272 lines
33 KiB
XML
272 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5b2a81dd-d9c7-4fb8-b370-de5ccd8e868d" ID-PMC="PMC4714327" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-543-1" ID-PubMed="26798286" ID-ZBK="4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-543-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 543" ModsDocTitle="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution" checkinTime="1451243644414" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sarnat, Eli M., Fischer, Georg, Guenard, Benoit & Economo, Evan P." docDate="2015" docId="640A5224C4170AB60B9335D41B6190E6" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 543: 1-109" docOrigin="ZooKeys 543" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050" docTitle="Pheidole parva Mayr" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="46" masterDocId="FFA8D443FFA05A6960070473FFDEFF83" masterDocTitle="Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution" masterLastPageNumber="109" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="43" updateTime="1668162291239" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Sarnat, Eli M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fischer, Georg</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Guenard, Benoit</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Economo, Evan P.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>543</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>109</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.543.6050</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-543-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">4E2375F0A3824F3CB7A4DCC5148A67B0</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127872348" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:640A5224C4170AB60B9335D41B6190E6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/640A5224C4170AB60B9335D41B6190E6" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName authority="Mayr" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole parva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Pheidole parva Mayr</taxonomicName>
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Fig. 83, Fig. 88K
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="43" pageNumber="44" start="start">Pheidole</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="parva" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="parva">parva</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole parva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Pheidole parva</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Mayr, G" journalOrPublisher="Gerold's Sohn, Wien" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" title="Formicidae. Reise der Oesterreichischen Fregatte " Novara " um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil. Bd. II. Abt. 1. K." year="1865">Mayr 1865</bibRefCitation>
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: 98, pl. 4, fig. 28 (s.w.) SRI LANKA [NHMW].
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<bibRefCitation author="Bingham, CT" journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, London" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" title="The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps." year="1903">Bingham 1903</bibRefCitation>
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: 245 (q.).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="decanica" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="decanica">decanica</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole parva var. decanica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="parva" variety="decanica">Pheidole parva var. decanica</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Revue Suisse de Zoologie" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="165 - 249" title="Myrmicinae nouveaux de l'Inde et de Ceylan." url="10.5962/bhl.part.13792" volume="10" year="1902 c">Forel 1902c</bibRefCitation>
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: 175 (s.), 192 (w.q.m.) INDIA, Cochin (Rothney) [MHNG]. [Also described as new by
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="520 - 546" title="Les Formicides de l'Empire des Indes et de Ceylan. Part IX." volume="14" year="1902 b">Forel 1902b</bibRefCitation>
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: 542.] Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="parva" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="parva">parva</taxonomicName>
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; lectotype designated: Eguchi, Yamane & Zhou 2007: 261.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="sauteri" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="sauteri">sauteri</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole sauteri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sauteri">Pheidole sauteri</taxonomicName>
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Wheeler, W.M. 1909: 334 (s.w.) TAIWAN, Kaoshung (H. Sauter) [MCZC cotype 20671] Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="parva" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="parva">parva</taxonomicName>
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: Eguchi, Yamane & Zhou 2007: 262.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="mala" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="mala">mala</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rinae var. mala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="rinae" variety="mala">Pheidole rinae var. mala</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Notes from the Leyden Museum" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="193 - 218" title="Ameisen aus Java beobachtet und gesammelt von Herrn Edward Jacobson. II. Theil." volume="33" year="1911 b">Forel 1911b</bibRefCitation>
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: 205 (s.w.) INDONESIA, Semarang, Java (Jacobson) [MHNG]. Lectotype (s.) designated:
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<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Tropics Monograph Series" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 154" title="A revision of the Bornean species of the ant genus Pheidole (Insects: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)." volume="2" year="2001 a">Eguchi 2001a</bibRefCitation>
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: 39. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="parva" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="parva">parva</taxonomicName>
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: Eguchi, Yamane & Zhou 2007: 262.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="tipuna" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="tipuna">tipuna</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="r." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rinae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" race="tipuna" rank="race" species="rinae">Pheidole rinae r. tipuna</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Mitteilungen" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="45 - 61" title="H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute. Formicidae (Hym.)." volume="1" year="1912">Forel 1912</bibRefCitation>
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: 68 (s.w.) TAIWAN, Takao (H. Sauter) [MHNG]. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="parva" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="parva">parva</taxonomicName>
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; lectotype (s.) designated: Eguchi, Yamane & Zhou 2007: 262.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="bugi" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="bugi">bugi</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole bugi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bugi">Pheidole bugi</taxonomicName>
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Wheeler, W.M. 1919: 66 (s.w.) MALAYSIA, Sarawak, Borneo (R. Thaxter) [MCZC cotype-8947]. Lectotype (s.) designated:
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<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Tropics Monograph Series" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 154" title="A revision of the Bornean species of the ant genus Pheidole (Insects: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)." volume="2" year="2001 a">Eguchi 2001a</bibRefCitation>
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: 37. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="parva" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="parva">parva</taxonomicName>
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: Eguchi, Yamane & Zhou 2007: 262.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="farquharensis" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="farquharensis">farquharensis</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens var. farquharensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" variety="farquharensis">Pheidole flavens var. farquharensis</taxonomicName>
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Forel 1907: 91 (w.) SEYCHELLES, Farquhar Atoll,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="v–xii">v-xii</normalizedToken>
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.1905 (J.S. Gardiner) [BMNH]. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="parva" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="parva">parva</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
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: 340.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName lsidName="tarda" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="tarda">tarda</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole (Pheidole) tardus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tardus" subGenus="Pheidole">Pheidole (Pheidole) tardus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Donisthorpe, H" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="283 - 286" title="New species of ants from China and Mauritius." volume="13" year="1947">Donisthorpe 1947</bibRefCitation>
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: 285 (q.) MAURITIUS, Rose Hill, 07.v.1946 (R. Mamet) [BMNH]. Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="parva" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species" species="parva">parva</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
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: 341.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="diagnosis among introduced">
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<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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Diagnosis among introduced
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pheidole</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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Yellowish brown to dark brown. MajorHW 0.85-0.92, HL 0.96-1.07, SL 0.41-0.45, CI 85-92, SI 45-51 (n=11,
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<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="257 - 284" title="Taxonomic revision of the Pheidolerinae Emery complex." volume="50" year="2007">Eguchi et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). Head subquadrate (Fig. 7). Posterolateral lobes, including posterior head margin, covered in rugoreticulum (Fig. 26). Antennal scrobes indistinct to moderately impressed, but frontal carinae always forming a border capable of accepting the antennal scape (Fig. 13c). Promesonotum in profile forming a single dome (Fig. 4), lacking a distinct mound or prominence on the posterior slope. Promesonotum in dorsal view transverse with strongly projecting shoulders (Fig. 28). Promesonotal dorsum rugoreticulate with distinct long longitudinal striae in addition to
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<pageBreakToken pageId="44" pageNumber="45" start="start">shorter</pageBreakToken>
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sections of transverse and intersecting striae (Fig. 22). Postpetiole not swollen relative to petiole (Fig. 3). MinorHW 0.39-0.50, HL 0.43-0.54, SL 0.38-0.46, CI 88-94, SI 84-102 (n=17,
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<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="257 - 284" title="Taxonomic revision of the Pheidolerinae Emery complex." volume="50" year="2007">Eguchi et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). Posterior portion of head with many short to medium length segments of striae distinctly interlaced among punctate ground sculpture (Fig. 59). Antennal scapes with erect to suberect hairs (Fig. 56); scapes do not surpass posterior head margin (Fig. 41). Promesonotum in profile forming a single dome (Fig. 42), lacking a distinct mound or prominence on the posterior slope. Pronotal humeri angular (Fig. 28). Hairs on mesosoma fine, flexuous, of unequal length and not arranged in pairs (Fig. 54). Postpetiole not swollen relative to petiole (Fig. 3); postpetiole narrow in dorsal view, only slightly broader than petiole (Fig. 61).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="identification, taxonomy and systematics">
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<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Identification, taxonomy and systematics.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole parva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Pheidole parva</taxonomicName>
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is a very small and inconspicuous species that is thus far reported only from Asia, a few localities in Arabia, and the islands of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. It belongs to an Old World clade scattered across Indomalaya and into Oceania, and was treated as part of the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole rinae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rinae">Pheidole rinae</taxonomicName>
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complex by
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<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="257 - 284" title="Taxonomic revision of the Pheidolerinae Emery complex." volume="50" year="2007">Eguchi et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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. The minor workers are completely covered in punctate sculpture and are difficult to differentiate from those of the Neotropical
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
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complex. The similarity is so close that an introduced population of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole parva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Pheidole parva</taxonomicName>
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from the Seychelles was described by Forel, on the basis of the minor worker, as
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens var. farquharensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="flavens" variety="farquharensis">Pheidole flavens var. farquharensis</taxonomicName>
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. The similarity is entirely convergent, as these lineages are distantly related.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole parva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Pheidole parva</taxonomicName>
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minors can be separated from those of the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex most reliably by the interrupted striae that are interlaced among the punctate ground sculpture of the posterior head (Fig. 59 vs. Fig. 60). This character can also be viewed in the dorsal view.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole parva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Pheidole parva</taxonomicName>
|
||
minors can be separated from those of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctatissima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">Pheidole punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade treated here by the glossy gaster (Fig. 32 vs. Fig. 33) and finer mesosomal hairs of unequal length (Fig. 54 vs. Fig. 53). The major workers are characterized by a defined and moderately depressed antennal scrobe and a thick network of reticulated rugulae on the posterior lobes. This pattern is most similar to that of the broadly sympatric
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole fervens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fervens">Pheidole fervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole indica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">Pheidole indica</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole parva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Pheidole parva</taxonomicName>
|
||
is much smaller than those species (HW <0.95 mm vsHW> 1.10 mm) and lacks the distinct prominence on the posterior slope of the promesonotal dorsum (Fig. 4 vs. Fig. 5). The majors of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole parva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Pheidole parva</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be separated from those of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole flavens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavens">Pheidole flavens</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole punctatissima" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctatissima">Pheidole punctatissima</taxonomicName>
|
||
group species treated here by the much stronger and more reticulated carinae which reach the posterior margin (Fig. 26 vs. Fig. 25 and Fig. 27) in addition to other characters given in the key. Readers are referred to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 118" title="A revision of Northern Vietnamese species of the ant genus Pheidole (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)." volume="1902" year="2008">Eguchi (2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="257 - 284" title="Taxonomic revision of the Pheidolerinae Emery complex." volume="50" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) for characters separating
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole parva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Pheidole parva</taxonomicName>
|
||
from its Asian congeners.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="biology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
Little is known about the biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole parva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Pheidole parva</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it does appear to be expanding its range and is worth monitoring in the future as it exhibits a high tolerance for disturbance.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eguchi, K" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 118" title="A revision of Northern Vietnamese species of the ant genus Pheidole (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)." volume="1902" year="2008">Eguchi (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed that the species seems to inhabit open lands and forest edges, and has probably expanded its range in some part as the result of human commerce.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole parva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Pheidole parva</taxonomicName>
|
||
was one of the most commonly collected ants in a myrmecological study of agricultural fields in Vietnam and Okinawa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Anh, LN" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Institute of Tropical Agriculture Kyushu University" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 1" title="Ants of agricultural fields in Vietnam (Hymenoptera: Formicinae)." volume="33" year="2010">Anh et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Suwabe, M" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Research" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="637 - 643" title="Difference in seasonal activity pattern between non-native and native ants in subtropical forest of Okinawa Island, Japan." url="10.1007/s11284-008-0534-9" volume="24" year="2009">Suwabe et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A recent study of 18 structure invading pest ants of healthcare
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="45" pageNumber="46" start="start">facilities</pageBreakToken>
|
||
in Singapore found
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole parva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Pheidole parva</taxonomicName>
|
||
the most frequently encountered species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Man, LS" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="241 - 249" title="Structure-invading pest ants in healthcare facilities in Singapore." volume="59" year="2012">Man and Lee 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole parva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Pheidole parva</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole megacephala" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
were the two most common ant species encountered and together accounted for over 50% of the total collection (25.9% and 25.2%, respectively). In Mauritius and the Seychelles
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole parva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Pheidole parva</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be locally abundant and can be found in soil and leaf litter, under stones or root mats, in rotten logs, foraging on or nesting in the ground, as well as in lower vegetation and even under the bark of live trees (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It was collected there in parks, gardens, mangrove, coastal scrub, degraded dry forest, littoral and mixed forest, and rainforest, in elevations between 1-445 m. It was collected inland on the Arabian Peninsula from date tree orchards, banana plantations and under potted plants between 675-735 m elevation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole parva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Pheidole parva</taxonomicName>
|
||
is considered here as native to the Indo-Malay region. The species is recorded from the Asian mainland from India east to China. We consider the records from Indonesia, Borneo, the Philippines and Taiwan to be native, but much of this distribution could represent a more recent anthropogenic expansion. We consider the records from the Okinawa and Kagoshima prefectures of Japan to be introduced along with the records from Palau to represent introduced populations, but it is difficult to know whether the species arrived in these islands before, with or after the arrival of humans. The species is introduced in the Seychelles, Mauritius, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole parva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Pheidole parva</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also collected from hothouses in Austria and Germany.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="risk statement">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Risk statement.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pheidole parva" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parva">Pheidole parva</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not currently considered to be a significant pest species, and no impacts on agricultural systems or native ecosystems have been documented as of yet. The species is known to invade structures, however, and its prevalence in Singapore health care facilities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Man, LS" journalOrPublisher="Sociobiology" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="241 - 249" title="Structure-invading pest ants in healthcare facilities in Singapore." volume="59" year="2012">Man and Lee 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) suggests it could become a more widespread nuisance pest in the future. Live colonies have been reported from various ships (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, G" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="301 - 356" title="A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidolemegacephala." url="10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1" volume="3683" year="2013">Fischer and Fisher 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and should be screened for during quarantine inspections.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |