356 lines
39 KiB
XML
356 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="D8E5FC76C9FD12CC2BE264E1BFE23DB7" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090(2001)263<0003:TMOPFG>2.0.CO;2" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5378847" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630286559541" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="VOSS, ROBERT S., LUNDE, DARRIN P. & SIMMONS, NANCY B." docDate="2001" docId="03B69D69FFF2376284C1F9F2FF33F90A" docLanguage="en" docName="B263-0003.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2001 (263)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0090%282001%29263%3C0003%3ATMOPFG%3E2.0.CO%3B2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743.3:BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleId="2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Philander opossum" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="64" masterDocId="FF8FE511FFCE375D863EFF99FFA9FFE9" masterDocTitle="The Mammals Of Paracou, French Guiana: A Neotropical Lowland Rainforest Fauna Part 2. Nonvolant Species" masterLastPageNumber="236" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="61" updateTime="1699214748838" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="779F1106AEB214A4DB819CECF52FD66C">The Mammals Of Paracou, French Guiana: A Neotropical Lowland Rainforest Fauna Part 2. Nonvolant Species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0B1AE8A3F0665AE53E847EDE4C2DF977">VOSS, ROBERT S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6EC15CD7405FF0F5AFD1C7C3BA50757B">LUNDE, DARRIN P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D1D21180FD5D33A6EDC83597173C522E">SIMMONS, NANCY B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="BF2075AE56D45347E7BF8B755CAC3D83">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F376D235ABB83F4C717DA4C8B12063E5">
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<mods:date id="0FF6CEBE182F5754324EE182986E6178">2001</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2D4BC85638BB349F57DAEF6344DD3AC9">2001-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="21A7CAE0529DCA386DE6269B4DF4C4ED">2001</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="33FB5E06E450FAF651E5992665FB8AD2">263</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="7958C0C2166CF6F067F0434C2A9D1874">http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0090%282001%29263%3C0003%3ATMOPFG%3E2.0.CO%3B2</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="93DB79A61F3BFC9DACA085DA5E561014" type="DOI">10.1206/0003-0090(2001)263<0003:TMOPFG>2.0.CO;2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D10279CA97A9D746FF6945E806C359C3" type="ISSN">0003-0090</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1460CDF0C95CC3F7D0F93772DE1EDC3A" type="Zenodo-Dep">5378847</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B69D69FFF2376284C1F9F2FF33F90A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B69D69FFF2376284C1F9F2FF33F90A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B69D69FFF2376284C1F9F2FF33F90A" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<subSubSection id="C3057FF4FFF2376184C1F9F2FB14F95B" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF2376184C1F9F2FBC2F96B" blockId="60.[767,1131,1643,1666]" box="[767,1131,1643,1666]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
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<heading id="D0E89B13FFF2376184C1F9F2FBC2F96B" box="[767,1131,1643,1666]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF2376184C1F9F2FBC2F96B" ID-CoL="4G4WJ" authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[767,1131,1643,1666]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opossum">
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF2376184C1F9F2FC4AF96B" box="[767,995,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Philander opossum</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF2376184F4F902FB14F95B" blockId="60.[685,1213,1691,1743]" box="[714,1213,1691,1714]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">VOUCHER MATERIAL: AMNH 266379–</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3057FF4FFF237638493F921FB16FE4E" lastPageId="62" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF237618493F921FB14F926" blockId="60.[685,1213,1691,1743]" box="[685,1213,1720,1743]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">266381, 266383–266387, 266389–266391,</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF337608473FF4EFC87FEF0" blockId="61.[240,1051,215,290]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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TABLE 14
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF3376086CEFF6BFC87FEF0" bold="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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Measurements (mm) and Weights (g) of Adult
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF337608537FF6AFC72FEE1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[777,987,243,264]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opossum">
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF337608537FF6AFC72FEE1" bold="true" box="[777,987,243,264]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Philander opossum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="F3086CEFFFF3376087E0FE94FD23FECB" box="[478,650,269,290]" name="French Guiana" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
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and
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF3376084FBFE94FC87FEF0" bold="true" box="[709,814,269,290]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<superScript id="7C6A8137FFF3376084FBFE94FC87FEF0" attach="left" box="[709,814,269,290]" fontSize="5" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Surinama</superScript>
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</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF337608660FC0FFF76FBEC" blockId="61.[94,623,918,1763]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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266394, 266395, 266398, 266400, 266994, 266995, 266997–266999, 267014, 267328;
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<materialsCitation id="3B772622FFF337608660FC48FF72FBEC" collectionCode="MNHN" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" specimenCode="MNHN 1995.915, 1995.924" specimenCount="32">
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<specimenCode id="DBB98404FFF337608660FC48FE96FC01" box="[94,319,977,1000]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">MNHN 1995.915</specimenCode>
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–
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<specimenCode id="DBB98404FFF33760876EFC48FE6EFC01" box="[336,455,977,1000]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">1995.924</specimenCode>
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. Total =
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<specimenCount id="9D19E7F6FFF337608471FC48FF72FBEC" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="generic">32 specimens</specimenCount>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF337608645FB95FD58FAC2" blockId="61.[94,623,918,1763]" lastBlockId="61.[670,1199,918,1587]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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IDENTIFICATION: The specieslevel taxonomy of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF33760868BFBB0FE80FBA9" box="[181,297,1065,1088]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF33760868BFBB0FE80FBA9" box="[181,297,1065,1088]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Philander</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was recently reviewed by Hershkovitz (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8E518EFFF3376086C2FBDFFE90FBB4" author="Chicago Press" box="[252,313,1094,1117]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref105969" refString="1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals, 2 nd ed. Chicago and London: Univ. Chicago Press." type="book" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
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) and by Patton and da Silva (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8E518EFFF3376086B4FBFDFF60FB92" author="Chicago Press" box="[138,201,1124,1147]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref105969" refString="1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals, 2 nd ed. Chicago and London: Univ. Chicago Press." type="book" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
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), whose taxonomic conclusions differ considerably. Both studies, however, referred Guianan populations of gray foureyed opossums to
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF3376086C6FB25FE2EFB3A" box="[248,391,1212,1235]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF3376086C6FB25FE2AFB3A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[248,387,1212,1235]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opossum">P. opossum</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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the
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<typeStatus id="54A492DDFFF337608782FB25FE47FB3A" box="[444,494,1212,1235]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">type</typeStatus>
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locality of which (as restricted by Matschie, 1916) is
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<collectingRegion id="49DBE29DFFF337608660FB6FFF4EFAE4" box="[94,231,1270,1293]" country="Suriname" name="Paramaribo" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Paramaribo</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3086CEFFFF3376086CAFB6FFEF3FAE4" box="[244,346,1270,1293]" name="Suriname" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Surinam</collectingCountry>
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. Our Paracou vouchers agree closely with Husson’s (1978) description of topotypic specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF3376087DCFAA8FDC7FAA1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[482,622,1329,1352]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opossum">
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF3376087DCFAA8FDC7FAA1" box="[482,622,1329,1352]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">P. opossum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in most details, but a few discrepancies merit comment. (1) Whereas Husson described the pelage of his topotypes as usually distinctly darker middorsally than on the sides, only one skin from Paracou (AMNH 266995) has fur that is slightly darker middorsally than on the sides; the rest of the adult and subadult skins from Paracou are a uniform grizzledgray over the entire dorsum. (2) Husson (1978: 25) described the fur of the head as ‘‘of the same dark blackishbrown colour as the median part of the back or even slightly darker’’, but the blackish fur of the head contrasts conspicuously with the grizzledgray back in all adult and subadult Paracou skins, even the aforementioned example with dark er middorsal fur. (3) Husson (1978: 26) described the ears as ‘‘whitish with a broad black rim’’, but the ears of our Paracou specimens are only whitish at the base—most of the pinna is black. (4) Husson’s juvenile specimens were described as darker than adults and with less distinct facial markings, but
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<specimenCount id="9D19E7F6FFF3376084E4FB07FC38FB5C" box="[730,913,1182,1205]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="juvenile">three juvenile</specimenCount>
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skins from Paracou (AMNH 266385, 266391, 266997) are comparable to those of adults and subadults except in pelage texture (the juvenile fur is softer).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF337608485FAA8FB07F9DA" blockId="61.[670,1199,918,1587]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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Although most of the Surinamese material we borrowed for sidebyside comparison are darker middorsally than on the sides, as Husson described, a few (e.g., CM 52735) are uniformly gray like our Paracou vouchers. The other external differences implied by Husson’s description are not apparent in the Surinamese material we examined.
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<superScript id="7C6A8137FFF337608203FA64FBE7F9E2" attach="left" box="[1085,1102,1533,1547]" fontSize="6" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">10</superScript>
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Cranial measurements of adult females from Paracou
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF33760848BF9CFFCC8F90B" blockId="61.[670,1198,1622,1762]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
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<superScript id="7C6A8137FFF33760848BF9CFFD6AF988" attach="right" box="[693,707,1622,1633]" fontSize="5" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">10</superScript>
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Some color variation among the series at hand may be artifactual. For example, the blackish color of the crown of the head probably fades with age (becoming duskybrown on old skins), and darktipped dorsal hairs may be more concentrated in the midline of flat skins than on round skins.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF037638653FF5AFE5BFEA6" blockId="62.[109,638,195,1743]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F3086CEFFFF03763869FFF5AFEADFF33" box="[161,260,195,218]" name="Suriname" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Surinam</collectingCountry>
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overlap broadly (table 14), but our few adult males seem exceptionally large. We did not see any consistent qualitative craniodental differences between Surinamese and Paracou specimens.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF0376386B4FECFFE26FD59" blockId="62.[109,638,195,1743]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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Patton and da Silva (1997: 98) characterized the phenotype of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF037638746FEEAFDF5FE63" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[376,604,371,394]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opossum">
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF037638746FEEAFDF5FE63" box="[376,604,371,394]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Philander opossum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as ‘‘uniformly palegray’’, a description that better fits our Paracou material than it does the Surinamese topotypes we examined. However, Patton and da Silva’s context for taxonomic comparisons included the almost entirely black
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF037638723FDBAFE61FDD3" box="[285,456,547,570]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF037638723FDBAFE6CFDD3" authorityName="Gardner & Patton" authorityYear="1972" box="[285,453,547,570]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcilhennyi">P. mcilhennyi</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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as well as the blackstriped
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF03763872BFDD8FE10FDB1" box="[277,441,577,600]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF03763872BFDD8FE1CFDB1" baseAuthorityName="Osgood" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[277,437,577,600]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andersoni">P. andersoni</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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both of which contrast strikingly with predominantly grayish animals that those authors referred to
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF03763845AFDE2FF7AFD59" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opossum">
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF03763845AFDE2FF7AFD59" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P. opossum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF03763872EFD00FE26FD59" box="[272,399,665,688]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF03763872EFD00FE22FD59" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[272,395,665,688]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frenata">P. frenata</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF0376386B4FD2FFDD7FB8E" blockId="62.[109,638,195,1743]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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According to Hershkovitz (1997: 39), both gray and ‘‘brown’’ color phases occur throughout the range of
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF0376387B1FD68FD89FCE1" box="[399,544,753,776]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF0376387B1FD68FDB2FCE1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[399,539,753,776]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opossum">P. opossum</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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We examined the Surinamese specimens that he cited as coatcolor exemplars, however, and did not observe any consistent differences between gray and ‘‘brown’’ individuals (e.g., between FMNH 95312 and 95313, both collected by H. A. Beatty in the Wilhelmina Mountains). Yellowish or brownish tints do occur in some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF03763871DFC42FE3EFC1B" box="[291,407,987,1010]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF03763871DFC42FE3EFC1B" box="[291,407,987,1010]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Philander</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
skins, but whether these represent true coatcolor variants rather than preservational artifacts (e.g., staining by sebaceous secretions or subcutaneous fat) is difficult to determine with the material at hand.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF0376386B4FBF7FB16FE4E" blockId="62.[109,638,195,1743]" lastBlockId="62.[685,1215,195,1538]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Both Patton and da Silva (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E518EFFF0376387C4FBF7FD9EFB6C" author="Chicago Press" box="[506,567,1134,1157]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref105969" refString="1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals, 2 nd ed. Chicago and London: Univ. Chicago Press." type="book" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Hershkovitz (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E518EFFF037638733FB12FEE3FB4B" author="Chicago Press" box="[269,330,1163,1186]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref105969" refString="1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals, 2 nd ed. Chicago and London: Univ. Chicago Press." type="book" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) referred French Guianan populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF03763870CFB30FDB7FB29" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[306,542,1193,1216]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opossum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF03763870CFB30FDB7FB29" box="[306,542,1193,1216]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Philander opossum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the nominate form
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF037638719FB5FFE70FB34" box="[295,473,1222,1245]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
P. o.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF037638752FB5FFE7CFB34" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[364,469,1222,1245]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opossum">opossum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
a usage consistent with the results of our comparisons. According to these authors, the nominate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF037638653FA87FF5CFADC" box="[109,245,1310,1333]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="occurs">race occurs</taxonomicName>
|
||
throughout the Guianas and the eastern Amazon basin of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3086CEFFFF03763879AFAA2FE47FABB" box="[420,494,1339,1362]" name="Brazil" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and differs from other subspecies principally by geographic variation in size and pelage color. However, whereas Patton and da Silva recognized four species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF037638783FA28FD93FA21" box="[445,570,1457,1480]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF037638783FA28FD93FA21" box="[445,570,1457,1480]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Philander</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see above), Hershkovitz recognized only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF03763845DFA57FF7AF9EB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opossum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF03763845DFA57FF7AF9EB" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P. opossum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF03763874AFA72FE61F9EB" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[372,456,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frenata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF03763874AFA72FE61F9EB" box="[372,456,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">frenata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among other subspecies) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF037638776F990FE47F9C9" baseAuthorityName="Osgood" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[328,494,1545,1568]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andersoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF037638776F990FE47F9C9" box="[328,494,1545,1568]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P. andersoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF037638653F9BFFF44F9D4" authorityName="Gardner & Patton" authorityYear="1972" box="[109,237,1574,1597]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mcilhennyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF037638653F9BFFF44F9D4" box="[109,237,1574,1597]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">mcilhennyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subspecies). We follow Patton and da Silva in recognizing the gray foureyed opossum of the Brazilian Atlantic forest as a distinct species,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF03763874EF9E7FE46F97C" box="[368,495,1662,1685]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF03763874EF9E7FE42F97C" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[368,491,1662,1685]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frenata">P. frenata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and we interpret their phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA sequences as evidence that additional taxa currently treated as subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF037638209FF5AFB14FF33" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1079,1213,195,218]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opossum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF037638209FF5AFB14FF33" box="[1079,1213,195,218]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P. opossum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF0376384CCFF78FC9FFF11" box="[754,822,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">canus</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF03763854BFF78FBAFFF11" box="[885,1030,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">fuscogriseus</emphasis>
|
||
) might also be recognized as full species. However, many nominal taxa were not represented in Patton and da Silva’s molecular analyses, and several important issues of specieslevel synonymy remain unresolved. Therefore, the geographic limits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF037638553FE08FC59FE41" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[877,1008,401,424]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opossum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF037638553FE08FC59FE41" box="[877,1008,401,424]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">P. opossum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are still uncertain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3057FF4FFF0376384F4FE37FCC8FA43" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF0376384F4FE37FBA4FBC4" blockId="62.[685,1215,195,1538]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
REMARKS: We agree with Hershkovitz (1976, 1981) that
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF0376385ABFE52FBB8FE0B" box="[917,1041,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF0376385ABFE52FBA5FE0B" box="[917,1036,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Philander</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
not
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF03763826AFE52FD41FDE9" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF03763826AFE52FD4AFDE9" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1916" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Metachirops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Metachirops</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is the correct name for pouched foureyed opossums (contra Husson [1978] and other authors). Linnaeus’s (1758) original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF037638505FDD8FBB3FDB1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[827,1050,577,600]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opossum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF037638505FDD8FBB3FDB1" box="[827,1050,577,600]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Didelphis opossum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was based on an adult male and an adult female described and figured by Seba (1734). Hershkovitz (1976: 297) designated Seba’s female as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A492DDFFF037638493FD2FFCB2FD24" box="[685,795,694,717]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, but the specimen itself was apparently not then known to have survived the breakup and dispersion of Seba’s museum (for the history of which, see Boeseman, 1970). Hershkovitz (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E518EFFF0376385A1FCB2FC75FCAB" author="Chicago Press" box="[927,988,811,834]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref105969" refString="1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals, 2 nd ed. Chicago and London: Univ. Chicago Press." type="book" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) subsequently stat ed that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A492DDFFF037638506FCD1FC0AFCB6" box="[824,931,840,863]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is still preserved as an alcoholic specimen in the Rijksmuseum van Naturlijke Historie in Leiden.
|
||
<superScript id="7C6A8137FFF037638237FC1BFBB3FC79" attach="left" box="[1033,1050,898,912]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">11</superScript>
|
||
According to the current RMNH curator of mammals (C. Smeenk, personal commun.), the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A492DDFFF037638209FC27FB0BFC3C" box="[1079,1186,958,981]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is RMNH 25421, clearly recognizable as the adult female with three pouch young illustrated and described by Seba.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF0376384F4FBAAFCC8FA43" blockId="62.[685,1215,195,1538]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF03763820AFBAAFB09FBA2" bold="true" box="[1076,1184,1075,1099]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3086CEFFFF03763820AFBAAFB09FBA2" box="[1076,1184,1075,1099]" name="Suriname" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Surinam</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF037638493FBC8FCBDFB81" box="[685,788,1105,1128]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DBE29DFFF037638493FBC8FCA6FB81" box="[685,783,1105,1128]" country="Suriname" name="Coronie" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Coronie</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Totness (CM 52731, 52733);
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF0376382B3FBC8FCA4FB6C" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DBE29DFFF0376382B3FBC8FCA0FB6C" country="Suriname" name="Marowijne" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Marowijne</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Moengo (CM 52734), Perica (CM 76736);
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF037638528FB12FC29FB4B" box="[790,896,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DBE29DFFF037638528FB12FCD2FB4B" box="[790,891,1163,1186]" country="Suriname" name="Nickerie" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Nickerie</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Avanavero (CM 68363), Kayserberg Airstrip (FMNH 93168),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DBE29DFFF03763824EFB31FD48FB34" country="Suriname" name="Sipaliwini" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Sipaliwini</collectingRegion>
|
||
Airstrip (CM 63517, 76739), Wilhemina Mountains (FMNH 95312, 95313);
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF037638242FB7AFB14FB13" box="[1148,1213,1251,1274]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DBE29DFFF037638242FB7AFB10FB13" box="[1148,1209,1251,1274]" country="Suriname" name="Para" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Para</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Zanderij (CM 68365, 76742);
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF03763820DFA98FB14FAF1" box="[1075,1213,1281,1304]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DBE29DFFF03763820DFA98FB10FAF1" box="[1075,1209,1281,1304]" country="Suriname" name="Saramacca" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Saramacca</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Bigi Poika (CM 52735), La Poule (FMNH 95309);
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF037638528FAA2FC24FABB" box="[790,909,1339,1362]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Suriname,</emphasis>
|
||
Clevia (FMNH 95310), Lelydorpplan (FMNH 95308), Plantation Clevia (CM 76743, 76744), Powakka (CM 52741, 52742).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3057FF4FFF0376284F4FA29FF33F90A" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF0376384F4FA29FB14F9EB" blockId="62.[685,1215,195,1538]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">FIELD OBSERVATIONS: In addition to data accompanying our 32 voucher specimens, we recorded 18 unvouchered observations of</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF0376384FAF9B2FBE3F926" blockId="62.[685,1213,1579,1743]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<superScript id="7C6A8137FFF0376384FAF9B2FD7BF9DF" attach="right" box="[708,722,1579,1590]" fontSize="5" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">11</superScript>
|
||
Hershkovitz (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E518EFFF037638569F9B5FC2EF9D6" author="Chicago Press" box="[855,903,1580,1599]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="ref105969" refString="1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals, 2 nd ed. Chicago and London: Univ. Chicago Press." type="book" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) gave no catalog number for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A492DDFFF037638493F9DDFCADF9BE" box="[685,772,1604,1623]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, and the caption to his (op. cit.) figure 21 confusingly refers to the ‘‘Male and female
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A492DDFFF037638211F9C5FB24F986" box="[1071,1165,1628,1647]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="lectotype">lectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
[sic] of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF0376384F6F9EDFB8BF96E" authority="Linnaeus (1758)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[712,1058,1652,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Didelphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opossum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF0376384F6F9EDFCD3F96E" box="[712,890,1652,1671]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Didelphis opossum</emphasis>
|
||
Linnaeus (1758)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’’. The caption is an obvious lapsus that does not affect the validity of his earlier (1976) selection of the female as
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A492DDFFF03763821FF93DFBD0F95E" box="[1057,1145,1700,1719]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. Seba’s male specimen is therefore a
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A492DDFFF0376385F8F925FBEFF926" box="[966,1094,1724,1743]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF137628660FF4EFEBDFC01" blockId="63.[94,623,214,1176]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF137628660FF4EFEE8FF07" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[94,321,215,238]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opossum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF137628660FF4EFEE8FF07" box="[94,321,215,238]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Philander opossum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Paracou, for a total of 50 documented records of this species. Of our vouchers, 21 (66%) were shot, 5 (16%) were taken in Conibear traps, 3 (9%) were taken in Sherman live traps, 1 was taken in a Tomahawk wire live trap, and 1 was taken in a Victor snap trap, and 1 was caught by hand. One juvenile captured in a pitfall trap and another taken in a Sherman trap were released. Of all 50 records, 31 (62%) were of individuals shot, trapped, or sighted on the ground, whereas 19 (38%) were of individuals shot, trapped, caught by hand, or sighted in trees (or on other elevated substrates such as inclined trunks, lianas, etc.) from
|
||
<quantity id="4CE7819AFFF13762842CFDE8FFDCFD4C" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="3.75" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5 to 6 m</quantity>
|
||
above the ground. With the exception of females carrying nursing young, all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF137628435FD35FF24FD09" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Philander" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="opossum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF137628435FD35FF24FD09" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">P. opossum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that we encountered were solitary, and all were collected or sighted at night. Of 49 records accompanied by habitat data, 32 (65%) were of individuals encountered in primary forest, usually near streams or in swamps, but occasionally at welldrained sites; 17 observations (35%), however, were based on individuals encountered in roadside secondary growth or other moreorless disturbed habitats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF137628645FC77FDB2FB71" blockId="63.[94,623,214,1176]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
One female, collected on
|
||
<date id="FFA10ABFFFF137628794FC77FD9EFBEC" box="[426,567,1006,1029]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1991-07-09">9 July 1991</date>
|
||
, had two pouch young measuring
|
||
<quantity id="4CE7819AFFF137628783FB95FDB8FBCA" box="[445,529,1036,1059]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="49.0">49 mm</quantity>
|
||
crownrump; another, collected on
|
||
<date id="FFA10ABFFFF13762879DFBB0FDC0FBA9" box="[419,617,1065,1088]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1992-10-24">24 October 1992</date>
|
||
, had three pouch young measuring
|
||
<quantity id="4CE7819AFFF137628430FBDFFDC3FBB4" box="[526,618,1094,1117]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="24.0">24 mm</quantity>
|
||
; and a third, collected on
|
||
<date id="FFA10ABFFFF137628743FBFDFD90FB92" box="[381,569,1124,1147]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1993-08-11">11 August 1993</date>
|
||
, had four pouch young measuring
|
||
<quantity id="4CE7819AFFF137628781FB18FDBEFB71" box="[447,535,1153,1176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="27.0">27 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF13762871FFB25FE03FB3A" blockId="63.[94,623,1212,1454]" box="[289,426,1212,1235]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">XENARTHRA</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF137628645FB7EFEDFFA47" blockId="63.[94,623,1212,1454]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Nine xenarthran species have been definitely recorded from Paracou and it is unlikely that any others occur locally (see appendix 1). Because most xenarthran species are easily recognized by external characters (Husson, 1978; Emmons, 1990, 1997), we collected few vouchers.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFFF13762868FFA4AFF33F90A" blockId="63.[94,622,1491,1763]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFFF13762868FFA4AFDB2FA03" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[177,539,1491,1514]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" genus="Bradypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactylus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFFF13762868FFA4AFE0FFA03" box="[177,422,1491,1514]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Bradypus tridactylus</emphasis>
|
||
Linnaeus
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Threetoed sloths are possibly common at Paracou, but they are seldom seen and we did not encounter any in the course of our fieldwork. P. Petronelli (personal commun., 1993) estimated that the species is sighted about once or twice a year at Paracou, much less frequently than twotoed sloths (see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |