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<document id="953A450705012A803367AFA41A8E326E" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1" ID-CLB-Dataset="38807" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1af13aec-3c54-4a92-abdf-e4e29b97e82f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="271704" ID-ZooBank="118F4865-D89E-45EA-A210-8D61946CC37F" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1465971881907" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Matz, Jess &amp; Brower, Andrew V. Z." docDate="2016" docId="03F187D7FF998469FF11FAB1FB97BD64" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4125.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4125 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Auca coctei" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="FFC8FFAFFF8B847DFF86FFA0FFD9B918" masterDocTitle="The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes" masterLastPageNumber="108" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1698662999642" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="2C0DC6BEFEB8A8D10A318EF22CD7F292">The South Temperate Pronophilina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a phylogenetic hypothesis, redescriptions and revisionary notes</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C2EBC2A2C07338369B3CB15BEC1F4FE7">Matz, Jess</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6CDA6A25645DFED72D53DD15571911D8">Brower, Andrew V. Z.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="54DDB3FEA3430E6C94A98E8A603C5030">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="F999A05E9F571E35A1309179072FC611">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5968BC60B10146D52333BEE0880E27E5">4125</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="D11261579407DB79F429157D8A43DB0F" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4125.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F187D7FF998469FF11FAB1FB97BD64" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6070005" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120828494" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6070005" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F187D7FF998469FF11FAB1FB97BD64" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F187D7FF998469FF11FAB1FB97BD64" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<subSubSection id="C342654AFF99846FFF11FAB1FE6CBC54" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF99846FFF11FAB1FD36BC33" blockId="18.[151,751,1297,1357]" box="[151,751,1297,1323]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<heading id="D0AF81ADFF99846FFF11FAB1FD36BC33" bold="true" box="[151,751,1297,1323]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF99846FFF11FAB1FD36BC33" bold="true" box="[151,751,1297,1323]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF99846FFF11FAB1FEFDBC33" ID-CoL="JP87" box="[151,292,1297,1323]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Auca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coctei">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF99846FFF11FAB1FEFDBC33" bold="true" box="[151,292,1297,1323]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Auca coctei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FF99846FFEB5FAB1FDA9BC33" box="[307,624,1297,1323]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1838) Lepidopteres. In: Crustaces, Arachnides et Insectes. In: Duperrey, L. J. (Ed.), Voyage autour du monde execute par ordre du Roi sur la Corvette de sa Majeste, la Coquille, pendant les annees 1822,1823,1824 et 1825, sous le ministere et conformemont aux instructions de S. E. M. le Marquis de Clermont - Tonnerre, Ministre de la Marine, et publiee sous les auspices de son excellence Mgr le Cte de Chabrol, Ministre de la Marine et des Colonies. Zoologie. Arthus Bertrand, Paris, 16 pp. [pp 271 - 286]" type="book chapter">Guérin-Ménéville, [1838]</bibRefCitation>
) (
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF99846FFD0CFAB1FD3CBC33" box="[650,741,1297,1323]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Satyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF99846FFD0CFAB1FD3CBC33" bold="true" box="[650,741,1297,1323]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Satyrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF99846FFF11FA94FE6CBC54" blockId="18.[151,751,1297,1357]" box="[151,437,1332,1357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
(
<figureCitation id="13632A44FF99846FFF19FA94FF34BC54" box="[159,237,1332,1357]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="81.[151,250,1657,1679]" captionTargetBox="[367,1240,197,1622]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[344,1243,193,1636]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 4. Composite habitus images of Auca and Cosmosatyrus species. The left side of each specimen is the dorsal surface, the right side is the ventral surface. A, B: Auca coctei (Guérin-Méneville, [1838]) male (OSU # 93358) (A), female (OSU # 95049) (B); C: Auca barrosi (Silva, 1917) male (OSU # 95050); D-F: Cosmosatyrus leptoneuroides C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1867 male (D), female (E), and aberrant male (F) (MZUJ); G, H: Cosmosatyrus dubii (Pyrcz, 2012) n. comb. male (BMNH # 808379) (G), female (BMNH # 808378) (H); I: Cosmosatyrus stelligera (Butler, 1881) n. comb. male (BMNH # 809772)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271708/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
A, B; 13A–C; 23)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342654AFF99846FFF11FADCFEB9BCA8" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF99846FFF11FADCFEB9BCA8" blockId="18.[151,1109,1404,2008]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<typeStatus id="54E38863FF99846FFF11FADCFF20BC8A" box="[151,249,1404,1426]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
: (male)
<collectionCode id="ED49AE04FF99846FFECDFADDFE42BC8A" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[331,411,1405,1426]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">MNHN</collectionCode>
, Paris (Photo examined)
<typeStatus id="54E38863FF99846FFF11FA3BFF10BCA8" box="[151,201,1435,1456]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF99846FFEAFFA3AFEB9BCA8" box="[297,352,1434,1456]" name="Chile" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Chile</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342654AFF99846FFF11FA1AFDF5BCD7" box="[151,556,1465,1487]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF99846FFF11FA1AFDF5BCD7" blockId="18.[151,1109,1404,2008]" box="[151,556,1465,1487]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
=
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF99846FFF2DFA1AFE10BCD7" authority="Philippi, 1859" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1859" box="[171,457,1465,1487]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Satyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pales">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF99846FFF2DFA1AFEEBBCD7" box="[171,306,1465,1487]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Satyrus pales</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FF99846FFEBFFA19FE10BCD7" author="Philippi" box="[313,457,1465,1487]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1859) Descripcion de algunas nuevas especies de mariposas chilenas, principalmente de la Provincia de Valdivia. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, 16 (12), 1088 - 1114." type="journal article" year="1859">Philippi, 1859</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF99846FFE49FA19FDF5BCD7" bold="true" box="[463,556,1465,1487]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21F57A8FF99846FFE49FA19FDF5BCD7" box="[463,556,1465,1487]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">syn. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342654AFF99846FFF11FA79FEFBBF14" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF99846FFF11FA79FEFBBF14" blockId="18.[151,1109,1404,2008]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<typeStatus id="54E38863FF99846FFF11FA79FF10BCF6" box="[151,201,1497,1518]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Type</typeStatus>
locality: Valdivia Province,
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF99846FFE6CFA78FDF8BCF6" box="[490,545,1496,1518]" name="Chile" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Chile</collectingCountry>
(from text)
<typeStatus id="54E38863FF99846FFF11FA57FF14BF14" box="[151,205,1527,1548]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Type</typeStatus>
: no
<typeStatus id="54E38863FF99846FFF70FA57FEFBBF14" box="[246,290,1527,1548]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342654AFF99846FFF11F9B6FD91BF33" box="[151,584,1557,1579]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF99846FFF11F9B6FD91BF33" blockId="18.[151,1109,1404,2008]" box="[151,584,1557,1579]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
=
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF99846FFF2DF9B6FE3FBF33" authority="Reed, 1877" authorityName="Reed" authorityYear="1877" box="[171,486,1557,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Satyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nycteropus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF99846FFF2DF9B6FEB2BF33" box="[171,363,1558,1579]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Satyrus nycteropus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FF99846FFEF4F9B5FE3FBF33" author="Reed" box="[370,486,1557,1579]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Reed, E. C. (1877) Una monografia de las mariposas chilenas. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, 51 (9), 647 - 736, pls. 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1877">Reed, 1877</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21F57A8FF99846FFE6AF9B5FD91BF33" box="[492,584,1557,1579]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF99846FFE6AF9B5FD91BF33" bold="true" box="[492,584,1557,1579]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">syn. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342654AFF99846FFF41F994FD80BFFB" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF99846FFF41F994FE0EBF70" blockId="18.[151,1109,1404,2008]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<typeStatus id="54E38863FF99846FFF41F994FEFCBF52" box="[199,293,1588,1610]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
by indication (
<collectionCode id="ED49AE04FF99846FFE3BF994FE23BF52" box="[445,506,1588,1610]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">ICZN</collectionCode>
Art. 12.2.7): Plate III fig.
<quantity id="4CA09B24FF99846FFC83F994FCF5BF52" box="[773,812,1588,1610]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FF99846FFCB4F994FC76BF52" author="Reed" box="[818,943,1588,1610]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Reed, E. C. (1877) Una monografia de las mariposas chilenas. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, 51 (9), 647 - 736, pls. 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1877">Reed (1877)</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF99846FFF11F9F3FF71BF70" box="[151,168,1619,1640]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">=</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF99846FFF28F9F3FE0EBF70" authority="Reed, 1877" authorityName="Reed" authorityYear="1877" box="[174,471,1618,1640]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Satyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tragiscus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF99846FFF28F9F3FE84BF70" box="[174,349,1619,1640]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Satyrus tragiscus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FF99846FFEE2F9F2FE0EBF70" author="Reed" box="[356,471,1618,1640]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Reed, E. C. (1877) Una monografia de las mariposas chilenas. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, 51 (9), 647 - 736, pls. 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1877">Reed, 1877</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF99846FFF41F9D1FDB5BFBE" blockId="18.[151,1109,1404,2008]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<typeStatus id="54E38863FF99846FFF41F9D1FEFCBF9F" box="[199,293,1649,1671]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
by indication (
<collectionCode id="ED49AE04FF99846FFE3BF9D1FE23BF9F" box="[445,506,1649,1671]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">ICZN</collectionCode>
Art. 12.2.7): Plate III fig.
<quantity id="4CA09B24FF99846FFC83F9D1FCF5BF9F" box="[773,812,1649,1671]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FF99846FFCB4F9D1FC76BF9F" author="Reed" box="[818,943,1649,1671]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Reed, E. C. (1877) Una monografia de las mariposas chilenas. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, 51 (9), 647 - 736, pls. 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1877">Reed (1877)</bibRefCitation>
=
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF99846FFF2DF930FE86BFBE" box="[171,351,1680,1702]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Epinephele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coctei">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF99846FFF2DF930FE86BFBE" box="[171,351,1680,1702]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Epinephele coctei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF99846FFEE0F931FDB5BFBE" authority="Kohler, 1935" authorityName="Kohler" authorityYear="1935" box="[358,620,1680,1702]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Auca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="coctei" variety="confusa">
var.
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF99846FFE14F930FE38BFBE" box="[402,481,1680,1702]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">confusa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FF99846FFE61F930FDB5BFBE" author="Kohler" box="[487,620,1680,1702]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Kohler, P. E. (1935) Prodromus Satyridae (Lep.) argentinos. Revista de la Sociedad entomologica argentina, 7, 209 - 217, pls. 17 - 19." type="journal article" year="1935">Köhler, 1935</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF99846FFF11F90FFD80BFFB" blockId="18.[151,1109,1404,2008]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<typeStatus id="54E38863FF99846FFF11F90FFF10BFDC" box="[151,201,1711,1732]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Type</typeStatus>
locality: Nahuel Huapí, Neuquén Province,
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF99846FFD0DF90EFD29BFDC" box="[651,752,1710,1732]" name="Argentina" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Argentina</collectingCountry>
<typeStatus id="54E38863FF99846FFF11F96EFED9BFFB" box="[151,256,1742,1763]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
: (male)
<collectionCode id="ED49AE04FF99846FFED4F96DFE47BFFB" box="[338,414,1741,1763]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/pyng-6456" name="Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">MACN</collectionCode>
(Photo examined)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342654AFF99846FFF11F94DFB8CBEC0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF99846FFF11F94DFD8EBE27" blockId="18.[151,1109,1404,2008]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
=
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF99846FFF2DF94CFDA2BE1A" authority="Kohler, 1939" authorityName="Kohler" authorityYear="1939" box="[171,635,1772,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Epinephele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nycteropus" subSpecies="andensis">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF99846FFF2DF94CFE28BE1A" box="[171,497,1772,1794]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Epinephele nycteropus andensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FF99846FFE71F94CFDA2BE1A" author="Kohler" box="[503,635,1772,1794]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Kohler, P. E. (1939) Especies nuevas de Satyridae y complemento a mi &quot; Prodromus &quot;. Physis, 17 (49), 443 - 447." type="journal article" year="1939">Köhler, 1939</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="54E38863FF99846FFF11F8ABFF10BE38" box="[151,201,1803,1824]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Type</typeStatus>
locality: Lago Traful, Neuquén Province,
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF99846FFDF0F8AAFD02BE38" box="[630,731,1802,1824]" name="Argentina" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Argentina</collectingCountry>
<typeStatus id="54E38863FF99846FFF11F88AFED9BE27" box="[151,256,1834,1855]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
: (male) MACN (photo examined)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF99846FFF11F8E8FEBEBE46" blockId="18.[151,1109,1404,2008]" box="[151,359,1864,1886]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Other combinations:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF99846FFF11F8C8FDBABE64" blockId="18.[151,1109,1404,2008]" box="[151,611,1894,1917]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF99846FFF11F8C8FE96BE65" box="[151,335,1896,1917]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neomaenas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coctei">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF99846FFF11F8C8FE96BE65" box="[151,335,1896,1917]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Neomaenas coctei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—D'Abrera (1988, p. 795).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF99846FFF11F826FDB9BE83" blockId="18.[151,1109,1404,2008]" box="[151,608,1925,1947]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF99846FFF11F826FE91BE83" box="[151,328,1925,1947]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neomaenas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pales">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF99846FFF11F826FE91BE83" box="[151,328,1925,1947]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Neomaenas pales</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—D’Abrera (1988, p. 794).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF99846FFF11F804FB8CBEC0" blockId="18.[151,1109,1404,2008]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF99846FFF11F804FEE6BEA2" box="[151,319,1956,1978]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Auca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nycteropus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF99846FFF11F804FEE6BEA2" box="[151,319,1956,1978]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Auca nycteropus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FF99846FFEDFF805FD42BEA2" author="Lamas" box="[345,667,1956,1978]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Lamas, G. &amp; Viloria, A. (2004) Subtribes Erebiina and Hypocystina. In: Lamas, G. (Ed) Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea- Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Inc. / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, FL, pp. 215 - 217." type="book chapter" year="2004" yearSuffix="p">Lamas &amp; Viloria (2004, p. 216)</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF99846FFF11F863FEDFBEC0" ID-CoL="JP89" box="[151,262,1986,2008]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Auca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pales">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF99846FFF11F863FEDFBEC0" box="[151,262,1986,2008]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Auca pales</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FF99846FFEA6F862FE10BEC0" author="Heimlich" box="[288,457,1986,2008]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Heimlich, W. (1972) Satyridae der sudlichen Neotropis und Subantarktis (Lepidoptera: Satyridae). Beitrage Entomologische, 22, 149 - 197." type="journal article" year="1972">Heimlich (1972)</bibRefCitation>
, Peña &amp; Ugarte (1997, p. 303);
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FF99846FFC88F863FB89BEC0" author="Lamas" box="[782,1104,1986,2008]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Lamas, G. &amp; Viloria, A. (2004) Subtribes Erebiina and Hypocystina. In: Lamas, G. (Ed) Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea- Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Inc. / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, FL, pp. 215 - 217." type="book chapter" year="2004" yearSuffix="p">Lamas &amp; Viloria (2004, p. 216)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342654AFF98846EFF11FF37FED9B9E0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF98846EFF11FF37FED9B9E0" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF98846EFF11FF37FEF0B9A8" bold="true" box="[151,297,151,176]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Distribution</emphasis>
. Found in
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF98846EFE35FF37FE29B9A8" box="[435,496,151,176]" name="Chile" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Chile</collectingCountry>
from northern Coquimbo Province to northern Los Lagos Province and in the western part of Neuquén Province,
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF98846EFDADFF1CFD43B9CD" box="[555,666,188,213]" name="Argentina" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Argentina</collectingCountry>
from from late October to mid March at nearly sea level to
<quantity id="4CA09B24FF98846EFAC8FF1CFA45B9CC" box="[1358,1436,188,212]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="2300.0">2300m</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="13632A44FF98846EFF19FF7FFF2AB9E0" box="[159,243,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="100.[151,250,1652,1674]" captionText="FIGURE 23. Distribution of locality records for Auca species." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342654AFF98846EFF41FEA4FC35BB25" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF98846EFF41FEA4FC35BB25" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF98846EFF41FEA4FE98B805" bold="true" box="[199,321,260,285]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Most similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF98846EFD84FEA4FD4CB805" box="[514,661,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Auca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barrosi">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF98846EFD84FEA4FD4CB805" box="[514,661,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Auca barrosi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but having bolder pattern elements on the HWV, including a more visible postmedian band with an irregularly scalloped median border rather than smoothly sinuous, as in
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF98846EFAA3FE88FA4CB858" box="[1317,1429,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Auca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barrosi">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF98846EFAA3FE88FA4CB858" box="[1317,1429,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. barrosi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This species is common across central
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF98846EFDCEFEECFD5DB87D" box="[584,644,332,357]" name="Chile" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Chile</collectingCountry>
and varies widely in the presence or absence of wing pattern elements. On the ventral side of the hindwing, ocelli between Rs-M1 and M1-M
<date id="FFE61001FF98846EFC7CFED0FB9EB890" box="[1018,1095,368,392]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">2 may</date>
be black, white, yellow, or indiscernible, and the usual yellow spots between M3-CuA1 and CuA1-CuA
<date id="FFE61001FF98846EFC6BFE34FBE8B8B5" box="[1005,1073,404,429]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">2 may</date>
be white or not visible at all. On the FW, the apical ocellus between M1-M3 is visible on the dorsal side in females and is black, round, and bipupillate on the ventral side of both sexes. Males have heavy androconia on the forewing in U-shaped patches between M1 and the inner margin. Foreleg tarsi are clublike and unsegmented in both sexes. Male genitalia are overall slender, the valvae and tegumen especially narrow relative to length.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342654AFF98846EFF41FDE7FD84BE8D" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF98846EFF41FDE7FC9BBA0D" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF98846EFF41FDE7FEADBB78" bold="true" box="[199,372,583,608]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Redescription.</emphasis>
Head: Antennae
<quantity id="4CA09B24FF98846EFDBCFDE8FD40BB47" box="[570,665,584,608]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="7.0">7–8 mm</quantity>
, covered in white scales with a longitudinal stripe of dark chocolate scales that cover half of a spatulate club. Eyes oval and naked, length approximately 1.3 times width. In the males, palp scales are white at the basal half of the dorsal side, the distal half chocolate brown, and white, black, and chocolate brown on the ventral side. Female palp scales are also white at the base on the dorsal side with the distal half taupe, and the ventral side taupe, white, chocolate, and black. Terminal palp segment is cylindrical and approximately three-tenths the length of the second segment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF98846EFF41FCBFFC2ABABD" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Thorax is dark amber with taupe and coppery brown scales, with taupe and white piliform scales in the males and iridescent black and white with white piliform scales in the females. Foreleg tarsi are clublike and unsegmented in both sexes. Midlegs and hindlegs with four rows of black spines on the tibia and tarsus. Abdomen is taupe to white in the females and chocolate to dark chocolate in the males.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF98846EFF41FC0FFCD2BC4D" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Forewing (
<figureCitation id="13632A44FF98846EFEC4FC0FFE5FBAD0" box="[322,390,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="81.[151,250,1657,1679]" captionTargetBox="[367,1240,197,1622]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[344,1243,193,1636]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 4. Composite habitus images of Auca and Cosmosatyrus species. The left side of each specimen is the dorsal surface, the right side is the ventral surface. A, B: Auca coctei (Guérin-Méneville, [1838]) male (OSU # 93358) (A), female (OSU # 95049) (B); C: Auca barrosi (Silva, 1917) male (OSU # 95050); D-F: Cosmosatyrus leptoneuroides C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1867 male (D), female (E), and aberrant male (F) (MZUJ); G, H: Cosmosatyrus dubii (Pyrcz, 2012) n. comb. male (BMNH # 808379) (G), female (BMNH # 808378) (H); I: Cosmosatyrus stelligera (Butler, 1881) n. comb. male (BMNH # 809772)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271708/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A, B): Wingspan
<quantity id="4CA09B24FF98846EFDCDFC0FFD19BAD0" box="[587,704,943,968]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="23.0" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="20.0">20–26mm</quantity>
. Termen nearly straight to slightly concave. The distal end of the discal cell widely V-shaped. Males with heavy androconia in U-shaped patches in each cell between M1 and the inner margin. Dorsal side of the males chocolate to dark chocolate brown with the androconia clearly visible to the naked eye, the fringe scales taupe to chocolate and white. Females taupe to chocolate brown on the dorsal side with a broad patch of rust red to rust orange from the base to the median just beyond the border of the discal cell. Postmedian band is a lighter orange with the apical ocellus between M1-M3 appearing as an indistinct black spot. Ventral side taupe to dark chocolate, the females lighter than the males. A patch of rust orange to rust red extends from the discal cell to the subterminal side of the postmedian band. Subterminal border of the postmedian band deckle-edged and the median border nearly straight, but with a V-shaped curve toward the termen between M3 and CuA1. Rust color is lighter in the postmedian band than in the discal cell. Ripple pattern is visible along the costal border and the apex may be highlighted with white over the radials. Apical ocellus between M1-M3 is round, black, ringed in daffodil yellow, and usually bipupillate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF98846EFF41FAFFFA81BFA4" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Hindwing (
<figureCitation id="13632A44FF98846EFECEFAFFFE55BC60" box="[328,396,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="81.[151,250,1657,1679]" captionTargetBox="[367,1240,197,1622]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[344,1243,193,1636]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 4. Composite habitus images of Auca and Cosmosatyrus species. The left side of each specimen is the dorsal surface, the right side is the ventral surface. A, B: Auca coctei (Guérin-Méneville, [1838]) male (OSU # 93358) (A), female (OSU # 95049) (B); C: Auca barrosi (Silva, 1917) male (OSU # 95050); D-F: Cosmosatyrus leptoneuroides C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1867 male (D), female (E), and aberrant male (F) (MZUJ); G, H: Cosmosatyrus dubii (Pyrcz, 2012) n. comb. male (BMNH # 808379) (G), female (BMNH # 808378) (H); I: Cosmosatyrus stelligera (Butler, 1881) n. comb. male (BMNH # 809772)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271708/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A, B): Wing trapezoidal, termen convex and scalloped with a lobe at the anal angle. Dorsal side similar in color to the forewing, both sexes with a postmedian band often appearing in rust orange to rust red patches between Rs and CuA2. Long piliform scales appear at the base and over the discal cell, extending to the median and toward the inner margin. Ventral side with a ripple pattern visible over all design elements in chocolate to dark coffee striations. A band often appears highlighted in white and daffodil yellow extending from the base to a scalloped dark coffee submedian border. Postmedian band is similar in color to this subbasal band, the subterminal border deckle-edged and the median border irregularly scalloped. A darker V-shaped patch splits the postmedian band from the costa to M1. A small yellow or white spot often appears in the postmedian band between M3-CuA1 and CuA1-CuA2. An oval to round black spot, sometimes ringed in daffodil yellow and rarely unipupillate, or sometimes reduced to a small white or yellow spot may appear between Rs-M1 and M1-M2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF98846EFF41F967FD84BE8D" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Male genitalia (
<figureCitation id="13632A44FF98846EFEF8F967FE08BFF8" box="[382,465,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="90.[151,250,1620,1642]" captionTargetBox="[256,1332,204,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@90.[244,1344,193,1599]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 13. Male genitalia of Auca and Cosmosatyrus species. See Fig. 2 for labels of parts. All to the same scale. A – C: Auca coctei (Guérin-Méneville, [1838]) (OSU # 95107); D – F: Auca barrosi (Silva, 1917) (CH 29 C- 2); G – I: Cosmosatyrus leptoneuroides C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1867 (CH 15 - 7); J – L: Cosmosatyrus dubii (Pyrcz, 2012) n. comb. (BMNH # 808379) (note that the uncus is broken); M – O: Cosmosatyrus stelligera (Butler, 1881) n. comb. (MZUJ); showing ornamentation on the aedeagus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/271717/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
A–C): Uncus widest at the base, narrowing gradually to a blunt end and measuring approximately 1.3 times the length of the tegumen. Gnathos acute and a little less than half the length of the uncus. Pedunculus U-shaped. Saccus deltoid and about two-thirds the length of the gnathos. Valvae widest at the median, narrowing gradually toward the distal end, widening slightly then narrowing again on the dorsal side just before terminating in a blunt end. Aedeagus nearly even in width throughout, slightly narrower at the median, and terminating in a U-shaped proximal end.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342654AFF988469FF41F800FBA3BA0D" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF988469FF41F800FE4EB8C8" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="20.[151,1436,151,1149]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF98846EFF41F800FEE2BEA1" bold="true" box="[199,315,1952,1977]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Remarks.</emphasis>
This is perhaps the most abundant species of the South Temperate clade. The wing pattern is highly variable, particularly on the ventral side of the hindwing. Examination of specimens from a wide variety of localities reveals that the intensity and color of the ventral side hindwing postmedian band and the ventral side hindwing ocelli, characters previously used to differentiate species, are expressed along a gradient. Two species listed in
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FF9F8469FF7AFF40FDCCB9E0" author="Lamas" box="[252,533,223,248]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Lamas, G. &amp; Viloria, A. (2004) Subtribes Erebiina and Hypocystina. In: Lamas, G. (Ed) Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea- Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Inc. / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, FL, pp. 215 - 217." type="book chapter" year="2004">Lamas &amp; Viloria (2004)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF9F8469FDA5FF40FD67B9E0" box="[547,702,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Auca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nycteropus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF9F8469FDA5FF40FD67B9E0" box="[547,702,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. nycteropus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF9F8469FD7DFF40FC87B9E0" box="[763,862,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF9F8469FD7DFF40FC83B9E0" box="[763,858,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Auca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pales">A. pales</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
are synonymized here. In
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FF9F8469FB13FF7FFAFCB9E0" author="Reed" box="[1173,1317,223,248]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Reed, E. C. (1877) Una monografia de las mariposas chilenas. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, 51 (9), 647 - 736, pls. 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1877">Reed (1877)</bibRefCitation>
, the name
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF9F8469FF11FEA4FE40B804" box="[151,409,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Epinephele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nycteropus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF9F8469FF11FEA4FE40B804" box="[151,409,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Epinephele nycteropus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is applied to an illustration that is “corrected” in the errata to refer to a redescription of
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF9F8469FF11FE87FE0BB858" box="[151,466,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Homoeonympha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boisduvalii">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF9F8469FF11FE87FE0BB858" box="[151,466,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Homoeonympha boisduvalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under the name
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF9F8469FD0AFE87FC49B858" box="[652,912,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hipparchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boisduvalii">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF9F8469FD0AFE87FC49B858" box="[652,912,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Hipparchia boisduvalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the illustration is clearly an
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF9F8469FA87FE88FABAB858" box="[1281,1379,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neomaenas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coctei">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF9F8469FA87FE88FABAB858" box="[1281,1379,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. coctei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a very strong postmedian band.
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF9F8469FE7CFEECFD4AB87C" box="[506,659,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Epinephele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nycteropus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF9F8469FE7CFEECFD4AB87C" box="[506,659,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. nycteropus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, under the name
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF9F8469FCD5FEEDFB88B87C" box="[851,1105,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neosatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nycteropus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF9F8469FCD5FEEDFB88B87C" box="[851,1105,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Neosatyrus nycteropus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is described in
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FF9F8469FA80FEECFA45B87C" author="Elwes" box="[1286,1436,332,357]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Elwes, H. J. (1903) The butterflies of Chile. Transactions of the entomological Society of London, 1903 (3), 263 - 301, pls. 12 - 15." type="journal article" year="1903">Elwes (1903)</bibRefCitation>
with an illustration that matches Reed’s. Though no
<typeStatus id="54E38863FF9F8469FD65FED0FCCAB890" box="[739,787,368,392]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">type</typeStatus>
specimen exists, we examined specimens identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF9F8469FA02FED0FEC8B8B4" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neosatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nycteropus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF9F8469FA02FED0FEC8B8B4" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. nycteropus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that match these illustrations exactly, and are indistinguishable from
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF9F8469FBB7FE34FB4CB8B4" box="[1073,1173,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neomaenas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coctei">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF9F8469FBB7FE34FB4CB8B4" box="[1073,1173,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. coctei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in both morphological and genetic characters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF9F8469FF41FE7CFED9BB9C" blockId="20.[151,1436,151,1149]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF9F8469FF41FE7CFE9CB8ED" box="[199,325,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Auca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pales">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF9F8469FF41FE7CFE9CB8ED" box="[199,325,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Auca pales</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described by Phillipi on the basis of the absence of two hindwing ocelli and a darker, more uniform hindwing color, but these characters are highly variable and insufficient to differentiate
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF9F8469FA82FDA0FABBBB00" box="[1284,1378,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Auca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pales">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF9F8469FA82FDA0FABBBB00" box="[1284,1378,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. pales</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a separate species.
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF9F8469FEDFFD84FDD8BB24" box="[345,513,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Auca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tragiscus">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF9F8469FEDFFD84FDD8BB24" box="[345,513,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Auca tragiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF9F8469FD96FD84FCDBBB24" box="[528,770,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neomaenas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="coctei" variety="confusa">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF9F8469FD96FD84FCDBBB24" box="[528,770,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. coctei var. confusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF9F8469FCC6FD84FB9ABB25" box="[832,1091,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neosatyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="nycteropus" subSpecies="andensis">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF9F8469FCC6FD84FB9ABB25" box="[832,1091,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. nycteropus andensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were previously synonymized with
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF9F8469FF56FDE8FEEBBB78" box="[208,306,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neomaenas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coctei">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF9F8469FF56FDE8FEEBBB78" box="[208,306,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. coctei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FF9F8469FEDAFDE8FDB3BB78" author="Lamas" box="[348,618,583,608]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Lamas, G. &amp; Viloria, A. (2004) Subtribes Erebiina and Hypocystina. In: Lamas, G. (Ed) Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea- Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera, Inc. / Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, FL, pp. 215 - 217." type="book chapter" year="2004">Lamas &amp; Viloria (2004)</bibRefCitation>
and photographs of the
<typeStatus id="54E38863FF9F8469FCFFFDE8FC6DBB78" box="[889,948,584,608]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">types</typeStatus>
indicate that they are, indeed, synonyms of
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF9F8469FF11FDCCFED9BB9C" box="[151,256,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF9F8469FF11FDCCFF25BB9C" box="[151,252,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neomaenas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coctei">A. coctei</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF9F8469FF41FD2FFBA3BA0D" blockId="20.[151,1436,151,1149]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
Specimens can be collected in dry mountainous environments with sparse, scrubby vegetation, in grassy meadows, in low, wet areas, and even in urban or suburban settings. Eggs are generally barrel-shaped with vertical ridges around the circumference and a round operculum.
<bibRefCitation id="EFC94B30FF9F8469FCAFFD78FC1ABBE8" author="Henry" box="[809,963,728,752]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Henry, A. (1992) Redescripcion del huevo, ultimo estadio larval y la pupa de Argyrophorus argenteus Blanchard, 1852 y descripcion del ultimo estadio larval y pupa de Etcheverrius chiliensis (Guerin, 1832) y Auca nycteropus (Reed, 1877). (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Acta Entomologica Chilena, 17, 187 - 193." type="journal article" year="1992">Henry (1992)</bibRefCitation>
described the fifth instar larva and pupa, and noted that the caterpillars feed on the bunchgrass
<taxonomicName id="4C584D42FF9F8469FD77FD5DFBA3BA0D" authority="Trinius &amp; Ruprecht." authorityName="Trinius &amp; Ruprecht." box="[753,1146,764,789]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Stipa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="speciosa">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF9F8469FD77FD5DFC4BBA0C" box="[753,914,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Stipa speciosa</emphasis>
Trinius &amp; Ruprecht.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C342654AFF9F8469FF41FCBFFB97BD64" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF9F8469FF41FCBFFBB1BA20" blockId="20.[151,1436,151,1149]" box="[199,1128,799,824]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF9F8469FF41FCBFFE97BA20" bold="true" box="[199,334,799,824]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Etymology.</emphasis>
Named for French herpetologist Jean Théodore Cocteau (
<date id="FFE61001FF9F8469FC5EFC80FB85BA20" box="[984,1116,800,824]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1798" valueMax="1838">1798–1838</date>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE736C1FF9F8469FF41FCE4FB97BD64" blockId="20.[151,1436,151,1149]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="B92CEAD3FF9F8469FF41FCE4FE11BA45" bold="true" box="[199,456,836,861]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Specimens examined.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FE57FCE4FDC8BA45" box="[465,529,836,861]" name="Chile" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chile</collectingCountry>
, Coquimbo Province, (MGCL)
<specimenCount id="9D5EFD48FF9F8469FCF8FCE4FC00BA45" box="[894,985,836,861]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D5EFD48FF9F8469FC60FCE4FB81BA45" box="[998,1112,836,861]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
;
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FBE3FCE4FB7CBA45" box="[1125,1189,836,861]" name="Chile" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chile</collectingCountry>
, Valparaiso Province, (BMNH) 809656, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 93358, (MTSU)
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FD44FCC8FD37BA98" box="[706,750,872,896]" name="Switzerland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">CH</collectingCountry>
31-1-
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FCA2FCC8FC89BA98" box="[804,848,872,896]" name="Switzerland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">CH</collectingCountry>
31-3, CL1019-CL1022, CL1025-CL1029, CL1031;
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FF11FC2CFF0EBABD" box="[151,215,908,933]" name="Chile" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chile</collectingCountry>
, Santiago Metropolitan Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 93355, 0 0 0 0 93356, 0 0 0 0 93359, 0 0 0 0 93360 (MTSU)
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FABDFC2CFABEBABC" box="[1339,1383,908,932]" name="Switzerland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">CH</collectingCountry>
29-1,
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FF11FC0FFF18BAD0" box="[151,193,943,968]" name="Switzerland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">CH</collectingCountry>
29-5-
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FF7DFC0FFEFCBAD0" box="[251,293,943,968]" name="Switzerland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">CH</collectingCountry>
29-8,
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FEE5FC10FE54BAD0" box="[355,397,944,968]" name="Switzerland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">CH</collectingCountry>
43-2,
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FE4DFC10FE2EBAD0" box="[459,503,944,968]" name="Switzerland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">CH</collectingCountry>
44-1, CL0101-CL0114;
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FC84FC0FFC98BAD0" box="[770,833,943,968]" name="Chile" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chile</collectingCountry>
, O’Higgins Province, (MTSU)
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FB25FC10FB0DBAD0" box="[1187,1236,944,968]" name="Switzerland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">CH</collectingCountry>
1-1,
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FB7BFC10FAF2BAD0" box="[1277,1323,944,968]" name="Switzerland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">CH</collectingCountry>
1-2;
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FADFFC0FFA41BAD0" box="[1369,1432,943,968]" name="Chile" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chile</collectingCountry>
, Maule Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 93361, 0 0 0 0 95047, (MTSU)
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FCC8FC74FCA1BAF5" box="[846,888,980,1005]" name="Switzerland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">CH</collectingCountry>
26-6-
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FC35FC74FC04BAF5" box="[947,989,980,1005]" name="Switzerland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">CH</collectingCountry>
26-8;
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FBA7FC74FBB8BAF5" box="[1057,1121,980,1005]" name="Chile" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chile</collectingCountry>
, Bío-Bío Province, (OSU) 0 0 0 0 95045, 0 0 0 0 95949, 0 0 0 0 95052, (MTSU)
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FD32FC58FD38BD08" box="[692,737,1016,1040]" name="Switzerland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">CH</collectingCountry>
14-1,
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FCA6FC57FC92BD08" box="[800,843,1015,1040]" name="Switzerland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">CH</collectingCountry>
15-4,
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FC0BFC58FC62BD08" box="[909,955,1016,1040]" name="Switzerland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">CH</collectingCountry>
17-1,
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FC7FFC58FBFDBD08" box="[1017,1060,1016,1040]" name="Switzerland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">CH</collectingCountry>
17-2, CL0302-CL0306, CL0314, CL0316, CL0417, CL0418, CL0425-0432, CL0502-CL0517, CL0902-CL0906;
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FBDFFBBCFB41BD2D" box="[1113,1176,1052,1077]" name="Chile" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chile</collectingCountry>
, Araucanía Province, (BMNH) 809656, 809657, (MTSU) CL0817-0822;
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FD63FB9FFCFCBD40" box="[741,805,1087,1112]" name="Chile" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chile</collectingCountry>
, Los Ríos Province, (MTSU)
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FBFBFBE0FB71BD40" box="[1149,1192,1088,1112]" name="Switzerland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">CH</collectingCountry>
12-2;
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FB61FB9FFAFFBD40" box="[1255,1318,1087,1112]" name="Chile" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chile</collectingCountry>
, unknown location, (CU)
<specimenCount id="9D5EFD48FF9F8469FEB9FBC4FE43BD65" box="[319,410,1124,1149]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
;
<collectingCountry id="F34F7651FF9F8469FE23FBC4FDC1BD65" box="[421,536,1124,1149]" name="Argentina" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, Neuquén Province, (MTSU) JMC0802-JMC0804
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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