727 lines
98 KiB
XML
727 lines
98 KiB
XML
<document id="8237591A190B8EEED73958BA9ED733A6" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.2650482" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e3c1263e-2650-451f-807b-dbb4bf5f09d8" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2650482" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1701714306339" checkinUser="karina" docAuthor="Willmott, Keith R., Marín, Mario A., Nakahara, Shinichi, Pomerantz, Tatiana, Lamas, Gerardo, Huertas, Blanca, Espeland, Marianne, Xiao, Lei, Hall, Jason P. W., Robinson Willmott, James I. & Freitas, André V. L." docDate="2019" docId="03C887BAFFC5FFC00E49FDEDFE36CE93" docLanguage="en" docName="TropLepidRes.29.1.29-44.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Tropical Lepidoptera Research 29 (1)" docTitle="Optimandes Marin, Nakahara & Willmott 2019, new genus" docType="treatment" docUuid="FE3CC701-BF12-48BC-AFD2-486301B6753C" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="33" masterDocId="FFF1FFC2FFC4FFC40D27FFCDFFE4C952" masterDocTitle="A revision of the new Andean butterfly genus Optimandes Marín, Nakahara & Willmott, n. gen., with the description of a new species (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Euptychiina)" masterLastPageNumber="44" masterPageNumber="29" pageNumber="30" updateTime="1701774962631" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:title id="280A7767A38434C4605F2962E919019E">A revision of the new Andean butterfly genus Optimandes Marín, Nakahara & Willmott, n. gen., with the description of a new species (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Euptychiina)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E2C61FB87030D752EB6CCC2FC9047947">Willmott, Keith R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5185729AA41FBC7F69F49DCC1F9D9BCD">Marín, Mario A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F1FE4736CE0A4AA1757C44623A864050">Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="AA8E5B6284FA741E521D3690ED593E80">Nakahara, Shinichi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="83F258255F2BC6BA841B597F7F0D1D1D">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8661F3E9205E634F721FF4F8E04DE3BD">Pomerantz, Tatiana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8C540BBF8EE9239019059AB2604BB522">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E9D33502DB8151AF93D614CF792286C5">Lamas, Gerardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C300D778008F6FAD48D28813C5F26283">Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="B3C4A4E36CB5766F30218DD21FDFBEDE">Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="35EF6F72C835F4DD89234936DDE1F807">Espeland, Marianne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D521F14CDE243218AC70A92A9A606D78">Arthropoda Department, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Germany.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="914C57FDD84AA29C3FC1D0D0DB6AEBA6">Xiao, Lei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9B2E1562B284989166C71D8B2C0DE932">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F1DDAEC1C281B22C3E5AB111826DD434">Hall, Jason P. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6FE5857BF2305C2D23F750ACAC25F2E3">Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5657E38E6ABC9A839855109E0A9A2681">Robinson Willmott, James I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A668323638CF82FCFEB26F55EAB5D9A1">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5293ACDD372F99CBEA10A68C3678F69C">Freitas, André V. L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1304D079B684888DC7DAD00EB5EE7C08">Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="34AC467340B994A66F25EDFF8EDDE476">Tropical Lepidoptera Research</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="EE08B70DC7D7172049B32412D27F8EA0">
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<mods:date id="B791B244F3C0544EE9487E2EA373DF93">2019</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C887BAFFC5FFC00E49FDEDFE36CE93" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10257597" ID-GBIF-Taxon="219499828" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10257597" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FE3CC701-BF12-48BC-AFD2-486301B6753C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C887BAFFC5FFC00E49FDEDFE36CE93" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC5FFC50E49FDEDFAD5CB6A" authority="Marin, Nakahara & Willmott" authorityName="Marin, Nakahara & Willmott" authorityYear="2019" box="[878,1329,544,568]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="new genus">
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<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC50E49FDEDFC16CB6A" bold="true" box="[878,1010,544,568]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Optimandes</emphasis>
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Marín, Nakahara & Willmott
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22657C5FFC5FFC5081BFDEDFA55CB6A" box="[1340,1457,544,568]" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" rank="genus">new genus</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<typeStatus id="54DA880EFFC5FFC50E7AFD8CFC76CB0B" box="[861,914,577,601]" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC5FFC50ED3FD8DFB4ECB2A" authority="C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867" authorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" authorityYear="1867" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neonympha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eugenia">
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<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC50ED3FD8DFB2ACB0A" box="[1012,1230,576,600]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Neonympha eugenia</emphasis>
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C. Felder & R.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC5FFC5085EFD8DFB4ECB2A" author="Felder, C. & Felder, R." bookContentInfo="Wien, Carl Gerold's Sohn. (3): [2]" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" pagination="379 - 536" refId="ref14605" refString="Felder, C., Felder, R. 1867. Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abtheilung: Lepidoptera. Wien, Carl Gerold's Sohn. (3): [2] + 379 - 536, pls. 48 - 74." title="Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abtheilung: Lepidoptera" type="book" year="1867">Felder, 1867</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="C37B6527FFC5FFC50E67FD6DFAF3CCCA" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" type="diagnosis">
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<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC50E67FD6DFB6ECBEA" bold="true" box="[832,1162,672,696]" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Diagnosis and identification</emphasis>
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: Genetic sequence data show that
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC5FFC50E49FD0DFC0BCB8A" authority="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas, 2019" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" box="[878,1007,704,728]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="n. gen.">
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<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC50E49FD0DFC0BCB8A" box="[878,1007,704,728]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Optimandes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC50ED1FD0DFBA4CB8A" bold="true" box="[1014,1088,704,728]" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22657C5FFC5FFC50ED1FD0DFBA4CB8A" box="[1014,1088,704,728]" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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is a member of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC5FFC50834FD0DFA46CB8A" box="[1299,1442,704,728]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pareuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC50834FD0DFA46CB8A" box="[1299,1442,704,728]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Pareuptychia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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clade (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC5FFC50E60FD2DFBB8CBAA" author="Murray, D. L. & Prowell, D. P." box="[839,1116,736,760]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" pagination="67 - 80" part="34" refId="ref15767" refString="Murray, D. L., Prowell, D. P. 2005. Molecular phylogenetics and evolutionary history of the neotropical satyrine subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34 (1): 67 - 80." title="Molecular phylogenetics and evolutionary history of the neotropical satyrine subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)" type="journal article" year="2005">Murray & Prowell, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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), where it is sister to
|
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<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC5086AFD2DFA04CBAA" box="[1357,1504,736,760]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Nhambikuara</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC5FFC50E67FCCDFB7ACA4A" author="Freitas, A. V. L. & Barbosa, E. P. & Zacca, T. & Marin, M. & Beirao, M. & Silva, A. & Casagrande, M. M. & Espeland, M. & Willmott, K. R." box="[832,1182,768,792]" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Entomologia" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" pagination="148 - 158" part="62" refId="ref14798" refString="Freitas, A. V. L., Barbosa, E. P., Zacca, T., Marin, M., Beirao, M., Silva, A., Casagrande, M. M., Espeland, M., Willmott, K. R. 2018 a. Before it is too late: description of a new genus and species of butterfly from a highly threatened Brazilian biome. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 62: 148 - 158." title="Before it is too late: description of a new genus and species of butterfly from a highly threatened Brazilian biome" type="journal article" year="2018">Freitas, Barbosa & Zacca, 2018</bibRefCitation>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC5FFC50988FCCDFA78CA4A" author="Espeland, M. & Breinholt, J. & Barbosa, E. & Casagrande, M. M. & Huertas, B. & Lamas, G. & Marin, M. A. & Mielke, O. H. H. & Miller, J. Y. & Nakahara, S. & Tan, D. & Warren, A. D. & Zacca, T. & Kawahara, A. & Freitas, A. V. L. & Willmott, K. R." box="[1199,1436,768,792]" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" pagination="116 - 124" refId="ref14470" refString="Espeland, M., Breinholt, J., Barbosa, E., Casagrande, M. M., Huertas, B., Lamas, G., Marin, M. A., Mielke, O. H. H., Miller, J. Y., Nakahara, S., Tan, D., Warren, A. D., Zacca, T., Kawahara, A., Freitas, A. V. L., Willmott, K. R. 2019. Four hundred shades of brown: Higher level phylogeny of the problematic Euptychiina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) based on hybrid enrichment data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 131: 116 - 124." type="journal article" year="2019">
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Espeland
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<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC5083BFCCCFAAACA4A" box="[1308,1358,768,792]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">et al</emphasis>
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., 2019
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</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A29FFC5FFC50892FCCDFCA8CA6A" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[128,163,1302,1324]" captionTargetBox="[239,1377,143,1288]" captionTargetId="graphics-480@2.[239,1352,151,1290]" captionText="Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood tree (log-likelihood: -26562.376) showing the phylogenetic relationships among Optimandes new genus and relatives within the subtribe Euptychiina. Numbers beside branches are ultrafast bootstrap values. Names in bold were included in Euptychoides in Lamas (2004)." pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), albeit with only moderate ultrafast bootstrap support (83%). Aside from
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC50935FC8DFACDCA0A" box="[1042,1321,832,856]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Nhambikuara cerradensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC5FFC50816FC8DFC02CA2A" author="Freitas, A. V. L. & Barbosa, E. P. & Zacca, T. & Marin, M. & Beirao, M. & Silva, A. & Casagrande, M. M. & Espeland, M. & Willmott, K. R." journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Entomologia" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" pagination="148 - 158" part="62" refId="ref14798" refString="Freitas, A. V. L., Barbosa, E. P., Zacca, T., Marin, M., Beirao, M., Silva, A., Casagrande, M. M., Espeland, M., Willmott, K. R. 2018 a. Before it is too late: description of a new genus and species of butterfly from a highly threatened Brazilian biome. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 62: 148 - 158." title="Before it is too late: description of a new genus and species of butterfly from a highly threatened Brazilian biome" type="journal article" year="2018">Freitas, Barbosa & Zacca, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DA880EFFC5FFC50939FCACFBA8CA2B" box="[1054,1100,865,889]" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC50952FCADFAECCA2A" box="[1141,1288,864,888]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Nhambikuara</emphasis>
|
||
and related species forming the sister clade to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC5FFC5097FFC4DFB3DCACA" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" box="[1112,1241,896,920]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC5097FFC4DFB3DCACA" box="[1112,1241,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Optimandes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
all have distinctive, oval submarginal ocelli on the VHW with pale scaling offset from the center of each ocellus. In contrast, both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC5FFC5082BFC0DFA04CA8A" box="[1292,1504,960,984]" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC5082BFC0DFA69CA8A" box="[1292,1421,960,984]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Optimandes</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have circular or slightly oval submarginal VHW ocelli with a single, well-marked central white pupil in each, in addition to two well-developed subapical ocelli on the VFW in cells M 2 -M 1 and M
|
||
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC5FFC50E7FFB9CFC84CD0D" attach="left" box="[856,864,1105,1119]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">1</subScript>
|
||
-R
|
||
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC5FFC50E5DFB9DFC66CD0C" attach="left" box="[890,898,1104,1118]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">5</subScript>
|
||
(the latter reduced in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC5FFC50949FB8CFB19CD0A" box="[1134,1277,1089,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neonympha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="eugenia" subSpecies="eugenia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC50949FB8CFB19CD0A" box="[1134,1277,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">O. e. eugenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and barely visible or absent in
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC50E81FBADFBDDCD2A" box="[934,1081,1120,1144]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Nhambikuara</emphasis>
|
||
). The combination of the two subapical ocelli in the VFW apex, and single-pupilled VHW ocelli, which fill cells Cu 2 -Cu 1 and M 2 -M 1 on the VHW, distinguish this genus from most other euptychiines.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC5FFC509D0FB0DFC1ACDAA" authority="(Hewitson, 1869)" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1869" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Magneuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tiessa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC509D0FB0DFA04CD8A" box="[1271,1504,1216,1240]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Magneuptychia tiessa</emphasis>
|
||
(Hewitson, 1869)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has these characteristics also, and is also a member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC5FFC50ECEFACDFB9CCC4A" box="[1001,1144,1280,1304]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pareuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC50ECEFACDFB9CCC4A" box="[1001,1144,1280,1304]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Pareuptychia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade based on genetic data, but the species is sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC5FFC5090DFAECFA50CC6A" authority="(Bates, 1865)" baseAuthorityName="Bates" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[1066,1460,1312,1336]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Satyrotaygetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="satyrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC5090DFAECFAFACC6A" box="[1066,1310,1313,1336]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Satyrotaygetis satyrina</emphasis>
|
||
(Bates, 1865)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and both are more closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC5FFC50987FA8DFACBCC0A" box="[1184,1327,1344,1368]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pareuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC50987FA8DFACBCC0A" box="[1184,1327,1344,1368]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Pareuptychia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than they are to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC5FFC50E67FAADFC25CC2A" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" box="[832,961,1376,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC50E67FAADFC25CC2A" box="[832,961,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Optimandes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The male genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC5FFC50991FAACFAF3CC2A" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[1206,1303,1377,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Magneuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tiessa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC50991FAACFAF3CC2A" box="[1206,1303,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">M. tiessa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
likewise shows no obvious similarities to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC5FFC509B7FA4DFAF5CCCA" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" box="[1168,1297,1408,1432]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC509B7FA4DFAF5CCCA" box="[1168,1297,1408,1432]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Optimandes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37B6527FFC5FFC60E67FA70FA9DCFF2" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36ACFFC5FFC60E67FA70FD2ACED4" blockId="1.[832,1505,1469,1975]" lastBlockId="2.[128,801,1421,1978]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC50E67FA70FC55CC82" bold="true" box="[832,945,1469,1488]" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
MALE (Fig. 2,3,4): Forewing length
|
||
<quantity id="4C999B49FFC5FFC50821FA73FA85CC83" box="[1286,1377,1470,1489]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="23.5" valueMax="24.0" valueMin="23.0">23-24 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=5).
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC50881FA73FA3ECC82" box="[1446,1498,1470,1488]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Wings</emphasis>
|
||
: FW triangular, distal and anal margins straight and almost perpendicular, vein R
|
||
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC5FFC50E69FA30FCB0CF5B" attach="left" box="[846,852,1533,1545]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">2</subScript>
|
||
arising just basally of origin of vein R
|
||
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC5FFC50998FA30FB3BCF5B" attach="left" box="[1215,1247,1533,1545]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">3+4+5</subScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A29FFC5FFC509CCFA3CFAC7CF56" box="[1259,1315,1521,1540]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[273,308,918,940]" captionTargetBox="[292,1339,141,870]" captionTargetId="figure-562@4.[273,1359,128,899]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig.3.A.Optimandes eugenia,morphology.A-C,O.e.transversa,♂ (FLMNH-MGCL-112616).A.Wing venation. B. Lateral view of labial palpus. C. Lateral view of foreleg. D-E, O. e. eugenia, ♀ (FLMNH-MGCL-298582). D. Lateral view of labial palpus. E. Lateral view of foreleg." pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
); HW approximately triangular, distal margin rounded, anal margin slightly indented basal of tornus.
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC50E67F9E9FC21CF65" box="[832,965,1572,1591]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Dorsal surface</emphasis>
|
||
: Ground color gray-brown to reddish brown, slight darker blackish brown marginal line on both wings, and indistinct submarginal line on DHW.
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC5FFC50EB1F99AFBFCCF38" box="[918,1048,1623,1642]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">Ventral surface</emphasis>
|
||
: Ground color grayish to reddish brown, a little paler than dorsal surface, with scattered to solid white scaling in posterior basal half of VHW, discal area, and surrounding more anterior ocelli in one taxon. VFW with a discal and a postdiscal line/band, darker brown, latter bordered distally with paler ground scales followed by darker ground scales and two to four postdiscal ocelli in cells Cu
|
||
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC5FFC509A1F929FB68CFA2" attach="left" box="[1158,1164,1764,1776]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">1</subScript>
|
||
-M
|
||
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC5FFC50981F929FB48CFA2" attach="left" box="[1190,1196,1764,1776]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">3</subScript>
|
||
, with those in M
|
||
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC5FFC50877F929FAB2CFA2" attach="left" box="[1360,1366,1764,1776]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">2</subScript>
|
||
-R
|
||
<subScript id="17E534E9FFC5FFC5084BF929FA96CFA2" attach="left" box="[1388,1394,1764,1776]" fontSize="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="30">5</subScript>
|
||
black spots encircled by clear yellowish brown rings with a single central white pupil in each ocellus, remaining ocelli smaller but similar, or simple yellow rings, or obsolete; two broad, dark brown submarginal lines, more basal line wavy and bordered basally by band of paler ground scaling, more distal line straighter, wing margin lined with black. VHW with dark brown discal and postdiscal lines from costa to anal margin, postdiscal line bordered distally with paler ground scaling; five to six postdiscal ocelli, black with yellow ring and central white pupil in cells 2A-Cu 2 and M 1 -Rs (half width of cell) and Cu2 -Cu 1 and M 2 - M 1 (almost filling cell), ocelli in cells Cu 1 -M 2 similar to others but reduced in size, or more indistinct and lacking central pupil, or obsolete; two broad, dark brown submarginal lines, more basal line wavy and bordered basally by band of paler grayish scaling, wing margin lined with black.
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60F7EFA17FD63CCBF" box="[601,647,1498,1517]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Head</emphasis>
|
||
: eyes brown with dense, long setae; antennae with
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60C85FA39FE56CF54" box="[418,434,1524,1542]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">c.</emphasis>
|
||
33 antennomeres, distal
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60FAAFA39FD79CF54" box="[653,669,1524,1542]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">c.</emphasis>
|
||
10 comprising club (n=4), dark brown with sparse white scales at ventral base of antennomeres in basal part of antennae; labial palpi (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A29FFC6FFC60CFAF9EAFDC5CF68" box="[477,545,1575,1594]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[273,308,918,940]" captionTargetBox="[292,1339,141,870]" captionTargetId="figure-562@4.[273,1359,128,899]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig.3.A.Optimandes eugenia,morphology.A-C,O.e.transversa,♂ (FLMNH-MGCL-112616).A.Wing venation. B. Lateral view of labial palpus. C. Lateral view of foreleg. D-E, O. e. eugenia, ♀ (FLMNH-MGCL-298582). D. Lateral view of labial palpus. E. Lateral view of foreleg." pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Fig. 3
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED70AE69FFC6FFC60F35F9EAFDC5CF68" box="[530,545,1575,1594]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">B</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) dark brown with long dark brown hair-like scales ventrally, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC6FFC60CE1F98CFDC1CF01" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[454,549,1601,1620]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eugenia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60CE1F98CFDC1CF01" box="[454,549,1601,1620]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">O. eugenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
having cream-colored scales laterally; head covered with dark brown scales and hair-like scales.
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60FFBF997FCFECF3F" box="[732,794,1626,1645]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
: thorax, forelegs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A29FFC6FFC60C32F9BEFEBDCFD5" box="[277,345,1651,1671]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[273,308,918,940]" captionTargetBox="[292,1339,141,870]" captionTargetId="figure-562@4.[273,1359,128,899]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig.3.A.Optimandes eugenia,morphology.A-C,O.e.transversa,♂ (FLMNH-MGCL-112616).A.Wing venation. B. Lateral view of labial palpus. C. Lateral view of foreleg. D-E, O. e. eugenia, ♀ (FLMNH-MGCL-298582). D. Lateral view of labial palpus. E. Lateral view of foreleg." pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Fig. 3
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED70AE69FFC6FFC60C6EF9B9FEBDCFD5" box="[329,345,1652,1671]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">C</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), mid- and hindlegs dark brown (mid- and hindlegs ventrally with sparse cream-colored scales in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC6FFC60F37F940FD94CFF2" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[528,624,1677,1696]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eugenia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60F37F940FD94CFF2" box="[528,624,1677,1696]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">O. eugenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), mid- and hindlegs with pair of tibial spurs.
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60C74F96AFE40CFE8" box="[339,420,1703,1722]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
: dark brown dorsally, paler brown ventrally, eighth tergite unsclerotized except for narrow anterior band and slightly broader posterior patch; eighth sternite appearing as single plate, in contrast to several species currently placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC6FFC60CF6F93EFDA0CE54" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[465,580,1779,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60CF6F93EFDA0CE54" box="[465,580,1779,1798]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Euptychoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC6FFC60F58F939FF13CE72" authority="Forster, 1964" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudosaturnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60F58F939FCC4CE54" box="[639,800,1779,1798]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">E. pseudosaturnus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC6FFC60DA7F8C0FF13CE72" author="Forster, W." box="[128,247,1805,1824]" journalOrPublisher="Veroffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" pagination="51 - 188" part="8" refId="ref14677" refString="Forster, W. 1964. Beitrage zur kenntnis der insektenfauna Boliviens XIX. Lepidoptera III. Satyridae. Veroffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen 8: 51 - 188." title="Beitrage zur kenntnis der insektenfauna Boliviens XIX. Lepidoptera III. Satyridae" type="journal article" year="1964">Forster, 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60C2FF8C0FEBDCE72" box="[264,345,1805,1824]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A29FFC6FFC60C40F8C0FE7ACE72" box="[359,414,1805,1824]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[128,163,1579,1601]" captionTargetBox="[180,1442,149,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-135@5.[166,1466,128,1577]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Optimandes, male genitalia. A-E, O. eugenia transversa (FLMNH-MGCL-112616, dissection KW-14-30). F-J, O. mocha n. sp. (HT, dissection KW-17-20). A,F. Lateral view terminal abdominal segments. B,G. Lateral view genitalic capsule. C,H. Dorsal view genitalic capsule. D,I. Lateral view aedeagus. E,J. Dorsal view aedeagus." pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
): notable features in comparison with other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC6FFC60DA7F8EAFF03CE68" box="[128,231,1831,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Euptychiina">Euptychiina</taxonomicName>
|
||
include aedeagus relatively broad, curving upwards anteriorly and containing two conspicuous elongate patches of teeth-like cornuti; uncus with broad basal half in lateral view with a prominent dorsal ‘keel’; brachia directed upwards with respect to uncus; valva tapering with distal tip pointed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1E6624FFC6FFC60DA7FADBFEC2CC34" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" startId="2.[128,163,1302,1324]" targetBox="[239,1377,143,1288]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36ACFFC6FFC60DA7FADBFEC2CC34" blockId="2.[128,1504,1302,1382]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60DA7FADBFF27CC79" bold="true" box="[128,195,1302,1324]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Maximum likelihood tree (log-likelihood: -26562.376) showing the phylogenetic relationships among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC6FFC609EEFADBFAD9CC79" authority="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas, 2019" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" box="[1225,1341,1302,1323]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="new genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC609EEFADBFAD9CC79" box="[1225,1341,1302,1323]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Optimandes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60861FADBFA50CC79" bold="true" box="[1350,1460,1302,1323]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22657C5FFC6FFC60861FADBFA50CC79" box="[1350,1460,1302,1323]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" rank="genus">new genus</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and relatives within the subtribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC6FFC60CB7FAFEFDE3CC1B" box="[400,519,1331,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Euptychiina">Euptychiina</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Numbers beside branches are ultrafast bootstrap values. Names in bold were included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC6FFC60878FAFEFA04CC1A" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[1375,1504,1331,1352]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60878FAFEFA04CC1A" box="[1375,1504,1331,1352]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Euptychoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC6FFC60DBEFA9DFEC6CC34" author="Lamas, G." bookContentInfo="Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Volume 5 A. Gainesville, Association for Tropical Lepidoptera; Scientific Publishers" box="[153,290,1360,1382]" editor="Lamas, G." pageId="2" pageNumber="31" pagination="217 - 223" refId="ref15459" refString="Lamas, G. 2004. Nymphalidae. Satyrinae. Tribe Satyrini. Subtribe Euptychiina, pp. 217 - 223. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Volume 5 A. Gainesville, Association for Tropical Lepidoptera; Scientific Publishers." title="Nymphalidae. Satyrinae. Tribe Satyrini. Subtribe Euptychiina" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B" year="2004">Lamas (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36ACFFC6FFC60D97F840FA9DCFF2" blockId="2.[128,801,1421,1978]" lastBlockId="2.[832,1504,1421,1696]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
|
||
FEMALE (known only for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC6FFC60CB9F840FE19CEF2" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[414,509,1933,1952]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eugenia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60CB9F840FE19CEF2" box="[414,509,1933,1952]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">O. eugenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Fig. 2,3,5): Forewing length
|
||
<quantity id="4C999B49FFC6FFC60E2CF840FF45CEE8" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=1).
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60DC3F86AFEFCCEEB" box="[228,280,1959,1977]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Wings</emphasis>
|
||
: similar to male except more rounded, paler.
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60F8FF86AFD32CEE8" box="[680,726,1959,1978]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Head</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60FC4F86AFCFFCEE8" box="[739,795,1959,1978]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">thorax</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60E67FA40FC6ACCF2" box="[832,910,1421,1440]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
: similar to male except with sparse cream-colored hair-like scales among dark brown hair-like scales on ventral palpi, foreleg tarsus not reduced (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A29FFC6FFC60E61FA0DFC6FCC81" box="[838,907,1472,1491]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[273,308,918,940]" captionTargetBox="[292,1339,141,870]" captionTargetId="figure-562@4.[273,1359,128,899]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig.3.A.Optimandes eugenia,morphology.A-C,O.e.transversa,♂ (FLMNH-MGCL-112616).A.Wing venation. B. Lateral view of labial palpus. C. Lateral view of foreleg. D-E, O. e. eugenia, ♀ (FLMNH-MGCL-298582). D. Lateral view of labial palpus. E. Lateral view of foreleg." pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Fig. 3
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED70AE69FFC6FFC60E5BFA0DFC6FCC81" box="[892,907,1472,1491]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">E</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), covered with cream-colored scales and hair-like scales.
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC608A8FA0DFA04CC81" box="[1423,1504,1472,1491]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A29FFC6FFC60E61FA17FC99CCBF" box="[838,893,1498,1517]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[128,163,944,966]" captionTargetBox="[187,1426,139,933]" captionTargetId="figure-519@6.[187,1446,126,942]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 5. Optimandes e. eugenia, female genitalia (FLMNH-MGCL-298582, dissection SN-17-205). A. Lateral view of terminal abdominal segments. B. Ventral view of sclerotized plate ventral of ostium bursae. C. Dorsal view of genitalia. D. Perpendicular view of signa." pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
): inter-segmental membrane between 7
|
||
<superScript id="7C149BE4FFC6FFC609FEFA15FB07CCB6" attach="left" box="[1241,1251,1496,1508]" fontSize="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">th</superScript>
|
||
and 8
|
||
<superScript id="7C149BE4FFC6FFC6083AFA15FAC3CCB6" attach="left" box="[1309,1319,1496,1508]" fontSize="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">th</superScript>
|
||
abdominal segments pleated and expandable, as in many other euptychiines; lamella postvaginalis forming broad lateral plates extending close to (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC6FFC609D3F9C3FA8FCF72" box="[1268,1387,1550,1568]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="eugenia" subSpecies="eugenia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC609D3F9C3FA8FCF72" box="[1268,1387,1550,1568]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">E. e. eugenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A29FFC6FFC6085EF9C0FA5BCF72" box="[1401,1471,1549,1568]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[128,163,944,966]" captionTargetBox="[187,1426,139,933]" captionTargetId="figure-519@6.[187,1446,126,942]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 5. Optimandes e. eugenia, female genitalia (FLMNH-MGCL-298582, dissection SN-17-205). A. Lateral view of terminal abdominal segments. B. Ventral view of sclerotized plate ventral of ostium bursae. C. Dorsal view of genitalia. D. Perpendicular view of signa." pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Fig. 5
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED70AE69FFC6FFC60889F9C0FA5BCF72" box="[1454,1471,1549,1568]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">A</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) or fused with (
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60E81F9EAFBC8CF6B" box="[934,1068,1575,1593]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
|
||
E. e.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC6FFC60EF5F9EAFBC8CF6B" authorityName="Weymer" authorityYear="1911" box="[978,1068,1575,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transversa">transversa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) anterioventral edge of eighth tergum; posteriorlydirected, ‘scoop’-like plate ventral of ostium bursae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A29FFC6FFC60825F98DFABECF01" box="[1282,1370,1600,1619]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[128,163,944,966]" captionTargetBox="[187,1426,139,933]" captionTargetId="figure-519@6.[187,1446,126,942]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 5. Optimandes e. eugenia, female genitalia (FLMNH-MGCL-298582, dissection SN-17-205). A. Lateral view of terminal abdominal segments. B. Ventral view of sclerotized plate ventral of ostium bursae. C. Dorsal view of genitalia. D. Perpendicular view of signa." pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Fig. 5
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED70AE69FFC6FFC60812F98DFAA3CF01" box="[1333,1351,1600,1619]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">A</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED70AE69FFC6FFC6086CF98DFABECF01" box="[1355,1370,1600,1619]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">B</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); no sclerotized antrum, ductus bursae relatively long and broadening gradually into poorly defined corpus bursae that bears two elongate spiny signa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A29FFC6FFC60868F9BEFA72CFD4" box="[1359,1430,1651,1670]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[128,163,944,966]" captionTargetBox="[187,1426,139,933]" captionTargetId="figure-519@6.[187,1446,126,942]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 5. Optimandes e. eugenia, female genitalia (FLMNH-MGCL-298582, dissection SN-17-205). A. Lateral view of terminal abdominal segments. B. Ventral view of sclerotized plate ventral of ostium bursae. C. Dorsal view of genitalia. D. Perpendicular view of signa." pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Fig. 5
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED70AE69FFC6FFC608A3F9BEFA72CFD4" box="[1412,1430,1651,1670]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">D</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), ductus seminalis joins ductus bursae dorsally very close to ostium bursae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37B6527FFC6FFC60E67F907FBCBCE90" pageId="2" pageNumber="31" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36ACFFC6FFC60E67F907FBCBCE90" blockId="2.[832,1504,1737,1986]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60E67F907FC5FCFB0" bold="true" box="[832,955,1738,1762]" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
: The generic name is derived from the masculine Latin noun
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC60EEEF927FBF9CE53" box="[969,1053,1770,1793]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">optimas</emphasis>
|
||
, an aristocrat, combined with ‘Andes’, to which mountain range the genus is largely endemic, and it is considered masculine. The name is in reference to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC6FFC608E1F8E7FC70CE33" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC6FFC608E1F8E7FC70CE33" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="31">O. eugenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whose specific name means ‘well-born’, as well as being a feminine given name; the Felders may have named the species after Empress Elisabeth Amalia Eugenia of Wittelsbach (“Sissi”) (1837-1898).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF1E6624FFC7FFC70DA6FB14FD82CC17" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" startId="3.[129,164,1241,1263]" targetBox="[158,1488,136,1223]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36ACFFC7FFC70DA6FB14FD82CC17" blockId="3.[129,1505,1239,1349]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70DA6FB14FF20CDBC" bold="true" box="[129,196,1241,1263]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70DEBFB14FEA4CDBC" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" box="[204,320,1241,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70DEBFB14FEA4CDBC" box="[204,320,1241,1262]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Optimandes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, adults, left side dorsal, right side ventral, unless stated otherwise.
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70EC7FB14FBECCDBC" bold="true" box="[992,1032,1241,1262]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">A,B</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70936FB14FACACDBC" box="[1041,1326,1241,1262]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="eugenia" subSpecies="eugenia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70936FB14FACACDBC" box="[1041,1326,1241,1262]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Optimandes eugenia eugenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC7081AFB14FAB1CDBC" bold="true" box="[1341,1365,1241,1262]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">A.</emphasis>
|
||
♂, Venezuela (lectotype
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70DCCFB3BFE44CC59" box="[235,416,1270,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70DCCFB3BFE44CC59" box="[235,416,1270,1291]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Euptychia phineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70C90FB3BFE23CC59" bold="true" box="[439,455,1270,1291]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">B</emphasis>
|
||
. ♀, Venezuela (Aragua).
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70FEEFB38FD15CC59" bold="true" box="[713,753,1269,1291]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">C -F</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70E27FB3BFBDCCC59" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Weymer" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[768,1080,1270,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="eugenia" subSpecies="transversa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70E27FB3BFBDCCC59" box="[768,1080,1270,1291]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Optimandes eugenia transversa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC7096FFB38FBBDCC59" bold="true" box="[1096,1113,1269,1291]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">C</emphasis>
|
||
. ♂, W. Ecuador (Pichincha).
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC708A3FB3BFA71CC59" bold="true" box="[1412,1429,1270,1291]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">D</emphasis>
|
||
. ♀, W. Ecuador (Carchi).
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70C14FADEFEA7CC7A" bold="true" box="[307,323,1299,1320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">E</emphasis>
|
||
. ♂, Peru (Cuzco) (lectotype
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70F70FADFFCC7CC7A" authorityName="Weymer" authorityYear="1911" box="[599,803,1298,1320]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transversa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70F70FADFFCC7CC7A" box="[599,803,1298,1320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Euptychia transversa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70E10FADEFCA2CC7A" bold="true" box="[823,838,1299,1320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">F</emphasis>
|
||
. ♀, Bolivia (Cochabamba).
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70973FADFFB9BCC7A" bold="true" box="[1108,1151,1298,1320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">G,H</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC709ACFADFFAA1CC75" authority="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas, 2019" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" box="[1163,1349,1298,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mocha" status="n. sp.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC709ACFADFFAA1CC75" box="[1163,1349,1298,1319]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Optimandes mocha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC7086CFADEFA65CC7A" bold="true" box="[1355,1409,1299,1320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22657C5FFC7FFC7086CFADEFA65CC7A" box="[1355,1409,1299,1320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, holotype ♂, Ecuador.
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70DDDFAE2FEF7CC17" bold="true" box="[250,275,1327,1349]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">G.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal surface.
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70C97FAE2FE27CC16" bold="true" box="[432,451,1327,1348]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">H</emphasis>
|
||
. Ventral surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37B6527FFC7FFC00DA7FAA7FD6ACF93" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36ACFFC7FFC70DA7FAA7FD09CE51" blockId="3.[128,801,1386,1987]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70DA7FAA7FE2BCCD1" bold="true" box="[128,463,1386,1411]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Relationships and taxonomy</emphasis>
|
||
: Genetic sequence data show that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70D89FA46FECBCCF1" authority="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas, 2019" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" box="[174,303,1419,1443]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="n. gen.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70D89FA46FECBCCF1" box="[174,303,1419,1443]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Optimandes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70C11FA46FE64CCF1" bold="true" box="[310,384,1419,1443]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22657C5FFC7FFC70C11FA46FE64CCF1" box="[310,384,1419,1443]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is a member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70F74FA46FD06CCF1" box="[595,738,1419,1443]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pareuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70F74FA46FD06CCF1" box="[595,738,1419,1443]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Pareuptychia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC7FFC70DA0FA66FE7BCC90" author="Murray, D. L. & Prowell, D. P." box="[135,415,1450,1475]" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" pagination="67 - 80" part="34" refId="ref15767" refString="Murray, D. L., Prowell, D. P. 2005. Molecular phylogenetics and evolutionary history of the neotropical satyrine subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34 (1): 67 - 80." title="Molecular phylogenetics and evolutionary history of the neotropical satyrine subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)" type="journal article" year="2005">Murray & Prowell, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), where it is strongly supported as monophyletic (100%) and moderately well supported (83%) as sister to
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70C2AFA26FE44CF51" box="[269,416,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Nhambikuara</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC7FFC70C93FA26FD49CF51" author="Espeland, M. & Breinholt, J. & Barbosa, E. & Casagrande, M. M. & Huertas, B. & Lamas, G. & Marin, M. A. & Mielke, O. H. H. & Miller, J. Y. & Nakahara, S. & Tan, D. & Warren, A. D. & Zacca, T. & Kawahara, A. & Freitas, A. V. L. & Willmott, K. R." box="[436,685,1515,1539]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" pagination="116 - 124" refId="ref14470" refString="Espeland, M., Breinholt, J., Barbosa, E., Casagrande, M. M., Huertas, B., Lamas, G., Marin, M. A., Mielke, O. H. H., Miller, J. Y., Nakahara, S., Tan, D., Warren, A. D., Zacca, T., Kawahara, A., Freitas, A. V. L., Willmott, K. R. 2019. Four hundred shades of brown: Higher level phylogeny of the problematic Euptychiina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) based on hybrid enrichment data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 131: 116 - 124." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Espeland
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70F02FA26FDBFCF51" box="[549,603,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A29FFC7FFC70FEDFA26FCF4CF51" box="[714,784,1515,1539]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[128,163,1302,1324]" captionTargetBox="[239,1377,143,1288]" captionTargetId="graphics-480@2.[239,1352,151,1290]" captionText="Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood tree (log-likelihood: -26562.376) showing the phylogenetic relationships among Optimandes new genus and relatives within the subtribe Euptychiina. Numbers beside branches are ultrafast bootstrap values. Names in bold were included in Euptychoides in Lamas (2004)." pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). This result was also confirmed in ongoing analyses aimed at generating as comprehensive a phylogeny as possible for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70DA7F986FEE0CF31" box="[128,260,1611,1635]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Euptychiina">Euptychiina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, incorporating a much larger dataset including additional unpublished sequences, comprising>2000 sequences and representing>420 species (Espeland, unpublished data). This dataset includes the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DA880EFFC7FFC70CB7F966FE5ACF91" box="[400,446,1707,1731]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of 59 of the 61 available generic names for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70C7DF906FE3ACFB1" box="[346,478,1739,1763]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Euptychiina">Euptychiina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and species closely related (based on morphology) to the remaining
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D67FD25FFC7FFC70F12F926FD76CE51" box="[565,658,1771,1795]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" type="generic">two type</specimenCount>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36ACFFC7FFC70D97F8C6FACDCEF1" blockId="3.[128,801,1386,1987]" lastBlockId="3.[832,1505,1387,1987]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">
|
||
As discussed above under Diagnosis and identification,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70DA7F8E6FEE5CE11" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" box="[128,257,1835,1859]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70DA7F8E6FEE5CE11" box="[128,257,1835,1859]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Optimandes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70C67F8E6FE37CE11" box="[320,467,1835,1859]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Nhambikuara</emphasis>
|
||
do not closely resemble one another in wing pattern or morphology, and the two seem ecologically rather distinct, with
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70CCEF8A6FD98CED1" box="[489,636,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Nhambikuara</emphasis>
|
||
predominantly a lowland genus and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70C41F846FE03CEF1" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" box="[358,487,1931,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70C41F846FE03CEF1" box="[358,487,1931,1955]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Optimandes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
confined to cloud forest. We therefore believe that they are best treated as distinct genera. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DA880EFFC7FFC70E55FAA6FC44CCD1" box="[882,928,1387,1411]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70938FAA6FB4BCCD1" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[1055,1199,1387,1411]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70938FAA6FB4BCCD1" box="[1055,1199,1387,1411]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Euptychoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70999FAA6FC91CCF1" authority="Butler, 1867" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1867" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saturnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70999FAA6FA6BCCD0" box="[1214,1423,1387,1411]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Euptychia saturnus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC7FFC708BFFAA6FC91CCF1" author="Butler, A. G." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" pagination="458 - 504" part="1866" refId="ref14153" refString="Butler, A. G. 1867. A monograph of the genus Euptychia, a numerous race of butterflies belonging to the family Satyridae; with descriptions of sixty species new to science, and notes to their affinities, etc. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866 (3): 458 - 504, pls. 39 - 40." title="A monograph of the genus Euptychia, a numerous race of butterflies belonging to the family Satyridae; with descriptions of sixty species new to science, and notes to their affinities, etc" type="journal article" year="1867">Butler, 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70EB3FA46FA20CCF1" authority="(C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867))" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[916,1476,1419,1443]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laccine">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70EB3FA46FB93CCF1" box="[916,1143,1419,1443]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Euptychoides laccine</emphasis>
|
||
(C. Felder & R.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC7FFC7080DFA46FA56CCF1" author="Felder, C. & Felder, R." bookContentInfo="Wien, Carl Gerold's Sohn. (3): [2]" box="[1322,1458,1419,1443]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" pagination="379 - 536" refId="ref14605" refString="Felder, C., Felder, R. 1867. Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abtheilung: Lepidoptera. Wien, Carl Gerold's Sohn. (3): [2] + 379 - 536, pls. 48 - 74." title="Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abtheilung: Lepidoptera" type="book" year="1867">Felder, 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
))
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is also a member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC7090BFA66FB5FCC91" box="[1068,1211,1451,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pareuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC7090BFA66FB5FCC91" box="[1068,1211,1451,1475]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Pareuptychia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade, but it is not close to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70E67FA06FC25CCB1" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" box="[832,961,1483,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70E67FA06FC25CCB1" box="[832,961,1483,1507]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Optimandes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, instead being more closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC7086FFA06FC37CF51" authority="Forster, 1964" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Satyrotaygetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC7086FFA06FA04CCB0" box="[1352,1504,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Satyrotaygetis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC7FFC70E67FA26FC37CF51" author="Forster, W." box="[832,979,1515,1539]" journalOrPublisher="Veroffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" pagination="51 - 188" part="8" refId="ref14677" refString="Forster, W. 1964. Beitrage zur kenntnis der insektenfauna Boliviens XIX. Lepidoptera III. Satyridae. Veroffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen 8: 51 - 188." title="Beitrage zur kenntnis der insektenfauna Boliviens XIX. Lepidoptera III. Satyridae" type="journal article" year="1964">Forster, 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70933FA26FB47CF51" box="[1044,1187,1515,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pareuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70933FA26FB47CF51" box="[1044,1187,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Pareuptychia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although a comprehensive phylogenetic anlaysis of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC709B3F9C6FAC7CF71" box="[1172,1315,1547,1571]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pareuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC709B3F9C6FAC7CF71" box="[1172,1315,1547,1571]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Pareuptychia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade based on morphological data has not been published,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70832F9E6FA64CF11" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1301,1408,1579,1603]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laccine">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70832F9E6FA64CF11" box="[1301,1408,1579,1603]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">E. laccine</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not show any obvious characters in the genitalia that might suggest a close relationship to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70916F9A6FAE9CFD0" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1073,1293,1643,1667]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eugenia" status="n. comb.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70916F9A6FAE9CFD0" box="[1073,1293,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Optimandes eugenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70833F9A6FA92CFD1" bold="true" box="[1300,1398,1643,1667]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22657C5FFC7FFC70833F9A6FA92CFD1" box="[1300,1398,1643,1667]" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The male genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70E99F946FBCCCFF1" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[958,1064,1675,1699]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laccine">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70E99F946FBCCCFF1" box="[958,1064,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">E. laccine</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70825F946FA92CFF0" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1282,1398,1675,1698]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eugenia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70825F946FA92CFF0" box="[1282,1398,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">O. eugenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a much narrower uncus (in lateral view), with its dorsal edge more smoothly aligned with the dorsal edge of the tegumen, narrower valvae with a small dorsal projection just basal of the posterior tip, and the aedeagus becoming narrower anteriorly. These characters are also shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC709C0F8E6FA4BCE11" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[1255,1455,1835,1859]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudosaturnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC709C0F8E6FA4BCE11" box="[1255,1455,1835,1859]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">E. pseudosaturnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70E67F886FACFCE31" authority="(Hewitson, 1869)" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[832,1323,1867,1891]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albofasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70E67F886FBBBCE31" box="[832,1119,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Euptychoides albofasciata</emphasis>
|
||
(Hewitson, 1869)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, consistent with molecular data that show a close relationship among these species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A29FFC7FFC70EBBF846FC3ECEF1" box="[924,986,1931,1955]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[128,163,1302,1324]" captionTargetBox="[239,1377,143,1288]" captionTargetId="graphics-480@2.[239,1352,151,1290]" captionText="Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood tree (log-likelihood: -26562.376) showing the phylogenetic relationships among Optimandes new genus and relatives within the subtribe Euptychiina. Numbers beside branches are ultrafast bootstrap values. Names in bold were included in Euptychoides in Lamas (2004)." pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, and Marín, unpublished data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36ACFFC7FFC00E57F866FD6ACF93" blockId="3.[832,1505,1387,1987]" lastBlockId="4.[128,801,1033,1729]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC7FFC70E57F866FBA9CE90" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[880,1101,1963,1987]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eugenia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC7FFC70E57F866FBA9CE90" box="[880,1101,1963,1987]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Optimandes eugenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has had a somewhat unstable history of generic classification.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC0FFC00CB6FBC4FDC0CD73" author="Butler, A. G." box="[401,548,1033,1057]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="116 - 128" refId="ref14218" refString="Butler, A. G. 1877. On new species of the genus Euptychia, with a tabular view of those hitherto recorded. Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Zoology) 13 (67): 116 - 128." type="journal article" year="1877">Butler (1877)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00F8EFBC7FF30CD13" authority="eugenia" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="eugenia" variety="eugenia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00F8EFBC7FF30CD13" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">O. eugenia eugenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00C3DFBE4FE0CCD13" box="[282,488,1065,1089]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00C3DFBE4FE0CCD13" box="[282,488,1065,1089]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Euptychia phineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’) as a member of his ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00E2EFBE7FF0CCD33" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1867" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harmonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00E2EFBE7FF0CCD33" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">E. harmonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group’, which included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00F25FB84FF5CCDD3" authority="Butler, 1870" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1870" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gulnare">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00F25FB84FD28CD33" box="[514,716,1097,1121]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Euptychia gulnare</emphasis>
|
||
Butler, 1870
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00DECFBA7FE11CDD3" authority="Butler, 1867" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1867" box="[203,501,1129,1153]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harmonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00DECFBA7FEBCCDD3" box="[203,344,1129,1153]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">E. harmonia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC0FFC00C41FBA4FE11CDD3" author="Butler, A. G." box="[358,501,1129,1153]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="458 - 504" part="1866" refId="ref14153" refString="Butler, A. G. 1867. A monograph of the genus Euptychia, a numerous race of butterflies belonging to the family Satyridae; with descriptions of sixty species new to science, and notes to their affinities, etc. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866 (3): 458 - 504, pls. 39 - 40." title="A monograph of the genus Euptychia, a numerous race of butterflies belonging to the family Satyridae; with descriptions of sixty species new to science, and notes to their affinities, etc" type="journal article" year="1867">Butler, 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00F2FFBA4FE44CDF3" authority="C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867" authorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" authorityYear="1867" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neonympha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yphthima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00F2FFBA4FD1DCDD3" box="[520,761,1129,1153]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Neonympha yphthima</emphasis>
|
||
C. Felder & R.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC0FFC00C34FB44FE44CDF3" author="Felder, C. & Felder, R." bookContentInfo="Wien, Carl Gerold's Sohn. (3): [2]" box="[275,416,1161,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="379 - 536" refId="ref14605" refString="Felder, C., Felder, R. 1867. Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abtheilung: Lepidoptera. Wien, Carl Gerold's Sohn. (3): [2] + 379 - 536, pls. 48 - 74." title="Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abtheilung: Lepidoptera" type="book" year="1867">Felder, 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00C88FB47FD2CCDF3" authority="Butler, 1867" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1867" box="[431,712,1161,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nebulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00C88FB47FDD5CDF3" box="[431,561,1161,1185]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">E. nebulosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC0FFC00F1AFB44FD2CCDF3" author="Butler, A. G." box="[573,712,1161,1185]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="458 - 504" part="1866" refId="ref14153" refString="Butler, A. G. 1867. A monograph of the genus Euptychia, a numerous race of butterflies belonging to the family Satyridae; with descriptions of sixty species new to science, and notes to their affinities, etc. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866 (3): 458 - 504, pls. 39 - 40." title="A monograph of the genus Euptychia, a numerous race of butterflies belonging to the family Satyridae; with descriptions of sixty species new to science, and notes to their affinities, etc" type="journal article" year="1867">Butler, 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00E2EFB47FEB4CD93" authority="Butler, 1870" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1870" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oreba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00E2EFB47FF59CD93" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">E. oreba</emphasis>
|
||
Butler, 1870
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These five species are currently placed in five different genera.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC0FFC00C44FB07FDEDCDB3" author="Weymer, G." box="[355,521,1225,1250]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="193 - 200" refId="ref16458" refString="Weymer, G. 1911. Familie: Satyridae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross- Schmetterlinge der Erde. Stuttgart, A. Kernen. 5: 193 - 200." type="journal article" year="1911">Weymer (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
placed
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00F7CFB07FCE1CDB3" box="[603,773,1226,1249]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
|
||
O. e.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00FB3FB07FCE1CDB3" authorityName="Weymer" authorityYear="1911" box="[660,773,1226,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transversa">transversa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in his ‘Saturnus Group’, which also included three species later placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00DC9FAC4FE9ACC73" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[238,382,1289,1313]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00DC9FAC4FE9ACC73" box="[238,382,1289,1313]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Euptychoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC0FFC00C8CFAC7FDACCC73" author="Forster, W." box="[427,584,1289,1313]" journalOrPublisher="Veroffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="51 - 188" part="8" refId="ref14677" refString="Forster, W. 1964. Beitrage zur kenntnis der insektenfauna Boliviens XIX. Lepidoptera III. Satyridae. Veroffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen 8: 51 - 188." title="Beitrage zur kenntnis der insektenfauna Boliviens XIX. Lepidoptera III. Satyridae" type="journal article" year="1964">Forster (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC0FFC00FA6FAC7FCF8CC73" author="Lamas, G." bookContentInfo="Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Volume 5 A. Gainesville, Association for Tropical Lepidoptera; Scientific Publishers" box="[641,796,1289,1313]" editor="Lamas, G." pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="217 - 223" refId="ref15459" refString="Lamas, G. 2004. Nymphalidae. Satyrinae. Tribe Satyrini. Subtribe Euptychiina, pp. 217 - 223. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Volume 5 A. Gainesville, Association for Tropical Lepidoptera; Scientific Publishers." title="Nymphalidae. Satyrinae. Tribe Satyrini. Subtribe Euptychiina" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B" year="2004">Lamas (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00DFFFAE4FE5BCC13" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[216,447,1321,1345]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laccine">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00DFFFAE4FE5BCC13" box="[216,447,1321,1345]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Euptychoides laccine</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(referred to as ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00F5FFAE7FD11CC13" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1867" box="[632,757,1322,1345]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saturnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00F5FFAE7FD11CC13" box="[632,757,1322,1345]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">E. saturnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ by Weymer),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00DD0FA84FD99CC33" authority="(Weymer, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Weymer" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[247,637,1353,1377]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fida">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00DD0FA84FE58CC33" box="[247,444,1353,1377]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Euptychoides fida</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC0FFC00CF6FA84FD91CC33" author="Weymer, G." box="[465,629,1353,1377]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="193 - 200" refId="ref16458" refString="Weymer, G. 1911. Familie: Satyridae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross- Schmetterlinge der Erde. Stuttgart, A. Kernen. 5: 193 - 200." type="journal article" year="1911">Weymer, 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00F99FA84FDE1CCD3" authority="(C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1867" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Graphita" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="griphe">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00F99FA84FF22CCD3" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Graphita griphe</emphasis>
|
||
(C. Felder & R.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC0FFC00C53FAA4FE19CCD3" author="Felder, C. & Felder, R." bookContentInfo="Wien, Carl Gerold's Sohn. (3): [2]" box="[372,509,1385,1409]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="379 - 536" refId="ref14605" refString="Felder, C., Felder, R. 1867. Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abtheilung: Lepidoptera. Wien, Carl Gerold's Sohn. (3): [2] + 379 - 536, pls. 48 - 74." title="Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abtheilung: Lepidoptera" type="book" year="1867">Felder, 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC0FFC00F5CFAA7FCC4CCD3" author="Weymer, G." box="[635,800,1385,1410]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="193 - 200" refId="ref16458" refString="Weymer, G. 1911. Familie: Satyridae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross- Schmetterlinge der Erde. Stuttgart, A. Kernen. 5: 193 - 200." type="journal article" year="1911">Weymer (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00DE9FA47FE45CCF3" authority="eugenia" box="[206,417,1418,1441]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="eugenia" variety="eugenia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00DE9FA47FE45CCF3" box="[206,417,1418,1441]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">O. eugenia eugenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00CFCFA47FDA9CCF3" box="[475,589,1417,1441]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00CFCFA47FDA9CCF3" box="[475,589,1417,1441]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">E. phineus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’) in his ‘Harmonia Group’, corresponding to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00C8AFA64FD13CC93" authority="Forster, 1964" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[429,759,1449,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hermeuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00C8AFA64FDB5CC93" box="[429,593,1449,1473]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Hermeuptychia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC0FFC00F47FA67FD13CC93" author="Forster, W." box="[608,759,1449,1473]" journalOrPublisher="Veroffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="51 - 188" part="8" refId="ref14677" refString="Forster, W. 1964. Beitrage zur kenntnis der insektenfauna Boliviens XIX. Lepidoptera III. Satyridae. Veroffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen 8: 51 - 188." title="Beitrage zur kenntnis der insektenfauna Boliviens XIX. Lepidoptera III. Satyridae" type="journal article" year="1964">Forster, 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, of later authors, and evidently confused it with several other true
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00DA7FA24FEC0CF53" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[128,292,1513,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Hermeuptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00DA7FA24FEC0CF53" box="[128,292,1513,1537]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Hermeuptychia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurring throughout the eastern Andes.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC0FFC00FF3FA27FF23CF73" author="Forster, W." journalOrPublisher="Veroffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="51 - 188" part="8" refId="ref14677" refString="Forster, W. 1964. Beitrage zur kenntnis der insektenfauna Boliviens XIX. Lepidoptera III. Satyridae. Veroffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen 8: 51 - 188." title="Beitrage zur kenntnis der insektenfauna Boliviens XIX. Lepidoptera III. Satyridae" type="journal article" year="1964">Forster (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00C3DF9C7FE43CF73" box="[282,423,1546,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="eugenia" subSpecies="eugenia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00C3DF9C7FE43CF73" box="[282,423,1546,1569]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">O. e. eugenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00CEDF9C4FD0BCF73" authority="Forster, 1964" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[458,751,1545,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Yphthimoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00CEDF9C4FDBDCF73" box="[458,601,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Yphthimoides</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC0FFC00F78F9C7FD0BCF73" author="Forster, W." box="[607,751,1545,1569]" journalOrPublisher="Veroffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="51 - 188" part="8" refId="ref14677" refString="Forster, W. 1964. Beitrage zur kenntnis der insektenfauna Boliviens XIX. Lepidoptera III. Satyridae. Veroffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen 8: 51 - 188." title="Beitrage zur kenntnis der insektenfauna Boliviens XIX. Lepidoptera III. Satyridae" type="journal article" year="1964">Forster, 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00DA7F9E7FEC9CF13" box="[128,301,1578,1601]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
|
||
O. e.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00D9BF9E7FEC9CF13" authorityName="Weymer" authorityYear="1911" box="[188,301,1578,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transversa">transversa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00C77F9E4FE04CF13" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1964" box="[336,480,1577,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00C77F9E4FE04CF13" box="[336,480,1577,1601]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Euptychoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, apparently influenced by the presence or absence of white on the VHW. This character seems to perhaps be involved in mimicry, as we discuss further below, and based on molecular and morphological data we regard the two taxa as conspecific, following
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B5DFFC0FFC00CD5F967FD6FCF93" author="Lamas, G." bookContentInfo="Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Volume 5 A. Gainesville, Association for Tropical Lepidoptera; Scientific Publishers" box="[498,651,1705,1729]" editor="Lamas, G." pageId="4" pageNumber="33" pagination="217 - 223" refId="ref15459" refString="Lamas, G. 2004. Nymphalidae. Satyrinae. Tribe Satyrini. Subtribe Euptychiina, pp. 217 - 223. In: Lamas, G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Volume 5 A. Gainesville, Association for Tropical Lepidoptera; Scientific Publishers." title="Nymphalidae. Satyrinae. Tribe Satyrini. Subtribe Euptychiina" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Checklist: Part 4 A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. In: Heppner, J. B" year="2004">Lamas (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF1E6624FFC0FFC00C36FC5BFCCBCAB4" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" startId="4.[273,308,918,940]" targetBox="[292,1339,141,870]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36ACFFC0FFC00C36FC5BFCCBCAB4" blockId="4.[273,1360,916,998]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00C36FC5BFE83CAF9" bold="true" box="[273,359,918,940]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Fig. 3.A.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00C4DFC5BFDCACAFE" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[362,558,918,940]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eugenia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00C4DFC5BFDCACAFE" box="[362,558,918,940]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Optimandes eugenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, morphology.
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00F93FC5BFD3BCAFE" bold="true" box="[692,735,918,940]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">A-C</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00FCFFC5BFC98CAFE" box="[744,892,918,940]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
|
||
O. e.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00E30FC5AFC98CAFE" authorityName="Weymer" authorityYear="1911" box="[791,892,919,940]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transversa">transversa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, ♂ (FLMNH-MGCL-112616).
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00982FC5BFB52CAF9" bold="true" box="[1189,1206,918,939]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Wing venation.
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00C36FC7EFEC5CA9A" bold="true" box="[273,289,947,968]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">B</emphasis>
|
||
. Lateral view of labial palpus.
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00F6CFC7EFD87CA9B" bold="true" box="[587,611,947,969]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view of foreleg.
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00E76FC7EFC65CA9A" bold="true" box="[849,897,947,968]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">D-E,</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00EA0FC7EFBE3CA9B" box="[903,1031,947,969]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="eugenia" subSpecies="eugenia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00EA0FC7EFBE3CA9B" box="[903,1031,947,969]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">O. e. eugenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ♀ (FLMNH-MGCL-298582).
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC0081FFC7EFAADCA9A" bold="true" box="[1336,1353,947,968]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">D</emphasis>
|
||
. Lateral view of labial palpus.
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00F08FC1DFDA2CAB7" bold="true" box="[559,582,976,997]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">E.</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view of foreleg.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37B6527FFC0FFC00DA7F924FE36CE93" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDE36ACFFC0FFC00DA7F924FE36CE93" blockId="4.[128,800,1769,1985]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00DA7F924FDFCCE53" bold="true" box="[128,536,1769,1793]" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Distribution and natural history:</emphasis>
|
||
The genus is known from the Cordillera de la Costa in northern Venezuela, from both Andean slopes of Ecuador, and south of Ecuador along the eastern Andes to Bolivia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135A2A29FFC0FFC00CE3F884FDE3CE33" box="[452,519,1865,1889]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[129,164,1007,1029]" captionTargetBox="[138,1491,138,997]" captionTargetId="figure-733@8.[129,1495,128,1004]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 6. Distributions of species of Optimandes n. gen.: O. eugenia (left, with inset images of O. e. eugenia, above [photographed by I. Cristóbal Ríos-Málaver], and O. e. transversa, below [photographed by A. F. E. Neild]) and O. mocha n. sp. (right, photographed by K. Kertell)." pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Both known species are uncommon to rare inhabitants of cloud forest, ranging from
|
||
<quantity id="4C999B49FFC0FFC00DA7F844FEF4CEF3" box="[128,272,1929,1953]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" unit="m" value="1600.0" valueMax="2200.0" valueMin="1000.0">1000-2200 m</quantity>
|
||
in elevation. The immature stages of
|
||
<emphasis id="B915EABEFFC0FFC00F8DF847FF15CE93" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00F8DF847FCC4CEF3" authorityName="Willmott & Marín & Nakahara & Pomerantz & Lamas & Huertas & Espeland & Xiao & Hall & Robinson Willmott & Freitas" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="C. Felder & R. Felder" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[682,800,1930,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Optimandes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eugenia">O. eugenia</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C614D2FFFC0FFC00DA7F867FF15CE93" authorityName="Weymer" authorityYear="1911" box="[128,241,1962,1985]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="transversa">transversa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are described below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |