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<document id="077A767D2336707054221FE7F57801D0" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3691.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c566ff57-5a45-411c-98d9-0e65200455af" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="284237" ID-ZooBank="E98CE6DF-AF3B-4AAA-95CB-8ACD615C9FCC" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460649558648" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cairns, Stephen D. &amp; Zibrowius, Helmut" docDate="2013" docId="955B87C9A17CDD2CFF22FEA6F6312E3B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03691p057.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3691 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Inferiolabiata africana Cairns &amp; Zibrowius, 2013, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="6962FFB1A175DD27FFB5FF81F2432F5F" masterDocTitle="Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from South Africa" masterLastPageNumber="57" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="10" updateTime="1698337733500" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="45F220D42D7ED409D8B6DE764EA57539" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="435D3147F564BA19FFE37C629B9D9CF3">
<mods:title id="2A984BB1BF609C602D5764D8D3656834">Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from South Africa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="3A7AE5CD4CB2951B138B11FCBA6117AE" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D1110A6A76F4652D29629124020D813F">
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<mods:namePart id="2CC3DDC199FA47876FBCA5C8BB9DA944">Cairns, Stephen D.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="E18E93B0FE48408EEAB8F8AE1A9AB3D1" type="personal">
<mods:role id="86653F3AFB43259284D6B73A023D08BC">
<mods:roleTerm id="31444A3C9E5EB1EC7AF6D78B6A3842C5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="1F19B74301A82D1F14CD75DFBBF37B2B">Zibrowius, Helmut</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="AF9DAFD0CFCFD26BEBBF4278D4E4B733">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="61D374FE649D445444474DAB90C46D47">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="8B5C53D80FE2D116487FB8312E00DD15">
<mods:date id="1DD4B31700CE9A0A7457652EB0841ABC">2013</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="DC1EAB8B97547038BCDC9EC99DDD20F6" type="volume">
<mods:number id="4DE4C5B3F4EE3CD7F8210CF1267C17B4">3691</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
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<mods:classification id="2CE77172E1905DE192F39ED17D6D6357">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="5D26AA0B3CD77E75DE74E9CE5CB0A240" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3691.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D89613EF2BF6D1F73CF426C454C4E922" type="GBIF-Dataset">c566ff57-5a45-411c-98d9-0e65200455af</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E9151414C67E31687CD397CC5DD2C1CF" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
<treatment id="955B87C9A17CDD2CFF22FEA6F6312E3B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5619729" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127664936" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5619729" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:955B87C9A17CDD2CFF22FEA6F6312E3B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/955B87C9A17CDD2CFF22FEA6F6312E3B" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<subSubSection id="55E86554A17CDD2EFF22FEA6F6D02C73" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA17CDD2EFF22FEA6F0522E1E" blockId="9.[151,529,295,354]" box="[151,529,295,321]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="460581B3A17CDD2EFF22FEA6F0522E1E" bold="true" box="[151,529,295,321]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="1">
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFF22FEA6F0522E1E" bold="true" box="[151,529,295,321]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA17CDD2EFF22FEA6F3E82E1E" ID-CoL="3PP5H" box="[151,427,295,321]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Inferiolabiata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="africana" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFF22FEA6F3E82E1E" bold="true" box="[151,427,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Inferiolabiata africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="34B557B6A17CDD2EFE06FEA6F0522E1E" box="[435,529,295,321]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA17CDD2EFF22FECBF3312E3D" blockId="9.[151,529,295,354]" box="[151,370,330,354]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<figureCitation id="85C92A5AA17CDD2EFF22FECBF2A32E3D" box="[151,224,330,354]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1923,1946]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,357,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,347,1912]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Colonies of various species: A – B, Lepidopora diffusa, PF 13654. C, Inferiolabiata africana, holotype. D, Inferiolabiata lowei, PF 907. E, Inferiolabiata spinosa, Anton Bruun 420 A. F, Errina capensis, syntype, Manchester Museum. G, Errina capensis, MN XX 129, female. H, Gyropora africana, BM 1977.8. 5.1. I, Stylaster nobilis, PF 7014, 3 distal branches. J, Stylaster subviolaceus, PF 15675." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284238/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
C, 5A–K, 23
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA17CDD2EFF22FE12F36F2E98" blockId="9.[151,1436,402,455]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA17CDD2EFF22FE12F3FD2EF7" authority="Hickson" authorityName="Hickson" box="[151,446,402,424]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Spinipora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="echinata">
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFF22FE12F3192EF7" box="[151,346,402,424]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Spinipora echinata</emphasis>
, Hickson
</taxonomicName>
&amp;
<collectingCountry id="65E5764FA17CDD2EFE51FE13F0782EF7" box="[484,571,402,424]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">England</collectingCountry>
, 1909: 352–353, pl. 44, fig. 8 (not
<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA17CDD2EFC1AFE12F7572EF7" authority="Moseley, 1879" authorityName="Moseley" authorityYear="1879" box="[943,1300,402,424]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Spinipora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="echinata">
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFC1AFE12F6302EF7" box="[943,1139,402,424]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Spinipora echinata</emphasis>
Moseley, 1879
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA17CDD2EFA86FE13F35D2E98" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Stellapora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="echinata">
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFA86FE13F35D2E98" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Stellapora echinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA17CDD2EFF22FE75F6562D53" blockId="9.[151,1045,500,524]" box="[151,1045,500,524]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Etymology. Named for the continent from which the species was first collected.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA17CDD2EFF22FDBDF6D02C73" blockId="9.[151,1436,571,1964]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFF22FDBDF3882D0B" bold="true" box="[151,459,571,596]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<typeStatus id="C249887DA17CDD2EFF22FDBDF2992D0B" box="[151,218,572,596]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Types</typeStatus>
and
<typeStatus id="C249887DA17CDD2EFEAAFDBDF31B2D0B" box="[287,344,572,596]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Type</typeStatus>
Locality.
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="C249887DA17CDD2EFE6DFDBDF0062D0B" box="[472,581,572,596]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFDE6FDBCF03E2D0B" box="[595,637,573,596]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MN</emphasis>
SM134,
<specimenCount id="0BF4FD56A17CDD2EFD59FDBDF1122D0B" box="[748,849,572,596]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
colony, SAM, and SEM stubs
<date id="694C101FA17CDD2EFB71FDBDF7652D0B" box="[1220,1318,572,596]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1676" valueMax="1677">1676–77</date>
(USNM).
<typeStatus id="C249887DA17CDD2EFF22FDE1F34B2D27" box="[151,264,608,632]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
:
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFEA6FDE0F37F2D27" box="[275,316,609,632]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MN</emphasis>
SM38,
<specimenCount id="0BF4FD56A17CDD2EFE22FDDEF3BB2D28" box="[407,504,607,631]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="female">2 female</specimenCount>
colonies,
<specimenCount id="0BF4FD56A17CDD2EFDDEFDDEF0F42D28" box="[619,695,607,631]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
colony, 3 indet., SAM;
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFC70FDE0F1AD2D27" box="[965,1006,609,632]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MN</emphasis>
SM103, 1 colony, SAM;
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFAA4FDE0F7792D27" box="[1297,1338,609,632]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MN</emphasis>
SM107, 2 colonies, SAM;
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFED4FD04F3C82DC3" box="[353,395,645,668]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MN</emphasis>
SM123, 1 dead colony, SAM;
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFD51FD04F14D2DC3" box="[740,782,645,668]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MN</emphasis>
SM131,
<specimenCount id="0BF4FD56A17CDD2EFCC1FD05F1FC2DC3" box="[884,959,644,668]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
colony, SAM;
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFBDCFD04F6D02DC3" box="[1129,1171,645,668]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MN</emphasis>
SM134,
<specimenCount id="0BF4FD56A17CDD2EFB4CFD05F7072DC3" box="[1273,1348,644,668]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
colony, SAM, and SEM stubs
<date id="694C101FA17CDD2EFE23FD26F3BB2DE0" box="[406,504,679,703]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1678" valueMax="1679">1678–79</date>
(USNM);
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFDC6FD28F0DE2D9F" box="[627,669,681,704]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MN</emphasis>
SM162, 70 dead fragments, SAM;
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFB87FD28F61F2D9F" box="[1074,1116,681,704]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MN</emphasis>
SM165, 11 dead fragments, SAM;
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFF56FD4CF34E2DBB" box="[227,269,717,740]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MN</emphasis>
SM226, 19 colonies, SAM;
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFDE1FD4CF03D2DBB" box="[596,638,717,740]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MN</emphasis>
SM228, 6 colonies (
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA17CDD2EFCD9FD4DF1DA2DBB" box="[876,921,716,740]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
alcohol), SAM;
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFBEDFD4CF6C12DBB" box="[1112,1154,717,740]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MN</emphasis>
SM237, 2 colonies (
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA17CDD2EFAC7FD4DF7DF2DBB" box="[1394,1436,716,740]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
alcohol), SAM;
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFEE5FD70F3312C57" box="[336,370,753,776]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PF</emphasis>
14364, 1 colony, SAM H1441;
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFD68FD70F0BC2C57" box="[733,767,753,776]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">PF</emphasis>
2819A,
<specimenCount id="0BF4FD56A17CDD2EFCE9FD6EF1812C58" box="[860,962,751,775]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="female">3 female</specimenCount>
, ex. SAM H1462;
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFB29FD70F6952C57" box="[1180,1238,753,776]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ve m a</emphasis>
19–28, 5 branch fragments, SAM.
<typeStatus id="C249887DA17CDD2EFEEAFC94F3D42C72" box="[351,407,789,813]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Type</typeStatus>
Locality:
<geoCoordinate id="78C65018A17CDD2EFDBFFC95F03E2C73" box="[522,637,788,812]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="92" value="-31.0">31°00.0’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="78C65018A17CDD2EFD3CFC95F0B82C73" box="[649,763,788,812]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" precision="92" value="30.453333">30°27.2’E</geoCoordinate>
(off Margate,
<collectingCountry id="65E5764FA17CDD2EFC2BFC95F6712C73" box="[926,1074,788,812]" name="South Africa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">South Africa</collectingCountry>
),
<specimenCount id="0BF4FD56A17CDD2EFBF0FC95F6D02C73" box="[1093,1171,788,812]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="generic">
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA17CDD2EFBF0FC95F6CC2C73" box="[1093,1167,788,812]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="55E86554A17CDD2EFF72FCB6F3D92C2B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA17CDD2EFF72FCB6F3D92C2B" blockId="9.[151,1436,571,1964]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFF72FCB6F3F52C0F" bold="true" box="[199,438,823,848]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Material Examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="C249887DA17CDD2EFE09FCB8F0412C0E" box="[444,514,825,849]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Types</typeStatus>
;
<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA17CDD2EFDB9FCB9F0A22C0F" box="[524,737,824,848]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Spinipora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="echinata">
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFDB9FCB9F0A22C0F" box="[524,737,824,848]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Spinipora echinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of Hickson &amp;
<collectingCountry id="65E5764FA17CDD2EFC30FCB6F1A12C10" box="[901,994,823,847]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">England</collectingCountry>
(1909),
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFBF4FCB9F6D52C0F" box="[1089,1174,824,848]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sealark</emphasis>
D4, Providence Island,
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA17CDD2EFF22FCDDF29C2C2B" box="[151,223,860,884]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="137.0">137 m</quantity>
, MNHN (Paris).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="55E86554A17CDD2CFF72FCFEF7D42E43" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA17CDD2EFF72FCFEF0912BCB" blockId="9.[151,1436,571,1964]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFF72FCFEF31A2CC7" bold="true" box="[199,345,895,920]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Description.</emphasis>
Colonies are roughly uniplanar to somewhat bushy, the latter condition amplified by the association with a commensal polychaete, which causes the coral to form an elongate, perforated tube up to
<date id="694C101FA17CDD2EFAD7FC25F7C52CE3" box="[1378,1414,932,956]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">5 x</date>
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA17CDD2EFA3BFC25F2802CBF" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
in diameter along its main stem. Colonies are relatively small, the largest (the
<typeStatus id="C249887DA17CDD2EFB8CFC49F6DF2CBF" box="[1081,1180,968,992]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
) only
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA17CDD2EFB50FC49F7722CBF" box="[1253,1329,968,992]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="4.8">4.8 cm</quantity>
in height and
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA17CDD2EFF7DFC6DF3562B5B" box="[200,277,1004,1028]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="3.5">3.5 cm</quantity>
wide, with a basal branch diameter of
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA17CDD2EFD66FC6DF16E2B5B" box="[723,813,1004,1028]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="4.1">4.1 mm</quantity>
. Branch tips are slender (about
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA17CDD2EFB22FC6DF6992B5B" box="[1175,1242,1004,1028]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
in diameter) and pointed. The coenosteal texture is linear-imbricate, at least in the basal part of the colony and its thin basal encrustation. Higher on the colony this texture degenerates into a reticulate pattern, and the imbricate texture is covered with a smooth, dense, porcellaneous material (
<figureCitation id="85C92A5AA17CDD2EFCAAFBD9F1252B2F" box="[799,870,1112,1136]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1861,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Inferiolabiata africana (A – B, D – E, G – I, L, male paratype from MN SM 134, SAM; C, F, J – K, female holotype from MN SM 134, SAM): A, stereo view of a distal branch. B, dactylopore spines surrounding a gastropore. C, coenosteal texture. D – E, individual dactylopore spines. F – G, cross sections of dactylopore spines showing multiple dactylostyles. H, stereo view of a gastrostyle tip and diffuse ring palisade. I, L view of a gastrostyles with stabilizing tabulae (I is a stereo view). J, stereo view of male ampullae. K, female ampulla and efferent pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284242/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
C), which largely obscures the slits between the coenosteal strips. The corallum is uniformly white.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA17CDD2EFF72FB21F181298B" blockId="9.[151,1436,571,1964]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Gastropores are equally distributed on all branch surfaces, circular in shape, and
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in diameter; there is no bordering lip. The gastrostyle is elongate (L:D up to 6), the illustrated gastrostyle (
<figureCitation id="85C92A5AA17CDD2EFB6DFB45F75E2B83" box="[1240,1309,1220,1244]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1861,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Inferiolabiata africana (A – B, D – E, G – I, L, male paratype from MN SM 134, SAM; C, F, J – K, female holotype from MN SM 134, SAM): A, stereo view of a distal branch. B, dactylopore spines surrounding a gastropore. C, coenosteal texture. D – E, individual dactylopore spines. F – G, cross sections of dactylopore spines showing multiple dactylostyles. H, stereo view of a gastrostyle tip and diffuse ring palisade. I, L view of a gastrostyles with stabilizing tabulae (I is a stereo view). J, stereo view of male ampullae. K, female ampulla and efferent pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284242/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Fig.
<date id="694C101FA17CDD2EFABAFB45F75E2B83" box="[1295,1309,1220,1244]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">5</date>
</figureCitation>
I)
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in length and
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in diameter, the proximal portions stabilized by one or more horizontal tabulae (
<figureCitation id="85C92A5AA17CDD2EFAA6FB69F7202A5F" box="[1299,1379,1256,1280]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1861,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Inferiolabiata africana (A – B, D – E, G – I, L, male paratype from MN SM 134, SAM; C, F, J – K, female holotype from MN SM 134, SAM): A, stereo view of a distal branch. B, dactylopore spines surrounding a gastropore. C, coenosteal texture. D – E, individual dactylopore spines. F – G, cross sections of dactylopore spines showing multiple dactylostyles. H, stereo view of a gastrostyle tip and diffuse ring palisade. I, L view of a gastrostyles with stabilizing tabulae (I is a stereo view). J, stereo view of male ampullae. K, female ampulla and efferent pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284242/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Figs.
<date id="694C101FA17CDD2EFAE1FB69F7202A5F" box="[1364,1379,1256,1280]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">5</date>
</figureCitation>
I, L). The style bears longitudinal ridges that in turn bear a series of blunt spines up to 40 µm in length. A diffuse ring palisade of short (about 35 µm) mushroom-shaped elements occurs in the upper third of the gastropore tube, often visible from an apical view of the gastropore (
<figureCitation id="85C92A5AA17CDD2EFD04FAD5F0B62A33" box="[689,757,1364,1388]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1861,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Inferiolabiata africana (A – B, D – E, G – I, L, male paratype from MN SM 134, SAM; C, F, J – K, female holotype from MN SM 134, SAM): A, stereo view of a distal branch. B, dactylopore spines surrounding a gastropore. C, coenosteal texture. D – E, individual dactylopore spines. F – G, cross sections of dactylopore spines showing multiple dactylostyles. H, stereo view of a gastrostyle tip and diffuse ring palisade. I, L view of a gastrostyles with stabilizing tabulae (I is a stereo view). J, stereo view of male ampullae. K, female ampulla and efferent pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284242/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
H) as is the gastrostyle tip, which sometimes extends even slightly above the coenosteal surface. The abcauline dactylopore spines are relative tall (up to
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA17CDD2EFB0AFAF9F7422ACF" box="[1215,1281,1400,1424]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
in height and
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA17CDD2EFF22FA1DF3032AEB" box="[151,320,1436,1460]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" metricValueMax="3.1" metricValueMin="2.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="0.29" valueMax="0.31" valueMin="0.27">0.27–0.31 mm</quantity>
in width), the taller spines tubular proximally (
<figureCitation id="85C92A5AA17CDD2EFC36FA1DF18F2AEB" box="[899,972,1436,1460]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1861,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Inferiolabiata africana (A – B, D – E, G – I, L, male paratype from MN SM 134, SAM; C, F, J – K, female holotype from MN SM 134, SAM): A, stereo view of a distal branch. B, dactylopore spines surrounding a gastropore. C, coenosteal texture. D – E, individual dactylopore spines. F – G, cross sections of dactylopore spines showing multiple dactylostyles. H, stereo view of a gastrostyle tip and diffuse ring palisade. I, L view of a gastrostyles with stabilizing tabulae (I is a stereo view). J, stereo view of male ampullae. K, female ampulla and efferent pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284242/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
E), the shorter spines having a slender dactylotome for their entire length. The dactylopore spines are perpendicular to the branch when positioned low in the colony, but slanted distally in the upper part of the colony, their exterior surface bearing longitudinal granular ridges, and their distal edges are finely serrate (
<figureCitation id="85C92A5AA17CDD2EFD08F989F141297F" box="[701,770,1544,1568]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1861,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Inferiolabiata africana (A – B, D – E, G – I, L, male paratype from MN SM 134, SAM; C, F, J – K, female holotype from MN SM 134, SAM): A, stereo view of a distal branch. B, dactylopore spines surrounding a gastropore. C, coenosteal texture. D – E, individual dactylopore spines. F – G, cross sections of dactylopore spines showing multiple dactylostyles. H, stereo view of a gastrostyle tip and diffuse ring palisade. I, L view of a gastrostyles with stabilizing tabulae (I is a stereo view). J, stereo view of male ampullae. K, female ampulla and efferent pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284242/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
D). Although many dactylopore spines occur individually, they also form crescents of 3–6 laterally placed spines below gastropores on distal branches. On the inner surfaces of the dactylopore spines, below the level of the coenosteal surface, are three rows of rudimentary dactylostyle elements (a central and two lateral dactylostyles,
<figureCitation id="85C92A5AA17CDD2EFD75F9F5F14229D3" box="[704,769,1652,1676]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1861,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Inferiolabiata africana (A – B, D – E, G – I, L, male paratype from MN SM 134, SAM; C, F, J – K, female holotype from MN SM 134, SAM): A, stereo view of a distal branch. B, dactylopore spines surrounding a gastropore. C, coenosteal texture. D – E, individual dactylopore spines. F – G, cross sections of dactylopore spines showing multiple dactylostyles. H, stereo view of a gastrostyle tip and diffuse ring palisade. I, L view of a gastrostyles with stabilizing tabulae (I is a stereo view). J, stereo view of male ampullae. K, female ampulla and efferent pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284242/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
G), these elements up to 60 µm in height in the central row, and only about 30 µm in the lateral rows. These elements are difficult to see in an intact dactylopore spine, and must be viewed with high magnification (or SEM) in a broken structure.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA17CDD2EFF72F961F6D8281F" blockId="9.[151,1436,571,1964]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Female ampullae are prominent superficial hemispheres 0.75–1.0 mm in diameter, each having a lateral efferent pore
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA17CDD2EFE87F885F3FF2843" box="[306,444,1796,1820]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="0.25" valueMax="0.3" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.3 mm</quantity>
in diameter (
<figureCitation id="85C92A5AA17CDD2EFDEDF885F0DE2843" box="[600,669,1796,1820]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1861,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Inferiolabiata africana (A – B, D – E, G – I, L, male paratype from MN SM 134, SAM; C, F, J – K, female holotype from MN SM 134, SAM): A, stereo view of a distal branch. B, dactylopore spines surrounding a gastropore. C, coenosteal texture. D – E, individual dactylopore spines. F – G, cross sections of dactylopore spines showing multiple dactylostyles. H, stereo view of a gastrostyle tip and diffuse ring palisade. I, L view of a gastrostyles with stabilizing tabulae (I is a stereo view). J, stereo view of male ampullae. K, female ampulla and efferent pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284242/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
K). Male ampullae are irregular superficial protuberances
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA17CDD2EFA8FF885F280281F" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" metricValueMax="6.2" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="0.56" valueMax="0.62" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.62 mm</quantity>
in diameter, each having a small apical efferent pore about 50 µm in diameter (
<figureCitation id="85C92A5AA17CDD2EFB88F8A9F6C3281F" box="[1085,1152,1832,1856]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1861,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Inferiolabiata africana (A – B, D – E, G – I, L, male paratype from MN SM 134, SAM; C, F, J – K, female holotype from MN SM 134, SAM): A, stereo view of a distal branch. B, dactylopore spines surrounding a gastropore. C, coenosteal texture. D – E, individual dactylopore spines. F – G, cross sections of dactylopore spines showing multiple dactylostyles. H, stereo view of a gastrostyle tip and diffuse ring palisade. I, L view of a gastrostyles with stabilizing tabulae (I is a stereo view). J, stereo view of male ampullae. K, female ampulla and efferent pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284242/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
J).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA17CDD2CFF72F8CAF7D42E43" blockId="9.[151,1436,571,1964]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,151,356]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFF72F8CAF32E283B" bold="true" box="[199,365,1867,1892]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Comparisons.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA17CDD2EFEC2F8CDF03F283B" box="[375,636,1868,1892]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Inferiolabiata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="africana">
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFEC2F8CDF03F283B" box="[375,636,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Inferiolabiata africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA17CDD2EFCA8F8CCF136283B" box="[797,885,1868,1892]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Inferiolabiata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lowei">
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17CDD2EFCA8F8CCF136283B" box="[797,885,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">I. lowei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in many aspects, especially coenosteal texture, dactylopore spine shape, ring palisade structure, and rudimentary dactylostyle structure, but differs consistently in several characters. It has a more delicate and finer colony shape (e.g., more slender branches), and consistently has a polychaete commensal; its gastropore tubes are slightly smaller, its gastrostyles slightly larger, and it does bear a ring palisade, which does not achieve the commodious aspect seen within the gastropore tubes of
<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA17EDD2CFB52FF3CF77F2F8B" box="[1255,1340,188,212]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Inferiolabiata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lowei">
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17EDD2CFB52FF3CF77F2F8B" box="[1255,1340,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">I. lowei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; it often has its dactylopore spines arranged in abcauline crescents, and the spines are often cylindrical proximally, whereas those of
<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA17EDD2CFF42FE84F3082E43" box="[247,331,260,284]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Inferiolabiata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lowei">
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17EDD2CFF42FE84F3082E43" box="[247,331,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">I. lowei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are rarely arranged in crescents and are rarely cylindrical. Finally, it has smaller female ampullae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="498D6657A17FDD2DFF22F8C4F11D2889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284242/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1840]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA17FDD2DFF22F8C4F11D2889" blockId="10.[151,1437,1861,2006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17FDD2DFF22F8C4F3572804" bold="true" box="[151,276,1861,1884]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="DAF24D5CA17FDD2DFEAEF8C7F0462803" box="[283,517,1862,1884]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" genus="Inferiolabiata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="africana">
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17FDD2DFEAEF8C7F0462803" box="[283,517,1862,1884]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Inferiolabiata africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17FDD2DFDA0F8C7F09A2804" bold="true" box="[533,729,1861,1884]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A–B, D–E, G–I, L</emphasis>
, male paratype from
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17FDD2DFC03F8C6F19F2803" box="[950,988,1863,1884]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MN</emphasis>
SM134, SAM;
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17FDD2DFB34F8C4F6AA2804" bold="true" box="[1153,1257,1861,1884]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C, F, J–K</emphasis>
, female holotype from
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17FDD2DFF64F8E7F2B42824" box="[209,247,1894,1915]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MN</emphasis>
SM134, SAM):
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17FDD2DFE1FF8E4F3FF2825" bold="true" box="[426,444,1893,1914]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
, stereo view of a distal branch.
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17FDD2DFCA6F8E4F1672825" bold="true" box="[787,804,1893,1914]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
, dactylopore spines surrounding a gastropore.
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17FDD2DFABAF8E5F7622824" bold="true" box="[1295,1313,1892,1915]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C</emphasis>
, coenosteal texture.
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17FDD2DFF58F802F35E28C7" bold="true" box="[237,285,1923,1944]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D–E</emphasis>
, individual dactylopore spines.
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17FDD2DFDDAF803F0DF28C6" bold="true" box="[623,668,1922,1945]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">F–G</emphasis>
, cross sections of dactylopore spines showing multiple dactylostyles.
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17FDD2DFA37F802F7D528C7" bold="true" box="[1410,1430,1923,1944]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H</emphasis>
, stereo view of a gastrostyle tip and diffuse ring palisade.
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17FDD2DFD62F823F0BD28E8" bold="true" box="[727,766,1954,1975]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">I, L</emphasis>
view of a gastrostyles with stabilizing tabulae (
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17FDD2DFB54F823F6A828E8" bold="true" box="[1249,1259,1954,1975]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">I</emphasis>
is a stereo view).
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17FDD2DFF22F840F2E72889" bold="true" box="[151,164,1985,2006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">J</emphasis>
, stereo view of male ampullae.
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17FDD2DFE52F840F3B82889" bold="true" box="[487,507,1985,2006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">K</emphasis>
, female ampulla and efferent pore.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="55E86554A17EDD2CFF72FEA6F6312E3B" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="1D4D36DFA17EDD2CFF72FEA6F6312E3B" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,356]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="2F86EACDA17EDD2CFF72FEA6F3232E1F" bold="true" box="[199,352,295,320]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution.</emphasis>
Most of the southeastern coast of
<collectingCountry id="65E5764FA17EDD2CFD41FEA6F1C42E60" box="[756,903,295,319]" name="South Africa" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">South Africa</collectingCountry>
from Cape Peninsula to Richard’s Bay (
<collectingCountry id="65E5764FA17EDD2CFAE8FEA6F7D82E60" box="[1373,1435,295,319]" name="South Africa" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Natal</collectingCountry>
Province) (Fig. 23),
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA17EDD2CFECFFECDF0492E3B" box="[378,522,332,356]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.825" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="1.65" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="582.5" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="165.0">165–1000 m</quantity>
; Providence Island,
<quantity id="DA0A9B3AA17EDD2CFD58FECDF1772E3B" box="[749,820,332,356]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="137.0">137 m</quantity>
(Hickson &amp;
<collectingCountry id="65E5764FA17EDD2CFC73FECDF6602E3B" box="[966,1059,332,356]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">England</collectingCountry>
1909).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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