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<document id="87FC95D304C0920E178DD2F8EB84DA90" ID-CLB-Dataset="305337" ID-DOI="10.1002/tax.12600" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e336480a-86a4-47d0-ad2c-c210dd27de06" ID-ISSN="1996-8175" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14047424" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1730917512589" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Manzitto-Tripp, Erin A., Darbyshire, Iain, Daniel, Lucinda A. McDade Thomas F. &amp; Kiel, Carrie A." docDate="2022" docId="03884F74FFFB8B5E45F8C82193B29771" docLanguage="en" docName="TAXON.71.1.103-153.pdf" docOrigin="TAXON 71 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.12600" docStyle="DocumentStyle:239A75409313D6488D9D82529296B06F.1:TAXON.2020-.journal_article.open" docStyleId="239A75409313D6488D9D82529296B06F" docStyleName="TAXON.2020-.journal_article.open" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Acanthaceae" docType="key" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="122" masterDocId="FFB1370CFFE88B4D456CC919962F943F" masterDocTitle="Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys" masterLastPageNumber="153" masterPageNumber="103" pageNumber="122" updateTime="1732307548375" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:title id="66C7D88EE0E1A955BF2606F499EEF9AC">Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="AB3C034D2AE4CBC8D45D20B05130E130">* Iain Darbyshire, &amp; University of Colorado, Museum of Natural History and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Boulder, Colorado 80309, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="2C4E959AF8CC55A0AA73ABCE9D4B6E25">* &amp; Lucinda A. McDade &amp; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Herbarium, Richmond, Surrey, TW &amp; * &amp; Lucinda A. McDade &amp; AE, United Kingdom &amp; Honorary Research Associate, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag &amp; WITS 2050, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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Key to the genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFB8B5E44ECC82197DA956F" ID-CoL="62332" box="[384,501,312,336]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acantheae</taxonomicName>
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<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFB8B5E450BC84394C09551" box="[103,751,346,366]" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">1 Corolla regularly 5-lobed or bilabiate, not comprising a single lip.... 2</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFB8B5E450BC86C94C095E6" blockId="19.[103,751,312,1956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFB8B5E450BC86C94C095E6" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">1 Corolla lobes comprising a single lip, entire or 3- or 5-lobed, held either ventrally or dorsally, or if (rarely) not markedly 1-lipped [3] then at least with the sinus between the 2 uppermost (outermost) lobes clearly at a wider angle than that of the other sinuses ........ 8</keyLead>
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2 Plants of tropical Africa and
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........
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFB8B5E472DC8C694E195CC" box="[577,718,479,499]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Stenandriopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFB8B5E472DC8C694E195CC" bold="true" box="[577,718,479,499]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">Stenandriopsis</emphasis>
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[4]
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<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFB8B5E450BC8E094C09632" box="[103,751,505,525]" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">2 Plants of the Americas................................................................. 3</keyLead>
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<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFB8B5E450BCB0A94C09618" box="[103,751,531,551]" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">3 Corolla zygomorphic, the lobes dissimilar in form ..................... 4</keyLead>
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3 Corolla usually subactinomorphic, the lobes more or less similar in form (or nearly zygomorphic with lobes of upper lip dissimilar from those of lower lip in some
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFB8B5E44D6CB7B941F9649" box="[442,560,610,630]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Stenandrium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFB8B5E44D6CB7B941F9649" box="[442,560,610,630]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">Stenandrium</emphasis>
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) ............................ 6
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4 Calyx deeply 3-partite.............................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFB8B5E470ACB6494C196AE" box="[614,750,637,657]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Cyphacanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFB8B5E470ACB6494C196AE" bold="true" box="[614,750,637,657]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">Cyphacanthus</emphasis>
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<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFB8B5E450BCB8E94C09694" box="[103,751,663,683]" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">4 Calyx 5-partite ............................................................................. 5</keyLead>
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5 Leaves opposite (rarely subopposite), not quaternate; bracts entire or dentate, green or often brightly colored; corollas rarely with linear nectar guides, mostly
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long; at least distal portion of filaments of stamens usually exserted from corolla tube; pollen with colpi not expanded or bifurcating (usually narrowed) toward poles, interapertural exine usually heterogeneously sculptured; plants typically of wet habitats; widespread in NW..................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFB8B5E470CCA4894E1975A" box="[608,718,849,869]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Aphelandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFB8B5E470CCA4894E1975A" bold="true" box="[608,718,849,869]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">Aphelandra</emphasis>
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[5]
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5 Leaves opposite (rarely subopposite) or quaternate; bracts entire and usually green; corolla often with colored linear nectar guides,
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long (or if longer [to
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], then plants with quaternate leaves); filaments of stamens often entirely included in corolla tube; pollen with colpi sometimes expanded or bifurcating toward poles, interapertural exine homogeneously sculptured; plants of dry habitats;
<collectingCountry id="F336BEF2FFFB8B5E4467CD12977E9020" box="[267,337,1035,1055]" name="Mexico" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">Mexico</collectingCountry>
..................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFB8B5E4714CD1294C19020" box="[632,750,1035,1055]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Holographis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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6 Pollen 3-colpate with each colpus longitudinally bisected by an operculum (elongate band of exine), opercula either isolated within the colpi (operculate) or connected at each end to the interapertural exine (pontoperculate);
<collectingCountry id="F336BEF2FFFB8B5E440ACD6C978290B6" box="[358,429,1141,1161]" name="Jamaica" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFB8B5E4733CD6C94E090B6" box="[607,719,1141,1161]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Salpixantha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFB8B5E4733CD6C94E090B6" bold="true" box="[607,719,1141,1161]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">Salpixantha</emphasis>
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[6]
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6 Pollen 3-colpate with colpi not bisected by elongate bands of exine or pollen pantoforate (i.e., sometimes in
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFB8B5E4777CDB394E49081" box="[539,715,1194,1214]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Stenandrium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dulce">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFB8B5E4777CDB394E49081" box="[539,715,1194,1214]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">Stenandrium dulce</emphasis>
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) or pollen pantoaperturate (rugate) with rugae arranged ± tangentially or irregularly over surface or pollen 3-colpate and with prominent margines and mesocolpial ridges (appearing 9-colpate); widespread, but not in
<collectingCountry id="F336BEF2FFFB8B5E4455CC0C97AC9116" box="[313,387,1301,1321]" name="Jamaica" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
............................................................ 7
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7 Plants usually small, up to 25(70) cm; leaves often borne at or near ground level (plants acaulescent to subcaulescent); bracts usually green; widespread ..............................................
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<emphasis id="B9552270FFFB8B5E471FCC7D94C09147" bold="true" box="[627,751,1380,1400]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">Stenandrium</emphasis>
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7 Plants usually shrubby, up to
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tall; leaves disposed along conspicuous stems; bracts whitish, pinkish, or reddish-brown; Central America and South America...............................
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<emphasis id="B9552270FFFB8B5E4722CCAD94E191F7" bold="true" box="[590,718,1460,1480]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">Neriacanthus</emphasis>
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[6]
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8 Corolla tube twisted through 180°, the single corolla lip held dorsally, entire or 3-lobed;
<collectingCountry id="F336BEF2FFFB8B5E4401CCF197ED91C3" box="[365,450,1512,1532]" name="Tanzania" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
.............................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFB8B5E4707CCF194C191C3" box="[619,750,1512,1532]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Streptosiphon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFB8B5E4707CCF194C191C3" bold="true" box="[619,750,1512,1532]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">Streptosiphon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFB8B5E450BCF1B94C0920E" blockId="19.[103,751,312,1956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFB8B5E450BCF1B94C0920E" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">8 Corolla tube not twisted, corolla lip held ventrally, 3- or 5-lobed or sometimes only undulate ............................................................. 9</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFB8B5E450BCF2E94C192A4" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFB8B5E450BCF2E94C19259" blockId="19.[103,751,312,1956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFB8B5E450BCF2E94C19259" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">9 Stamens included in corolla tube, anthers subsessile, not inserted on a thickened flange................................................................. 10</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFB8B5E450BCF7594C192A4" blockId="19.[103,751,312,1956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFB8B5E450BCF7594C192A4" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">9 Stamens exserted from corolla tube, with flattened bone-like filaments, inserted on a thickened flange........................................ 11</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFB8B5E450BCFB894C09350" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFB8B5E450BCFB894C0933A" blockId="19.[103,751,312,1956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFB8B5E450BCFB894C0933A" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
10 Calyx 4-lobed, anterior lobe bifid; bracts not imbricate, smaller than bracteoles; bracteoles conspicuous, elliptic or obovate, diverging widely from inflorescence axis; corolla tube not narrowly cylindrical, limb obscurely 5-lobed or erose ..........................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFB8B5E4701CFE894C0933A" box="[621,751,1777,1797]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Crossandrella" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFB8B5E4701CFE894C0933A" bold="true" box="[621,751,1777,1797]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">Crossandrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFB8B5E450BCE1294C09350" blockId="19.[103,751,312,1956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFB8B5E450BCE1294C09350" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
10 Calyx 5-lobed; bracts usually imbricate, larger than and enclosing bracteoles; bracteoles linear to lanceolate, not diverging widely from inflorescence axis; corolla tube narrowly cylindrical, limb 5-lobed........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFB8B5E47EDCE4294C09350" box="[641,751,1883,1903]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Crossandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFB8B5E47EDCE4294C09350" bold="true" box="[641,751,1883,1903]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">Crossandra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFB8B5E450BCE6C93B2951E" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFB8B5E450BCE6C94C0939B" blockId="19.[103,751,312,1956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFB8B5E450BCE6C94C0939B" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
11 Calyx 5-lobed; seeds sculpted with pectinate scales or concentric rings; bracts, bracteoles and calyx lobes glumaceous ...
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFB8B5E4710CE8994C0939B" box="[636,751,1936,1956]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Sclerochiton" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFB8B5E4710CE8994C0939B" bold="true" box="[636,751,1936,1956]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">Sclerochiton</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFB8B5E4679C9A493B2951E" blockId="19.[789,1437,189,846]" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFB8B5E4679C9A493B2951E" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">11 Calyx 4-lobed; seeds either covered in hygroscopic trichomes, puberulous or glabrous, or seeds tuberculate, without scales or concentric rings; bracts, bracteoles and calyces only rarely glumaceous......................................................................... 12</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFB8B5E4679C83E93B3959A" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFB8B5E4679C83E93B3954E" blockId="19.[789,1437,189,846]" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFB8B5E4679C83E93B3954E" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">12 Anterior pair of staminal filaments flattened and either with an obtuse or acute tooth-like appendage or truncate to rounded towards apex ventrally ............................................................................ 13</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFB8B5E4679C86E93B3959A" blockId="19.[789,1437,189,846]" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFB8B5E4679C86E93B3959A" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">12 Anterior staminal filaments lacking appendages, if flattened then gradually narrowed towards apex .............................................. 14</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFB8B5E4679C8B293B296AB" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFB8B5E4679C8B293B2962F" blockId="19.[789,1437,189,846]" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFB8B5E4679C8B293B2962F" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
13 Leaves opposite; flowers solitary or paired in leaf axils, each subtended by 2 pairs of bracteoles, outer pair entire, inner pair trifid; ovary without apical tufts of glandular trichomes; seeds tuberculate;
<collectingCountry id="F336BEF2FFFB8B5E4603C8E595B1962F" box="[879,926,508,528]" name="India" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">India</collectingCountry>
............................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFB8B5E4193C8E593B2962F" box="[1279,1437,508,528]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Cynarospermum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFB8B5E4193C8E593B2962F" bold="true" box="[1279,1437,508,528]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">Cynarospermum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFB8B5E4679CB0F93B296AB" blockId="19.[789,1437,189,846]" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFB8B5E4679CB0F93B296AB" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
13 Leaves in pseudowhorls of (3) 4; inflorescences variable but not with single or paired flowers in leaf axils; bracteoles entire or toothed, not trifid; ovary with 2 apical tufts of glandular trichomes; seeds with branched hygroscopic trichomes; widespread.............. .......................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFB8B5E402DCB9993B296AB" box="[1345,1437,640,660]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Blepharis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFB8B5E402DCB9993B296AB" bold="true" box="[1345,1437,640,660]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">Blepharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30D5E6C7FFFB8B5E4679CB8393B29771" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFB8B5E4679CB8393B296DB" blockId="19.[789,1437,189,846]" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFB8B5E4679CB8393B296DB" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
14 Seeds glabrous or sericeous-puberulous; stigma bilobed; bracts terminating in a single spine; plants often robust, ± tall perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees; widespread ........................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFB8B5E402FCBC993B296DB" box="[1347,1437,720,740]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Acanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFB8B5E402FCBC993B296DB" bold="true" box="[1347,1437,720,740]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">Acanthus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9EFE62FFFB8B5E4679CBF393B29771" blockId="19.[789,1437,189,846]" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
<keyLead id="30D05D57FFFB8B5E4679CBF393B29771" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">
14 Seeds covered in long hygroscopic trichomes; stigma 1-lobed; bracts terminating in 3 or 5 simple or compound spines; plants often compact shrublets or acaulescent perennial herbs, if taller then slender; SW Africa ....................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C2185E1FFFB8B5E4045CA2393B29771" box="[1321,1437,826,846]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Acanthopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="19" pageNumber="122" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9552270FFFB8B5E4045CA2393B29771" bold="true" box="[1321,1437,826,846]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="122">Acanthopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>