum 32: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1930">Seshaiya, 1930</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68BC06351387A6CC1" author="Hershler R &amp; Thompson FG" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="81 - 92" refId="ref75632" refString="Hershler R, Thompson FG. 1988. Notes on morphology of Amnicola limosa (Say, 1817) (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) with comments on status of the subfamily Amnicolinae. Malacological Review 21: 81 - 92." type="journal article" year="1988">Hershler &amp; Thompson, 1988</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE22FFF68C74638C3F906E57" blockId="20.[806,1422,196,1905]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">
Hydrobiid and bithyniid foregut morphology is similar in that the salivary glands do not pass through the circum-oesophageal nerve ring, but lie on top of it (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68C65602838FA6F7A" author="Seshaiya RV" box="[814,992,1545,1567]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref79764" refString="Seshaiya RV. 1930. Anatomy of Mysorella costigera Kuster. Records of the Indian Museum 32: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1930">Seshaiya, 1930</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68CA460283E176F7B" author="Hershler R &amp; Davis GM" box="[1007,1293,1545,1567]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="195 - 219" refId="ref75567" refString="Hershler R, Davis GM. 1980. The morphology of Hydrobia truncata (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae): relevance to systematics of Hydrobia. Biological Bulletin 158: 195 - 219." type="journal article" year="1980">Hershler &amp; Davis, 1980</bibRefCitation>
). Jaws are present (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68CDC60093F4B6F59" author="Seshaiya RV" box="[919,1105,1576,1598]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref79764" refString="Seshaiya RV. 1930. Anatomy of Mysorella costigera Kuster. Records of the Indian Museum 32: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1930">Seshaiya, 1930</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68B2360093E4F6F5A" author="Ponder WF &amp; Colgan DJ &amp; Clark GA" box="[1128,1365,1576,1598]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="445 - 497" refId="ref78668" refString="Ponder WF, Colgan DJ, Clark GA. 1991. The morphology, taxonomy and genetic structure of Tatea (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae), estuarine snails from temperate Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 39: 445 - 497." type="journal article" year="1991">
Ponder
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE22FFF68B8060083FE66F59" box="[1227,1276,1576,1598]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">et al</emphasis>
., 1991
</bibRefCitation>
). In hydrobiids, the dorsal folds of the mid-oesophagus are so prominent as to subdivide the lumen of the oesophagus into three longitudinal channels (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68BA860A53E906FFD" author="Graham A" box="[1251,1418,1668,1690]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="75 - 112" refId="ref74257" refString="Graham A. 1939. On the structure of the alimentary canal of style-bearing prosobranchs. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 109: 75 - 112." type="journal article" year="1939">Graham, 1939</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68C6D60823F1A6FDD" author="Ponder WF &amp; Colgan DJ &amp; Clark GA" box="[806,1024,1699,1721]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="445 - 497" refId="ref78668" refString="Ponder WF, Colgan DJ, Clark GA. 1991. The morphology, taxonomy and genetic structure of Tatea (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae), estuarine snails from temperate Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 39: 445 - 497." type="journal article" year="1991">
Ponder
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE22FFF68CCB608238AA6FDC" box="[896,944,1699,1720]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">et al</emphasis>
., 1991
</bibRefCitation>
). In one species, the central channel is completely closed off for a short distance by the fusion of the dorsal folds to the ventral wall of the oesophagus (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE22FFF68CF460DE3F9B6E71" author="Bregenzer A" box="[959,1153,1791,1813]" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" pagination="237 - 292" refId="ref72675" refString="Bregenzer A. 1916. Anatomie und Histologie von Bythinella dunkeri. Zoologische Jahrbucher 39: 237 - 292." type="journal article" year="1916">Bregenzer, 1916</bibRefCitation>
). No such subdivision occurs in
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE22FFF68CDE613C3F986E56" baseAuthorityName="LINNAEUS" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[917,1154,1821,1842]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="20" pageNumber="467" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE22FFF68CDE613C3F986E56" box="[917,1154,1821,1842]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">Bithynia tentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE22FFF78C74611D3A3D6A66" blockId="20.[806,1422,196,1905]" lastBlockId="21.[155,771,196,1506]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="468" pageId="20" pageNumber="467">
Bithyniid and hydrobiid midgut morphology is rather complex, with diverse patterns of outpocketing and folding (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78E7166E5397B69BD" author="Hershler R &amp; Davis GM" box="[314,609,196,218]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="195 - 219" refId="ref75567" refString="Hershler R, Davis GM. 1980. The morphology of Hydrobia truncata (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae): relevance to systematics of Hydrobia. Biological Bulletin 158: 195 - 219." type="journal article" year="1980">Hershler &amp; Davis, 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78D3F66E53BCE699C" author="Davis GM &amp; Mazurkiewicz M &amp; Mandracchia M" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="143 - 177" refId="ref73279" refString="Davis GM, Mazurkiewicz M, Mandracchia M. 1982. Spurwinkia: Morphology, systematics, and ecology of a new genus of North American marshland Hydrobiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 134: 143 - 177." type="journal article" year="1982">
Davis
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE23FFF78D8F66E439EE69BD" box="[708,756,196,218]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="468">et al</emphasis>
., 1982
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78F9566C23905699C" author="Davis GM &amp; Pons da Silva MC" box="[222,543,227,249]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="73 - 108" refId="ref73328" refString="Davis GM, Pons da Silva MC. 1984. Potamolithus: morphology, convergence and relationships among hydrobicid snails. Malacologia 25: 73 - 108." type="journal article" year="1984">Davis &amp; Pons da Silva, 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78D6266C239E4699C" author="Ponder WF &amp; Colgan DJ &amp; Clark GA" box="[553,766,227,249]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="445 - 497" refId="ref78668" refString="Ponder WF, Colgan DJ, Clark GA. 1991. The morphology, taxonomy and genetic structure of Tatea (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae), estuarine snails from temperate Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 39: 445 - 497." type="journal article" year="1991">
Ponder
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE23FFF78DCB66C239AB699C" box="[640,689,227,248]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="468">et al</emphasis>
., 1991
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78FD0672039076873" author="Davis GM &amp; Mazurkiewicz M" box="[155,541,257,279]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="28 - 47" refId="ref73246" refString="Davis GM, Mazurkiewicz M. 1985. Systematics of Cincinnatia winkleyi (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 137: 28 - 47." type="journal article" year="1985">Davis &amp; Mazurkiewicz, 1985</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78D73672039EC6873" author="Hershler R" box="[568,758,257,279]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="31 - 123" refId="ref75535" refString="Hershler R. 1985. Systematic revision of the Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda: Rissoacea) of the Cuatro Cienegas Basin, Coahuila, Mexico. Malacologia 26: 31 - 123." type="journal article" year="1985">Hershler, 1985</bibRefCitation>
). Although sometimes lacking (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78D73670139E56851" author="Seshaiya RV" box="[568,767,288,310]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref79764" refString="Seshaiya RV. 1930. Anatomy of Mysorella costigera Kuster. Records of the Indian Museum 32: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1930">Seshaiya, 1930</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78FD0671E3AB36831" author="Hershler R &amp; Davis GM" box="[155,425,319,341]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="195 - 219" refId="ref75567" refString="Hershler R, Davis GM. 1980. The morphology of Hydrobia truncata (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae): relevance to systematics of Hydrobia. Biological Bulletin 158: 195 - 219." type="journal article" year="1980">Hershler &amp; Davis, 1980</bibRefCitation>
), the caecal extension of other hydrobiids represents an outpocketing of a different part of the midgut as compared to
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE23FFF78D72675D3BD268D4" baseAuthorityName="LINNAEUS" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE23FFF78D72675D3BD268D4" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="468">Bithynia tentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, reaching its deepest dimension posteriorly or along the left side of the midgut (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78D64679839E568AA" author="Davis GM &amp; Mazurkiewicz M &amp; Mandracchia M" box="[559,767,441,463]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="143 - 177" refId="ref73279" refString="Davis GM, Mazurkiewicz M, Mandracchia M. 1982. Spurwinkia: Morphology, systematics, and ecology of a new genus of North American marshland Hydrobiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 134: 143 - 177." type="journal article" year="1982">
Davis
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE23FFF78D37679B39B768AA" box="[636,685,441,463]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="468">et al</emphasis>
., 1982
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78FD067F93A6B688A" author="Ponder WF &amp; Colgan DJ &amp; Clark GA" box="[155,369,472,494]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="445 - 497" refId="ref78668" refString="Ponder WF, Colgan DJ, Clark GA. 1991. The morphology, taxonomy and genetic structure of Tatea (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae), estuarine snails from temperate Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 39: 445 - 497." type="journal article" year="1991">
Ponder
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE23FFF78FB867F83A396889" box="[243,291,472,494]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="468">et al</emphasis>
., 1991
</bibRefCitation>
). Several prominent folds originating near the oesophagus and/or intestinal groove extend across the midgut floor; a variable number of these folds terminate within the deepest part of the caecal extension (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78E3E647239556B0C" author="Davis GM &amp; Mazurkiewicz M &amp; Mandracchia M" box="[373,591,595,617]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="143 - 177" refId="ref73279" refString="Davis GM, Mazurkiewicz M, Mandracchia M. 1982. Spurwinkia: Morphology, systematics, and ecology of a new genus of North American marshland Hydrobiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 134: 143 - 177." type="journal article" year="1982">
Davis
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE23FFF78E8364723AE26B0C" box="[456,504,595,616]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="468">et al</emphasis>
., 1982
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78D2864723BCE6BE3" author="Ponder WF &amp; Colgan DJ &amp; Clark GA" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="445 - 497" refId="ref78668" refString="Ponder WF, Colgan DJ, Clark GA. 1991. The morphology, taxonomy and genetic structure of Tatea (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae), estuarine snails from temperate Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 39: 445 - 497." type="journal article" year="1991">
Ponder
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE23FFF78D8F647239EE6B0C" box="[708,756,595,616]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="468">et al</emphasis>
., 1991
</bibRefCitation>
). However, similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE23FFF78EB1645339826BE2" baseAuthorityName="LINNAEUS" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[506,664,625,647]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE23FFF78EB1645339826BE2" box="[506,664,625,647]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="468">B. tentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, one or sometimes two folds may continue around
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE23FFF78DC464B13BDF6BA1" baseAuthorityName="Woodward" baseAuthorityYear="1894" genus="The" pageId="21" pageNumber="502" rank="species" species="posterior">the posterior</taxonomicName>
end of the midgut, terminating on the right behind the gastric shield (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78E9864EC39B96B86" author="Davis GM &amp; Mazurkiewicz M &amp; Mandracchia M" box="[467,675,717,739]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="143 - 177" refId="ref73279" refString="Davis GM, Mazurkiewicz M, Mandracchia M. 1982. Spurwinkia: Morphology, systematics, and ecology of a new genus of North American marshland Hydrobiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 134: 143 - 177." type="journal article" year="1982">
Davis
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE23FFF78D6A64EF39486B86" box="[545,594,717,739]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="468">et al</emphasis>
., 1982
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78DF964EC3A016A66" author="Ponder WF &amp; Colgan DJ &amp; Clark GA" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="445 - 497" refId="ref78668" refString="Ponder WF, Colgan DJ, Clark GA. 1991. The morphology, taxonomy and genetic structure of Tatea (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae), estuarine snails from temperate Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 39: 445 - 497." type="journal article" year="1991">
Ponder
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE23FFF78FD064CC3BD16A65" box="[155,203,748,770]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="468">et al</emphasis>
., 1991
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE23FFF78FF8652A3A396D50" blockId="21.[155,771,196,1506]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468">
The kidney of hydrobiids and bithyniids is large with a
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE23FFF78FB86508390B6A5B" authority="(Robson, 1920)" baseAuthorityName="Robson" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[243,529,809,831]" genus="The" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" rank="species" species="posterior">
posterior (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78E20650839136A5B" author="Robson GC" box="[363,521,809,831]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="425 - 431" refId="ref79370" refString="Robson GC. 1920. On the anatomy of Paludestrina jenkinsi. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. (Series 9) 5: 425 - 431." type="journal article" year="1920">Robson, 1920</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
or both an anterior and posterior extension (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78EFC6569397C6A39" author="Seshaiya RV" box="[439,614,840,862]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref79764" refString="Seshaiya RV. 1930. Anatomy of Mysorella costigera Kuster. Records of the Indian Museum 32: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1930">Seshaiya, 1930</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78D39656939EC6A3A" author="Krull H" box="[626,758,840,862]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="399 - 464" refId="ref76579" refString="Krull H. 1935. Anatomische Untersuchungen an einheimischen Prosobranchiern und Beitrage zur Phylogenie Gastropoden. Zoologische Jahrbucher 60: 399 - 464." type="journal article" year="1935">Krull, 1935</bibRefCitation>
). A nephridial gland is present (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78D4A654639A86A18" author="Seshaiya RV" box="[513,690,871,893]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref79764" refString="Seshaiya RV. 1930. Anatomy of Mysorella costigera Kuster. Records of the Indian Museum 32: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1930">Seshaiya, 1930</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78DF465463BCE6AFF" author="Krull H" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="399 - 464" refId="ref76579" refString="Krull H. 1935. Anatomische Untersuchungen an einheimischen Prosobranchiern und Beitrage zur Phylogenie Gastropoden. Zoologische Jahrbucher 60: 399 - 464." type="journal article" year="1935">Krull, 1935</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78FAD65A43AD16AFF" author="Ponder WF &amp; Colgan DJ &amp; Clark GA" box="[230,459,901,923]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="445 - 497" refId="ref78668" refString="Ponder WF, Colgan DJ, Clark GA. 1991. The morphology, taxonomy and genetic structure of Tatea (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae), estuarine snails from temperate Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 39: 445 - 497." type="journal article" year="1991">
Ponder
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE23FFF78E0D65A73A6C6AFE" box="[326,374,901,923]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="468">et al</emphasis>
., 1991
</bibRefCitation>
). Although Krull did not describe blood supply to the gland in
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE23FFF78D2765853A146ABC" baseAuthorityName="C. Pfeiffer" baseAuthorityYear="1828" class="Gastropoda" family="Lithoglyphidae" genus="Lithoglyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="naticoides">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE23FFF78D2765853A146ABC" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="468">Lithoglyphus naticoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the diagrammatic representation of the kidney suggests that a large branch of the afferent renal vessel supplies the gland as in
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE23FFF78DD462213A066D50" baseAuthorityName="LINNAEUS" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE23FFF78DD462213A066D50" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="468">Bithynia tentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE23FFF78FF8621C3AA96C86" blockId="21.[155,771,196,1506]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468">
The nervous system of hydrobiids, as
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE23FFF78D20621C3BE36D15" baseAuthorityName="LINNAEUS" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE23FFF78D20621C3BE36D15" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="468">Bithynia tentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is epiathroid and left dialyneurous (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78FE9625A3A556DF4" author="Seshaiya RV" box="[162,335,1147,1169]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref79764" refString="Seshaiya RV. 1930. Anatomy of Mysorella costigera Kuster. Records of the Indian Museum 32: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1930">Seshaiya, 1930</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78E12625A397F6DF5" author="Hershler R &amp; Davis GM" box="[345,613,1147,1169]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="195 - 219" refId="ref75567" refString="Hershler R, Davis GM. 1980. The morphology of Hydrobia truncata (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae): relevance to systematics of Hydrobia. Biological Bulletin 158: 195 - 219." type="journal article" year="1980">Hershler &amp; Davis, 1980</bibRefCitation>
);
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78D33625A38196DF5" author="Krull H" box="[632,771,1147,1169]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="399 - 464" refId="ref76579" refString="Krull H. 1935. Anatomische Untersuchungen an einheimischen Prosobranchiern und Beitrage zur Phylogenie Gastropoden. Zoologische Jahrbucher 60: 399 - 464." type="journal article" year="1935">Krull (1935)</bibRefCitation>
described also a right dialyneury in
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE23FFF78D7C62B83BF26DA9" baseAuthorityName="C. Pfeiffer" baseAuthorityYear="1828" class="Gastropoda" family="Lithoglyphidae" genus="Lithoglyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="naticoides">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE23FFF78D7C62B83BF26DA9" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="468">Lithoglyphus naticoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Seven characteristic nerves emerge from the cerebral ganglia; the basal swelling of the tentacular nerve varies in size (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78EDE62D439076C6F" author="Krull H" box="[405,541,1269,1291]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="399 - 464" refId="ref76579" refString="Krull H. 1935. Anatomische Untersuchungen an einheimischen Prosobranchiern und Beitrage zur Phylogenie Gastropoden. Zoologische Jahrbucher 60: 399 - 464." type="journal article" year="1935">Krull, 1935</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78D6762D43BCE6C4D" author="Hershler R &amp; Davis GM" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="195 - 219" refId="ref75567" refString="Hershler R, Davis GM. 1980. The morphology of Hydrobia truncata (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae): relevance to systematics of Hydrobia. Biological Bulletin 158: 195 - 219." type="journal article" year="1980">Hershler &amp; Davis, 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78F9563353AA96C4E" author="Ponder WF &amp; Colgan DJ &amp; Clark GA" box="[222,435,1300,1322]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="445 - 497" refId="ref78668" refString="Ponder WF, Colgan DJ, Clark GA. 1991. The morphology, taxonomy and genetic structure of Tatea (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae), estuarine snails from temperate Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 39: 445 - 497." type="journal article" year="1991">
Ponder
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE23FFF78E7E63343A7C6C4D" box="[309,358,1300,1322]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="468">et al</emphasis>
., 1991
</bibRefCitation>
). Tentacular nerve branching patterns have not been described, thus it is unknown if the trifid tentacular nerve of
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE23FFF78EB6637039F26C02" baseAuthorityName="LINNAEUS" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[509,744,1361,1382]" class="Gastropoda" family="Bithyniidae" genus="Bithynia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tentaculata">
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE23FFF78EB6637039F26C02" box="[509,744,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="468">Bithynia tentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is typical. The pedal ganglia bear propodial and metapodial swellings. The metapodial commissure may be present (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE23FFF78E42638C3A8C6CA7" author="Krull H" box="[265,406,1453,1475]" pageId="21" pageNumber="468" pagination="399 - 464" refId="ref76579" refString="Krull H. 1935. Anatomische Untersuchungen an einheimischen Prosobranchiern und Beitrage zur Phylogenie Gastropoden. Zoologische Jahrbucher 60: 399 - 464." type="journal article" year="1935">Krull, 1935</bibRefCitation>
;
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) or absent (
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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