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<document id="D82A3B32345AA131F5E65A6089B97045" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1" ID-CLB-Dataset="38807" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1af13aec-3c54-4a92-abdf-e4e29b97e82f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="271704" ID-ZooBank="118F4865-D89E-45EA-A210-8D61946CC37F" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1465971881907" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Matz, Jess &amp; Brower, Andrew V. Z." docDate="2016" docId="03F187D7FFB88449FF11FB54FD9FBA98" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4125.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4125 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Pampasatyrus Hayward 1953" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="53" masterDocId="FFC8FFAFFF8B847DFF86FFA0FFD9B918" masterDocTitle="The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes" masterLastPageNumber="108" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="52" updateTime="1698662999642" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="C362CDA78842E22EB0FB329284CF8B3D">The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="972BC4B3F697AB7C4C7D3C2A48FF1DB8">Matz, Jess</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="D01917AD1C2D1695726BD2B1E754BA76">2016</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03F187D7FFB88449FF11FB54FD9FBA98" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6070066" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120828529" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6070066" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F187D7FFB88449FF11FB54FD9FBA98" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F187D7FFB88449FF11FB54FD9FBA98" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<subSubSection id="C342654AFFB8844EFF11FB54FDD1BC16" box="[151,520,1268,1294]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FFB8844EFF11FB54FDD1BC16" blockId="51.[151,520,1268,1294]" box="[151,520,1268,1294]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<heading id="D0AF81ADFFB8844EFF11FB54FDD1BC16" bold="true" box="[151,520,1268,1294]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB8844EFF11FB54FDD1BC16" ID-CoL="92HRD" authority="Hayward, 1953" authorityName="Hayward" authorityYear="1953" box="[151,520,1268,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pampasatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFF11FB54FDD1BC16" bold="true" box="[151,520,1268,1294]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFF11FB54FE9BBC16" bold="true" box="[151,322,1268,1294]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Pampasatyrus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFB8844EFECFFB54FDD1BC16" author="Hayward" box="[329,520,1268,1294]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Hayward, K. J. (1953) Satiridos Argentinos (Lep. Rhop. Satyridae) I. Los generos (excluido Euptychia y Neomaniola). Acta zoologica Lilloana, 13, 151 - 159." type="journal article" year="1953">Hayward, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342654AFFB8844EFF11FA9AFDF7BC96" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FFB8844EFF11FA9AFDFCBC77" blockId="51.[151,790,1338,1483]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFF11FA9AFEFCBC48" bold="true" box="[151,293,1338,1360]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<typeStatus id="54E38863FFB8844EFF11FA9AFF15BC48" box="[151,204,1338,1360]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Type</typeStatus>
species:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB8844EFEADFA9AFDADBC48" authority="Berg, 1877" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1877" box="[299,628,1338,1360]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Epinephele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gyrtone">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFEADFA9AFE28BC48" box="[299,497,1338,1360]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Epinephele gyrtone</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFB8844EFE71FA9BFDADBC48" author="Berg" box="[503,628,1338,1360]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Berg, F. W. K. (1877 b) Contribucion al estudio de la fauna entomologica de Patagonia. Anales de la Sociedad cientifica argentina, 4 (2), 87 - 102." type="journal article" year="1877" yearSuffix="b">Berg, 1877b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
=
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB8844EFF2DFAF9FE1BBC77" authority="Herrera, 1966" authorityName="Herrera" authorityYear="1966" box="[171,450,1369,1391]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Haywardella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFF2DFAF9FEF7BC77" box="[171,302,1369,1391]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Haywardella</emphasis>
Herrera, 1966
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFE4EFAF9FDFCBC77" bold="true" box="[456,549,1369,1391]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">syn. nov.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FFB8844EFF11FAD9FDF7BC96" blockId="51.[151,790,1338,1483]" box="[151,558,1400,1422]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<typeStatus id="54E38863FFB8844EFF11FAD9FF10BC96" box="[151,201,1401,1422]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB8844EFEA0FAD9FDF7BC96" authority="Berg, 1882" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1882" box="[294,558,1400,1422]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Satyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thione">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFEA0FAD9FE6EBC96" box="[294,439,1400,1422]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Satyrus thione</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFB8844EFE38FAD9FDF7BC96" author="Berg" box="[446,558,1400,1422]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Berg, F. W. K. (1882) Farrago lepidopterologica. Contribuciones al estudio de la fauna argentina y paises limitrofes. Anales de la Sociedad cientifica argentina, 13 (4), 164 - 183." type="journal article" year="1882">Berg, 1882</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342654AFFB8844EFF11FA37FD9DBCB4" box="[151,580,1430,1452]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FFB8844EFF11FA37FD9DBCB4" blockId="51.[151,790,1338,1483]" box="[151,580,1430,1452]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
=
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB8844EFF2DFA36FD9DBCB4" ID-CoL="92L2V" authority="Miller &amp; Emmel, 1971" authorityName="Miller &amp; Emmel" authorityYear="1971" box="[171,580,1430,1452]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pseudocercyonis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFF2DFA36FE8FBCB4" box="[171,342,1430,1452]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Pseudocercyonis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFB8844EFEDAFA36FD9DBCB4" author="Miller" box="[348,580,1430,1452]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Miller, L. D. &amp; Emmel, T. C. (1971) The Brazillian &quot; Cercyonis &quot; (Satyridae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 25 (1), 12 - 19." type="journal article" year="1971">Miller &amp; Emmel, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342654AFFB8844EFF11FA16FCCFBCD3" box="[151,790,1461,1483]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FFB8844EFF11FA16FCCFBCD3" blockId="51.[151,790,1338,1483]" box="[151,790,1461,1483]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<typeStatus id="54E38863FFB8844EFF11FA16FF10BCD3" box="[151,201,1462,1483]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB8844EFEA0FA15FCCFBCD3" authority="C.Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1867" authorityName="C.Felder &amp; R. Felder" authorityYear="1867" box="[294,790,1461,1483]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Epinephele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glaucope">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFEA0FA15FE22BCD3" box="[294,507,1461,1483]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Epinephele glaucope</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFB8844EFD87FA15FCCFBCD3" author="Felder" box="[513,790,1461,1483]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Felder, C. &amp; Felder, R. (1867) Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1859, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullensdorf - Urbair. Zoologischer Thiel. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abteilung: Lepidoptera. Carl Gerold's Sohn, Wien, 536 + 9 pp., 74 pls." type="book" year="1867">C.Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1867</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342654AFFB8844EFF11FA57FDFABED8" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FFB8844EFF11FA57FDFABED8" blockId="51.[151,1436,1527,2021]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFF11FA57FED3BF08" bold="true" box="[151,266,1527,1552]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Although wing patterns vary among
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB8844EFD3CFA59FC83BF08" box="[698,858,1529,1552]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pampasatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFD3CFA59FC83BF08" box="[698,858,1529,1552]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Pampasatyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, all species have a well-developed M1-M3 forewing ocellus often bipupillate and ringed in yellow on the dorsal side of the forewing and most species also having an additional ocellus between CuA1-CuA2 below the M1-M3 ocellus, both of which are also visible on the ventral side of the forewing. Males are without androconia. Hindwings are trapezoidal and may be entire to scalloped, the inner margin excavated between the anal vein and 1A+2A, producing an anal lobe. Presence of ventral side hindwing ocelli varies by species,
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB8844EFD25F90DFCEBBFDD" box="[675,818,1708,1733]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neomaenas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edmondsii">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFD25F90DFCEBBFDD" box="[675,818,1708,1733]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">P. edmondsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
having either none or small ocelli that are obscured by the ripple pattern present in most
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFD9EF971FD66BFF0" box="[536,703,1745,1768]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB8844EFD9EF971FD62BFF0" box="[536,699,1745,1768]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pampasatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pampasatyrus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and most other species with ocelli in each cell between M1 and CuA2, if not also between Rs-M1 and/or CuA2-1A+2A. Some species, such as
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB8844EFBA1F955FB40BE14" box="[1063,1177,1781,1804]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Epinephele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gyrtone">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFBA1F955FB40BE14" box="[1063,1177,1781,1804]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">P. gyrtone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFB2FF955FAD9BE15" box="[1193,1280,1780,1805]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">P. ni lesi</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB8844EFAC2F955FA45BE14" box="[1348,1436,1781,1804]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pampasatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quies">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFAC2F955FA45BE14" box="[1348,1436,1781,1804]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">P. quies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have the ventral side hindwing veins highlighted in white. The ventral side hindwing postmedian band is well defined in most species. All species examined bore antennae with spatulate clubs, cylindrical terminal palp segments, and very reduced forelegs with unsegmented tarsi. Eyes are naked and males exhibit serrations or dentate projections on the aedeagus. These serrations are more pronounced in
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB8844EFBACF825FB5CBE85" box="[1066,1157,1924,1949]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pampasatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nilesi">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFBACF825FB5CBE85" box="[1066,1157,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">P. nilesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and appear as winglike projections such as in
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB8844EFE16F809FDC5BED8" box="[400,540,1961,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argyrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argenteus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFE16F809FDC5BED8" box="[400,540,1961,1984]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">A. argenteus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342654AFFB88449FF41F86CFD9FBA98" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FFB88449FF41F86CFB08B8C8" blockId="51.[151,1436,1527,2021]" lastBlockId="52.[151,1437,151,896]" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFF41F86CFEEDBEFD" bold="true" box="[199,308,1996,2021]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Remarks</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFB8844EFEC2F86CFE27BEFD" author="Hayward" box="[324,510,1996,2021]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" refString="Hayward, K. J. (1953) Satiridos Argentinos (Lep. Rhop. Satyridae) I. Los generos (excluido Euptychia y Neomaniola). Acta zoologica Lilloana, 13, 151 - 159." type="journal article" year="1953">Hayward (1953)</bibRefCitation>
circumscribed
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB8844EFD29F86DFC96BEFC" box="[687,847,1997,2020]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pampasatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFD29F86DFC96BEFC" box="[687,847,1997,2020]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Pampasatyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to include three species:
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFB8844EFBF3F86DFA41BEFC" authority="Berg, 1877" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1877" box="[1141,1432,1996,2021]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Satyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quies">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFB8844EFBF3F86DFAD7BEFC" box="[1141,1294,1997,2020]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Satyrus quies</emphasis>
Berg, 1877
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FF11FF37FDDCB9A8" authority="Berg, 1877" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1877" box="[151,517,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Epinephele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gyrtone">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FF11FF37FEAFB9A8" box="[151,374,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Epinephele gyrtone</emphasis>
Berg, 1877
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FDCCFF37FBD2B9A8" authority="Kohler, 1939" authorityName="Kohler" authorityYear="1939" box="[586,1035,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Epinephele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yacantoensis">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FDCCFF37FCBCB9A8" box="[586,869,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Epinephele yacantoensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFBF8449FCF6FF37FBD2B9A8" author="Kohler" box="[880,1035,151,176]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refString="Kohler, P. E. (1939) Especies nuevas de Satyridae y complemento a mi &quot; Prodromus &quot;. Physis, 17 (49), 443 - 447." type="journal article" year="1939">Köhler, 1939</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. He subsequently (1958) included
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FF11FF1CFDDCB9CC" authority="Weymer, 1911" authorityName="Weymer" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,517,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Faunula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johanna">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FF11FF1CFE83B9CD" box="[151,346,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Faunula johanna</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFBF8449FEE4FF1DFDDCB9CC" author="Weymer" box="[354,517,188,213]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refString="Weymer, G. (1911) 4. Familie: Satyridae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross - Schmetterlinge der Erde. A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 173 - 280." type="book chapter" year="1911">Weymer, 1911</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(currently viewed as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FC18FF1DFAC6B9CC" authority="Weeks, 1902" authorityName="Weeks" authorityYear="1902" box="[926,1311,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cosmosatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nilesi">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FC18FF1DFB58B9CD" box="[926,1153,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Cosmosatyrus nilesi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFBF8449FB0CFF1CFAC6B9CC" author="Weeks" box="[1162,1311,188,213]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refString="Weeks, A. G. Jr. (1902) New species of butterflies from Bolivia. Entomological News, 13 (4), 104 - 108." type="journal article" year="1902">Weeks, 1902</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFBF8449FAB5FF1DFEE1B9E0" author="Lamas" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refString="Lamas, G. &amp; Viloria, A. (2004) Subtribes Erebiina and Hypocystina. In: Lamas, G. (Ed) Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea- Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Inc. / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, FL, pp. 215 - 217." type="book chapter" year="2004">Lamas &amp; Viloria (2004)</bibRefCitation>
expanded the genus to include five more described species, two of which,
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FB0BFF7FFE1DB805" authority="C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1867" authorityName="C. Felder &amp; R. Felder" authorityYear="1867" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Epinephele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glaucope">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FB0BFF7FFAA3B9E0" box="[1165,1402,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Epinephele glaucope</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFBF8449FA04FF40FE1DB805" author="Felder" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refString="Felder, C. &amp; Felder, R. (1867) Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1859, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullensdorf - Urbair. Zoologischer Thiel. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abteilung: Lepidoptera. Carl Gerold's Sohn, Wien, 536 + 9 pp., 74 pls." type="book" year="1867">C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1867</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FD81FEA5FC6EB804" authority="Weymer, 1907" authorityName="Weymer" authorityYear="1907" box="[519,951,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neomaenas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulata">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FD81FEA5FCD8B805" box="[519,769,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Neomaenas reticulata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFBF8449FC8BFEA5FC6EB804" author="Weymer" box="[781,951,260,285]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refString="Weymer, G. (1907) Exotische Lepidopteren. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift &quot; Iris &quot;, 20 (1), 1 - 51, pls. 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1907">Weymer, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, remain in the current circumscription of
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FF11FE89FEEEB858" box="[151,311,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pampasatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FF11FE89FEEEB858" box="[151,311,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Pampasatyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Also now included in this genus is the recently-described
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FC75FE89FF0BB87C" authority="Pyrcz, Cerdena and Zacca, 2014" authorityName="Pyrcz, Cerdena and Zacca" authorityYear="2014" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pampasatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gorkyi">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FC75FE89FB83B858" box="[1011,1114,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">P. gorkyi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFBF8449FBE3FE88FF0BB87C" author="Pyrcz" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refString="Cerdena, J. A., Pyrcz, T. W. &amp; Zacca, T. (2014) High Andean butterflies from southern Peru, I. Dry puna Satyrinae, with the description of two new taxa and three new records from Peru (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Revista Peruana de Biologia, 21, 213 - 222." type="journal article" year="2014">Pyrcz, Cerdeña and Zacca, 2014</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FE94FEECFD7FB87C" authority="Butler, 1881" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1881" box="[274,678,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Epinephele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edmondsii">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FE94FEECFDD5B87D" box="[274,524,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Epinephele edmondsii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFBF8449FD90FEECFD7FB87C" author="Butler" box="[534,678,332,357]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refString="Butler, A. G. (1881) List of butterflies collected in Chili by Thomas Edmonds, Esq. Transactions of the entomological Society of London, 1881 (4), 449 - 486, pl. 21." type="journal article" year="1881">Butler, 1881</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, which was separated from
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FC6AFEEDFBB6B87C" box="[1004,1135,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neomaenas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FC6AFEEDFBB6B87C" box="[1004,1135,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Neomaenas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into the monotypic genus
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FF11FECFFEF1B890" box="[151,296,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Haywardella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FF11FECFFEF1B890" box="[151,296,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Haywardella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Herrera (1966) on the basis of genitalic differences and the much-reduced forelegs that are characteristic of
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FED0FE35FE2FB8B4" box="[342,502,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pampasatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FED0FE35FE2FB8B4" box="[342,502,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Pampasatyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FDB5FE35FD0AB8B4" box="[563,723,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pampasatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FDB5FE35FD0AB8B4" box="[563,723,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Pampasatyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are distributed east of the Andes from central
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FFBF8449FACFFE34FA45B8B5" box="[1353,1436,404,429]" name="Bolivia" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
and Minas Gerais province,
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FFBF8449FE55FE17FDCEB8C8" box="[467,535,439,464]" name="Brazil" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Brazil</collectingCountry>
to southern Neuquén and Buenos Aires Provinces,
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FFBF8449FBDFFE17FB15B8C8" box="[1113,1228,439,464]" name="Argentina" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Argentina</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FFBF8449FF41FE7DFD9FBA98" blockId="52.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
Two species placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FE49FE7DFDB6B8EC" box="[463,623,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pampasatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FE49FE7DFDB6B8EC" box="[463,623,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Pampasatyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were unavailable for thorough examination, but are similar enough in wing patterning to others of this genus that there is no justification for placing them in another genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FF11FD85FDA5BB24" authority="Kohler, 1939" authorityName="Kohler" authorityYear="1939" box="[151,636,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pampasatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yacantoensis">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FF11FD85FE16BB24" box="[151,463,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Pampasatyrus yacantoensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFBF8449FE5BFD84FDAABB24" author="Kohler" box="[477,627,548,573]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refString="Kohler, P. E. (1939) Especies nuevas de Satyridae y complemento a mi &quot; Prodromus &quot;. Physis, 17 (49), 443 - 447." type="journal article" year="1939">Köhler, 1939</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13632A44FFBF8449FD0DFD84FD04BB24" box="[651,733,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 10. A, B" captionStartId="87.[151,250,1220,1242]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,193,1194]" captionTargetId="figure@87.[153,1433,193,1198]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURE 10. A, B: Pampasatyrus reticulata (Weymer, 1907), dorsal and ventral wing surfaces of a living specimen. Pedra do Bão, Campos de Jordão, Brazil, 1756 m S 22 ° 40.541 ’, W 45 ° 37.890 ’, 6 Feb. 2015 (Photos by Bill Berthet, used with permission); C: Pampasatyrus yacantoensis (Köhler, 1939) ventral view of a living specimen, Capilla del Monte, Córdoba, Argentina, 17 – 24 Feb. 2013. (Photo by Alec Earnshaw, used with permission); D: Punargentus tandilensis (Köhler, 1935) n. comb. Tandil, Buenos Aires Prov., Argentina, Photo by Rittner Oz. http: // www. argentinean-insects. com / satyrinae. htm (used with permission)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271714/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
C; 28) bears the characteristic and distinctive bipupillate DFW ocellus between M1-M3.
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FE42FDE9FC7BBB78" authority="Weymer, 1907" authorityName="Weymer" authorityYear="1907" box="[452,930,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pampasatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulata">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FE42FDE9FD05BB78" box="[452,732,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Pampasatyrus reticulata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFBF8449FD69FDE8FC40BB78" author="Weymer" box="[751,921,584,608]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refString="Weymer, G. (1907) Exotische Lepidopteren. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift &quot; Iris &quot;, 20 (1), 1 - 51, pls. 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1907">Weymer, 1907</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13632A44FFBF8449FC33FDE7FB9FBB47" box="[949,1094,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 10. A, B" captionStartId="87.[151,250,1220,1242]" captionTargetBox="[157,1432,193,1194]" captionTargetId="figure@87.[153,1433,193,1198]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURE 10. A, B: Pampasatyrus reticulata (Weymer, 1907), dorsal and ventral wing surfaces of a living specimen. Pedra do Bão, Campos de Jordão, Brazil, 1756 m S 22 ° 40.541 ’, W 45 ° 37.890 ’, 6 Feb. 2015 (Photos by Bill Berthet, used with permission); C: Pampasatyrus yacantoensis (Köhler, 1939) ventral view of a living specimen, Capilla del Monte, Córdoba, Argentina, 17 – 24 Feb. 2013. (Photo by Alec Earnshaw, used with permission); D: Punargentus tandilensis (Köhler, 1935) n. comb. Tandil, Buenos Aires Prov., Argentina, Photo by Rittner Oz. http: // www. argentinean-insects. com / satyrinae. htm (used with permission)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271714/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 10A, B</figureCitation>
; 28) is found near the moist
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FF11FDCCFED2BB9B" box="[151,267,620,643]" class="Pinopsida" family="Araucariaceae" genus="Araucaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FF11FDCCFED2BB9B" box="[151,267,620,643]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Araucaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forests of Rio Grande do Sul in southeastern
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FFBF8449FC8FFDCCFC94BB9D" box="[777,845,620,645]" name="Brazil" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFBF8449FCDAFDCCFBF4BB9C" author="Santos" box="[860,1069,620,645]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refString="Santos, J. P., Iserhard, C. A., Tiexera, M. O. &amp; Romanowski, H. P. (2011) Fruit-feeding butterflies guide of subtropical Atlantic Forest and Araucaria Moist Forest in State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Biota Neotropical, 11 (3), 253 - 274. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032011000300022" type="journal article" year="2011">
Santos
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FC29FDCDFC3EBB9D" box="[943,999,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
, 2011
</bibRefCitation>
) and in tussock grass marshes in the vicinity of Campos do Jordão, Estado de São Paulo (A. Freitas and K. Garwood, pers. comm.). The bold, black and orange, reticulated ventral wing pattern for which it is named sets it apart from others of this genus, and, indeed from any other neotropical satyrine. The DFW lacks the large bipupillate apical ocellus that is distinctive in other
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FF11FD5DFEEEBA0C" box="[151,311,765,788]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pampasatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FF11FD5DFEEEBA0C" box="[151,311,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Pampasatyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but DNA sequence places
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FDF1FD5DFCD9BA0D" box="[631,768,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pampasatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reticulata">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FDF1FD5DFCD9BA0D" box="[631,768,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">P. reticulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
unequivocally within this genus (
<figureCitation id="13632A44FFBF8449FB02FD5CFB1EBA0C" box="[1156,1223,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="78.[151,250,1782,1804]" captionTargetBox="[187,1390,212,1741]" captionTargetId="figure@78.[180,1408,195,1758]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="FIGURE 1. One of six equally parsimonious trees for Neosatyriti and selected pronophiline outgroups, based on 4071 bp of concatenated DNA sequence from mtDNA COI-COII, elongation factor 1 - alpha and wingless. Length = 8955 steps, CIx = 0.2435; RI = 0.4729." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271705/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Three additional taxa included in
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FED3FC81FE2CBA20" box="[341,501,801,824]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pampasatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FED3FC81FE2CBA20" box="[341,501,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Pampasatyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFBF8449FDA4FC80FCEFBA20" author="Lamas" box="[546,822,799,824]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refString="Lamas, G. &amp; Viloria, A. (2004) Subtribes Erebiina and Hypocystina. In: Lamas, G. (Ed) Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea- Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Inc. / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, FL, pp. 215 - 217." type="book chapter" year="2004">Lamas &amp; Viloria (2004)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FCC5FCBFFB08BA20" authority="Schaus, 1902" authorityName="Schaus" authorityYear="1902" box="[835,1233,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocelloides">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FCC5FCBFFBF7BA20" box="[835,1070,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Euptychia ocelloides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFBF8449FBB1FCBFFB08BA20" author="Schaus" box="[1079,1233,799,824]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refString="Schaus, W. (1902) Descriptions of new American butterflies. Proceedings of the United States national Museum, 24 (1262), 383 - 460. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1262.383" type="journal article" year="1902">Schaus, 1902</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FB5BFC80FEE6BA44" authority="Godart" authorityName="Godart" authorityYear="1824" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Satyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="periphas">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FB5BFC80FA45BA20" box="[1245,1436,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Satyrus periphas</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFBF8449FF11FCE4FEE6BA44" box="[151,319,836,861]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refString="Godart, J. B. (1824) In: Latreille, P. A. &amp; Godart, J. B. (Eds.), Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire naturelle. Entomologie ou histoire naturelle des crustaces, des arachnides et des insectes 9 (2). Veuve Agasse, Paris, pp. 329 - 828." type="journal article">Godart, [1824]</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FEFFFCE4FD23BA44" authority="Weeks, 1901" authorityName="Weeks" authorityYear="1901" box="[377,762,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Epinephele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imbrialis">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FEFFFCE4FDBBBA45" box="[377,610,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Epinephele imbrialis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFBF8449FDEFFCE4FD23BA44" author="Weeks" box="[617,762,836,861]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refString="Weeks, A. G. Jr. (1901) Descriptions of new butterflies of the genera Pamphila, Epinephele and Gorgythion. Proceedings of the New England zoological Club, 2, 79 - 83." type="journal article" year="1901">Weeks, 1901</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, were recently transferred to the new genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FB6DFCE5FAA0BA44" box="[1259,1401,837,860]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Stegosatyrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FB6DFCE5FAA0BA44" box="[1259,1401,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Stegosatyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FFBF8449FF11FCC7FEC7BA98" box="[151,286,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Euptychiina">Euptychiina</taxonomicName>
(!) by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FFBF8449FEEDFCC8FD9BBA98" box="[363,578,871,896]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" refString="Zacca, T., Mielke, O. H. H., Pyrcz, T. W., Casagrande, M. M., Freitas, A. V. L. &amp; Boyer, P. (2013) Stegosatyrus, a new genus of Euptychiina from the grasslands of neotropical realm. Zootaxa, 3682 (2), 331 - 350. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3682.2.7" type="journal article">
Zacca
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FFBF8449FE33FCC9FE34BA98" box="[437,493,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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