730 lines
82 KiB
XML
730 lines
82 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.506.9553" ID-PMC="PMC4467187" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-506-137" ID-Pensoft-UUID="733DDF2CFF8EFFBEFFF6F626FFF8FFB2" ID-PubMed="26085800" ID-Zenodo-Dep="578878" ID-ZooBank="2F63158B30BF4114B3DDA8700A909B6F" ModsDocID="1313-2970-506-137" checkinTime="1451244274316" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Avendano, Jorge Enrique & Donegan, Thomas M." docDate="2015" docId="6787FC68305F58D69356EE19ED0CF492" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 506: 137-153" docOrigin="ZooKeys 506" docPubDate="2015-06-02" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.506.9553" docTitle="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi Avendano & Donegan 2015, ssp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="70DE583A-AC75-466D-B3FB-84B1046BBBBB" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="3" id="733DDF2CFF8EFFBEFFF6F626FFF8FFB2" lastPageNumber="145" masterDocId="733DDF2CFF8EFFBEFFF6F626FFF8FFB2" masterDocTitle="A distinctive new subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis (Aves, Passeriformes, Rhinocryptidae) from the northern Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and Venezuela" masterLastPageNumber="153" masterPageNumber="137" pageNumber="139" updateTime="1668160385085" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A distinctive new subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis (Aves, Passeriformes, Rhinocryptidae) from the northern Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and Venezuela</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Avendano, Jorge Enrique</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Programa de Biologia y Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad de los Llanos, Sede Barcelona, km 12 via Puerto Lopez, Villavicencio, COLOMBIA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jorgeavec@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Donegan, Thomas M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>ProAves Foundation, Southmead, The Vale, London N 14 6 HN, UK</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2015-06-02</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>506</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>137</mods:start>
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<mods:end>153</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.506.9553</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.506.9553</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-506-137</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">2F63158B30BF4114B3DDA8700A909B6F</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">733DDF2CFF8EFFBEFFF6F626FFF8FFB2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">578878</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182234697" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:70DE583A-AC75-466D-B3FB-84B1046BBBBB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6787FC68305F58D69356EE19ED0CF492" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="145" pageId="2" pageNumber="139">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="139" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/70DE583A-AC75-466D-B3FB-84B1046BBBBB" authority="Avendaño & Donegan" authorityName="Avendano & Donegan" authorityYear="2015" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" status="ssp. n." subSpecies="morenoi">
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Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Avendaño">Avendano</normalizedToken>
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& Donegan
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="139">ssp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="139" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="139">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="139">
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An adult male study skin specimen (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Dorsal and ventral views of three subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis found in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and Venezuela and Scytalopus perijanus from the Serrania de Perija. From left to right. Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis (ICN 31235); Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi (ICN 36901); Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi (holotype); and Scytalopus perijanus (ICN 36745). Note the distinctive browner back and nape of the new subspecies." pageId="2" pageNumber="139">1</figureCitation>
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and
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Selected specimens of the type series of Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi. From left to right: holotype (ICN 37538), male paratype (ICN 37514), male paratype (ICN 37570), male paratype (ICN 37548), and female paratype (ICN 37516). Note the slight individual variation in the color of the underparts and upperparts." pageId="2" pageNumber="139">3</figureCitation>
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), no. 37538 of the ornithological collection of the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales (ICN), Universidad Nacional de Colombia,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bogotá">Bogota</normalizedToken>
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. Tissue samples (pectoral muscle) are deposited at the Banco de Tejidos of Universidad de los Andes (ANDES-BT 1567),
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bogotá">Bogota</normalizedToken>
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. The specimen and tissue samples relate to the same individual organism which was collected and prepared on 2 August 2009 by J. E.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Avendaño">Avendano</normalizedToken>
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(original field no. JEA 811) in secondary growth / forest ecotone at La Pica, finca La Rinconada, vereda Potrero de
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Rodríguez">Rodriguez</normalizedToken>
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, municipality of Molagavita, Santander department, Colombia (
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<geoCoordinate degrees="06" direction="north" minutes="43" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="6.7166667">06°43'N</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="47" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-72.78333">72°47'W</geoCoordinate>
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; 2880 m).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="139" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="139">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="139">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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Dorsal and ventral views of three subspecies of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lafresnaye" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseicollis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="139">Scytalopus griseicollis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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found in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and Venezuela and
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus perijanus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perijanus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="139">Scytalopus perijanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Serranía">Serrania</normalizedToken>
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de
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Perijá">Perija</normalizedToken>
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. From left to right.
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<taxonomicName authority="griseicollis" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. griseicollis" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="griseicollis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="139">Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(ICN 31235);
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<taxonomicName authorityName="T.M.Donegan & J.E.Avendano-C" authorityYear="2008" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. gilesi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="gilesi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="139">Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(ICN 36901);
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Avendano & Donegan" authorityYear="2015" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="morenoi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="139">Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(holotype); and
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus perijanus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perijanus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="139">Scytalopus perijanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(ICN 36745). Note the distinctive browner back and nape of the new subspecies.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="2" pageNumber="139" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="139">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Avendano & Donegan" authorityYear="2015" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="morenoi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="140" start="start">Scytalopus</pageBreakToken>
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griseicollis morenoi
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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exhibits all the characteristics of the genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1837" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Ridgway, R" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="12" pageNumber="149" pagination="1 - 859" refId="B31" refString="Ridgway, R, 1911. The birds of North and Middle America, part V. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 50: 1 - 859" title="The birds of North and Middle America, part V." volume="50" year="1911">Ridgway 1911</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Krabbe, N" editor="Remsen, JV" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club" pageId="11" pageNumber="148" pagination="47 - 88" publicationUrl="10.2307/40157527" refId="B20" refString="Krabbe, N, Schulenberg, TS, 1997. Species limits and natural history of Scytalopus tapaculos (Rhinocryptidae), with descriptions of the Ecuadorian taxa, including three new species. In: Remsen, JV, Ed., Studies in Neotropical Ornithology Honoring Ted Parker.: 47 - 88, DOI: 10.2307/40157527" title="Species limits and natural history of Scytalopus tapaculos (Rhinocryptidae), with descriptions of the Ecuadorian taxa, including three new species." url="10.2307/40157527" volumeTitle="Studies in Neotropical Ornithology Honoring Ted Parker." year="1997">Krabbe and Schulenberg 1997</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Cuervo, AM" journalOrPublisher="Auk" pageId="10" pageNumber="147" pagination="445 - 463" publicationUrl="10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0445:SSANSO]2.0.CO;2" refId="B6" refString="Cuervo, AM, Cadena, CD, Krabbe, N, Renjifo, LM, 2005. Scytalopus stilesi, a new species of tapaculo (Rhinocryptidae) from the Cordillera Central of Colombia. Auk 122: 445 - 463, DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0445:SSANSO]2.0.CO;2" title="Scytalopus stilesi, a new species of tapaculo (Rhinocryptidae) from the Cordillera Central of Colombia." url="10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0445:SSANSO]2.0.CO;2" volume="122" year="2005">Cuervo et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
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). It appears to be most closely related to
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lafresnaye" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseicollis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on account of its rather grey plumage, orange-rufous vent (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Dorsal and ventral views of three subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis found in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and Venezuela and Scytalopus perijanus from the Serrania de Perija. From left to right. Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis (ICN 31235); Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi (ICN 36901); Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi (holotype); and Scytalopus perijanus (ICN 36745). Note the distinctive browner back and nape of the new subspecies." pageId="3" pageNumber="140">1</figureCitation>
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) and similar vocalisations (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Spectograms of scolds of Scytalopus griseicollis subspecies found in Colombia and Venezuela. Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi: A Oira River, border with Colombia, Apure state, Venezuela (XC 6079, C. Parrish) B Paramo de Santurban, Vetas, Santander department, Colombia (XC 117002, O. Cortes). Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi C vereda Alto Cantagallos, San Vicente de Chucuri, Santander department, Colombia (XC 18457, T. M. Donegan) D Lepipuerto, El Carmen de Chucuri / Simacota, Santander department, Colombia (XC 18477, T. M. Donegan). Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis E Chingaza NP, Cundinamarca department, Colombia (XC 79989, A. Spencer) F Iguaque, Boyaca department, Colombia (XC 119700, D. Edwards). Spectrograms were made in Syrinx v 2.6 h (Burt 2006) applying the same parameters except for adjusting brightness to improve note resolution." pageId="3" pageNumber="140">4</figureCitation>
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-
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Spectograms of reeling songs of Scytalopus griseicollis subspecies found in Colombia and Venezuela. Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi: A Las Picotas, vereda Angosturas, Vetas, Santander department, Colombia (XC 86713, J. E. Avendano) B Oira River, border with Colombia, Apure state, Venezuela (XC 16658, C. Parrish). Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi C Filo Pamplona, vereda La Aurora, Galan, Santander department, Colombia (XC 18454, T. M. Donegan) D Lepipuerto, El Carmen de Chucuri / Simacota, dpto. Santander, Colombia (XC 18472, T. M. Donegan). Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis E Chingaza NP, dpto. Cundinamarca, Colombia (XC 102520, F. Schmitt) F (first part of song) Reserva de Aves para Amazilia castaneiventris y Macroagelaius subalaris, Soata, dpto. Boyaca, Colombia (XC 94523, O. Cortes)." pageId="3" pageNumber="140">5</figureCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Avendano & Donegan" authorityYear="2015" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="morenoi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is distinguishable from
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus perijanus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perijanus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus perijanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Serranía">Serrania</normalizedToken>
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de
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Perijá">Perija</normalizedToken>
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||
by its entirely brown nape and back (Fig.
|
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Dorsal and ventral views of three subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis found in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and Venezuela and Scytalopus perijanus from the Serrania de Perija. From left to right. Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis (ICN 31235); Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi (ICN 36901); Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi (holotype); and Scytalopus perijanus (ICN 36745). Note the distinctive browner back and nape of the new subspecies." pageId="3" pageNumber="140">1</figureCitation>
|
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) and distinct vocalisations (
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<bibRefCitation author="Avendano, JE" journalOrPublisher="The Auk" pageId="10" pageNumber="147" pagination="450 - 466" publicationUrl="10.1642/AUK-14-166.1" refId="B1" refString="Avendano, JE, Cuervo, AM, Lopez-O, JP, Gutierrez-Pinto, N, Cortes-Diago, A, Cadena, CD, 2015. A new species of tapaculo (Rhinocryptidae: Scytalopus) from the Serrania de Perija of Colombia and Venezuela. The Auk 132: 450 - 466, DOI: 10.1642/AUK-14-166.1" title="A new species of tapaculo (Rhinocryptidae: Scytalopus) from the Serrania de Perija of Colombia and Venezuela." url="10.1642/AUK-14-166.1" volume="132" year="2015">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Avendaño">Avendano</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2015
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</bibRefCitation>
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). It is diagnosable from
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<taxonomicName authority="griseicollis" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. griseicollis" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="griseicollis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="T.M.Donegan & J.E.Avendano-C" authorityYear="2008" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. gilesi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="gilesi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Serranía">Serrania</normalizedToken>
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de los
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Yariguíes">Yariguies</normalizedToken>
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by its brown (not grey) mantle, tail, wing coverts and nape (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Dorsal and ventral views of three subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis found in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and Venezuela and Scytalopus perijanus from the Serrania de Perija. From left to right. Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis (ICN 31235); Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi (ICN 36901); Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi (holotype); and Scytalopus perijanus (ICN 36745). Note the distinctive browner back and nape of the new subspecies." pageId="3" pageNumber="140">1</figureCitation>
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). Juveniles of the new subspecies differ mainly from the nominate and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="T.M.Donegan & J.E.Avendano-C" authorityYear="2008" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. gilesi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="gilesi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having darker base plumage ventrally (which is scalloped white) whereas they are dorsally darker than the nominate, like in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="T.M.Donegan & J.E.Avendano-C" authorityYear="2008" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. gilesi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="gilesi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Ventral and lateral views of fledglings of three subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis and Scytalopus perijanus found in Colombia and Venezuela. A Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi (MLS 3993) B Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi (IAvH-A 14948); C Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis (IAvH-A 13935) D Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis (ICN 35441) E Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi (ICN 36916) F Scytalopus perijanus (ICN 36734). Note the darker plumage and ventral white scalloping in Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi." pageId="3" pageNumber="140">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). These characters also distinguish juveniles of the new subspecies from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus perijanus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perijanus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus perijanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which are more yellowish ventrally. It also has a shorter tail than
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="T.M.Donegan & J.E.Avendano-C" authorityYear="2008" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. gilesi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="gilesi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Appendices 2 and 4 in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Donegan, TM" journalOrPublisher="Ornitologia Colombiana" pageId="11" pageNumber="148" pagination="24 - 65" refId="B8" refString="Donegan, TM, Avendano, JE, 2008. Notes on tapaculos (Passeriformes: Rhinocryptidae) of the Eastern Andes of Colombia and the Venezuelan Andes, with a new subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis from Colombia. Ornitologia Colombiana 6: 24 - 65" title="Notes on tapaculos (Passeriformes: Rhinocryptidae) of the Eastern Andes of Colombia and the Venezuelan Andes, with a new subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis from Colombia." volume="6" year="2008">
|
||
Donegan and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Avendaño">Avendano</normalizedToken>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It has an on average higher pitched scold than
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="griseicollis" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. griseicollis" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="griseicollis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but this is not diagnostic. Compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="T.M.Donegan & J.E.Avendano-C" authorityYear="2008" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. gilesi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="gilesi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the new subspecies has a faster and higher frequency song and higher frequency scold (in the latter case, with no overlap) (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Spectograms of scolds of Scytalopus griseicollis subspecies found in Colombia and Venezuela. Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi: A Oira River, border with Colombia, Apure state, Venezuela (XC 6079, C. Parrish) B Paramo de Santurban, Vetas, Santander department, Colombia (XC 117002, O. Cortes). Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi C vereda Alto Cantagallos, San Vicente de Chucuri, Santander department, Colombia (XC 18457, T. M. Donegan) D Lepipuerto, El Carmen de Chucuri / Simacota, Santander department, Colombia (XC 18477, T. M. Donegan). Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis E Chingaza NP, Cundinamarca department, Colombia (XC 79989, A. Spencer) F Iguaque, Boyaca department, Colombia (XC 119700, D. Edwards). Spectrograms were made in Syrinx v 2.6 h (Burt 2006) applying the same parameters except for adjusting brightness to improve note resolution." pageId="3" pageNumber="140">4</figureCitation>
|
||
-
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Spectograms of reeling songs of Scytalopus griseicollis subspecies found in Colombia and Venezuela. Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi: A Las Picotas, vereda Angosturas, Vetas, Santander department, Colombia (XC 86713, J. E. Avendano) B Oira River, border with Colombia, Apure state, Venezuela (XC 16658, C. Parrish). Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi C Filo Pamplona, vereda La Aurora, Galan, Santander department, Colombia (XC 18454, T. M. Donegan) D Lepipuerto, El Carmen de Chucuri / Simacota, dpto. Santander, Colombia (XC 18472, T. M. Donegan). Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis E Chingaza NP, dpto. Cundinamarca, Colombia (XC 102520, F. Schmitt) F (first part of song) Reserva de Aves para Amazilia castaneiventris y Macroagelaius subalaris, Soata, dpto. Boyaca, Colombia (XC 94523, O. Cortes)." pageId="3" pageNumber="140">5</figureCitation>
|
||
; and Appendices 3-4 in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Donegan, TM" journalOrPublisher="Ornitologia Colombiana" pageId="11" pageNumber="148" pagination="24 - 65" refId="B8" refString="Donegan, TM, Avendano, JE, 2008. Notes on tapaculos (Passeriformes: Rhinocryptidae) of the Eastern Andes of Colombia and the Venezuelan Andes, with a new subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis from Colombia. Ornitologia Colombiana 6: 24 - 65" title="Notes on tapaculos (Passeriformes: Rhinocryptidae) of the Eastern Andes of Colombia and the Venezuelan Andes, with a new subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis from Colombia." volume="6" year="2008">
|
||
Donegan and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Avendaño">Avendano</normalizedToken>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="140" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral and lateral views of fledglings of three subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lafresnaye" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseicollis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus perijanus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perijanus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus perijanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found in Colombia and Venezuela.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">A</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Avendano & Donegan" authorityYear="2015" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="morenoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MLS 3993)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">B</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Avendano & Donegan" authorityYear="2015" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="morenoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(IAvH-A 14948);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">C</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="griseicollis" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. griseicollis" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="griseicollis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(IAvH-A 13935)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">D</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="griseicollis" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. griseicollis" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="griseicollis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ICN 35441)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">E</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="T.M.Donegan & J.E.Avendano-C" authorityYear="2008" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. gilesi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="gilesi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ICN 36916)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">F</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus perijanus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perijanus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus perijanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ICN 36734). Note the darker plumage and ventral white scalloping in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Avendano & Donegan" authorityYear="2015" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="morenoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="140" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Selected specimens of the type series of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Avendano & Donegan" authorityYear="2015" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="morenoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. From left to right: holotype (ICN 37538), male paratype (ICN 37514), male paratype (ICN 37570), male paratype (ICN 37548), and female paratype (ICN 37516). Note the slight individual variation in the color of the underparts and upperparts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="140" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Spectograms of scolds of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lafresnaye" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseicollis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subspecies found in Colombia and Venezuela.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Avendano & Donegan" authorityYear="2015" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="morenoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">A</emphasis>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Oirá">Oira</normalizedToken>
|
||
River, border with Colombia, Apure state, Venezuela (XC6079, C. Parrish)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">B</emphasis>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páramo">Paramo</normalizedToken>
|
||
de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Santurbán">Santurban</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Vetas, Santander department, Colombia (XC117002, O.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cortés">Cortes</normalizedToken>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="T.M.Donegan & J.E.Avendano-C" authorityYear="2008" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. gilesi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="gilesi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">C</emphasis>
|
||
vereda Alto Cantagallos, San Vicente de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chucurí">Chucuri</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Santander department, Colombia (XC18457, T. M. Donegan)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">D</emphasis>
|
||
Lepipuerto, El Carmen de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chucurí">Chucuri</normalizedToken>
|
||
/Simacota, Santander department, Colombia (XC18477, T. M. Donegan).
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="griseicollis" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. griseicollis" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="griseicollis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">E</emphasis>
|
||
Chingaza NP, Cundinamarca department, Colombia (XC79989, A. Spencer)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">F</emphasis>
|
||
Iguaque,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Boyacá">Boyaca</normalizedToken>
|
||
department, Colombia (XC119700, D. Edwards). Spectrograms were made in Syrinx v2.6h (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Burt, J" journalOrPublisher="Ornitologia Colombiana" pageId="10" pageNumber="147" publicationUrl="http://www.syrinxpc.com" refId="B3" refString="Burt, J, 2006. Syrinx Version 2.6h., http://www.syrinxpc.com" title="Syrinx Version 2.6 h" url="http://www.syrinxpc.com" year="2006">Burt 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) applying the same parameters except for adjusting brightness to improve note resolution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="140" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Spectograms of reeling songs of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lafresnaye" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseicollis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subspecies found in Colombia and Venezuela.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Avendano & Donegan" authorityYear="2015" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="morenoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">A</emphasis>
|
||
Las Picotas, vereda Angosturas, Vetas, Santander department, Colombia (XC86713, J. E.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Avendaño">Avendano</normalizedToken>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">B</emphasis>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Oirá">Oira</normalizedToken>
|
||
River, border with Colombia, Apure state, Venezuela (XC16658, C. Parrish).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="T.M.Donegan & J.E.Avendano-C" authorityYear="2008" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. gilesi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="gilesi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">C</emphasis>
|
||
Filo Pamplona, vereda La Aurora,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Galán">Galan</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Santander department, Colombia (XC18454, T. M. Donegan)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">D</emphasis>
|
||
Lepipuerto, El Carmen de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chucurí">Chucuri</normalizedToken>
|
||
/Simacota, dpto. Santander, Colombia (XC18472, T. M. Donegan).
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="griseicollis" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. griseicollis" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="griseicollis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">E</emphasis>
|
||
Chingaza NP, dpto. Cundinamarca, Colombia (XC102520, F. Schmitt)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">F</emphasis>
|
||
(first part of song) Reserva de
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1837" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" rank="class">Aves</taxonomicName>
|
||
para
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gould" baseAuthorityYear="1856" class="Aves" family="Trochilidae" genus="Amazilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amazilia castaneiventris" order="Apodiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="castaneiventris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Amazilia castaneiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
y
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Boissonneau" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Aves" family="Fringillidae" genus="Macroagelaius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macroagelaius subalaris" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subalaris">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Macroagelaius subalaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Soatá">Soata</normalizedToken>
|
||
, dpto.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Boyacá">Boyaca</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Colombia (XC94523, O.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cortés">Cortes</normalizedToken>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="3" pageNumber="140" type="description of the holotype">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="140">Description of the holotype.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="3" pageNumber="140">
|
||
Lores, forehead, crown, auriculars and neck sides Dark Neutral Gray 83; nape, scapulars, mantle, rump, tail and upper-tail coverts between Verona Brown 223B and Amber 36, the latter barred with Sepia 219. Underparts Medium Neutral Gray 84, becoming slightly lighter (Light Neutral Gray 85) on the center of belly; flanks, lower belly, thighs and under-tail coverts between Buff 24 and Tawny 38, the latter barred with Sepia 29. Wing coverts Dark Neutral Gray 83 fading to Dark Brownish Olive 129 and tipped with Verona Brown 223B; remiges and
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="141" start="start">tertials</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Dark Grayish Brown 20 with external margin Cinnamon-Rufous 40, and the latter tipped Tawny 38, with dark (Sepia 119) subterminal bar. Light molt in mantle, throat, breast and abdomen. 10 rectrices. Measurements (in mm): wing flat 56.0, tail 41.1, tarsus 20.5, total culmen 13.2, exposed culmen 9.9. Mass 17.0 g. During preparation and dissection, the following features were noted, none of which is evident from the holotype itself: some subcutaneous fat in furcula and neck; testes rather enlarged (left testis: 5.3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.5 mm; right testis 4.8
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.0 mm); stomach contained insect remains. Soft parts in life (not coded for colours in the field): bill dark (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘horn’">'horn'</normalizedToken>
|
||
), lighter on the base of the lower mandible; iris dark brown; tarsus and feet light brown, claws whitish, hallux blackish, soles pale yellow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="141" type="paratypes">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="141">Paratypes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="141">
|
||
The type series includes the following specimens in museums which we have been able to compare directly with fresh specimens collected as part of this study. The specimens showed in Figures
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Ventral and lateral views of fledglings of three subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis and Scytalopus perijanus found in Colombia and Venezuela. A Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi (MLS 3993) B Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi (IAvH-A 14948); C Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis (IAvH-A 13935) D Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis (ICN 35441) E Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi (ICN 36916) F Scytalopus perijanus (ICN 36734). Note the darker plumage and ventral white scalloping in Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi." pageId="4" pageNumber="141">2</figureCitation>
|
||
-
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Selected specimens of the type series of Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi. From left to right: holotype (ICN 37538), male paratype (ICN 37514), male paratype (ICN 37570), male paratype (ICN 37548), and female paratype (ICN 37516). Note the slight individual variation in the color of the underparts and upperparts." pageId="4" pageNumber="141">3</figureCitation>
|
||
are denoted with an asterisk. (1) Adult male (ICN 37548*) collected at the type locality on 4 August 2009; (2) adult male (ICN 37514*) collected at 2700 m elevation above finca La Paterna, vereda San Isidro, corregimiento of Pangote, municipality of San
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Andrés">Andres</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Santander department, on 28 July 2009; (3) adult male (ICN 37570*) collected at 2800 m elevation at finca El
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tablón">Tablon</normalizedToken>
|
||
, vereda Santa Cruz, municipality of San
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Andrés">Andres</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Santander department, on 14 September 2009; (4) adult male (ICN 36121) collected at 2950 m elevation at El Gritadero, vereda El Monsalve, municipality of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Suratá">Surata</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Santander department, on 19 August 2006; (5) adult male (ICN 36416) collected at 3100 m elevation at finca
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ramírez">Ramirez</normalizedToken>
|
||
, vereda Parra Juan
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rodríguez">Rodriguez</normalizedToken>
|
||
, municipality of Piedecuesta, Santander department, on 11 July 2007; (6) adult female (ICN 37516*) collected at 2725 m elevation at La Corcova, vereda San Isidro, municipality of San
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Andrés">Andres</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Santander department, on 28 July 2009; (7) adult female (ICN 37522) collected at 2950 m elevation below Pozo El Indio, La Pica, finca La Rinconada, Vereda Potrero de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rodríguez">Rodriguez</normalizedToken>
|
||
, municipality of Molagavita, Santander department, on 30 July 2009; (8) fledgling male (IAvH-A 14948*) collected at 2800 m elevation by S. Sierra at Alto El Pesebre, Sector
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Orocué">Orocue</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tamá">Tama</normalizedToken>
|
||
NP, municipality of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Herrán">Herran</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Norte de Santander department, on 18 September 2008; (9) unsexed fledgling (MLS 3993*) collected by Hno.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nicéforo">Niceforo</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="María">Maria</normalizedToken>
|
||
at
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fontibón">Fontibon</normalizedToken>
|
||
, municipality of Pamplona, Norte de Santander, on 30 April 1941. Specimens 1 to 7 were collected and prepared by J. E.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Avendaño">Avendano</normalizedToken>
|
||
under original field numbers JEA-821, 787, 916, 323, 499, 789 and 795, respectively. See further Suppl. material 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="141" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="141">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="141">
|
||
The new subspecies name honours the late Nelson Moreno
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rodríguez">Rodriguez</normalizedToken>
|
||
, co-founder and curator of the Museo de Historia Natural of the Universidad Industrial de Santander. He was a mentor and friend of the first author and an enthusiastic naturalist. This name also recognizes his contributions to ornithology, natural history and education in the department of Santander. The name is formed from a fictional masculine Latin noun
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“morenous”">"morenous"</normalizedToken>
|
||
, in the genitive singular. The name is non-variable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="4" pageNumber="141" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="141">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="4" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="141">Variation in the type series.</emphasis>
|
||
Plumage variation in the type series is slight and mainly concentrated in the colour tone of the nape, back and underparts (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Selected specimens of the type series of Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi. From left to right: holotype (ICN 37538), male paratype (ICN 37514), male paratype (ICN 37570), male paratype (ICN 37548), and female paratype (ICN 37516). Note the slight individual variation in the color of the underparts and upperparts." pageId="4" pageNumber="141">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Males ICN 37548 and 37570 have paler underparts (Pale Neutral Gray 86),
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="142" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
|
||
former with a whitish tinge in the center of the belly; both specimens have flanks, lower belly, thighs and under-tail coverts more tawny than the holotype. Male ICN 37514 is slightly paler on the belly. Some males (e.g. ICN 37514, 37548 and 37570)
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="143" start="start">are</pageBreakToken>
|
||
duller (less Amber 36) than the holotype and show some grey (Dark Neutral Gray 83) feathers in the nape and mantle. Both females at ICN are ventrally similar to the holotype, but ICN 37516 has a tinge of Pale Pinkish Buff 121D in the belly. Nape
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="144" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
|
||
back coloration differs from the holotype as in males ICN 37514, 37548 and 37570. Juvenile specimens, such as MLS 3993 and IAVH-A 14948, have very dark brown base coloration with narrow, scallopped whitish markings on the trailing edges of all head, underparts, dorsal and wing covert feathers (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Ventral and lateral views of fledglings of three subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis and Scytalopus perijanus found in Colombia and Venezuela. A Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi (MLS 3993) B Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi (IAvH-A 14948); C Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis (IAvH-A 13935) D Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis (ICN 35441) E Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi (ICN 36916) F Scytalopus perijanus (ICN 36734). Note the darker plumage and ventral white scalloping in Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi." pageId="7" pageNumber="144">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Details on vocal and biometric variation are presented in the appendices to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Donegan, TM" journalOrPublisher="Ornitologia Colombiana" pageId="11" pageNumber="148" pagination="24 - 65" refId="B8" refString="Donegan, TM, Avendano, JE, 2008. Notes on tapaculos (Passeriformes: Rhinocryptidae) of the Eastern Andes of Colombia and the Venezuelan Andes, with a new subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis from Colombia. Ornitologia Colombiana 6: 24 - 65" title="Notes on tapaculos (Passeriformes: Rhinocryptidae) of the Eastern Andes of Colombia and the Venezuelan Andes, with a new subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis from Colombia." volume="6" year="2008">
|
||
Donegan and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Avendaño">Avendano</normalizedToken>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="144" type="additional specimens examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="144">Additional specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="144">
|
||
We examined 42 additional specimens we identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Avendano & Donegan" authorityYear="2015" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="morenoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="144">Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Suppl. material 1). All these specimens exhibit variation within the range described above for the type series.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="144" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="144">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="144">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Avendano & Donegan" authorityYear="2015" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="morenoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="144">Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is endemic to the northern Eastern Cordillera in Colombia and Venezuela, ranging from La Palmita in Norte de Santander, south to Molagavita in Santander, and covering an altitudinal range between 2000 m and 3900 m (Suppl. materials 1-2;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Participantes de la Alianza Biomap" journalOrPublisher="Boletin Cientifico del Centro de Museos" pageId="12" pageNumber="149" publicationUrl="http://www.biomap.net" refId="B27" refString="Participantes de la Alianza Biomap, 2014. Base de Datos Darwin: Proyecto BioMap base de datos de distribucion de la avifauna Colombiana., http://www.biomap.net [Descargado el 6 de Junio de 2014]" title="Base de Datos Darwin: Proyecto BioMap base de datos de distribucion de la avifauna Colombiana" url="http://www.biomap.net" year="2014">Participantes de la Alianza Biomap 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Our niche model suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Avendano & Donegan" authorityYear="2015" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="morenoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="144">Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is present on both slopes of the northern section of the Eastern Cordillera, largely in more humid montane slopes and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="subpáramo">subparamo</normalizedToken>
|
||
to
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="páramo">paramo</normalizedToken>
|
||
habitats (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Potential distribution (in green, defined as ≥ 0.44 presence probability calculated in MAXENT) for three subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and Venezuela. Note the restricted potential range of Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi to the northern section of the Eastern Cordillera. Bold letters correspond to some potential barriers or geographic locations mentioned in the text: A Tachira depression B Sierra Nevada del Cocuy C Chicamocha River canyon; and D Horta-Opon Rivers depression. Locality records by subspecies are depicted by colored circles." pageId="7" pageNumber="144">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Range limits in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lafresnaye" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseicollis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="144">Scytalopus griseicollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
' subspecies seem to correspond to several geographic barriers and changes in environmental conditions across the northern Eastern Cordillera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Graham, CH" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="11" pageNumber="148" pagination="1863 - 1875" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02356.x" refId="B15" refString="Graham, CH, Silva, N, Velazquez-Tibata, J, 2010. Evaluating the potential causes of range limits of birds of the Colombian Andes. Journal of Biogeography 37: 1863 - 1875, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02356.x" title="Evaluating the potential causes of range limits of birds of the Colombian Andes." url="10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02356.x" volume="37" year="2010">Graham et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Northern distributional limit of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Avendano & Donegan" authorityYear="2015" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="morenoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="144">Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to concur with the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ocaña">Ocana</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Serranía">Serrania</normalizedToken>
|
||
de los Motilones) depression (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="144">c.</emphasis>
|
||
1200 m). Its distribution to the north-east is restricted by the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Táchira">Tachira</normalizedToken>
|
||
depression, despite our niche model predicting some suitable habitat in the southern
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mérida">Merida</normalizedToken>
|
||
Cordillera (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Potential distribution (in green, defined as ≥ 0.44 presence probability calculated in MAXENT) for three subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and Venezuela. Note the restricted potential range of Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi to the northern section of the Eastern Cordillera. Bold letters correspond to some potential barriers or geographic locations mentioned in the text: A Tachira depression B Sierra Nevada del Cocuy C Chicamocha River canyon; and D Horta-Opon Rivers depression. Locality records by subspecies are depicted by colored circles." pageId="7" pageNumber="144">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The vocally distinctive and ecologically less specialised
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hellmayr" authorityYear="1922" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus meridanus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meridanus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="144">Scytalopus meridanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
replaces the species in the Venezuelan Andes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Donegan, TM" journalOrPublisher="Ornitologia Colombiana" pageId="11" pageNumber="148" pagination="24 - 65" refId="B8" refString="Donegan, TM, Avendano, JE, 2008. Notes on tapaculos (Passeriformes: Rhinocryptidae) of the Eastern Andes of Colombia and the Venezuelan Andes, with a new subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis from Colombia. Ornitologia Colombiana 6: 24 - 65" title="Notes on tapaculos (Passeriformes: Rhinocryptidae) of the Eastern Andes of Colombia and the Venezuelan Andes, with a new subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis from Colombia." volume="6" year="2008">
|
||
Donegan and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Avendaño">Avendano</normalizedToken>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hilty, SL" journalOrPublisher="Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J." pageId="11" pageNumber="148" refId="B17" refString="Hilty, SL, 2003. Birds of Venezuela. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J." title="Birds of Venezuela." year="2003">Hilty 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These barriers prevent contact of a high elevation specialist with poor dispersal abilities, such as this, with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus perijanus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perijanus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="144">Scytalopus perijanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Serranía">Serrania</normalizedToken>
|
||
de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Perijá">Perija</normalizedToken>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hellmayr" authorityYear="1922" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus meridanus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meridanus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="144">Scytalopus meridanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mérida">Merida</normalizedToken>
|
||
Cordillera, respectively. On the east slope of the Eastern Cordillera, the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Avendano & Donegan" authorityYear="2015" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="morenoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="144">Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to be restricted to the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tamá-Sierra">Tama-Sierra</normalizedToken>
|
||
Nevada del Cocuy foothills. This region appears to constitute the northern or southern distribution limit of many montane species and subspecies on the east slope of the Eastern Cordillera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hilty, SL" journalOrPublisher="Princeton University Press, Princeton N. J." pageId="11" pageNumber="148" refId="B18" refString="Hilty, SL, Brown, WL, 1986. A guide to the birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, Princeton N.J." title="A guide to the birds of Colombia." year="1986">Hilty and Brown 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Restall, R" journalOrPublisher="Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, USA" pageId="12" pageNumber="149" refId="B30" refString="Restall, R, Rodner, C, Lentino, M, 2006. Birds of northern South America, vol. 2: an identification guide. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, USA" title="Birds of northern South America, vol. 2: an identification guide." year="2006">Restall et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="144" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="144">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="144">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Potential distribution (in green, defined as ≥0.44 presence probability calculated in MAXENT) for three subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lafresnaye" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseicollis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="144">Scytalopus griseicollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and Venezuela. Note the restricted potential range of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Avendano & Donegan" authorityYear="2015" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="morenoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="144">Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the northern section of the Eastern Cordillera. Bold letters correspond to some potential barriers or geographic locations mentioned in the text:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="144">A</emphasis>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Táchira">Tachira</normalizedToken>
|
||
depression
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="144">B</emphasis>
|
||
Sierra Nevada del Cocuy
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="144">C</emphasis>
|
||
Chicamocha River canyon; and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="144">D</emphasis>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Horta-Opón">Horta-Opon</normalizedToken>
|
||
Rivers depression. Locality records by subspecies are depicted by colored circles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="144">
|
||
To the south,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Avendano & Donegan" authorityYear="2015" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="morenoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="144">Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
's potential habitat becomes reduced and discontinuous, possibly related with an environmental break at the head of the arid Chicamocha valley in the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Santander-Boyacá">Santander-Boyaca</normalizedToken>
|
||
departments boundary, which precludes any potential contact with the nominate form of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense. The headwaters of the arid Chicamocha valley represent the northern or southern distributional limit of several montante and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="páramo">paramo</normalizedToken>
|
||
species ranging along the west slope of the Cordillera or represent internal breaks of widely distributed species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hilty, SL" journalOrPublisher="Princeton University Press, Princeton N. J." pageId="11" pageNumber="148" refId="B18" refString="Hilty, SL, Brown, WL, 1986. A guide to the birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, Princeton N.J." title="A guide to the birds of Colombia." year="1986">Hilty and Brown 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Graham, CH" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="11" pageNumber="148" pagination="1863 - 1875" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02356.x" refId="B15" refString="Graham, CH, Silva, N, Velazquez-Tibata, J, 2010. Evaluating the potential causes of range limits of birds of the Colombian Andes. Journal of Biogeography 37: 1863 - 1875, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02356.x" title="Evaluating the potential causes of range limits of birds of the Colombian Andes." url="10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02356.x" volume="37" year="2010">Graham et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Likewise, the new subspecies is isolated from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="T.M.Donegan & J.E.Avendano-C" authorityYear="2008" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. gilesi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="gilesi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="144">Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by a depression at the headwaters of the rivers Horta and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Opón">Opon</normalizedToken>
|
||
, which connects the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Serranía">Serrania</normalizedToken>
|
||
de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yariguíes">Yariguies</normalizedToken>
|
||
with the rest of the Eastern cordillera (c. 1450 m).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="145" pageId="7" pageNumber="144" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="144">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="145" pageId="7" pageNumber="144">
|
||
A typical dweller of the understory of elfin forest,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="páramo">paramo</normalizedToken>
|
||
and rarely montane and oak forest, although it also can be found at forest borders and bushes. Individuals, possibly young birds were occasionally observed crossing small pastures and trails between patches of more appropriate habitat.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Avendano & Donegan" authorityYear="2015" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="morenoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="145" start="start">Scytalopus</pageBreakToken>
|
||
griseicollis morenoi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been recorded as fairly common to common at several localities in Santander with 2-4 individuals recorded in 1 ha study sites (J.E.A. pers. obs.). Breeding and reproduction may take place during the second half of the year. Fledglings have been collected at
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tamá">Tama</normalizedToken>
|
||
National Park on 27 June 1999 (IAvH-A 10664) and 3 September 2008 (IAvH-A 14948). In the municipality of Piedecuesta, Santander, a fledgling was collected at Hacienda Las Vegas on 23 September 1949 (USNM 411791) and another was seen at at Finca
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ramírez">Ramirez</normalizedToken>
|
||
, vereda Parra Juan
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rodríguez">Rodriguez</normalizedToken>
|
||
, on 13 July 2007 (J.E.A. pers. obs.). A similar periodicity for breeding has been recorded in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="T.M.Donegan & J.E.Avendano-C" authorityYear="2008" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. gilesi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="gilesi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="145">Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(fledgling on 24 June 2008, ICN 35610) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="griseicollis" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. griseicollis" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="griseicollis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="145">Scytalopus griseicollis griseicollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(nestlings and fledglings from June to December, ICN 35441, 36997, 38528, 38529, 373416, IAvH 10305, 12701, 13935, USNM 373416). Breeding periods in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lafresnaye" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseicollis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="145">Scytalopus griseicollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
throughout its range could be triggered by the timing of rainy seasons, which present two peaks in the Eastern Cordillera (April-May and September-November) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Morales, M" journalOrPublisher="Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogota, D. C." pageId="12" pageNumber="149" refId="B25" refString="Morales, M, Otero, J, Van der Hammen, T, Torres, A, Cadena, C, Pedraza, C, Rodriguez, N, Franco, C, Betancourth, J, Olaya, E, Posada, E, Cardenas, L, 2007. Atlas de paramos de Colombia. Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogota, D.C." title="Atlas de paramos de Colombia." year="2007">Morales et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="8" pageNumber="145" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="145">Conservation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lafresnaye" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseicollis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="145">Scytalopus griseicollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a range-restricted species mainly associated with patchy cloud forest and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="páramo">paramo</normalizedToken>
|
||
of the northern Eastern Cordillera. A scenario of deforestation and habitat fragmentation affects the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="subpáramo-páramo">subparamo-paramo</normalizedToken>
|
||
belt of the entire Colombian Andes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Van der Hammen, T" journalOrPublisher="Congreso Mundial de Paramos, Memorias" pageId="12" pageNumber="149" pagination="60 - 72" refId="B37" refString="Van der Hammen, T, 2002. Diagnostico, cambio global y conservacion. Congreso Mundial de Paramos, Memorias Tomo I: 60 - 72" title="Diagnostico, cambio global y conservacion." volume="Tomo I" year="2002">Van der Hammen 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The west slope of the Eastern Cordillera, where most of the potentially suitable habitat for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Avendano & Donegan" authorityYear="2015" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="morenoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="145">Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found, represents the second most deforested cloud forest region in the Colombian Andes, with only small and more isolated fragments remaining (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Morales-R, M" journalOrPublisher="Boletin Cientifico del Centro de Museos" pageId="12" pageNumber="149" pagination="64 - 72" refId="B26" refString="Morales-R, M, Armenteras-Pascual, D, 2013. Estado de conservacion de los bosques de niebla de los Andes colombianos, un analisis multiescalar. Boletin Cientifico del Centro de Museos 17: 64 - 72" title="Estado de conservacion de los bosques de niebla de los Andes colombianos, un analisis multiescalar." volume="17" year="2013">Morales-R and Armenteras-Pascual 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). An unexpected small scale forest recovery was observed in the northern Andes (Eastern and Central Cordilleras) between 2001 and 2010, although this may have been influenced by the then prevailing security situation. Any increase in northern Andean
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páramo">Paramo</normalizedToken>
|
||
has been slight and may have been wholly offset by expansion of potato plantations in the departments of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Boyacá">Boyaca</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Santander (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sanchez-Cuervo, AM" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="12" pageNumber="149" publicationUrl="10.1371/journal.pone.0043943" refId="B32" refString="Sanchez-Cuervo, AM, Aide, TM, Clark, ML, Etter, A, 2012. Land cover change in Colombia: surprising forest recovery trends between 2001 and 2010. PLoS ONE 7, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043943" title="Land cover change in Colombia: surprising forest recovery trends between 2001 and 2010." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0043943" volume="7" year="2012">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sánchez-Cuervo">Sanchez-Cuervo</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Moreover, projected climate change is modelled to be particularly acute for higher elevations of the northern Eastern Cordillera in future (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Velasquez-Tibata, J" journalOrPublisher="Regional Environmental Change" pageId="12" pageNumber="149" pagination="235 - 248" publicationUrl="10.1007/s10113-012-0329-y" refId="B38" refString="Velasquez-Tibata, J, Salaman, P, Graham, CH, 2012. Effects of climate change on species distribution, community structure, and conservation of birds in protected areas in Colombia. Regional Environmental Change 13: 235 - 248, DOI: 10.1007/s10113-012-0329-y" title="Effects of climate change on species distribution, community structure, and conservation of birds in protected areas in Colombia." url="10.1007/s10113-012-0329-y" volume="13" year="2012">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Velásquez-Tibata">Velasquez-Tibata</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The new subspecies occurs in few protected areas that have a broad elevational range (which might mitigate such threats).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Avendano & Donegan" authorityYear="2015" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. morenoi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="morenoi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="145">Scytalopus griseicollis morenoi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the species as a whole, have doubtless suffered a significant reduction of potential area of occupancy as a result of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="man’s">man's</normalizedToken>
|
||
influence on the habitats of the Eastern Cordillera. The largest national park established to protect East Andean montane forests, in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Serranía">Serrania</normalizedToken>
|
||
de los
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yariguíes">Yariguies</normalizedToken>
|
||
, does not protect the new subspecies - which is replaced there by
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="T.M.Donegan & J.E.Avendano-C" authorityYear="2008" class="Aves" family="Rhinocryptidae" genus="Scytalopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scytalopus griseicollis subsp. gilesi" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="griseicollis" subSpecies="gilesi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="145">Scytalopus griseicollis gilesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Opportunities to expand other protected areas in the main East Andean range and to promote habitat connectivity in the region would be welcome (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sanchez-Cuervo, AM" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="12" pageNumber="149" publicationUrl="10.1371/journal.pone.0043943" refId="B32" refString="Sanchez-Cuervo, AM, Aide, TM, Clark, ML, Etter, A, 2012. Land cover change in Colombia: surprising forest recovery trends between 2001 and 2010. PLoS ONE 7, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043943" title="Land cover change in Colombia: surprising forest recovery trends between 2001 and 2010." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0043943" volume="7" year="2012">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sánchez-Cuervo">Sanchez-Cuervo</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Several protected areas in the northern Eastern Cordillera, such as the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tamá">Tama</normalizedToken>
|
||
binational National Park and the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páramo">Paramo</normalizedToken>
|
||
de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Santurbán">Santurban</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Bosques Andinos
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Húmedos">Humedos</normalizedToken>
|
||
El
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rasgón">Rasgon</normalizedToken>
|
||
Regional Parks could harbour important populations of this subspecies. However, even these protected areas are threatened by a lack of on-the-ground protection measures or park staff and mining proposals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="8" pageNumber="145">
|
||
This subspecies is locally abundant in well conserved high-Andean forests and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="páramos">paramos</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Stiles and Rosselli 1998,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Donegan, TM" journalOrPublisher="Ornitologia Colombiana" pageId="11" pageNumber="148" pagination="24 - 65" refId="B8" refString="Donegan, TM, Avendano, JE, 2008. Notes on tapaculos (Passeriformes: Rhinocryptidae) of the Eastern Andes of Colombia and the Venezuelan Andes, with a new subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis from Colombia. Ornitologia Colombiana 6: 24 - 65" title="Notes on tapaculos (Passeriformes: Rhinocryptidae) of the Eastern Andes of Colombia and the Venezuelan Andes, with a new subspecies of Scytalopus griseicollis from Colombia." volume="6" year="2008">
|
||
Donegan and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Avendaño">Avendano</normalizedToken>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and even in small and fragmented patches of habitat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Echeverry-Galvis, MA" journalOrPublisher="Boletin SAO" pageId="11" pageNumber="148" pagination="87 - 93" refId="B12" refString="Echeverry-Galvis, MA, Morales-Rozo, A, 2007. Lista anotada de algunas especies de la vereda "Cerca de Piedra", Chia, Colombia. Boletin SAO 17: 87 - 93" title="Lista anotada de algunas especies de la vereda " Cerca de Piedra ", Chia, Colombia." volume="17" year="2007">Echeverry-Galvis and Morales-Rozo 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peraza, CA" journalOrPublisher="Checklist" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="12" pageNumber="149" pagination="57 - 63" refId="B28" refString="Peraza, CA, 2011. Aves, Bosque Oriental de Bogota Protective Forest Reserve, Bogota, D.C., Colombia. Checklist 7: 57 - 63" title="Aves, Bosque Oriental de Bogota Protective Forest Reserve, Bogota, D. C., Colombia." volume="7" year="2011">
|
||
Peraza
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="146" start="start">2011</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which suggests that local populations could resist extinction if some vegetation cover and connectivity is maintained. Further studies of the forests and organisms of the northern Eastern Cordillera are needed to clarify the potential ecological/geographic barriers which isolate different distinctive subspecies of the region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Avendano, JE" journalOrPublisher="Ornitologia Colombiana" pageId="10" pageNumber="147" pagination="44 - 58" refId="B2" refString="Avendano, JE, Stiles, FG, Cadena, CD, 2013. A new subspecies of Common Bush-Tanager Chlorospingus flavopectus (Emberizidae) from the east slope of the Andes of Colombia. Ornitologia Colombiana 13: 44 - 58" title="A new subspecies of Common Bush-Tanager Chlorospingus flavopectus (Emberizidae) from the east slope of the Andes of Colombia." volume="13" year="2013">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Avendaño">Avendano</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and to establish conservation priorities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |