165 lines
20 KiB
XML
165 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="170E661444166844FF3BC349A5D30D1E">Comparative exploration of antennae in Pseudopontia, and antennal clubs of the tribes Leptideini and Dismorphiini (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="44F34D1DAD2B44B5982C65510D9D5E15">Castro-Gerardino, Diana Jimena</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="98621E2C1FE44814E1DC04BBF006FA15">Llorente-Bousquets, Jorge</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F6761D93D443AB7A31C23E0F1C118518">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6BF582F8A685FD6A433CD6909BBA5686">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="4F018817FFA21471FF09FF51DD00FBEE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6002177" ID-GBIF-Taxon="137294967" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6002177" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4F018817FFA21471FF09FF51DD00FBEE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F018817FFA21471FF09FF51DD00FBEE" lastPageNumber="433" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">
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<subSubSection id="8FB26A8AFFA21471FF09FF51DAECFF46" box="[151,952,152,178]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C7173901FFA21471FF09FF51DAECFF46" blockId="32.[151,952,152,178]" box="[151,952,152,178]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">
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<heading id="9C5F8E6DFFA21471FF09FF51DAECFF46" bold="true" box="[151,952,152,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="F5DCE513FFA21471FF09FF51DAECFF46" bold="true" box="[151,952,152,178]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">
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Comparison of
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<taxonomicName id="00A84282FFA21471FEC6FF51D88DFF46" box="[344,473,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Leptideini">Leptideini</taxonomicName>
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and Dismorphiini of different authors
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8FB26A8AFFA21471FF09FF17DD00FBEE" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C7173901FFA21471FF09FF17DB96FE73" blockId="32.[151,1437,222,1050]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">
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The differences between the two tribes of
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<taxonomicName id="00A84282FFA21471FDE1FF17DA71FF03" box="[639,805,222,247]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Dismorphiinae">Dismorphiinae</taxonomicName>
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are listed in
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<tableCitation id="8A2A0CBAFFA21471FC5EFF17DD43FF03" box="[960,1047,222,247]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="30.[120,196,519,539]" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparative synthesis between Leptideini and Dismorphiini." pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Table 2</tableCitation>
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, but this list is not intended to be exhaustive. The differences essentially relate to the chorion, as a product of the adult female, and different regions of the body. The table also includes biological characters such as mimicry, chromosomes, host plants, geological age, distribution, and habitat. The abundant differences demonstrate a remarkable divergence; however, the two tribes share many characters, as well (see below).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C7173901FFA21471FF59FE5BDBFAFE07" blockId="32.[151,1437,222,1050]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">
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Both tribes have anthoxanthins as pigments in their scales, derived from urea (pterines). In addition to the presence of flavones, they have trisulcate antennae and feed exclusively of
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<taxonomicName id="00A84282FFA21471FC45FE7FDD17FE3B" box="[987,1091,438,463]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="A33944F0FFA21471FBCCFE7FDDBAFE3B" author="Higgins" box="[1106,1262,438,463]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Higgins, L. G. (1975) The classification of European butterflies. Collins, London, 320 pp." type="book" year="1975">Higgins 1975</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="A33944F0FFA21471FB66FE7FDCCCFE3B" author="Llorente" box="[1272,1432,438,463]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Llorente, J. (1984) Sinopsis Sistematica y Biogeografica de los Dismorphiinae de Mexico con especial referencia al genero Enantia Huebner (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 58, 1 - 207." type="journal article" year="1984">Llorente 1984</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="A33944F0FFA21471FF09FE13D8F1FE07" author="Llorente" box="[151,421,474,499]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Llorente-Bousquets, J. & Castro-Gerardino J. (2004) Subfamilia Dismorphiinae. In: LeCrom, J. F., Constantino, L. M., Llorente- Bousquets, J. & Salazar, J. A. (Eds.), Mariposas de Colombia Tomo 2. Pieridae. Ed. Carlec, Bogota, pp. 14 - 16" type="journal article" year="2004">Llorente & Castro 2004</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="A33944F0FFA21471FE31FE13DBF6FE07" author="Beccaloni" box="[431,674,474,499]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Beccaloni, G. W., Viloria, A., Hall, S. K. & Robinson, G. S. (2008) Catalogue of the hostplants of the Neotropical butterflies. Monografias Tercer Milenio N ° 8. Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa & Red Iberoamericana de Biogeografia y Entomologia Sistematica, Zaragoza, 534 pp." type="book" year="2008">
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Beccaloni
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<emphasis id="F5DCE513FFA21471FDB8FE12DB0BFE07" box="[550,607,475,499]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">et al.</emphasis>
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2008
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C7173901FFA21471FF59FE36DAFCFCB6" blockId="32.[151,1437,222,1050]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">
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A synthesis of shared morphological characters was provided by
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<bibRefCitation id="A33944F0FFA21471FC3EFE37DDE1FDE3" author="Ehrlich" box="[928,1205,510,535]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Ehrlich, P. (1958) The comparatice morphology, phylogeny, and higher classification of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 39, 305 - 370." type="journal article" year="1958">Ehrlich (1958: 343–344)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="A33944F0FFA21471FB75FE36DC2FFDE3" author="Scott" box="[1259,1403,511,535]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Scott, J. A. (1984) The phylogeny of butterflies (Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 23 (4), 241 - 281." type="journal article" year="1984">Scott (1984)</bibRefCitation>
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: 1) Patagia membranous; 2) Forewing pedunculate and penta radials; 3) M1 and M2 of forewings originate from CD; only M1 originates from the radial branch (
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<taxonomicName id="00A84282FFA21471FD1CFD80DA40FD95" authorityName="Castro-Gerardino & Llorente-Bousquets" authorityYear="2017" box="[642,788,585,609]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Pseudopieris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F5DCE513FFA21471FD1CFD80DA40FD95" box="[642,788,585,609]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Pseudopieris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="00A84282FFA21471FCD0FD80DABCFD95" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1870" box="[846,1000,585,609]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Moschoneura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F5DCE513FFA21471FCD0FD80DABCFD95" box="[846,1000,585,609]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Moschoneura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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); 4) Forewing with cubital apparently quadrifid by the position of M3; 5) Hindwing with well-developed humeral vein; 6) AP with Sc+R1 without secondary fusion with R5; 7) M2 of hindwing originating from CD; 8) Tegumen reduced and shorter than uncus; 9) Uncus well developed and bilobulate; and 10) Valvae fused at their lower ventral and distal margins. Other shared characters include the semi-fusiform chorion, more than twice as long as wide, and without peri-micropylar differentiation (
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<bibRefCitation id="A33944F0FFA21471FEDBFCCCDB07FCEA" author="Llorente" box="[325,595,773,798]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Llorente-Bousquets, J. & Castro-Gerardino, J. (2007) Estudios en sistematica de Dismorphiini (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) I. Morfologia de huevos y su importancia taxonomica. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 31 (118), 145 - 164." type="journal article" year="2007">Llorente & Castro 2007</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="A33944F0FFA21471FDC3FCCFDBCCFCEA" author="Llorente" box="[605,664,774,798]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Llorente-Bousquets, J. & Castro-Gerardino, J. (2008) Morfologia del corion en Dismorphiini (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). In: Llorente-Bousquets, J. & Lanteri, A. (Eds.), Contribuciones Taxonomicas en Ordenes de Insectos Hiperdiversos. Las Prensas de Ciencias, UNAM, Mexico D. F., pp. 71 - 90" type="book chapter" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
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, Llorente
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<emphasis id="F5DCE513FFA21471FC96FCCEDA6BFCEA" box="[776,831,774,798]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">et al.</emphasis>
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unpublished); and male genitalia globular with strong development of the juxta-transtilla (
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<bibRefCitation id="A33944F0FFA21471FDB6FCE0DBF1FCB6" author="Klots" box="[552,677,809,834]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Klots, A. B. (1931 - 1933) A generic revision of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera), together with a study of the male genitalia. Entomologica Americana, 12 (3), 139 - 242." type="journal article" year="1931">
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Klots
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<date id="B3161FC1FFA21471FDF3FCE3DBF1FCB6" box="[621,677,810,834]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" value="1931" valueMax="1933">1931</date>
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</bibRefCitation>
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–1933,
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<bibRefCitation id="A33944F0FFA21471FD67FCE0DACFFCB6" author="Llorente" box="[761,923,809,834]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Llorente, J. (1984) Sinopsis Sistematica y Biogeografica de los Dismorphiinae de Mexico con especial referencia al genero Enantia Huebner (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 58, 1 - 207." type="journal article" year="1984">Llorente 1984</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C7173901FFA21471FF59FC84DD00FBEE" blockId="32.[151,1437,222,1050]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">
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Based on these characters,
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<taxonomicName id="00A84282FFA21471FE6BFC87DBDBFC92" authorityName="Plotz" authorityYear="1870" box="[501,655,846,870]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Pseudopontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F5DCE513FFA21471FE6BFC87DBDBFC92" box="[501,655,846,870]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Pseudopontia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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cannot be basal to the rest of
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<taxonomicName id="00A84282FFA21471FC40FC84DD69FC92" box="[990,1085,845,870]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
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, the sister-group to
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<taxonomicName id="00A84282FFA21471FA85FC84DC2EFC92" box="[1307,1402,845,870]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
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, or the sister-group to Dismorphiini. It appears to be a more recent and specialized branch of
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<taxonomicName id="00A84282FFA21471FB10FCB8DC53FC7E" box="[1166,1287,881,906]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Coliadinae">Coliadinae</taxonomicName>
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based on the type of pupa (
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<bibRefCitation id="A33944F0FFA21471FEA8FC5CD897FC5A" author="Safian" box="[310,451,917,942]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Safian, Sz. (2015) Behaviour and development of Pseudopontia gola Safian & Mitter, 2011 (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). SHILAP, Revista de Lepidopterologia, 43 (169), 85 - 89." type="journal article" year="2015">Sáfián 2015</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="A33944F0FFA21471FE4EFC5CDBDFFC5A" author="Dias" box="[464,651,917,942]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Dias, F. M. S., Leviski, G. L., Casagrande, M. M. & Mielke O. H. H. (2016) Dismorphia melia Godart [1824] (Pieridae: Dismorphiinae): external morphology of the last instar and pupa, with notes on its taxonomy, variation, and distribution. The Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 70 (1), 61 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.18473 / lepi. 70 i 1. a 7" type="journal article" year="2016">
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Dias
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<emphasis id="F5DCE513FFA21471FD92FC5EDB6BFC5A" box="[524,575,918,942]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2016
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00A84282FFA21471FD01FC5FDA6DFC5A" authorityName="Plotz" authorityYear="1870" box="[671,825,918,942]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" genus="Pseudopontia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F5DCE513FFA21471FD01FC5FDA6DFC5A" box="[671,825,918,942]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">Pseudopontia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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may have arisen earlier than
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<taxonomicName id="00A84282FFA21471FB13FC5CDC52FC5A" box="[1165,1286,917,942]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Coliadinae">Coliadinae</taxonomicName>
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||
and
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<taxonomicName id="00A84282FFA21471FADEFC5CDCC8FC5A" box="[1344,1436,917,942]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pierinae">Pierinae</taxonomicName>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="A33944F0FFA21471FF00FC70D8DFFC26" author="Wahlberg" box="[158,395,953,978]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Wahlberg, N., Rota, J., Braby, M. F., Pierce, N. E. & Wheat, C. W. (2014) Revised systematics and higher classification of pierid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) based on molecular data. Zoologica Scripta, 43 (6), 641 - 650. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12075" type="journal article" year="2014">
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Wahlberg
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<emphasis id="F5DCE513FFA21471FE8CFC73D81EFC26" box="[274,330,954,978]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">et al.</emphasis>
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2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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) as the ancestor of both subfamilies. The information presented since
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<bibRefCitation id="A33944F0FFA21471FB09FC73DC67FC26" author="Reuter" box="[1175,1331,954,978]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Reuter, E. (1898) On a new classification of the Rhopalocera. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, West Wickham, 10 (2), 25 - 26." type="journal article" year="1898">Reuter (1898)</bibRefCitation>
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for palps and
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<bibRefCitation id="A33944F0FFA21471FF55FC14D800FC02" author="Klots" box="[203,340,989,1014]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Klots, A. B. (1931 - 1933) A generic revision of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera), together with a study of the male genitalia. Entomologica Americana, 12 (3), 139 - 242." type="journal article" year="1931">
|
||
Klots (
|
||
<date id="B3161FC1FFA21471FE82FC17D800FC02" box="[284,340,990,1014]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" value="1931" valueMax="1933">1931</date>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–1933) for venation and male genitalia support this conclusion, and subsequent authors have agreed with this hypothesis (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A33944F0FFA21471FD91FBC8DBF4FBEE" author="Clench" box="[527,672,1025,1050]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Clench, H. K. (1955) Revised classification of the butterfly family Lycaenidae and its allies. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 33, 261 - 274." type="journal article" year="1955">Clench 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A33944F0FFA21471FD35FBC8DACCFBEE" author="Wahlberg" box="[683,920,1025,1050]" pageId="32" pageNumber="433" refString="Wahlberg, N., Rota, J., Braby, M. F., Pierce, N. E. & Wheat, C. W. (2014) Revised systematics and higher classification of pierid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) based on molecular data. Zoologica Scripta, 43 (6), 641 - 650. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12075" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Wahlberg
|
||
<emphasis id="F5DCE513FFA21471FC80FBCBDA02FBEE" box="[798,854,1026,1050]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="433">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, see discussion).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |