treatments-xml/data/4C/5F/9D/4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.100.21828" ID-PMC="PMC6023953" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-100-9" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FF85B4031C7BFFDBFFFC3642FFC5FFA4" ID-PubMed="29962890" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1300060" ModsDocID="1314-2003-100-9" checkinTime="1529641997768" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Ortiz, Rosa del C." docDate="2018" docId="4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 100: 9-89" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 100" docPubDate="2018-06-21" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.100.21828" docTitle="Curarea toxicofera (Wedd.) Barneby &amp; Krukoff" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="FF85B4031C7BFFDBFFFC3642FFC5FFA4" lastPageNumber="54" masterDocId="FF85B4031C7BFFDBFFFC3642FFC5FFA4" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of Curarea Barneby &amp; Krukoff (Menispermaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="89" masterPageNumber="9" pageNumber="51" updateTime="1668138919646" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A taxonomic revision of Curarea Barneby &amp; Krukoff (Menispermaceae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Ortiz, Rosa del C.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4673-4347</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">rosa.ortiz-gentry@mobot.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2018-06-21</mods:number>
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<mods:number>100</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.100.21828</mods:url>
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<subSection lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="42" pageNumber="51" type="multiple">
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<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="51" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="51">
9. 
<taxonomicName LSID="4C5F9D2D-46D9-5FC4-B21C-AA967C90FA32" authority="(Wedd.) Barneby &amp; Krukoff" authorityName="(Wedd.) Barneby &amp; Krukoff" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Curarea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Curarea toxicofera" order="Ranunculales" pageId="42" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toxicofera">Curarea toxicofera (Wedd.) Barneby &amp; Krukoff</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Curarea toxicofera staminate plant: A flowering branch B detail of inflorescence C flower bud D inner sepal, adaxial surface E-F outer and inner petals, abaxial and latero-adaxial surfaces G-H outer stamens, lateral and abaxial surfaces (A-B based on Ule 5631 C-H based on Encarnacion 1094)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.100.21828.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/211324" pageId="42" pageNumber="51">Figs 26A-H</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Curarea toxicofera pistillate plant: A flowering branch B flower bud C innermost sepal, adaxial surface D petals and carpels E petal abaxial surface F infructescence (A-E based on Gentry et al. 21624 F based on Revilla et al. 2566)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.100.21828.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/211325" pageId="42" pageNumber="51">, 27A-F</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="51" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Curarea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Curarea toxicofera" order="Ranunculales" pageId="42" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toxicofera">Curarea toxicofera</taxonomicName>
(Wedd.) Barneby &amp; Krukoff, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 22(2): 9. 1971. fig. 1.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Cocculus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cocculus toxicoferus" order="Ranunculales" pageId="42" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toxicoferus">Cocculus toxicoferus</taxonomicName>
Wedd., in Castelnau, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Expéd">Exped</normalizedToken>
. Part. Cent. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Amér">Amer</normalizedToken>
. Sud. 5: 22. 1851. Type. Peru. &quot;Vulg. Pani-base 
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’un">d'un</normalizedToken>
poison pour les 
<normalizedToken originalValue="flèches">fleches</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="utilisé">utilise</normalizedToken>
chez les Indiens Pebas-Hte. Amazone&quot;, [1847], 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="51">Castelnau s.n.</emphasis>
(sterile) (lectotype designation effected by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2804824" author="Krukoff, BA" journalOrPublisher="Brittonia" pageId="48" pageNumber="57" refId="B36" refString="Krukoff, BA, Moldenke, HN, 1939. A new name for Cocculus toxicoferus Wedd. Brittonia 3(2): 338. https://doi.org/10.2307/2804824" title="A new name for Cocculus toxicoferus Wedd. Brittonia 3 (2): 338." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2804824" year="1939">Krukoff and Moldenke 1939</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 338: P! [P00048602] which is annotated as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Cocculus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cocculus toxicoferus" order="Ranunculales" pageId="42" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toxicoferus">Cocculus toxicoferus</taxonomicName>
in the hand of Weddell and has the eight leaves mentioned by Krukoff and Moldenke. Moreover, this specimen was also annotated in 1939 by Moldenke as 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Type”">&quot;Type&quot;</normalizedToken>
, photograph at NY!; presumed isolectotypes: F! [F-893667, frag.], P!). Peru, Florida, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Putumayo, at mouth of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Zubineta, forest, 200 m, Mar 1931-Apr 1931, (♂ fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="51">Klug 2042</emphasis>
(epitype, designated here: MO!; isoepitypes: BM!, F!, GH!, K!, NY!, US!). Note: Following Art. 9.8 of the Melbourne Code (
<bibRefCitation author="MacNeill, J" journalOrPublisher="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="48" pageNumber="57" publicationUrl="http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main" refId="B40" refString="MacNeill, J, Barrie, FR, Buck, WR, Demoulin, V, Greuter, W, Hawksworth, DL, Herendeen, PS, Knapp, S, Marhold, K, Prado, J, Prud'homme van Reine, WF, Smith, JF, Wiersema, JH, Turland, NJ, 2012. International Code of Nomenclature for Agae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code): adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011. Regnum Vegetabile 154. Koeltz Scientific Books. http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Agae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code): adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011. Regnum Vegetabile 154. Koeltz Scientific Books." url="http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main" year="2012">MacNeill et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
), I am here designating an epitype to serve as an interpretative type of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Cocculus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cocculus toxicoferus" order="Ranunculales" pageId="42" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toxicoferus">Cocculus toxicoferus</taxonomicName>
, whose sterile condition makes it ambiguous for identification purposes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krukoff &amp; Moldenke" authorityYear="1939" baseAuthorityName="Wedd." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Chondrodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chondrodendron toxicoferum" order="Ranunculales" pageId="42" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toxicoferum">Chondrodendron toxicoferum</taxonomicName>
(Wedd.) Moldenke &amp; Krukoff, Brittonia 3(2): 338. 1938. Type: Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Cocculus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cocculus toxicoferus" order="Ranunculales" pageId="42" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toxicoferus">Cocculus toxicoferus</taxonomicName>
Wedd., in Castelnau 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Expéd">Exped</normalizedToken>
. Part. Cent. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Amér">Amer</normalizedToken>
. Sud. 5: 22. 1851.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Hyperbaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hyperbaena polyantha" order="Ranunculales" pageId="42" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polyantha">Hyperbaena polyantha</taxonomicName>
Diels, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brand. 50: 73. 1908. Type: Brazil. Amazonas: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Juruá">Jurua</normalizedToken>
Miry, Lago de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Esperança">Esperanca</normalizedToken>
, Aug 1901, (♂ fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="51">Ule 5631</emphasis>
(lectotype designation effected by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2804992" author="Krukoff, BA" journalOrPublisher="Brittonia" pageId="48" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 74" refId="B35" refString="Krukoff, BA, Moldenke, HN, 1938. Studies of American Menispermaceae with special reference to species used in preparation of arrow-poisons. Brittonia 3 (1): 1 - 74, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2804992" title="Studies of American Menispermaceae with special reference to species used in preparation of arrow-poisons." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2804992" volume="3" year="1938">Krukoff and Moldenke 1938</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 23: B!, F neg. 4985]; isolectotypes: CORD! [image seen], F! [F-1014713, frag.], G!; K! [image seen], MG!, [image seen], NY! [NY00320584, frag.]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Diels" authorityYear="1910" baseAuthorityName="Diels" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Chondrodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chondrodendron polyanthum" order="Ranunculales" pageId="42" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polyanthum">Chondrodendron polyanthum</taxonomicName>
(Diels) Diels, in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4(94): 78. 1910. Type: Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Hyperbaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hyperbaena polyantha" order="Ranunculales" pageId="42" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polyantha">Hyperbaena polyantha</taxonomicName>
Diels.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="51">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lusina" authorityYear="1954" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Chondrodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chondrodendron bioccai" order="Ranunculales" pageId="42" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bioccai">Chondrodendron bioccai</taxonomicName>
? 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lusina" authorityYear="1954" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Chondrodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chondrodendron bioccai" order="Ranunculales" pageId="42" pageNumber="51" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bioccai">Chondrodendron bioccai</taxonomicName>
G. Lusina, Revista Mus. Paul. Univ. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
Paulo II. 8: 227, figs 1-2. 1954. Type: Brazil? Locality unknown, collector unknown.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="42" pageNumber="51" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="51">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="42" pageNumber="51">
Medium-sized understory 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="51">lianas</emphasis>
about 10-12 m tall; older stems more or less terete or less frequently flattened, then ca. 3 cm wide; bark greyish to dark brown, with shallow lengthwise fissures; branchlets brownish, greyish to silvery puberulent-strigillose. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="51">Leaves</emphasis>
: blades 8-24 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
5-17 cm, narrowly to broadly ovate, chartaceous at all stages; surfaces discolorous, lustrous and glabrous adaxially, finely silvery tomentellous abaxially, sometimes creamish when older, indumentum mostly concealing the surface at all stages, base truncate, obtuse or shallowly cordate, apex acute or acuminate, long-acuminate when juvenile, 3-5(-7) palmati- or shortly plinerved, innermost pair of main veins acrodromous imperfect at all stages, midrib adaxially shallowly sunken at the base, becoming flat, conspicuously raised abaxially, secondary veins 2-3(-5) pairs, arising above the middle of the blade, raised on both surfaces, more conspicuous abaxially, veinlets slightly prominent adaxially, more conspicuous abaxially; petioles (2.7-)6-25 cm long, ridged, brownish to silvery strigillose-tomentellous or glabrate, distal pulvinus more conspicuous, rugulose, rounded, sometimes more or less flat adaxially. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="51">Staminate inflorescences</emphasis>
solitary or fascicled, cauliflorous or axillary thyrsi, brownish, greyish or silvery strigillose-tomentellous, (trichomes spreading); axes, 10-42 cm long (less frequently simple dichasia arising in young terminal shoots, then the dichasia axes 2-4 cm long) (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Curarea toxicofera staminate plant: A flowering branch B detail of inflorescence C flower bud D inner sepal, adaxial surface E-F outer and inner petals, abaxial and latero-adaxial surfaces G-H outer stamens, lateral and abaxial surfaces (A-B based on Ule 5631 C-H based on Encarnacion 1094)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.100.21828.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/211324" pageId="42" pageNumber="51">26A</figureCitation>
), densely brown; primary branches 1.4-9.4 cm long, with several (2-4) branching orders, these laxly arranged; bracts 0.5-1.2 mm long, narrow ovate to ovate, concave, moderately fleshy, indumentum as on the inflorescence. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="51">Pistillate inflorescences</emphasis>
solitary or fascicled, cauliflorous, moderately stout, few-flowered thyrsi (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Curarea toxicofera pistillate plant: A flowering branch B flower bud C innermost sepal, adaxial surface D petals and carpels E petal abaxial surface F infructescence (A-E based on Gentry et al. 21624 F based on Revilla et al. 2566)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.100.21828.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/211325" pageId="42" pageNumber="51">27A</figureCitation>
), brownish strigillose- tomentellous; axes ca. 2.5 cm long; primary branches 0.7 cm long; bracts ca. 0.8 mm long, ovate, concave, moderately fleshy, glabrous adaxially, brown strigillose-tomentellous abaxially. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="51">Staminate flowers</emphasis>
1.6-2.4 mm long, greenish, green-yellowish or whitish; pedicels 1.6-6.0 mm long, mostly slender, ridged, indumentum as on staminate inflorescence; bracteoles 1-2, 0.2-0.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.1-0.4 mm, ovate, moderately fleshy, glabrous adaxially, greyish or silvery villous-tomentellous abaxially; sepals 6, glabrous adaxially, greyish or silvery villous-tomentellous abaxially; outer sepals 0.5-1.4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.3-0.8 mm, narrowly ovate or elliptic, base truncate, apex obtuse; inner sepals 1.5-2.4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.8-1.8 mm, elliptic, ovate, oblong or weakly obovate, base obtuse, cuneate or shortly clawed, apex acute or obtuse, tips mostly strongly reflexed past anthesis; petals 6, 0.7-1.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.6-1.1 mm, inner ones slightly smaller and narrower, obovate-trilobed or spatulate, weakly concave, membranous, glabrous adaxially, sparse silvery tomentellous abaxially, base cuneate or distinctly short- to long-clawed, lateral margins inflexed, partially clasping the filaments, apex obtuse or truncate; stamens (5)6, filaments 0.3-)0.7-1.4 mm long, clavate or clavate-sigmoid, free (shortly connate), glabrous adaxially, glabrous to mostly silvery tomentellous abaxially; anthers 0.3-0.6 mm long, erect or weakly incurved, especially when older, connective thicker adaxially and protruding as a hump (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Curarea toxicofera staminate plant: A flowering branch B detail of inflorescence C flower bud D inner sepal, adaxial surface E-F outer and inner petals, abaxial and latero-adaxial surfaces G-H outer stamens, lateral and abaxial surfaces (A-B based on Ule 5631 C-H based on Encarnacion 1094)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.100.21828.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/211324" pageId="42" pageNumber="51">26G</figureCitation>
) or as a keel at the base of thecae (also apically); thecae not separating apically and, for the most part, not immersed in the connective. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="51">Pistillate flowers</emphasis>
ca. 2.1 mm long, green; pedicels ca. 1.1 mm long, ridged, brown strigillose-tomentellous; bracteoles 3, ca. 0.4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.3 mm, ovate, fleshy, weakly concave, glabrous adaxially, brownish villose-tomentellous 
<pageBreakToken pageId="43" pageNumber="52" start="start">abaxially</pageBreakToken>
; sepals 6-9, weakly concave and slightly fleshy to fleshy, glabrous adaxially, brownish, greyish to silvery villous-tomentellous abaxially; outer sepals ca. 0.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.6 mm, ovate, base truncate, apex acute; middle sepals ca. 1.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.8 mm, ovate to broadly 
<pageBreakToken pageId="44" pageNumber="53" start="start">ovate</pageBreakToken>
, base truncate, apex acute, inner sepals ca. 2.0 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.3 mm, broadly ovate, obovate, spatulate, elliptic or rhombic, base obtuse or truncate, apex acute or rounded, tips strongly reflexed past anthesis; petals 3, ca. 1.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.5 mm, spatulate, membranous, weakly concave, glabrous adaxially, moderate silvery tomentellous abaxially, clawed at base, apex obtuse or retuse; carpels 3, ca. 0.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.7 mm, brown villous tomentellous; style ca. 0.7 mm long. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="53">Infructescences</emphasis>
axes (2-)8 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.3-0.7cm, indumentum as on pistillate inflorescences; fruiting pedicels 1.3-3.5 mm long, terete, slender to moderately stout; 
<pageBreakToken pageId="45" pageNumber="54" start="start">carpophores</pageBreakToken>
3.8-11.3 mm long, free or basally connate up to 1/3 of their lengths, claviform or terete, spreading or incurved distally, brown velutinous-hispidulous. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Drupelets</emphasis>
1.8-2.1 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.9-1.3 cm, dull orange to yellowish when ripe, oblongoid, ellipsoid or subglobose (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Curarea toxicofera pistillate plant: A flowering branch B flower bud C innermost sepal, adaxial surface D petals and carpels E petal abaxial surface F infructescence (A-E based on Gentry et al. 21624 F based on Revilla et al. 2566)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.100.21828.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/211325" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">27F</figureCitation>
), eccentrically attached, base attenuate or truncate, (shortly stipitate); stylar scar conspicuous; exocarp 0.6-0.8 mm thick, surface smooth, rugulose or weakly muriculate, silvery to greyish velutinous; mesocarp mucilaginous; endocarp 0.7-0.9 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.5-1.8 cm, papyraceous to chartaceous, smooth, with slightly prominent fibres or weakly rugulose throughout. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Seeds</emphasis>
with embryo 3.2-4 cm long, cotyledons equal.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1300112" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.100.21828.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/211324" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" start="Figure 26" startId="F26">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Figure 26.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Curarea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Curarea toxicofera" order="Ranunculales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toxicofera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Curarea toxicofera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
staminate plant: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">A</emphasis>
flowering branch 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">B</emphasis>
detail of inflorescence 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">C</emphasis>
flower bud 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">D</emphasis>
inner sepal, adaxial surface 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">E-F</emphasis>
outer and inner petals, abaxial and latero-adaxial surfaces 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">G-H</emphasis>
outer stamens, lateral and abaxial surfaces (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">A-B</emphasis>
based on 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Ule 5631</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">C-H</emphasis>
based on 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Encarnación">Encarnacion</normalizedToken>
1094
</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1300114" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.100.21828.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/211325" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" start="Figure 27" startId="F27">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Figure 27.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Curarea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Curarea toxicofera" order="Ranunculales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toxicofera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Curarea toxicofera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pistillate plant: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">A</emphasis>
flowering branch 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">B</emphasis>
flower bud 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">C</emphasis>
innermost sepal, adaxial surface 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">D</emphasis>
petals and carpels 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">E</emphasis>
petal abaxial surface 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">F</emphasis>
infructescence (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">A-E</emphasis>
based on 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Gentry et al. 21624</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">F</emphasis>
based on 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Revilla et al. 2566</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="54" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Distribution and ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
In north-western Amazonia, including the eastern slopes of the Andes in Peru (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Geographic distribution of Curarea tomentocarpa and C. toxicofera." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.100.21828.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/211322" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">25</figureCitation>
). The species commonly grows in periodically flooded forests, but also in non-flooded lowland forests and up to 350 (500) m in elevation. Flowering and fruiting material were collected all year round.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="54" type="common names and uses">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Common names and uses</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
(sterile specimens are indicated as st). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Brazil</emphasis>
: fruits edible (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fróes">Froes</normalizedToken>
26364
</emphasis>
). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Colombia</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“taufe-lleida”">&quot;taufe-lleida&quot;</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Diaz 36</emphasis>
, st); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Ñamitá”">&quot;Namita&quot;</normalizedToken>
(en Karijona) (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<normalizedToken originalValue="García-Barriga">Garcia-Barriga</normalizedToken>
14578
</emphasis>
, st); cure for fevers, antimalarial (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Grassl 10076</emphasis>
, st); said to be &quot;formerly used by Karijona Indians in arrow-poison&quot; (
<bibRefCitation author="Krukoff, BA" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="48" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 70" refId="B33" refString="Krukoff, BA, Barneby, RC, 1970. Supplementary notes on American Menispermaceae - VI. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 20 (2): 1 - 70" title="Supplementary notes on American Menispermaceae - VI." volume="20" year="1970">Krukoff and Barneby 1970</bibRefCitation>
) (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Schultes 5526</emphasis>
, st). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Ecuador</emphasis>
: to hunt wild animals, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“ambi-huasca”">&quot;ambi-huasca&quot;</normalizedToken>
(Quichua) (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cerón">Ceron</normalizedToken>
et al. 39668
</emphasis>
, st). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Peru</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“pani’">&quot;pani'</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Castelnau s.n.</emphasis>
,1851); &quot;abuta amarilla, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“isaveño”">&quot;isaveno&quot;</normalizedToken>
(Huitoto) (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Martin &amp; Lau-Cam 1266</emphasis>
, st); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“ampihuasca”">&quot;ampihuasca&quot;</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Mathias &amp; Taylor 3900</emphasis>
, imm fr); &quot;abuta amarilla&quot; (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Rimachi 10636</emphasis>
, mat fr; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Tina &amp; Tello 2066</emphasis>
, ♂ fl); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“sarívana”">&quot;sarivana&quot;</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Weiss 132</emphasis>
, st); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“ampihuasca”">&quot;ampihuasca&quot;</normalizedToken>
, medicinal (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Woytkowski 108</emphasis>
, st); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“ampihuasca”">&quot;ampihuasca&quot;</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Woytkowski 5108</emphasis>
, st); &quot;abuta negra&quot; (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Rimachi 10503</emphasis>
, st).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="54" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Note.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
Sterile collections such as 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Fox 12</emphasis>
(K), from Peru and 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Schultes 3522</emphasis>
from Colombia, had previously been identified as 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krukoff &amp; Moldenke" authorityYear="1939" baseAuthorityName="Wedd." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Chondrodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chondrodendron toxicoferum" order="Ranunculales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toxicoferum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Chondrodendron toxicoferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Curarea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Curarea toxicofera" order="Ranunculales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toxicofera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Curarea toxicofera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation author="Krukoff, BA" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="48" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 70" refId="B33" refString="Krukoff, BA, Barneby, RC, 1970. Supplementary notes on American Menispermaceae - VI. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 20 (2): 1 - 70" title="Supplementary notes on American Menispermaceae - VI." volume="20" year="1970">Krukoff and Barneby 1970</bibRefCitation>
), the first being reported as &quot;poison used for blow pipe&quot; and the second as a source of curare with the common name of &quot;sa pe pa&quot; (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kofán">Kofan</normalizedToken>
) (
<bibRefCitation author="Krukoff, BA" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="48" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 70" refId="B33" refString="Krukoff, BA, Barneby, RC, 1970. Supplementary notes on American Menispermaceae - VI. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 20 (2): 1 - 70" title="Supplementary notes on American Menispermaceae - VI." volume="20" year="1970">Krukoff and Barneby 1970</bibRefCitation>
). Both specimens cannot be determined with certainty and are here tentatively identified as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Curarea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Curarea" order="Ranunculales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Curarea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="54" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
Presumably in reference to the toxic effects attributed to the plant, as the type specimen was collected in the Pevas region, amongst the Yaguas who use the plant in the preparation of arrow poison (
<bibRefCitation author="de Castelnau, F" journalOrPublisher="Histoire du Voyage" pageId="47" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 166" refId="B9" refString="de Castelnau, F, 1851. Expedition dans les parties centrales de l'Amerique du Sud. De Rio de Janeiro a Lima, et de Lima au Para. 1843-1847. Histoire du Voyage 5: 1 - 166" title="Expedition dans les parties centrales de l'Amerique du Sud. De Rio de Janeiro a Lima, et de Lima au Para. 1843 - 1847." volume="5" year="1851">de Castelnau 1851</bibRefCitation>
: 22).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="54" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
The Extent of Occurrence (EOO), based on 34 collections corresponding to 28 localities of 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Menispermaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. toxicofera" order="Ranunculales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="toxicofera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">C. toxicofera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is calculated as 419,469 km2 and an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 108 km2. The 28 localities correspond to 27 subpopulations, of which two are within protected areas in Ecuador and four subpopulations are found in private reserves near Iquitos, Peru. In addition the species is widespread across its distribution. Therefore, 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Menispermaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. toxicofera" order="Ranunculales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="toxicofera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">C. toxicofera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is assigned a preliminary category of &quot;Least Concern&quot; (LC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="54" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
The typical form of 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Menispermaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. toxicofera" order="Ranunculales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="toxicofera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">C. toxicofera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as circumscribed here, ranges from the Amazonian lowlands of Ecuador, Colombia, Peru and Brazil (including the sterile type specimen of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Cocculus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cocculus toxicoferus" order="Ranunculales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toxicoferus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Cocculus toxicoferus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Wedd., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Castelnau s.n.</emphasis>
, Peru and the type of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Hyperbaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hyperbaena polyantha" order="Ranunculales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polyantha">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Hyperbaena polyantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Diels, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Ule 5631</emphasis>
, Brazil).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
Individuals are frequently found in periodically flooded forests, but can also be found in non-flooded forests up to 500 m in elevation. Most have ovate leaves with 5 main veins and staminate and pistillate inflorescences with very short, brownish to greyish, appressed indumentum, but slightly longer (up to 0.3 mm long) and silvery or cream indumentum is also observed in specimens from the lower Amazon basin in Brazil (e.g. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Prance 11272</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fróes">Froes</normalizedToken>
29639
</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Ducke 2134</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
In the staminate condition, 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Menispermaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. toxicofera" order="Ranunculales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="toxicofera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">C. toxicofera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is readily distinguished from 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Menispermaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. tomentocarpa" order="Ranunculales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="tomentocarpa">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">C. tomentocarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its brown strigillose-tomentellous indumentum (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">vs.</emphasis>
a rufescent to silvery hispidulous) and its larger flowers -they are the largest in the genus- with greyish to silvery villous-tomentellous, adpressed indumentum (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">vs.</emphasis>
rufescent or silvery spreading indumentum). However, separation from 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Menispermaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. iquitana" order="Ranunculales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="iquitana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">C. iquitana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more challenging and at present is distinguished by its slender pedicels in staminate flowers (vs. thicker in 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Menispermaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. iquitana" order="Ranunculales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="iquitana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">C. iquitana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). However, more field and taxonomic work remains to be done in order to be able to confidently match the staminate and pistillate specimens of the taxa involved.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lusina" authorityYear="1954" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Chondrodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chondrodendron bioccai" order="Ranunculales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bioccai">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Chondrodendron bioccai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is here included in the synonymy with hesitation. As discussed by 
<bibRefCitation author="Krukoff, BA" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="48" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 70" refId="B33" refString="Krukoff, BA, Barneby, RC, 1970. Supplementary notes on American Menispermaceae - VI. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 20 (2): 1 - 70" title="Supplementary notes on American Menispermaceae - VI." volume="20" year="1970">Krukoff and Barneby (1970)</bibRefCitation>
, the species appears to have been described from two collections (from the region of Rio 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tiquiê">Tiquie</normalizedToken>
and the region of Rio 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Uaupés">Uaupes</normalizedToken>
by Biocca and Giacone, respectively). A holotype was not stated, two photographs (listed as Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Curarea crassa staminate plant: A flowering branch B detail of inflorescence C flower bud D inner sepal, adaxial surface E-F outer and inner petals, abaxial views G-H outer stamens, abaxial-lateral surfaces (based on Thomas et al. 10900)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.100.21828.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/211312" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">15</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Curarea crassa pistillate plant: A fruiting branch B innermost sepal, adaxial surface C petal, abaxial surface D carpels (based on Jardim et al. 609)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.100.21828.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/211313" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">16</figureCitation>
, but published as Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Schematic representation of affinities and drupelet: A phylogenetic affinities of Curarea and related taxa, modified from Ortiz et al. 2016, three asterisks (***) indicate 100 % support in all analyses in the referred study B schematic illustration of a Curarea drupelet showing the length and width planes measured, ca. / abbrev&gt; = carpophore, frpe = fruiting pedicel, rs = remnant of style." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.100.21828.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/211298" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Transversal sections of stem of Curarea: A relatively round stem of C. aff. tomentocarpa (Ortiz 197), showing wide rays B flattened stem of C. tecunarum (Ortiz &amp; Vasquez 214) showing successive partial rings. Scale bar: 0.5 cm (A); 1.7 cm (B)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.100.21828.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/211299" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">2</figureCitation>
) presumably of the original material were published in the protologue (
<bibRefCitation author="Lusina, G" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club" pageId="48" pageNumber="57" refId="B38" refString="Lusina, G, 1954. Descricao do Chondrodendron bioccai, Menispermaceae usada pelos indios Maku do Alto Rio Negro (Amazonas) na preparacao do Curare. Revista do Museu Paulista. Universidade de Sao Paulo II.8: 227-228." title="Descricao do Chondrodendron bioccai, Menispermaceae usada pelos indios Maku do Alto Rio Negro (Amazonas) na preparacao do Curare. Revista do Museu Paulista. Universidade de Sao Paulo II. 8: 227 - 228." year="1954">Lusina 1954</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation author="Krukoff, BA" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="48" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 70" refId="B33" refString="Krukoff, BA, Barneby, RC, 1970. Supplementary notes on American Menispermaceae - VI. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 20 (2): 1 - 70" title="Supplementary notes on American Menispermaceae - VI." volume="20" year="1970">Krukoff and Barneby (1970)</bibRefCitation>
hesitantly placed 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lusina" authorityYear="1954" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Chondrodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chondrodendron bioccai" order="Ranunculales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bioccai">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Chondrodendron bioccai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krukoff &amp; Moldenke" authorityYear="1939" baseAuthorityName="Wedd." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Chondrodendron" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chondrodendron toxicoferum" order="Ranunculales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toxicoferum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Chondrodendron toxicoferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and later as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Menispermaceae" genus="Curarea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Curarea toxicofera" order="Ranunculales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="toxicofera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Curarea toxicofera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Barneby &amp; Krukoff, 1971). The repository of the type collection remains uncertain at the present time and hence the taxonomic identity cannot be established firmly.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="54" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Selected specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1976-02-23" collectorName="de Cruzeiro do Sul-Ponto" country="BRAZIL" location="Cruzeiro do Sul-Ponto" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Acre">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<collectingCountry name="Brazil">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="Brazil" name="Acre">Acre</collectingRegion>
.
</emphasis>
Proje. RADAM-Sub-base 
<collectorName>
de 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:375275E2D18B8C74B9E66E24FC372BF5" country="BRAZIL" name="Cruzeiro do Sul-Ponto" stateProvince="Acre">Cruzeiro do Sul-Ponto</location>
</collectorName>
7-Sb-18-ZD, 
<collectingDate value="1976-02-23">23 Feb 1976</collectingDate>
, (imm fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Marinho 291</emphasis>
(NY!)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1946-11-30" collectingDateMax="1971-04-01" collectingDateMin="1946-11-30" collectorName="de Badajos" country="US" county="Lower Rio Negro" location="Careiro" municipality="Vicinity of Manaus" specimenCount="♂" stateProvince="Amazonas">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<collectingRegion country="Brazil" name="Amazonas">Amazonas</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paraná">
<collectingRegion country="Brazil" name="Parana">Parana</collectingRegion>
</normalizedToken>
do 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:8A5E85C6B403D10CF5EB7FFA26C34BD4" country="US" county="Lower Rio Negro" municipality="Vicinity of Manaus" name="Careiro" stateProvince="Amazonas">Careiro</location>
(
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:F4B11FA2EBFEE3ECA64E64017D6E412C" country="US" county="Lower Rio Negro" municipality="Vicinity of Manaus" name="Boca do Solimoes" stateProvince="Amazonas">
Boca do 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Solimões">Solimoes</normalizedToken>
</location>
), (varzea, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="igapó">igapo</normalizedToken>
do 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:EF0C8936F86D323B0B4ED37FAA60E402" country="US" county="Lower Rio Negro" municipality="Vicinity of Manaus" name="Lago Capitari" stateProvince="Amazonas">Lago Capitari</location>
), 
<collectingDate value="1948-06-08">8 Jun 1948</collectingDate>
(
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Ducke 2134</emphasis>
(COL!, GH!, NY!, R!); Mun. Eirunepe, Lago Dois Unidus, Ituxy, restinga, 
<collectingDate value="1946-11-30">30 Nov 1946</collectingDate>
, (
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fróes">Froes</normalizedToken>
21802
</emphasis>
A (NY!); Beira do lago 
<collectorName>
de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Badajós">Badajos</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="igapó">igapo</normalizedToken>
, 
<collectingDate value="1950-08-24">24 Ago 1950</collectingDate>
, (imm fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fróes">Froes</normalizedToken>
26364
</emphasis>
(IAN!); 
<collectingMunicipality>Vicinity of Manaus</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Igarapé">Igarape</normalizedToken>
Ipixuna, 
<collectingCounty>Lower Rio Negro</collectingCounty>
opposite Manaus, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Igapó">Igapo</normalizedToken>
, 
<collectingDate value="1971-04-01">1 Apr 1971</collectingDate>
, (
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Prance, et al. 11272</emphasis>
(F!, MG!, NY!, 
<collectingCountry name="United States of America">US</collectingCountry>
!)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1945-10-27" collectingDateMax="1981-01" collectingDateMin="1945-10-27" country="United States of America" county="Rio Machado" location="Rondonia" municipality="Javari" specimenCount="♂" stateProvince="Parana">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rondônia">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:488849F3EEDF8C49A779E19F5C0E4CDF" country="United States of America" county="Rio Machado" municipality="Javari" name="Rondonia" stateProvince="Parana">Rondonia</location>
</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Esperança">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:47319C920C53B5125B751335CEEEC743" country="United States of America" county="Rio Machado" municipality="Javari" name="Esperanca" stateProvince="Parana">Esperanca</location>
</normalizedToken>
(ad ostium fluminis 
<collectingMunicipality>Javari</collectingMunicipality>
), silva loco alto, high forest, 
<collectingDate value="1945-10-27">27 Oct 1945</collectingDate>
, (
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl bud), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Ducke 1968</emphasis>
(NY!, R!); 
<collectingCounty>Rio Machado</collectingCounty>
, curso inferior, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="igapó">igapo</normalizedToken>
, 
<collectingDate value="1981-01">Jan 1981</collectingDate>
, (
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Goulding 1187</emphasis>
(MG!)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1952-10-01" collectingDateMax="1993-02-24" collectingDateMin="1952-10-01" collectorName="Quebrada El Mochilero, Galeano, Rio, La Pedrera, Garcia-Barriga, Puerto, de Panduro, San Martin, de Tarapaca" country="COLOMBIA" county="Trocha de Panduro" elevation="150" latitude="-2.9833333" location="Rio Cotuhe" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-70.03333" municipality="Corregimiento de Tarapaca" specimenCount="♂" stateProvince="Amazonas">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<collectingCountry name="Colombia">COLOMBIA</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="Colombia" name="Amazonas">Amazonas</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectorName>Quebrada El Mochilero</collectorName>
, afluente del 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yarí">Yari</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="márgenes">margenes</normalizedToken>
y zona de rebalse aluvial, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" unit="m" value="150.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1986-04-24">24 Apr 1986</collectingDate>
, (imm fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<collectorName>Galeano</collectorName>
et al. 1135
</emphasis>
(COL!); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">
<collectorName>Rio</collectorName>
</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Caquetá">
<collectingRegion country="Colombia" name="Caqueta">Caqueta</collectingRegion>
</normalizedToken>
, 
<collectorName>La Pedrera</collectorName>
, 
<collectingDate value="1952-10-01" valueMax="1952-10-04" valueMin="1952-10-01">1-4 Oct 1952</collectingDate>
, (st.), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<normalizedToken originalValue="García-Barriga">
<collectorName>Garcia-Barriga</collectorName>
</normalizedToken>
14578
</emphasis>
(COL!, MO!); 
<collectorName>Puerto</collectorName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nariño">
<collectingRegion country="Colombia" name="Narino">Narino</collectingRegion>
</normalizedToken>
, 
<collectingCounty>
Trocha 
<collectorName>de Panduro</collectorName>
</collectingCounty>
a 
<collectorName>San Martin</collectorName>
, bosque no inundable, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="03" direction="south" minutes="50" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.8333333">03°50'S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="070" direction="west" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-70.333336">070°20'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="100.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1993-02-24">24 Feb 1993</collectingDate>
, (
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Madriñán">Madrinan</normalizedToken>
702
</emphasis>
(MO!); Leticia, Parque Nacional Natural Amacayacu, Centro Administrativo 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mata-matá">Mata-mata</normalizedToken>
(Inderena), a orillas de la quebrada 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mata-matá">Mata-mata</normalizedToken>
en zona de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="várzea">varzea</normalizedToken>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="03" direction="south" minutes="47" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.7833333">03°47'S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="070" direction="west" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-70.25">070°15'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="100.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1991-03-11">11 Mar 1991</collectingDate>
, (imm fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Rudas et al. 1528</emphasis>
(MO!); 
<collectingMunicipality>
Corregimiento 
<collectorName>
de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tarapacá">Tarapaca</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
</collectingMunicipality>
; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Caño">Cano</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pupuña">Pupuna</normalizedToken>
(afluente del 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:333CB9716131CC94D00F171574DE01B2" country="COLOMBIA" county="Trocha de Panduro" latitude="-2.9833333" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-70.03333" municipality="Corregimiento de Tarapaca" name="Rio Cotuhe" stateProvince="Amazonas">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cotuhé">Cotuhe</normalizedToken>
</location>
), a las orillas del 
<normalizedToken originalValue="caño">cano</normalizedToken>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="02" direction="south" minutes="59" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-2.9833333">02°59'S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="070" direction="west" minutes="02" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-70.03333">070°02'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="100.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1991-06-25">25 Jun 1991</collectingDate>
, (
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Rudas et al. 2512</emphasis>
(MO!)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1943-05-01" country="Colombia" elevation="300" location="Cachivera del Diablo" municipality="Mayaca River" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Vaupes">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vaupés">
<collectingRegion country="Colombia" name="Vaupes">Vaupes</collectingRegion>
</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingMunicipality>Mayaca River</collectingMunicipality>
, vicinity of 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:C32C0C733BEFBEEE8491EDBA50B41BB6" country="Colombia" municipality="Mayaca River" name="Cachivera del Diablo" stateProvince="Vaupes">Cachivera del Diablo</location>
and mouth of river, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="m" value="300.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1943-05-01">1 May 1943</collectingDate>
, (mat fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Schultes 5526</emphasis>
(AMES!)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1977-09-17" collectorName="Nuevo Rocafuerte" country="ECUADOR" elevation="225" location="Foster" municipality="Rio Yasuni" specimenCount="♂" stateProvince="Napo">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<collectingCountry name="Ecuador">ECUADOR</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="Ecuador" name="Napo">Napo</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingMunicipality>Rio Yasuni</collectingMunicipality>
, periodically inundated forest, ca. 
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" unit="km" value="80.0">80 km</quantity>
upriver from 
<collectorName>Nuevo Rocafuerte</collectorName>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" unit="m" value="225.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" unit="m" value="225.0">225 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1977-09-17">17 Sep 1977</collectingDate>
, (
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl bud &amp; fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:42C34349ADC4EBFAF2B32603952FC25E" country="ECUADOR" municipality="Rio Yasuni" name="Foster" stateProvince="Napo">Foster</location>
3722
</emphasis>
(F!)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1999-09-17" collectorName="la Laguna de Jatun Cocha, Ceron" country="Ecuador" county="Canton Nuevo Rocafuerte Isla" elevation="280" latitude="-0.016666668" location="Rio Yasuni" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="-75.46667" municipality="Ha." specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Orellana">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<collectingRegion country="Ecuador" name="Orellana">Orellana</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCounty>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cantón">Canton</normalizedToken>
Nuevo Rocafuerte Isla
</collectingCounty>
aproximadamente 10 
<collectingMunicipality>Ha.</collectingMunicipality>
entre 
<collectorName>la Laguna de Jatun Cocha</collectorName>
, cerca del 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:0BC460DCB7039636D8D24714F8C524E8" country="Ecuador" county="Canton Nuevo Rocafuerte Isla" latitude="-0.016666668" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="-75.46667" municipality="Ha." name="Rio Yasuni" stateProvince="Orellana">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yasuní">Yasuni</normalizedToken>
</location>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:D32B1087E6F49B15295B3B9931BF9F69" country="Ecuador" county="Canton Nuevo Rocafuerte Isla" latitude="-0.016666668" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="-75.46667" municipality="Ha." name="Parque Nacional Yasuni" stateProvince="Orellana">
Parque Nacional 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yasuní">Yasuni</normalizedToken>
</location>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Igapó">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:8B53E6A44008D151F05CCD96032F04CF" country="Ecuador" county="Canton Nuevo Rocafuerte Isla" latitude="-0.016666668" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="-75.46667" municipality="Ha." name="Igapo" stateProvince="Orellana">Igapo</location>
</normalizedToken>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="00" direction="south" minutes="01" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-0.016666668">00°01'S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="075" direction="west" minutes="28" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-75.46667">075°28'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" unit="m" value="280.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" unit="m" value="280.0">280 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1999-09-17">17 Sep 1999</collectingDate>
, (st), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cerón">
<collectorName>Ceron</collectorName>
</normalizedToken>
et al. 39668
</emphasis>
(MO!)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1980-03-20" collectorName="Holm-Nielsen" country="Ecuador" elevation="250" latitude="-1.3666667" location="Curaray" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="-76.95" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Pastaza">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<collectingRegion country="Ecuador" name="Pastaza">Pastaza</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:B0A314EB176A1A0D5CF2840053F20207" country="Ecuador" latitude="-1.3666667" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="-76.95" name="Curaray" stateProvince="Pastaza">Curaray</location>
, SE of the airstrip, rain forest and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Mauritia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Mauritia" order="Gentianales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Mauritia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="várzea">varzea</normalizedToken>
, understorey dominated of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Melastomataceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="45" pageNumber="54" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
and palms, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="01" direction="south" minutes="22" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-1.3666667">01°22'S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="076" direction="west" minutes="57" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-76.95">076°57'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" unit="m" value="250.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" unit="m" value="250.0">250 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1980-03-20">20 Mar 1980</collectingDate>
, (mat fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<collectorName>Holm-Nielsen</collectorName>
et al. 22169
</emphasis>
(AAU n.v., NY!)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1991-11-16" collectingDateMax="1991-11-22" collectingDateMin="1991-11-16" collectorName="Palacios" country="Ecuador" county="Lago Agrio" elevation="230" latitude="-0.36666667" location="Rio Cuyabeno" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="-75.75" municipality="Reserva Cuyabeno" specimenCount="♂" stateProvince="Sucumbios">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sucumbíos">
<collectingRegion country="Ecuador" name="Sucumbios">Sucumbios</collectingRegion>
</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCounty>Lago Agrio</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>Reserva Cuyabeno</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:1A0F88DB3D507FA3AD0C2F209B9790C5" country="Ecuador" county="Lago Agrio" latitude="-0.36666667" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="-75.75" municipality="Reserva Cuyabeno" name="Rio Cuyabeno" stateProvince="Sucumbios">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Cuyabeno
</location>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" unit="km" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2-3 km</quantity>
arriba de 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:DFD8266DDE59ABA31656CB41531F9B90" country="Ecuador" county="Lago Agrio" latitude="-0.36666667" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="-75.75" municipality="Reserva Cuyabeno" name="Laguna Grande" stateProvince="Sucumbios">Laguna Grande</location>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="área">area</normalizedToken>
inundada estacionalmente por aguas negras, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="00" direction="south" minutes="00" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-0.0">00°00'S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="076" direction="west" minutes="14" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-76.23333">076°14'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" unit="m" value="230.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" unit="m" value="230.0">230 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1991-11-16">16 Nov 1991</collectingDate>
, (
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:A09C392A4239B3763FC83D4B96FFA7FF" country="Ecuador" county="Lago Agrio" latitude="-0.36666667" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="-75.75" municipality="Reserva Cuyabeno" name="Palacios" stateProvince="Sucumbios">Palacios</location>
et al. 9032
</emphasis>
(MO!); 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:9B2B0F4A85EBCEF5E89FD27A320E1EF0" country="Ecuador" county="Lago Agrio" latitude="-0.36666667" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="-75.75" municipality="Reserva Cuyabeno" name="Rio Zabalo" stateProvince="Sucumbios">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Zábalo">Zabalo</normalizedToken>
</location>
, bosque 
<normalizedToken originalValue="húmedo">humedo</normalizedToken>
tropical, bosque afectado por inundaciones de aguas negras, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="00" direction="south" minutes="22" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-0.36666667">00°22'S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="075" direction="west" minutes="45" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-75.75">075°45'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" unit="m" value="230.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" unit="m" value="230.0">230 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1991-11-22">22 Nov 1991</collectingDate>
, (imm fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<collectorName>Palacios</collectorName>
et al. 9493
</emphasis>
(MO!, NY!)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1929-08-28" collectingDateMax="1996-03-22" collectingDateMin="1929-08-28" collectorName="de la Base Yarina, la Zona Reservada, Killip, Smith, el Napo, Revilla, Carillo, Vasquez, Jaramillo, van der Werff" country="PERU" county="Yanamono" elevation="120" latitude="-3.3333333" location="Diaz" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-72.916664" municipality="Explorama Lodge" specimenCount="♂" stateProvince="Loreto">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<collectingCountry name="Peru">PERU</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="Peru" name="Loreto">Loreto</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCounty>Yanamono</collectingCounty>
, campamento 
<collectingMunicipality>Explorama Lodge</collectingMunicipality>
, terreno de altura, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="03" direction="south" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.4166667">03°25'S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="072" direction="west" minutes="45" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-72.75">072°45'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" unit="m" value="120.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" unit="m" value="120.0">120 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1979-05-31">31 May 1979</collectingDate>
, (mat fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Díaz">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:139D23E7973C04EF664A117A33A3C1C1" country="PERU" county="Yanamono" latitude="-3.3333333" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-72.916664" municipality="Explorama Lodge" name="Diaz" stateProvince="Loreto">Diaz</location>
</normalizedToken>
et al. 1187
</emphasis>
(MO!); 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:4B1152025350775AEFE600B6C1B9F890" country="PERU" county="Yanamono" latitude="-3.3333333" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-72.916664" municipality="Explorama Lodge" name="Requena" stateProvince="Loreto">Requena</location>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:29272F6CCDF222FE31C276509908489F" country="PERU" county="Yanamono" latitude="-3.3333333" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-72.916664" municipality="Explorama Lodge" name="Cano Yarina" stateProvince="Loreto">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Caño">Cano</normalizedToken>
Yarina
</location>
, a 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="m" value="300.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</elevation>
</quantity>
<collectorName>de la Base Yarina</collectorName>
en 
<collectorName>
la 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:6B0DBC7C4DF760CD8B15ECABE741CC9A" country="PERU" county="Yanamono" latitude="-3.3333333" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-72.916664" municipality="Explorama Lodge" name="Zona Reservada del Rio Pacaya" stateProvince="Loreto">
Zona Reservada del 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Pacaya
</location>
</collectorName>
, margen izquierda del 
<collectingRegion country="Peru" name="Ucayali">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Ucayali
</collectingRegion>
, bosque inundable, 
<collectingDate value="1977-04-06">6 Apr 1977</collectingDate>
, (
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Encarnación">Encarnacion</normalizedToken>
1094
</emphasis>
(G!, MO!, NY!, US!); 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:3198E5E34AB8A01703B328160D5A20D1" country="PERU" county="Yanamono" latitude="-3.3333333" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-72.916664" municipality="Explorama Lodge" name="Rio Itaya" stateProvince="Loreto">Rio Itaya</location>
, inundated tahuampa forest, [
<geoCoordinate degrees="03" direction="south" minutes="46" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.7666667">03°46'S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="073" direction="west" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-73.25">073°15'W</geoCoordinate>
], 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" unit="m" value="120.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" unit="m" value="120.0">120 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1977-03-20">20 Mar 1977</collectingDate>
, (
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Gentry et al. 18505</emphasis>
(F!, MO!, NY!); Maynas, tahuampa near 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
<collectingRegion country="Peru" name="Amazonas">Amazonas</collectingRegion>
<locationDeviation firstLocation="Punchana" secondLocation="Santa Clara de Nanay">between Punchana and Santa Clara de Nanay</locationDeviation>
, outskirts of Iquitos, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" unit="m" value="120.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" unit="m" value="120.0">120 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1978-02-03">3 Feb 1978</collectingDate>
, (
<specimenCount>♀</specimenCount>
fl &amp; imm fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Gentry et al. 21624</emphasis>
(F!, MO!); Alto 
<collectingRegion country="Peru" name="Amazonas">Amazonas</collectingRegion>
, Balsapuerto (
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:3DDB2284882EF26FC44D172DBB755333" country="PERU" county="Yanamono" latitude="-3.3333333" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-72.916664" municipality="Explorama Lodge" name="lower Rio Huallaga" stateProvince="Loreto">lower Rio Huallaga</location>
basin); dense forest, [
<geoCoordinate degrees="05" direction="south" minutes="49" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-5.8166666">05°49'S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="76" direction="west" minutes="33" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-76.55">76°33'W</geoCoordinate>
], 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.5" unit="m" value="250.0" valueMax="350.0" valueMin="150.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.5" unit="m" value="250.0" valueMax="350.0" valueMin="150.0">150-350 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1929-08-28" valueMax="1929-08-30" valueMin="1929-08-28">28-30 Aug 1929</collectingDate>
, (
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<collectorName>Killip</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>Smith</collectorName>
28665
</emphasis>
(F!, NY!); Alto 
<collectingRegion country="Peru" name="Amazonas">Amazonas</collectingRegion>
, Fortaleza, near Yurimaguas, [
<geoCoordinate degrees="05" direction="south" minutes="54" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-5.9">05°54'S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="76" direction="west" minutes="07" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-76.11667">76°07'W</geoCoordinate>
], 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" unit="m" value="140.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" unit="m" value="140.0">140 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1932-11">Nov 1932</collectingDate>
, (
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Klug 2782</emphasis>
(BM!, F!, G!, GH!, K!, MO, NY!, US!); Distrito Las 
<collectingRegion country="Peru" name="Amazonas">Amazonas</collectingRegion>
, Quebrada Sucusari, bosque maduro en tierra firme, camino de ACEER hacia 
<collectorName>el Napo</collectorName>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="03" direction="south" minutes="15" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.25">03°15'S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="072" direction="west" minutes="55" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-72.916664">072°55'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" unit="m" value="140.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" unit="m" value="140.0">140 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1996-02-04">4 Feb 1996</collectingDate>
, (
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Ortiz et al. 157</emphasis>
(MO!); Distrito Iquitos, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:37C7BB71775968AD7AE7B23401221517" country="PERU" county="Yanamono" latitude="-3.3333333" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-72.916664" municipality="Explorama Lodge" name="Rio Itaya" stateProvince="Loreto">Rio Itaya</location>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:3C9422BB4070ABB9382B137DD169DDC7" country="PERU" county="Yanamono" latitude="-3.3333333" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-72.916664" municipality="Explorama Lodge" name="San Juan de Muniches" stateProvince="Loreto">San Juan de Muniches</location>
, borde de purma, 
<collectingDate value="1976-10-16">16 Oct 1976</collectingDate>
, (mat fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<collectorName>Revilla</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>Carillo</collectorName>
1501
</emphasis>
(F!, MO!, NY!); Indiana, Yanamono, Explorama Lodge, Bosque inundable estacional (aguas blancas), 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.06" unit="m" value="106.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.06" unit="m" value="106.0">106 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="03" direction="south" minutes="28" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.4666667">03°28'S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="072" direction="west" minutes="50" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-72.833336">072°50'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<collectingDate value="1989-02-19">19 Feb 1989</collectingDate>
, (
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vásquez">
<collectorName>Vasquez</collectorName>
</normalizedToken>
&amp; 
<collectorName>Jaramillo</collectorName>
11714
</emphasis>
(MO!); Explor Napo Camp at 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:FF1674FD6298E500E297EE362433AA1E" country="PERU" county="Yanamono" latitude="-3.3333333" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-72.916664" municipality="Explorama Lodge" name="Rio Sucusari" stateProvince="Loreto">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Sucusari
</location>
, primary forest, flooded forest, collected from canoe along 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:883150EDD31FCBB824A34C2F80EB9ABE" country="PERU" county="Yanamono" latitude="-3.3333333" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-72.916664" municipality="Explorama Lodge" name="Rio Sucusari" stateProvince="Loreto">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Sucusari
</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="03" direction="south" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.3333333">03°20'S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="072" direction="west" minutes="55" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-72.916664">072°55'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" unit="m" value="120.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" unit="m" value="120.0">120 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1996-03-22">22 Mar 1996</collectingDate>
, (
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl buds &amp; fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<collectorName>van der Werff</collectorName>
&amp; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vásquez">
<collectorName>Vasquez</collectorName>
</normalizedToken>
13990
</emphasis>
(MO!)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2018-01-01" collectingDateMax="2018-12-31" collectingDateMin="2018-01-01" collectorName="Ma, Schunke" country="Peru" county="Distrito Calleria" elevation="163" latitude="-8.15" location="Rio Utiquinia" longLatPrecision="1302" longitude="-74.25" municipality="Quebrada Pumayacu" specimenCount="♂" stateProvince="Ucayali">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<collectingRegion country="Peru" name="Ucayali">Ucayali</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: Prov. Coronel Portillo, 
<collectingCounty>Distrito Calleria</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>Quebrada Pumayacu</collectingMunicipality>
, margen izquierda del 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:FA78C3C3421485736470248C242FF663" country="Peru" county="Distrito Calleria" latitude="-8.15" longLatPrecision="1302" longitude="-74.25" municipality="Quebrada Pumayacu" name="Rio Utiquinia" stateProvince="Ucayali">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Utiquinia
</location>
, al. borde de la quebrada, en bosque alto, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.625" metricValueMax="1.75" metricValueMin="1.5" unit="m" value="162.5" valueMax="175.0" valueMin="150.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.625" metricValueMax="1.75" metricValueMin="1.5" unit="m" value="162.5" valueMax="175.0" valueMin="150.0">150-175 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="08" direction="south" minutes="09" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-8.15">08°09'S</geoCoordinate>
; 
<geoCoordinate degrees="074" direction="west" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-74.25">074°15'W</geoCoordinate>
, 13 
<collectorName>Ma</collectorName>
2003, (
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl bud &amp; fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<collectorName>Schunke</collectorName>
15323
</emphasis>
(F n.v., MO!)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1979-02-21" collectorName="Embanchure du Guaviare, Plantes du Haut Orenoque" country="VENEZUELA" county="Gaillard" elevation="85" location="Puerto Ayacucho" municipality="Forest" specimenCount="♂" stateProvince="Amazonas">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<collectingCountry name="Venezuela">VENEZUELA</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="Venezuela" name="Amazonas">Amazonas</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectorName>Embanchure du Guaviare</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName>Plantes du Haut Orenoque</collectorName>
, 1887, (
<specimenCount>♂</specimenCount>
fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">
<collectingCounty>Gaillard</collectingCounty>
184
</emphasis>
(P!); 
<collectingMunicipality>Forest</collectingMunicipality>
immediately behind &quot;El Tobogan de La Selva&quot; camping area; 
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" unit="km" value="35.0">35 km</quantity>
south of 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C5F9D2D46D95FC4B21CAA967C90FA32:79EA90293C321EFF6EDFA6DD5A6F3841" country="VENEZUELA" county="Gaillard" municipality="Forest" name="Puerto Ayacucho" stateProvince="Amazonas">Puerto Ayacucho</location>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" unit="m" value="85.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" unit="m" value="85.0">85 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectingDate value="1979-02-21">21 Feb 1979</collectingDate>
, (st), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="54">Plowman 7712</emphasis>
(F!)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</subSection>
</document>