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<document id="A58C192C84241D75293E5172DCE9D958" ID-CLB-Dataset="22673" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4402.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6b3fcdbf-53d5-47e5-9b72-3bbfc98e4168" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3769398" ID-ZooBank="05E1CFBA-B510-4860-AD7F-EA5814F19C0D" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1587999120011" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Llorente-Bousquets, Jorge &amp; Castro-Gerardino, Diana Jimena" docDate="2018" docId="03FEE52B0A28920288C9F8FB622DFC45" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4402.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4402 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Leptidea Billberg 1820" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="411" masterDocId="FFC79D530A2E9208885EFFF76003FFC5" masterDocTitle="Antennal ultrastructure of Leptidea Billberg, 1820 (Pieridae: Dismorphiinae: Leptideini) and its taxonomic implications" masterLastPageNumber="442" masterPageNumber="401" pageNumber="407" updateTime="1698836964039" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="74269EE01D3FD86651C3AB660AE90579">Antennal ultrastructure of Leptidea Billberg, 1820 (Pieridae: Dismorphiinae: Leptideini) and its taxonomic implications</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="64C98D4417A054A57A5CF28416C8C2B8">Llorente-Bousquets, Jorge</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="83135410FB20C1C35AFD50B37C6BE6F0">National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, DC. 20013 - 7012, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="17EF0CFD2999BFEB396BF6B0C701092A">Castro-Gerardino, Diana Jimena</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03FEE52B0A28920288C9F8FB622DFC45" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3799942" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163751892" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3799942" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FEE52B0A28920288C9F8FB622DFC45" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FEE52B0A28920288C9F8FB622DFC45" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="411" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<subSubSection id="C34D07B60A28920E88C9F8FB656EF876" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE8543D0A28920E88C9F8FB61B6F8E3" blockId="6.[151,437,1804,1830]" box="[151,437,1804,1830]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<heading id="D0A0E3510A28920E88C9F8FB61B6F8E3" bold="true" box="[151,437,1804,1830]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C572FBE0A28920E88C9F8FB61B6F8E3" ID-CoL="5CTM" ID-ENA="189907" authority="Billberg, 1820" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[151,437,1804,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Leptidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923882F0A28920E88C9F8FB61B6F8E3" bold="true" box="[151,437,1804,1830]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="B923882F0A28920E88C9F8FB60FCF8E3" bold="true" box="[151,255,1804,1830]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Leptidea</emphasis>
Billberg, 1820
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8543D0A28920E88C9F8A1656EF876" blockId="6.[151,1436,1874,2007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
ANTENNAL CLUB (
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A28920E893CF8A561B2F8AE" box="[354,433,1874,1899]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1523,1545]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,481,1502]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,481,1502]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographic composition of the male antenna of Leptidea duponcheli (x150). The arrow indicates the scaleless area on the antennal club." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769408" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769408/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A28920E89E3F8A46212F8AE" box="[445,529,1874,1899]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStart-3="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="8.[151,250,1690,1712]" captionStartId-1="11.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionStartId-2="14.[151,250,1767,1789]" captionStartId-3="16.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,193,1668]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,469,1941]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,227,1688]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,445,1923]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1668]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[151,1436,469,1941]" captionTargetId-2="figure@14.[151,1436,227,1688]" captionTargetId-3="figure@16.[151,1436,445,1923]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="14" captionTargetPageId-3="16" captionText-0="FIGURE 4 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea duponcheli. a. Antennal club ♂ (x150). b. Antennal club ♀ (x110). c. Distal antennomere that is equal to three (?) fused (arrow) ♂ (x300). d. Same as c but in ♀ (x300). e. Central sulcus ♂ (x1.00 k). f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrow), surrounded by microtrichia m1 (m) (x5.00 k)." captionText-1="FIGURE 5 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea morsei. a. Antennal club ♂ (x200); b. Antennal club ♀ (x100); c. Distal antennomere that equals two fused ♂ (x350); d. Dorsal view of the distal antennomere ♀ (x300); e. Central sulcus ♂ (x750); f. Trichoid sensilla ♀ (arrows), surrounded by microtrichia m1 (x3.50 k)." captionText-2="FIGURE 6 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea amurensis amurensis. a. Antennal club ♂ (x180); b. Antennal club ♀ (x130); c. Distal antennomere (two fused) ♂ (x300); d. Distal antennomere ♀ (x320); e. Central sulcus ♂ (x800); f. Central sulcus ♀ (x800)." captionText-3="FIGURE 7 (a–f). Club of a female of Leptidea amurensis emisinapis. a. Antennal club (x130); b. Antennomeres of the antennal club (x230); c. More distal antennomere (x300); d. Central sulcus (x800); e. Lateral sulcus (x900); f. Microtrichia m1 are surrounded trichoid sensilla (x4.50 k)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769412" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769416" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769420" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769424" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3769412/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3769416/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3769420/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3769424/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">4–7a, b</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A28920E8A43F8A4622EF8AE" box="[541,557,1875,1899]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1936,1958]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,948,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,948,1915]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8. A photographic composition of the male antenna of Leptidea amurensis japona (x150). The arrow indicates the scaleless area on the antennal club." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769428" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769428/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A28920E8A67F8A46299F8AE" box="[569,666,1874,1899]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 9" captionStart-1="FIGURE 10" captionStart-2="FIGURE 11" captionStartId-0="19.[151,250,1683,1705]" captionStartId-1="21.[151,248,1949,1971]" captionStartId-2="24.[151,250,1682,1704]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,193,1661]" captionTargetBox-1="[170,1414,511,1934]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,193,1661]" captionTargetId-0="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1661]" captionTargetId-1="figure@21.[170,1414,511,1934]" captionTargetId-2="figure@24.[151,1436,193,1661]" captionTargetPageId-0="19" captionTargetPageId-1="21" captionTargetPageId-2="24" captionText-0="FIGURE 9 (a–f). Antennal club of the male Leptidea amurensis japona. a. Antennal club (x90); b. Antennomeres of the antennal club (x170); c. Distal antennomere (x250); d. Dorsal view of the club (x110); e. Central sulcus (x750); f. Trichoid sensilla surrounded by m1 (x3.00 k)." captionText-1="FIGURE 10 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea darvazensis. a. Antennal club ♂ (x110); b. Antennal club ♀ (x90); c. Distal antennomere (two fused) ♂ (x270); d. Distal antennomere (two fused) ♀ (x300); e. Central sulcus ♂ (x850); f. Central sulcus ♀ (x650)." captionText-2="FIGURE 11 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea juvernica. a. Antennal club ♂ (x140); b. Antennal club ♀ (x150); c. Distal antennomere ♂ (x350); d. Same as c but in ♀ (x370); e. Central sulcus ♀ (x750 k); f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrows), surrounded by microtrichia ml (x3.50 k)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769430" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769434" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769438" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3769430/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3769434/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3769438/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">9–11a, b</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A28920E8AF8F8A462C7F8AE" box="[678,708,1875,1899]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1916,1938]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,393,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[151,1436,393,1894]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 12. A photographic composition of male (A) and female (B) of Leptidea sinapis (x150), bar scale 300 µm. The arrows indicate the scaleless area of the club." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769442" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769442/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">12</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A28920E8A8EF8A46342F8AE" box="[720,833,1874,1899]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 13" captionStart-1="FIGURE 14" captionStartId-0="27.[151,250,1677,1699]" captionStartId-1="29.[151,250,1948,1970]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,193,1655]" captionTargetBox-1="[223,1364,639,1940]" captionTargetId-0="figure@27.[151,1436,193,1655]" captionTargetId-1="figure@29.[223,1364,639,1940]" captionTargetPageId-0="27" captionTargetPageId-1="29" captionText-0="FIGURE 13 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea sinapis. a. Antennal club ♂ (x160); b. Antennal club ♀ (x100); c. Distal antennomere ♂ (x320); d. Same as c but in ♀ (x350); e. Central sulcus ♀ (x750 k); f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrows), surrounded by microtrichia ml (m) (x5.00 k)." captionText-1="FIGURE 14 (a–f). Antennal club and scaleless antennomeres in Leptidea gigantea. a. Antennal club ♂ (x90); b. Antennal club ♀ (x70); c. Distal antennomere ♂ (x400); d. Distal antennomere ♀ (x250); e. The fourth antennomere ♂ (x400); f. Sixth antennomere of the club in ♀ (x375)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769444" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769448" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3769444/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3769448/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">13–14a, b</figureCitation>
). The length of the antenna is less than half the length of the costa of the forewing; the club is subpyriform and flattened (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC629CC0A28920E8BFFF8816443F84A" author="Higgins, L. G." box="[929,1088,1910,1935]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" refId="ref19301" refString="Higgins, L. G. (1975) The classification of European butterflies. Collins, London, 320 pp." type="book" year="1975">Higgins 1975</bibRefCitation>
). Regardless of the number of antennomeres, the length of the club is greater in females than in males, especially in
<taxonomicName id="4C572FBE0A28920E8C0BF86C64D6F877" baseAuthorityName="Leech" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1109,1237,1947,1970]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Leptidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis id="B923882F0A28920E8C0BF86C64D6F877" box="[1109,1237,1947,1970]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">L. gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A28920E8CBAF86D6563F876" box="[1252,1376,1946,1971]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1948,1970]" captionTargetBox="[223,1364,639,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[223,1364,639,1940]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 14 (a–f). Antennal club and scaleless antennomeres in Leptidea gigantea. a. Antennal club ♂ (x90); b. Antennal club ♀ (x70); c. Distal antennomere ♂ (x400); d. Distal antennomere ♀ (x250); e. The fourth antennomere ♂ (x400); f. Sixth antennomere of the club in ♀ (x375)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769448" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769448/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Fig. 14a, b</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D07B60A2892028899F834622DFC45" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="411" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE8543D0A28920F8899F834631CFE68" blockId="6.[151,1436,1874,2007]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,429]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="408" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
ANTENNOMERES (
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A28920E89D2F84961F6F812" box="[396,501,1982,2007]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStart-2="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="8.[151,250,1690,1712]" captionStartId-1="11.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionStartId-2="14.[151,250,1767,1789]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,193,1668]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,469,1941]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,227,1688]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1668]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[151,1436,469,1941]" captionTargetId-2="figure@14.[151,1436,227,1688]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="14" captionText-0="FIGURE 4 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea duponcheli. a. Antennal club ♂ (x150). b. Antennal club ♀ (x110). c. Distal antennomere that is equal to three (?) fused (arrow) ♂ (x300). d. Same as c but in ♀ (x300). e. Central sulcus ♂ (x1.00 k). f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrow), surrounded by microtrichia m1 (m) (x5.00 k)." captionText-1="FIGURE 5 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea morsei. a. Antennal club ♂ (x200); b. Antennal club ♀ (x100); c. Distal antennomere that equals two fused ♂ (x350); d. Dorsal view of the distal antennomere ♀ (x300); e. Central sulcus ♂ (x750); f. Trichoid sensilla ♀ (arrows), surrounded by microtrichia m1 (x3.50 k)." captionText-2="FIGURE 6 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea amurensis amurensis. a. Antennal club ♂ (x180); b. Antennal club ♀ (x130); c. Distal antennomere (two fused) ♂ (x300); d. Distal antennomere ♀ (x320); e. Central sulcus ♂ (x800); f. Central sulcus ♀ (x800)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769412" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769416" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769420" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3769412/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3769416/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3769420/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Figs. 4–6</figureCitation>
a–d, 7a–c, 9–11a–d, 13a–d, 14a–f): The number of scaleless antennomeres is four to ten; both sexes have the same number of segments, or females have one to four more than males;
<taxonomicName id="4C572FBE0A29920F8C8FFF6E654CFF6A" baseAuthorityName="Leech" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1233,1359,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Leptidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigantea">
<emphasis id="B923882F0A29920F8C8FFF6E654CFF6A" box="[1233,1359,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">L. gigantea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows the greatest difference. In most cases, the antennomeres are depressed and flattened; they are usually wide doliform (barrel-shaped), and the proximal border is wider than the distal so that the club has a progressively reduced width. The most depressed antennomere has a width up to six times its length. The distal two or three antennomers are fused; occasionally there is an incomplete division or suture. The size of the last antennomere is about twice that of the preceding one; sometimes the two or three distal central sulci make up a single long sulcus. The distal antennomere is cupuliform and is generally slightly flattened. The scaled area dorsally covers the same number of antennomeres (or one or two more) as the ventral surface.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2804B50A29920F88C9FA046198F9ED" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769408" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3769408" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769408/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" startId="7.[151,250,1523,1545]" targetBox="[151,1436,481,1502]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BE8543D0A29920F88C9FA046198F9ED" blockId="7.[151,1436,1523,1576]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
<emphasis id="B923882F0A29920F88C9FA046117F9CC" bold="true" box="[151,276,1523,1545]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Photographic composition of the male antenna of
<taxonomicName id="4C572FBE0A29920F8B41FA0463ECF9CC" baseAuthorityName="Staudinger" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[799,1007,1523,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Leptidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duponcheli">
<emphasis id="B923882F0A29920F8B41FA0463ECF9CC" box="[799,1007,1523,1545]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Leptidea duponcheli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x150). The arrow indicates the scaleless area on the antennal club.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE8543D0A29920F8899F9AF64C9F810" blockId="7.[151,1437,1620,2006]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
SULCI AND PSEUDOSULCI (
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A29920F8A58F9A3625FF9A8" box="[518,604,1620,1645]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1690,1712]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1668]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1668]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea duponcheli. a. Antennal club ♂ (x150). b. Antennal club ♀ (x110). c. Distal antennomere that is equal to three (?) fused (arrow) ♂ (x300). d. Same as c but in ♀ (x300). e. Central sulcus ♂ (x1.00 k). f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrow), surrounded by microtrichia m1 (m) (x5.00 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769412" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769412/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
c–e, 5a–e, 6a–f, 7a–e, 9a–e, 10a–f, 11a–e, 13a–e, 14a–f): Sulci and pseudosulci show the typical trisulcate configuration of
<taxonomicName id="4C572FBE0A29920F8B72F98F63D1F954" box="[812,978,1656,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Dismorphiinae">Dismorphiinae</taxonomicName>
(one central and two lateral or laterodorsal); in some cases, there are no sulci on the first scaleless antennomere of the club. The number of central (c) and lateral (1) sulci is variable and does not always correspond with the number of scaleless antennomeres. Occasionally, they occupy more than three-fourth or the entire length of the antennomere, forming a continuum with the anterior and posterior sulci (a true groove). Although most are irregular, some are vertically ellipsoidal and are always truncated by the posterior border of the antennomere. Furthermore, they are disaggregated or aggregated with irregular contour and accompanied by some pseudosulci. The lateral sulci are transverse or nearly rectangular semi-elliptical and occupy half or less of the length of the antennomere; these appear disaggregated and occasionally are hidden in the distal antennomere. They usually extend to the dorsal surface from the second or third scaleless antennomere and rarely have a lateral-dorsal location from the first antennomere.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2804B50A26920088C9F96D6385F928" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769412" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3769412" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769412/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" startId="8.[151,250,1690,1712]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1668]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BE8543D0A26920088C9F96D6385F928" blockId="8.[151,1435,1690,1773]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
<emphasis id="B923882F0A26920088C9F96D6151F975" bold="true" box="[151,338,1690,1712]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">FIGURE 4 (a–f).</emphasis>
Antennal club of
<taxonomicName id="4C572FBE0A2692008A4AF96D62E4F975" baseAuthorityName="Staudinger" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[532,743,1690,1712]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Leptidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duponcheli">
<emphasis id="B923882F0A2692008A4AF96D62E4F975" box="[532,743,1690,1712]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Leptidea duponcheli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B923882F0A2692008AA8F96D6301F975" bold="true" box="[758,770,1690,1712]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">a</emphasis>
. Antennal club ♂ (x150).
<emphasis id="B923882F0A2692008C43F96D6428F975" bold="true" box="[1053,1067,1690,1712]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">b</emphasis>
. Antennal club ♀ (x110).
<emphasis id="B923882F0A2692008D1AF96D654CF975" bold="true" box="[1348,1359,1690,1712]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">c</emphasis>
. Distal antennomere that is equal to three (?) fused (arrow) ♂ (x300).
<emphasis id="B923882F0A2692008B45F94F632AF90B" bold="true" box="[795,809,1720,1742]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">d</emphasis>
. Same as c but in ♀ (x300).
<emphasis id="B923882F0A2692008C0BF94F6463F90B" bold="true" box="[1109,1120,1720,1742]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">e</emphasis>
. Central sulcus ♂ (x1.00 k).
<emphasis id="B923882F0A2692008DD3F94F6596F90B" bold="true" box="[1421,1429,1720,1742]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">f</emphasis>
. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrow), surrounded by microtrichia m1 (m) (x5.00 k).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE8543D0A2692008899F8EF6245F879" blockId="8.[151,1436,1812,1981]" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">
MICROTRICHIA (
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2692008920F8E361CDF8E8" box="[382,462,1812,1837]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1690,1712]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1668]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1668]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea duponcheli. a. Antennal club ♂ (x150). b. Antennal club ♀ (x110). c. Distal antennomere that is equal to three (?) fused (arrow) ♂ (x300). d. Same as c but in ♀ (x300). e. Central sulcus ♂ (x1.00 k). f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrow), surrounded by microtrichia m1 (m) (x5.00 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769412" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769412/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="409">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
f–h, j, 5f, g, i, 6g–i, 7f–h,
<quantity id="4CAFF9D80A2692008B56F8E26337F8E8" box="[776,820,1813,1837]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="409" unit="g" value="10.0">10g</quantity>
, h, 11f, g, 13f, g): Microtrichia m1, m2, and m4 are present. Within the sulci, they are fused with the elliptical cuticular ring of the trichoid sensilla. The sensilla trichoid:microtrichia (st:m1) ratio within sulci, is usually 1:2, 1:3, or 1:4; the last proportion occurs more frequently in the basal sulci. Sometimes where the antennomeres are embedded, the m2 are shorter, almost smooth, and occasionally show a toothed apex.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2804B50A27920188C9F97462BCF931" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769414" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3769414" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769414/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" startId="9.[151,250,1667,1689]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1645]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BE8543D0A27920188C9F97462BCF931" blockId="9.[151,1436,1667,1780]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">
<emphasis id="B923882F0A27920188C9F974614FF95C" bold="true" box="[151,332,1667,1689]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">FIGURE 4 (g–l).</emphasis>
Sensilla of the club of
<taxonomicName id="4C572FBE0A2792018A64F9746309F95C" baseAuthorityName="Staudinger" baseAuthorityYear="1871" box="[570,778,1667,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Leptidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duponcheli">
<emphasis id="B923882F0A2792018A64F9746309F95C" box="[570,778,1667,1689]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">Leptidea duponcheli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B923882F0A2792018B46F9746329F95C" bold="true" box="[792,810,1667,1689]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">g.</emphasis>
chaetic sensilla ♂ (arrow) next to microtrichia m2 (x5.00 k);
<emphasis id="B923882F0A27920188C9F95660A8F972" bold="true" box="[151,171,1697,1719]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">h.</emphasis>
Sensilla auriculate ♂ (arrow) surrounded by microtrichia m2 (x8.50 k);
<emphasis id="B923882F0A2792018BCAF95663A1F972" bold="true" box="[916,930,1697,1719]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">i.</emphasis>
Sensilla sc 1 ♂ (arrow) (x13.0 k);
<emphasis id="B923882F0A2792018D59F9566516F972" bold="true" box="[1287,1301,1697,1719]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">j.</emphasis>
Sensilla sc 2 ♀ (arrow) surrounded by m4 microtrichia (discontinuous arrows) (x8.50 k);
<emphasis id="B923882F0A2792018BF3F93763C1F913" bold="true" box="[941,962,1728,1750]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">k.</emphasis>
Campaniform sensilla ♂ (arrow) (x12.0 k);
<emphasis id="B923882F0A2792018DD0F937659FF913" bold="true" box="[1422,1436,1728,1750]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">l.</emphasis>
Styloconic sensilla without stylus ♂ (arrow) (x10.0 k).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE8543D0A2792018899F8D262AAF82B" blockId="9.[151,1436,1825,2030]" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">
TRICHOID SENSILLA (
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A27920189EDF8D66224F8FF" box="[435,551,1825,1850]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 4" captionStart-1="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="8.[151,250,1690,1712]" captionStartId-1="11.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,193,1668]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,469,1941]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1668]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[151,1436,469,1941]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 4 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea duponcheli. a. Antennal club ♂ (x150). b. Antennal club ♀ (x110). c. Distal antennomere that is equal to three (?) fused (arrow) ♂ (x300). d. Same as c but in ♀ (x300). e. Central sulcus ♂ (x1.00 k). f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrow), surrounded by microtrichia m1 (m) (x5.00 k)." captionText-1="FIGURE 5 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea morsei. a. Antennal club ♂ (x200); b. Antennal club ♀ (x100); c. Distal antennomere that equals two fused ♂ (x350); d. Dorsal view of the distal antennomere ♀ (x300); e. Central sulcus ♂ (x750); f. Trichoid sensilla ♀ (arrows), surrounded by microtrichia m1 (x3.50 k)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769412" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769416" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3769412/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3769416/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">Figs. 4–5f</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2792018A6AF8D66242F8FF" box="[564,577,1825,1850]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1767,1789]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,227,1688]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,227,1688]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea amurensis amurensis. a. Antennal club ♂ (x180); b. Antennal club ♀ (x130); c. Distal antennomere (two fused) ♂ (x300); d. Distal antennomere ♀ (x320); e. Central sulcus ♂ (x800); f. Central sulcus ♀ (x800)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769420" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769420/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="410">6</figureCitation>
f–g, 7d–f, 9e, f, 10e–g, 11e, f, 13e, f): These sensilla are usually shorter than the chaetic sensilla and longer than the basiconic; they are
<quantity id="4CAFF9D80A2792018B74F8B1639FF89B" box="[810,924,1862,1886]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="410" unit="mm" value="21.5" valueMax="29.0" valueMin="14.0">14–29 µm</quantity>
in length. They are surrounded by a cuticular ring and are inclined from their first or last third and pointed toward the apex of the sulcus containing them. The bases of these sensilla may be smooth or have some bumps, or the flagellum may appear to be embedded in a darker socket. In the cuticular wall there are some short stretch marks and near them a few tiny pores. The cuticular rings are partly fused with the m1 microtrichia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8543D0A2492028899FF6B640CFEA1" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">
CHAETIC SENSILLA (
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A24920289F5FF606209FF75" box="[427,522,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1690,1712]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1668]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1668]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea duponcheli. a. Antennal club ♂ (x150). b. Antennal club ♀ (x110). c. Distal antennomere that is equal to three (?) fused (arrow) ♂ (x300). d. Same as c but in ♀ (x300). e. Central sulcus ♂ (x1.00 k). f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrow), surrounded by microtrichia m1 (m) (x5.00 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769412" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769412/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">
Figs.
<quantity id="4CAFF9D80A24920289B5FF6F6209FF75" box="[491,522,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" unit="g" value="4.0">4g</quantity>
</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028A48FF606236FF75" box="[534,565,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1767,1789]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,227,1688]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,227,1688]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea amurensis amurensis. a. Antennal club ♂ (x180); b. Antennal club ♀ (x130); c. Distal antennomere (two fused) ♂ (x300); d. Distal antennomere ♀ (x320); e. Central sulcus ♂ (x800); f. Central sulcus ♀ (x800)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769420" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769420/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">6h</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028A1CFF6F6263FF75" box="[578,608,152,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,445,1923]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,445,1923]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7 (a–f). Club of a female of Leptidea amurensis emisinapis. a. Antennal club (x130); b. Antennomeres of the antennal club (x230); c. More distal antennomere (x300); d. Central sulcus (x800); e. Lateral sulcus (x900); f. Microtrichia m1 are surrounded trichoid sensilla (x4.50 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769424" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769424/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">
<quantity id="4CAFF9D80A2492028A1CFF6F6263FF75" box="[578,608,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" unit="g" value="7.0">7g</quantity>
</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028A33FF60628FFF75" box="[621,652,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1683,1705]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1661]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 9 (a–f). Antennal club of the male Leptidea amurensis japona. a. Antennal club (x90); b. Antennomeres of the antennal club (x170); c. Distal antennomere (x250); d. Dorsal view of the club (x110); e. Central sulcus (x750); f. Trichoid sensilla surrounded by m1 (x3.00 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769430" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769430/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">9h</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028AC7FF6F62C7FF75" box="[665,708,152,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1682,1704]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,193,1661]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 11 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea juvernica. a. Antennal club ♂ (x140); b. Antennal club ♀ (x150); c. Distal antennomere ♂ (x350); d. Same as c but in ♀ (x370); e. Central sulcus ♀ (x750 k); f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrows), surrounded by microtrichia ml (x3.50 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769438" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769438/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">
<quantity id="4CAFF9D80A2492028AC7FF6F62C7FF75" box="[665,708,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.1" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" unit="g" value="11.0">11g</quantity>
</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028A8FFF6F6329FF75" box="[721,810,152,176]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 13" captionStart-1="FIGURE 14" captionStartId-0="27.[151,250,1677,1699]" captionStartId-1="29.[151,250,1948,1970]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,193,1655]" captionTargetBox-1="[223,1364,639,1940]" captionTargetId-0="figure@27.[151,1436,193,1655]" captionTargetId-1="figure@29.[223,1364,639,1940]" captionTargetPageId-0="27" captionTargetPageId-1="29" captionText-0="FIGURE 13 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea sinapis. a. Antennal club ♂ (x160); b. Antennal club ♀ (x100); c. Distal antennomere ♂ (x320); d. Same as c but in ♀ (x350); e. Central sulcus ♀ (x750 k); f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrows), surrounded by microtrichia ml (m) (x5.00 k)." captionText-1="FIGURE 14 (a–f). Antennal club and scaleless antennomeres in Leptidea gigantea. a. Antennal club ♂ (x90); b. Antennal club ♀ (x70); c. Distal antennomere ♂ (x400); d. Distal antennomere ♀ (x250); e. The fourth antennomere ♂ (x400); f. Sixth antennomere of the club in ♀ (x375)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769444" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769448" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3769444/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3769448/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">
<quantity id="4CAFF9D80A2492028A8FFF6F6329FF75" box="[721,810,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" unit="g" value="13.5" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="13.0">13–14g</quantity>
</figureCitation>
): In
<taxonomicName id="4C572FBE0A2492028B00FF6F63C3FF75" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[862,960,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Leptidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923882F0A2492028B00FF6F63C3FF75" box="[862,960,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">Leptidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the chaetic sensilla are usually ca.
<quantity id="4CAFF9D80A2492028D0DFF60659FFF75" box="[1363,1436,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 µm</quantity>
long. Some shorter chaetic sensilla are less than
<quantity id="4CAFF9D80A2492028AEDFF4B62FEFF10" box="[691,765,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 µm</quantity>
, whereas others are
<quantity id="4CAFF9D80A2492028B81FF4B6453FF10" box="[991,1104,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" unit="mm" value="25.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="20.0">20–30 µm</quantity>
long. There are usually six to ten per antennomere on the ventral side, and they are located toward the middle part of the antennomere or toward the distal edge, between the central sulcus and the lateral sulci; there is almost always a chaetic sensilla under each lateral sulcus (typical distribution in the subfamily). On the dorsal side, they are in the middle or distal part of the antennomeres and are often more abundant at the apex of the last antennomere.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8543D0A2492028899FE836305FE68" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">
BASICONIC SENSILLA (
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A24920289E1FE986215FE4D" box="[447,534,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1683,1705]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1661]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 9 (a–f). Antennal club of the male Leptidea amurensis japona. a. Antennal club (x90); b. Antennomeres of the antennal club (x170); c. Distal antennomere (x250); d. Dorsal view of the club (x110); e. Central sulcus (x750); f. Trichoid sensilla surrounded by m1 (x3.00 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769430" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769430/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">Figs. 9i</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028A7CFE98624EFE4D" box="[546,589,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1682,1704]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,193,1661]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 11 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea juvernica. a. Antennal club ♂ (x140); b. Antennal club ♀ (x150); c. Distal antennomere ♂ (x350); d. Same as c but in ♀ (x370); e. Central sulcus ♀ (x750 k); f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrows), surrounded by microtrichia ml (x3.50 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769438" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769438/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">11h</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028A07FE9862B1FE4D" box="[601,690,367,392]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 13" captionStart-1="FIGURE 14" captionStartId-0="27.[151,250,1677,1699]" captionStartId-1="29.[151,250,1948,1970]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,193,1655]" captionTargetBox-1="[223,1364,639,1940]" captionTargetId-0="figure@27.[151,1436,193,1655]" captionTargetId-1="figure@29.[223,1364,639,1940]" captionTargetPageId-0="27" captionTargetPageId-1="29" captionText-0="FIGURE 13 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea sinapis. a. Antennal club ♂ (x160); b. Antennal club ♀ (x100); c. Distal antennomere ♂ (x320); d. Same as c but in ♀ (x350); e. Central sulcus ♀ (x750 k); f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrows), surrounded by microtrichia ml (m) (x5.00 k)." captionText-1="FIGURE 14 (a–f). Antennal club and scaleless antennomeres in Leptidea gigantea. a. Antennal club ♂ (x90); b. Antennal club ♀ (x70); c. Distal antennomere ♂ (x400); d. Distal antennomere ♀ (x250); e. The fourth antennomere ♂ (x400); f. Sixth antennomere of the club in ♀ (x375)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769444" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769448" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3769444/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3769448/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">13–14h</figureCitation>
): These are dispersed outside the sulci and are relatively abundant. They are distributed evenly along the auricular sensilla.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8543D0A2492028899FE4B647AFE30" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">
AURICULATE SENSILLA (
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A249202898BFE406231FE15" box="[469,562,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1690,1712]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1668]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1668]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea duponcheli. a. Antennal club ♂ (x150). b. Antennal club ♀ (x110). c. Distal antennomere that is equal to three (?) fused (arrow) ♂ (x300). d. Same as c but in ♀ (x300). e. Central sulcus ♂ (x1.00 k). f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrow), surrounded by microtrichia m1 (m) (x5.00 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769412" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769412/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">Figs. 4h</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028A63FE406258FE15" box="[573,603,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,469,1941]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,469,1941]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea morsei. a. Antennal club ♂ (x200); b. Antennal club ♀ (x100); c. Distal antennomere that equals two fused ♂ (x350); d. Dorsal view of the distal antennomere ♀ (x300); e. Central sulcus ♂ (x750); f. Trichoid sensilla ♀ (arrows), surrounded by microtrichia m1 (x3.50 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769416" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769416/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">
<quantity id="4CAFF9D80A2492028A63FE406258FE15" box="[573,603,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" unit="g" value="5.0">5g</quantity>
</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028A38FE40627DFE15" box="[614,638,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1767,1789]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,227,1688]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,227,1688]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea amurensis amurensis. a. Antennal club ♂ (x180); b. Antennal club ♀ (x130); c. Distal antennomere (two fused) ♂ (x300); d. Distal antennomere ♀ (x320); e. Central sulcus ♂ (x800); f. Central sulcus ♀ (x800)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769420" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769420/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">6i</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028AD7FE4062ABFE15" box="[649,680,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,445,1923]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,445,1923]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7 (a–f). Club of a female of Leptidea amurensis emisinapis. a. Antennal club (x130); b. Antennomeres of the antennal club (x230); c. More distal antennomere (x300); d. Central sulcus (x800); e. Lateral sulcus (x900); f. Microtrichia m1 are surrounded trichoid sensilla (x4.50 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769424" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769424/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">7h</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028AEDFE4062E6FE15" box="[691,741,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1683,1705]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1661]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 9 (a–f). Antennal club of the male Leptidea amurensis japona. a. Antennal club (x90); b. Antennomeres of the antennal club (x170); c. Distal antennomere (x250); d. Dorsal view of the club (x110); e. Central sulcus (x750); f. Trichoid sensilla surrounded by m1 (x3.00 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769430" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769430/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">9k, l</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028AAFFE40631DFE15" box="[753,798,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="21.[151,248,1949,1971]" captionTargetBox="[170,1414,511,1934]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[170,1414,511,1934]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 10 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea darvazensis. a. Antennal club ♂ (x110); b. Antennal club ♀ (x90); c. Distal antennomere (two fused) ♂ (x270); d. Distal antennomere (two fused) ♀ (x300); e. Central sulcus ♂ (x850); f. Central sulcus ♀ (x650)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769434" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769434/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">10h</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028B77FE406356FE15" box="[809,853,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1677,1699]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1655]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,193,1655]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 13 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea sinapis. a. Antennal club ♂ (x160); b. Antennal club ♀ (x100); c. Distal antennomere ♂ (x320); d. Same as c but in ♀ (x350); e. Central sulcus ♀ (x750 k); f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrows), surrounded by microtrichia ml (m) (x5.00 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769444/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">13h</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028B3EFE406398FE15" box="[864,923,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1948,1970]" captionTargetBox="[223,1364,639,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[223,1364,639,1940]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 14 (a–f). Antennal club and scaleless antennomeres in Leptidea gigantea. a. Antennal club ♂ (x90); b. Antennal club ♀ (x70); c. Distal antennomere ♂ (x400); d. Distal antennomere ♀ (x250); e. The fourth antennomere ♂ (x400); f. Sixth antennomere of the club in ♀ (x375)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769448" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769448/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">14i, j</figureCitation>
): Like basiconic sensilla, these are distributed outside the sulci in the scaleless antennomeres of the club. In
<taxonomicName id="4C572FBE0A2492028B17FE2B63A8FE31" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[841,939,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Leptidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B923882F0A2492028B17FE2B63A8FE31" box="[841,939,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">Leptidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
they are plentiful.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8543D0A2492028899FDF36515FDA5" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">
COELOCONIC SENSILLA (
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028989FE086240FDDD" box="[471,579,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1690,1712]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1668]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1668]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea duponcheli. a. Antennal club ♂ (x150). b. Antennal club ♀ (x110). c. Distal antennomere that is equal to three (?) fused (arrow) ♂ (x300). d. Same as c but in ♀ (x300). e. Central sulcus ♂ (x1.00 k). f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrow), surrounded by microtrichia m1 (m) (x5.00 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769412" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769412/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">Figs. 4i, j</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028A11FE086281FDDD" box="[591,642,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,469,1941]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,469,1941]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea morsei. a. Antennal club ♂ (x200); b. Antennal club ♀ (x100); c. Distal antennomere that equals two fused ♂ (x350); d. Dorsal view of the distal antennomere ♀ (x300); e. Central sulcus ♂ (x750); f. Trichoid sensilla ♀ (arrows), surrounded by microtrichia m1 (x3.50 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769416" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769416/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">5h, i</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028AD0FE0862A5FDDD" box="[654,678,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1767,1789]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,227,1688]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,227,1688]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea amurensis amurensis. a. Antennal club ♂ (x180); b. Antennal club ♀ (x130); c. Distal antennomere (two fused) ♂ (x300); d. Distal antennomere ♀ (x320); e. Central sulcus ♂ (x800); f. Central sulcus ♀ (x800)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769420" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769420/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">6j</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028AECFE0862E3FDDD" box="[690,736,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,445,1923]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,445,1923]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7 (a–f). Club of a female of Leptidea amurensis emisinapis. a. Antennal club (x130); b. Antennomeres of the antennal club (x230); c. More distal antennomere (x300); d. Central sulcus (x800); e. Lateral sulcus (x900); f. Microtrichia m1 are surrounded trichoid sensilla (x4.50 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769424" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769424/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">7i, j</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028AB5FE086300FDDD" box="[747,771,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1683,1705]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1661]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 9 (a–f). Antennal club of the male Leptidea amurensis japona. a. Antennal club (x90); b. Antennomeres of the antennal club (x170); c. Distal antennomere (x250); d. Dorsal view of the club (x110); e. Central sulcus (x750); f. Trichoid sensilla surrounded by m1 (x3.00 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769430" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769430/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">9j</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028B51FE086370FDDD" box="[783,883,511,536]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 10" captionStart-1="FIGURE 11" captionStartId-0="21.[151,248,1949,1971]" captionStartId-1="24.[151,250,1682,1704]" captionTargetBox-0="[170,1414,511,1934]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,193,1661]" captionTargetId-0="figure@21.[170,1414,511,1934]" captionTargetId-1="figure@24.[151,1436,193,1661]" captionTargetPageId-0="21" captionTargetPageId-1="24" captionText-0="FIGURE 10 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea darvazensis. a. Antennal club ♂ (x110); b. Antennal club ♀ (x90); c. Distal antennomere (two fused) ♂ (x270); d. Distal antennomere (two fused) ♀ (x300); e. Central sulcus ♂ (x850); f. Central sulcus ♀ (x650)." captionText-1="FIGURE 11 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea juvernica. a. Antennal club ♂ (x140); b. Antennal club ♀ (x150); c. Distal antennomere ♂ (x350); d. Same as c but in ♀ (x370); e. Central sulcus ♀ (x750 k); f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrows), surrounded by microtrichia ml (x3.50 k)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769434" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769438" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3769434/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3769438/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">10–11i, j</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028B21FE0863B9FDDD" box="[895,954,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1677,1699]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1655]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,193,1655]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 13 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea sinapis. a. Antennal club ♂ (x160); b. Antennal club ♀ (x100); c. Distal antennomere ♂ (x320); d. Same as c but in ♀ (x350); e. Central sulcus ♀ (x750 k); f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrows), surrounded by microtrichia ml (m) (x5.00 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769444/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">13i, j</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028B98FE0863F7FDDD" box="[966,1012,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1948,1970]" captionTargetBox="[223,1364,639,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[223,1364,639,1940]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 14 (a–f). Antennal club and scaleless antennomeres in Leptidea gigantea. a. Antennal club ♂ (x90); b. Antennal club ♀ (x70); c. Distal antennomere ♂ (x400); d. Distal antennomere ♀ (x250); e. The fourth antennomere ♂ (x400); f. Sixth antennomere of the club in ♀ (x375)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769448" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769448/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">14k</figureCitation>
): These are usually more abundant on the dorsal than the ventral surface of the antennomere; on the ventral one they are near the lateral sulci. There are two
<typeStatus id="54ECEA9F0A2492028896FDBF6100FDA5" box="[200,259,584,608]" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">types</typeStatus>
of coeloconic sensilla:
<typeStatus id="54ECEA9F0A2492028A55FDBF6238FDA5" box="[523,571,584,608]" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">type</typeStatus>
1 (sc1) and
<typeStatus id="54ECEA9F0A2492028A98FDBF62F5FDA5" box="[710,758,584,608]" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">type</typeStatus>
2 (sc2), and they occur in pairs in some species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8543D0A2492028899FD8761C4FCFD" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">
<materialsCitation id="3B3F5E600A2492028899FD8761C1FCFD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608956174" collectionCode="OTHER, SENSILLA" pageId="10" pageNumber="411" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED46CCF80A2492028899FD876184FD46" box="[199,391,624,643]" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">OTHER SENSILLA</collectionCode>
(
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A24920289C5FD9B6215FD40" box="[411,534,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1690,1712]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1668]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,193,1668]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea duponcheli. a. Antennal club ♂ (x150). b. Antennal club ♀ (x110). c. Distal antennomere that is equal to three (?) fused (arrow) ♂ (x300). d. Same as c but in ♀ (x300). e. Central sulcus ♂ (x1.00 k). f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrow), surrounded by microtrichia m1 (m) (x5.00 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769412" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769412/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">Figs. 4k, l</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028A76FD9B6243FD40" box="[552,576,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,469,1941]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,469,1941]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 5 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea morsei. a. Antennal club ♂ (x200); b. Antennal club ♀ (x100); c. Distal antennomere that equals two fused ♂ (x350); d. Dorsal view of the distal antennomere ♀ (x300); e. Central sulcus ♂ (x750); f. Trichoid sensilla ♀ (arrows), surrounded by microtrichia m1 (x3.50 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769416" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769416/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">5l</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028A0EFD9B62A7FD40" box="[592,676,620,645]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="14.[151,250,1767,1789]" captionStartId-1="16.[151,250,1944,1966]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,227,1688]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,445,1923]" captionTargetId-0="figure@14.[151,1436,227,1688]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[151,1436,445,1923]" captionTargetPageId-0="14" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionText-0="FIGURE 6 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea amurensis amurensis. a. Antennal club ♂ (x180); b. Antennal club ♀ (x130); c. Distal antennomere (two fused) ♂ (x300); d. Distal antennomere ♀ (x320); e. Central sulcus ♂ (x800); f. Central sulcus ♀ (x800)." captionText-1="FIGURE 7 (a–f). Club of a female of Leptidea amurensis emisinapis. a. Antennal club (x130); b. Antennomeres of the antennal club (x230); c. More distal antennomere (x300); d. Central sulcus (x800); e. Lateral sulcus (x900); f. Microtrichia m1 are surrounded trichoid sensilla (x4.50 k)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769420" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769424" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3769420/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3769424/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">6–7k, l</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028AE8FD9B6326FD40" box="[694,805,620,645]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 10" captionStart-1="FIGURE 11" captionStartId-0="21.[151,248,1949,1971]" captionStartId-1="24.[151,250,1682,1704]" captionTargetBox-0="[170,1414,511,1934]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,193,1661]" captionTargetId-0="figure@21.[170,1414,511,1934]" captionTargetId-1="figure@24.[151,1436,193,1661]" captionTargetPageId-0="21" captionTargetPageId-1="24" captionText-0="FIGURE 10 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea darvazensis. a. Antennal club ♂ (x110); b. Antennal club ♀ (x90); c. Distal antennomere (two fused) ♂ (x270); d. Distal antennomere (two fused) ♀ (x300); e. Central sulcus ♂ (x850); f. Central sulcus ♀ (x650)." captionText-1="FIGURE 11 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea juvernica. a. Antennal club ♂ (x140); b. Antennal club ♀ (x150); c. Distal antennomere ♂ (x350); d. Same as c but in ♀ (x370); e. Central sulcus ♀ (x750 k); f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrows), surrounded by microtrichia ml (x3.50 k)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769434" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769438" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3769434/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3769438/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">10–11k, l</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028B68FD9B6378FD40" box="[822,891,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1677,1699]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1655]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,193,1655]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 13 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea sinapis. a. Antennal club ♂ (x160); b. Antennal club ♀ (x100); c. Distal antennomere ♂ (x320); d. Same as c but in ♀ (x350); e. Central sulcus ♀ (x750 k); f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrows), surrounded by microtrichia ml (m) (x5.00 k)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769444/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">13k, l</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="136C48B80A2492028BD3FD9B63B6FD40" box="[909,949,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1948,1970]" captionTargetBox="[223,1364,639,1940]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[223,1364,639,1940]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 14 (a–f). Antennal club and scaleless antennomeres in Leptidea gigantea. a. Antennal club ♂ (x90); b. Antennal club ♀ (x70); c. Distal antennomere ♂ (x400); d. Distal antennomere ♀ (x250); e. The fourth antennomere ♂ (x400); f. Sixth antennomere of the club in ♀ (x375)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769448" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769448/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">14l</figureCitation>
): The styloconic sensila without stylus is presented in clusters or there is only one at the apex of the distal antennomere. The campaniform sensilla is most common on the dorsal side of the first scaleless antennomere. The campaniform and styloconic sensilla without stylus are more frequent on the dorsal surface so the same
<typeStatus id="54ECEA9F0A2492028B64FD2F6376FD35" box="[826,885,728,752]" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">types</typeStatus>
of sensilla were not always found in all species because sometimes it was not possible to get images of the dorsum of the antennae, where sensilla can be observed that only are in that region
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8543D0A2492028899FCBF622DFC45" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="411">PORES: Pores are present throughout the antennal club, although they are only visible when the microtrichia are separated to give rise to a sensillum.</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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