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<mods:title id="94661CCBB5A2F91D644376E6623A8368">New carnivorous sponges from the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia collected by ROV from the RV FALKOR</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="F6D28B80B891D810B08D8E64236C2D45">Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane 4101, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia &amp; School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072 Australia &amp; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Queensland, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="39165D205394515764EDB5021F088391">Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane 4101, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia &amp; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Queensland, Australia &amp; john. hooper @ qm. qld. gov. au; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1722 - 5954</mods:affiliation>
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<emphasis id="B957716FFFA552598E87FD6698AD8897" bold="true" box="[151,656,619,646]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) maxisigma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA552598C88FD669E798897" author="Ekins, M. &amp; Erpenbeck, D. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A." box="[664,1092,619,645]" pageId="18" pageNumber="453" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref16512" refString="Ekins, M., Erpenbeck, D. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. (2020 a) Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition. Zootaxa, 4774 (1), 1 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4774.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">Ekins, Erpenbeck &amp; Hooper, 2020</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="1318B1F8FFA552598E87FD829B2388BB" box="[151,286,655,681]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="19.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionStartId-1="20.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,309,1851]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,181,1851]" captionTargetId-0="figure-94@19.[151,1436,309,1851]" captionTargetId-1="figure-32@20.[151,1436,181,1851]" captionTargetPageId-0="19" captionTargetPageId-1="20" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) maxisigma Ekins et al. 2020a. A. QM G339376 underwater. B–D. Close up of QM G339376 underwater as being harvested by the ROV SuBastian. E. QM G339376 fixed specimen. F. Close up of the stem and filaments. G. Scanning electron microscope of the stem showing the radial filaments. H. Ectosomal layer of the stem showing the anisochelae and sigmas, with the underlying styles. I. Filament emerging from the stem heavily encrusted with anisochelae and sigmas." captionText-1="FIGURE 9. Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) maxisigma Ekins et al., 2020. A. Anisochelae. B. Sigmas. C. Large mycalostyle. D. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle depicted in C. E. Smaller subtylostyle. F. Magnified ends of the subtylostyle depicted in F. G. Acanthostyles. H. Magnified ends of the acanthostyles in G." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7961296" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7961298" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7961296/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7961298/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">Figures 8–9</figureCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="C6A198C6FFA552598F3AFD829B4188BB" box="[298,380,655,681]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="21.[151,239,716,742]" captionText="TABLE 4. Comparison of branched pinnate Absestopluma (Asbestopluma) species. Spicule dimensions measurements smallest–(average)–largest (µm)" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">Table 4</tableCitation>
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337488 off Jervis Bay, Station 56, 
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, Site: SO398, Sample: 130, ROV 
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cruise FK200930, 
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: 
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</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C339FEF6FFA552598ED7FCFA9B0B8E27" pageId="18" pageNumber="453" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9CAD7DFFA552598ED7FCFA9B0B8E27" blockId="18.[151,1437,727,2014]" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA552598ED7FCFA9B5E8E03" bold="true" box="[199,355,1015,1041]" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">Distribution:</emphasis>
This species is known from continental slope 
<collectingRegion id="49E7639FFFA552598D69FCFA99C08E03" box="[889,1021,1015,1041]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">Queensland</collectingRegion>
and 
<collectingRegion id="49E7639FFFA552598A28FCF59F3B8E03" box="[1080,1286,1015,1042]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F334EDEDFFA552598B01FCFA9F468E03" box="[1297,1403,1015,1041]" name="Australia" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">Australia</collectingCountry>
, at bathyal depth.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C339FEF6FFA552588ED7FB329F278B0F" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="454" pageId="18" pageNumber="453" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9CAD7DFFA552598ED7FB329B668E4B" blockId="18.[151,1437,727,2014]" box="[199,347,1087,1113]" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA552598ED7FB329B668E4B" bold="true" box="[199,347,1087,1113]" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">Description:</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9CAD7DFFA552598ED7FB6E983A8F23" blockId="18.[151,1437,727,2014]" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA552598ED7FB6E9B5D8E6F" box="[199,352,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">Growth form:</emphasis>
The new specimen (QM G339376) consists of an erect columnar pedunculate sponge with pinnate filaments projecting at right angles to the stem (
<figureCitation id="1318B1F8FFA552598CADFB8A99748EB3" box="[701,841,1159,1186]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1851]" captionTargetId="figure-94@19.[151,1436,309,1851]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) maxisigma Ekins et al. 2020a. A. QM G339376 underwater. B–D. Close up of QM G339376 underwater as being harvested by the ROV SuBastian. E. QM G339376 fixed specimen. F. Close up of the stem and filaments. G. Scanning electron microscope of the stem showing the radial filaments. H. Ectosomal layer of the stem showing the anisochelae and sigmas, with the underlying styles. I. Filament emerging from the stem heavily encrusted with anisochelae and sigmas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7961296" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7961296/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">Figs. 8 E, F</figureCitation>
). This specimen is 
<quantity id="4CDB0098FFA552598A37FB8A9EBB8EB0" box="[1063,1158,1159,1186]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="18" pageNumber="453" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
long, up to 
<quantity id="4CDB0098FFA552598B03FB8A9F6B8EB0" box="[1299,1366,1159,1186]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="453" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
wide. Ninety mm of this length comprises the below ground stem and basal root, whilst only 
<quantity id="4CDB0098FFA552598A67FBA69EFA8ED4" box="[1143,1223,1195,1222]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="453" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
projects above the substrate, the top part of the specimen was lost during processing. The filaments of the preserved specimen are up to 
<quantity id="4CDB0098FFA552598E87FBF99AE58F1C" box="[151,216,1268,1294]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="453" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
in length, but possibly longer in vivo (
<figureCitation id="1318B1F8FFA552598C97FBFE992E8F1F" box="[647,787,1267,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1851]" captionTargetId="figure-94@19.[151,1436,309,1851]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) maxisigma Ekins et al. 2020a. A. QM G339376 underwater. B–D. Close up of QM G339376 underwater as being harvested by the ROV SuBastian. E. QM G339376 fixed specimen. F. Close up of the stem and filaments. G. Scanning electron microscope of the stem showing the radial filaments. H. Ectosomal layer of the stem showing the anisochelae and sigmas, with the underlying styles. I. Filament emerging from the stem heavily encrusted with anisochelae and sigmas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7961296" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7961296/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">Figs. 8 A–D</figureCitation>
). They are 
<quantity id="4CDB0098FFA552598D9EFBFE99DE8F1C" box="[910,995,1267,1294]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="453" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
in width and project into four columns, with a right angle between them.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9CAD7DFFA552598ED7FA369B3C8F6B" blockId="18.[151,1437,727,2014]" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA552598ED7FA369B228F47" box="[199,287,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">Colour:</emphasis>
The above ground parts are white in situ and on the deck, whilst the below ground components are tan coloured.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9CAD7DFFA552598ED7FA8E9F298FD3" blockId="18.[151,1437,727,2014]" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA552598ED7FA8E9B918F8F" box="[199,428,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">Ectosomal skeleton:</emphasis>
The ectosome of both the stem and the filaments consist of soft tissue encrusted with anisochelae and sigmas. The ectosome of the lower stem and roots is encrusted with the acanthostyles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9CAD7DFFA552598ED7FAC69F1F8C8B" blockId="18.[151,1437,727,2014]" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA552598ED7FAC69B898FF7" box="[199,436,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">Endosomal skeleton:</emphasis>
The axis of the stem and the filaments consists of tightly bound longitudinal tracts of mycalostyles. The mycalostyles are also arranged as buttresses providing support for the filaments that are also composed of the same styles and arise tangential to the stem, so that at their ends the mycalostyles converge onto the filament mycalostyles. In addition, there are supplementary smaller very fine and short filament columns composed of the subtylostyles projecting at right angles to the stem and similarly converging with buttressing mycalostyles. The subtylostyles are not present in the stem nor the roots, which is composed of the mycalostyles only.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9CAD7DFFA552598ED7F9AE99278D63" blockId="18.[151,1437,727,2014]" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA552598ED7F9AE9B608CAF" box="[199,349,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">Megascleres:</emphasis>
Styles of 
<specimenCount id="9D2566F4FFA552598FC5F9AE986F8CAC" box="[469,594,1699,1726]" pageId="18" pageNumber="453" type="generic" typeStatus="types">three types</specimenCount>
exist in different parts of the sponge. Large mycalostyles, thickest at the middle of the spicule and tapering at both ends (531–(730)–897 µm x 12.5–(20.3)–29.9 µm, n=59) occur in the filaments, the stem and the basal root like appendage (
<figureCitation id="1318B1F8FFA552598D1AF9E699A08D17" box="[778,925,1771,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1851]" captionTargetId="figure-32@20.[151,1436,181,1851]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 9. Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) maxisigma Ekins et al., 2020. A. Anisochelae. B. Sigmas. C. Large mycalostyle. D. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle depicted in C. E. Smaller subtylostyle. F. Magnified ends of the subtylostyle depicted in F. G. Acanthostyles. H. Magnified ends of the acanthostyles in G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7961298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7961298/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">Figs. 9 C, D</figureCitation>
). Smaller subtylostyles with slightly swollen bases and tapering to fine points (393–(509)–604 x 4.2–(9.8)–12.6 µm, n=22) occur in the filaments (
<figureCitation id="1318B1F8FFA552598B3BF8029A978D5F" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1851]" captionTargetId="figure-32@20.[151,1436,181,1851]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 9. Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) maxisigma Ekins et al., 2020. A. Anisochelae. B. Sigmas. C. Large mycalostyle. D. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle depicted in C. E. Smaller subtylostyle. F. Magnified ends of the subtylostyle depicted in F. G. Acanthostyles. H. Magnified ends of the acanthostyles in G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7961298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7961298/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">Figs. 9 E, F</figureCitation>
). Very thin long, often subtly bent fragile acanthostyles occur in the lower stem and root like appendage (66.8– (119.1)–246.0) x 0.8–(2.8)–6.6 µm, n=44) (
<figureCitation id="1318B1F8FFA552598C6FF85A99378D60" box="[639,778,1879,1906]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1851]" captionTargetId="figure-32@20.[151,1436,181,1851]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 9. Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) maxisigma Ekins et al., 2020. A. Anisochelae. B. Sigmas. C. Large mycalostyle. D. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle depicted in C. E. Smaller subtylostyle. F. Magnified ends of the subtylostyle depicted in F. G. Acanthostyles. H. Magnified ends of the acanthostyles in G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7961298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7961298/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">Figs. 9 G, H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9CAD7DFFA552588ED7F8769F278B0F" blockId="18.[151,1437,727,2014]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="454" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA552598ED7F8769B5D8D87" box="[199,352,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">Microscleres:</emphasis>
Palmate anisochelae (
<figureCitation id="1318B1F8FFA552598C72F87698FA8D87" box="[610,711,1915,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1851]" captionTargetId="figure-32@20.[151,1436,181,1851]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 9. Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) maxisigma Ekins et al., 2020. A. Anisochelae. B. Sigmas. C. Large mycalostyle. D. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle depicted in C. E. Smaller subtylostyle. F. Magnified ends of the subtylostyle depicted in F. G. Acanthostyles. H. Magnified ends of the acanthostyles in G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7961298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7961298/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="453">Fig. 9 A</figureCitation>
)., head with the lateral alae fully fused to the shaft and a large frontal alae significantly detached from lateral alae, foot with two fully fused nearly atrophied lateral alae and a single larger frontal ala with a tooth-like termination (Length 10.3–(12.8)–14.1 µm, large frontal alae width 3.2–(4.4)–6.5 µm, small lateral alae width 1.8–(2.2)–2.7 µm, n=24) Small sigmancistras (
<figureCitation id="1318B1F8FFA452588A14FF9A9E548AA3" box="[1028,1129,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1851]" captionTargetId="figure-32@20.[151,1436,181,1851]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 9. Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) maxisigma Ekins et al., 2020. A. Anisochelae. B. Sigmas. C. Large mycalostyle. D. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle depicted in C. E. Smaller subtylostyle. F. Magnified ends of the subtylostyle depicted in F. G. Acanthostyles. H. Magnified ends of the acanthostyles in G." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7961298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7961298/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="454">Fig. 9 B</figureCitation>
), with an almost 90 
<superScript id="7C560035FFA452588B43FF9A9F668AB7" attach="left" box="[1363,1371,151,165]" fontSize="6" pageId="19" pageNumber="454">o</superScript>
twist (28.2–(32.3)–36.0 µm, n=20) were found. The larger sigmas recorded in the 
<typeStatus id="549813DFFFA452588DE8FFB69E678AC7" box="[1016,1114,187,213]" pageId="19" pageNumber="454">holotype</typeStatus>
by Ekins 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA452588ADCFFB69EC38AC7" box="[1228,1278,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="454">et al</emphasis>
. (2020), were not found in this specimen. It is possible these may have been contaminants from 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA452588A21FFD29BCC8B0F" authority="Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886" authorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" authorityYear="1886" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Chondrocladia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="454" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="clavata" subGenus="Chondrocladia">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA452588A21FFD29EE78AEB" box="[1073,1242,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="454">Chondrocladia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA452588AFAFFD29FAE8AEB" box="[1258,1427,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="454">Chondrocladia</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA452588E87FE0E9AD48B0F" box="[151,233,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="454">clavata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA452588EE1FE0E9BCC8B0F" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." box="[241,497,259,285]" pageId="19" pageNumber="454" pagination="470 - 493" refId="ref18185" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. Challenger. Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 18, 325 - 351, 470 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459998" type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, multiple samples that were collected from the same beam trawl station.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF5CFDF5FFA452588E87F85F9B2D8DE9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7961296" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7961296" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7961296/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="454" startId="19.[151,250,1874,1898]" targetBox="[151,1436,309,1851]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9CAD7DFFA452588E87F85F9B2D8DE9" blockId="19.[151,1437,1874,2043]" pageId="19" pageNumber="454">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA452588E87F85F9B2E8D79" bold="true" box="[151,275,1874,1899]" pageId="19" pageNumber="454">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA452588F0AF85E99BF8D79" authority="Ekins et al. 2020 a" authorityName="Ekins" authorityYear="2020" box="[282,898,1875,1899]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="19" pageNumber="454" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="maxisigma" subGenus="Asbestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA452588F0AF85E9B958D79" box="[282,424,1875,1899]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="454">Asbestopluma</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA452588FA7F85E98788D79" box="[439,581,1875,1899]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="454">Asbestopluma</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA452588C44F85E98FF8D78" box="[596,706,1875,1898]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="454">maxisigma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA452588CD8F85E99BF8D79" author="Ekins, M. &amp; Erpenbeck, D. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A." box="[712,898,1875,1899]" pageId="19" pageNumber="454" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref16512" refString="Ekins, M., Erpenbeck, D. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. (2020 a) Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition. Zootaxa, 4774 (1), 1 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4774.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">
Ekins 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA452588D18F85E99088D79" box="[776,821,1875,1899]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="454">et al</emphasis>
. 2020a
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. A. QM G339376 underwater. B–D. Close up of QM G339376 underwater as being harvested by the ROV SuBastian. E. QM G339376 fixed specimen. F. Close up of the stem and filaments. G. Scanning electron microscope of the stem showing the radial filaments. H. Ectosomal layer of the stem showing the anisochelae and sigmas, with the underlying styles. I. Filament emerging from the stem heavily encrusted with anisochelae and sigmas.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5CFDF5FFA3525F8E87F85F990D8DA1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7961298" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7961298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7961298/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="455" startId="20.[151,250,1874,1898]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1851]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9CAD7DFFA3525F8E87F85F990D8DA1" blockId="20.[151,1437,1874,1971]" pageId="20" pageNumber="455">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA3525F8E87F85F99AC8D78" bold="true" box="[151,913,1874,1899]" pageId="20" pageNumber="455">
FIGURE 9. 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA3525F8F0BF85F99AC8D78" authority="Ekins et al., 2020" authorityName="Ekins" authorityYear="2020" box="[283,913,1874,1899]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="455" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="maxisigma" subGenus="Asbestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA3525F8F0BF85F9B908D78" bold="true" box="[283,429,1874,1898]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="455">Asbestopluma</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA3525F8FACF85F98738D78" bold="true" box="[444,590,1874,1898]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="455">Asbestopluma</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA3525F8C4EF85E98ED8D79" bold="true" box="[606,720,1875,1899]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="455">maxisigma</emphasis>
Ekins et al., 2020
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. A. Anisochelae. B. Sigmas. C. Large mycalostyle. D. Magnified ends of the mycalostyle depicted in C. E. Smaller subtylostyle. F. Magnified ends of the subtylostyle depicted in F. G. Acanthostyles. H. Magnified ends of the acanthostyles in G.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5CFDF5FFA2525E8E87FDC19CD488F4" box="[151,1769,716,742]" pageId="21" pageNumber="456" startId="21.[151,239,716,742]" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8B9CAD7DFFA2525E8E87FDC19CD488F4" blockId="21.[151,1769,716,742]" box="[151,1769,716,742]" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA2525E8E87FDC19B3E88F4" bold="true" box="[151,259,716,742]" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">TABLE 4</emphasis>
. Comparison of branched pinnate 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA2525E8C64FDC1998588F4" box="[628,952,716,742]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
Absestopluma (
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA2525E8D08FDC1998D88F4" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1901" box="[792,944,716,742]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="21" pageNumber="456" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Asbestopluma</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
species. Spicule dimensions measurements smallest–(average)–largest (µm)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9CAD7DFFA2525E8EB5FDFB9DA88F90" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<table id="F9235FDDFFA2ADB48EB5FDFB9DE58FB4" box="[165,2008,758,1446]" gridcols="6" gridrows="12" pageId="21" pageNumber="456" rowsContinueIn="22.[151,1963,783,1497]">
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA2ADB48EB5FDFB9DE5891D" box="[165,2008,758,783]" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<th id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48EB5FDFB9BAD891D" box="[165,400,758,783]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">Species</th>
<th id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48FDEFDFB99A3891D" box="[462,926,758,783]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">Reference</th>
<th id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48DAAFDFB9E19891D" box="[954,1060,758,783]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">Size (mm)</th>
<th id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48A4DFDFB9ECA891D" box="[1117,1271,758,783]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">Filament Rows</th>
<th id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48B3CFDFB9C42891D" box="[1324,1663,758,783]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">Mycalostyles</th>
<th id="76C2C643FFA2ADB488BDFDFB9DE5891D" box="[1709,2008,758,783]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">Subtylostyles</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA2ADB48EB5FC2E9DE5892E" box="[165,2008,803,828]" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="456" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48EB5FC2E9BAD892E" box="[165,400,803,828]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA2525E8EB5FC2E9B57892E" box="[165,362,803,828]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">As.(As.) maxisigma</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48FDEFC2E99A3892E" box="[462,926,803,828]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA2525E8FDEFC2E98E9892E" author="Ekins, M. &amp; Erpenbeck, D. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A." box="[462,724,803,828]" pageId="21" pageNumber="456" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref16512" refString="Ekins, M., Erpenbeck, D. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. (2020 a) Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition. Zootaxa, 4774 (1), 1 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4774.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">
Ekins 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA2525E8C1EFC2E9806892E" box="[526,571,803,828]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">et al</emphasis>
. 2020a: 28–46
</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 6, Table 4
</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48A4DFC2E9ECA892E" box="[1117,1271,803,828]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">4</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48B3CFC2E9C42892E" box="[1324,1663,803,828]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">855–(1000)–1130 x 16–(21)–28</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB488BDFC2E9DE5892E" box="[1709,2008,803,828]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">427–(586)–805 x 4–(9)–15</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA2ADB48EB5FC5D9DE5897B" box="[165,2008,848,873]" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<th id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48EB5FC5D9BAD897B" box="[165,400,848,873]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA2525E8EB5FC5D9B57897B" box="[165,362,848,873]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="21" pageNumber="456" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="maxisigma" subGenus="Asbestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA2525E8EB5FC5D9B57897B" box="[165,362,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">As.(As.) maxisigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48FDEFC5D99A3897B" box="[462,926,848,873]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">This study</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48DAAFC5D9E19897B" box="[954,1060,848,873]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">135</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48A4DFC5D9ECA897B" box="[1117,1271,848,873]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">4</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48B3CFC5D9C42897B" box="[1324,1663,848,873]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">531–(730)–897 x 12–(20)–30</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB488BDFC5D9DE5897B" box="[1709,2008,848,873]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">393–(509)–604 x 4–(10)–13</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA2ADB48EB5FC739DE589CD" box="[165,2008,894,991]" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<th id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48EB5FC739BAD89CD" box="[165,400,894,991]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA2525E8EB5FC739B5D8985" box="[165,352,894,919]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">As. (As.) biserialis</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48FDEFC7399A389CD" box="[462,926,894,991]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA2525E8FC6FC7398DB8985" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." box="[470,742,894,919]" pageId="21" pageNumber="456" pagination="470 - 493" refId="ref18185" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. Challenger. Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 18, 325 - 351, 470 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459998" type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886: 40</bibRefCitation>
);(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA2525E8CEAFC7398A389A9" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." pageId="21" pageNumber="456" pagination="1 - 275" refId="ref18244" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1887) Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. ' Challenger', 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 20 (59), i - lxviii, 1 - 275, pls. I - LI, 1 map." type="book chapter" year="1887">Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1887: 75–76</bibRefCitation>
, Pl. XIV, Figs. 2–3, Pl. XV Figs. 8, 8a–b.)
</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48DAAFC739E1989CD" box="[954,1060,894,991]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">92 x 1</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48A4DFC739ECA89CD" box="[1117,1271,894,991]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">2</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48B3CFC739C4289CD" box="[1324,1663,894,991]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">2000 x 38</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB488BDFC739DE589CD" box="[1709,2008,894,991]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">440 x 10</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA2ADB48EB5FCE39DE58E15" box="[165,2008,1006,1031]" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<th id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48EB5FCE39BAD8E15" box="[165,400,1006,1031]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA2525E8EB5FCE39B5D8E15" box="[165,352,1006,1031]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">As. (As.) biserialis</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48FDEFCE399A38E15" box="[462,926,1006,1031]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA2525E8FDEFCE398B78E15" author="Levi, C." box="[462,650,1006,1031]" pageId="21" pageNumber="456" pagination="63 - 112" refId="ref17902" refString="Levi, C. (1964) Spongiaires des zones bathyale, abyssale et hadale. Galathea Report. Scientific Results of The Danish Deep-Sea Expedition Round the World, 1950 - 52, 7, 63 - 112." type="journal article" year="1964">Lévi, 1964: 74–75</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 21, Pl. III, Fig. H
</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48DAAFCE39E198E15" box="[954,1060,1006,1031]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">120 x 1</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48A4DFCE39ECA8E15" box="[1117,1271,1006,1031]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">2</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48B3CFCE39C428E15" box="[1324,1663,1006,1031]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">1500–1900 x 18–20</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB488BDFCE39DE58E15" box="[1709,2008,1006,1031]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">200–500 x 2–3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA2ADB48EB5FB169DE58E26" box="[165,2008,1051,1076]" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<th id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48EB5FB169BAD8E26" box="[165,400,1051,1076]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA2525E8EB5FB169B5D8E26" box="[165,352,1051,1076]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">As. (As.) biserialis</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48FDEFB1699A38E26" box="[462,926,1051,1076]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA2525E8FDEFB1698818E26" author="Koltun, V. M." box="[462,700,1051,1076]" pageId="21" pageNumber="456" pagination="165 - 221" refId="ref17600" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1970) Sponge fauna of the northwestern Pacific from the shallows to the hadal depths. In: Bogorov, V. G. (Ed.), Fauna of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench and its environment. Institute of Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences of the U. S. S. R. 86. Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii in P. P. Shishov and Izdatelstvo Nauka, Moskwa, pp. 165 - 221." type="book chapter" year="1970">Koltun, 1970: 188–190</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 15, Pl. III, Fig. 1
</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48DAAFB169E198E26" box="[954,1060,1051,1076]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">140 x 2</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48A4DFB169ECA8E26" box="[1117,1271,1051,1076]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">2</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48B3CFB169C428E26" box="[1324,1663,1051,1076]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">2000 x 18–38</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB488BDFB169DE58E26" box="[1709,2008,1051,1076]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">400–1300 x 13–25</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA2ADB48EB5FB449DE58E70" box="[165,2008,1097,1122]" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<th id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48EB5FB449BAD8E70" box="[165,400,1097,1122]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA2525E8EB5FB449B5D8E70" box="[165,352,1097,1122]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">As. (As.) biserialis</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48FDEFB4499A38E70" box="[462,926,1097,1122]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA2525E8FDEFB4498598E70" author="Levi, C." box="[462,612,1097,1122]" pageId="21" pageNumber="456" pagination="9 - 87" refId="ref17942" refString="Levi, C. (1993) Porifera Demospongiae: Spongiaires bathyaux de Nouvelle-Caledonie, recoltes par le ' Jean Charcot' Campagne BIOCAL, 1985. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM. Vol. 11. Memoires du Museum national de l'Histoire naturelle, Series A, 158, pp. 9 - 87" type="journal article" year="1993">Lévi, 1993: 39</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 14 B
</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48DAAFB449E198E70" box="[954,1060,1097,1122]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">95 x 1</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48A4DFB449ECA8E70" box="[1117,1271,1097,1122]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">2</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48B3CFB449C428E70" box="[1324,1663,1097,1122]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">1600–1800 x 20–21</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB488BDFB449DE58E70" box="[1709,2008,1097,1122]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">375–800 x 10–14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA2ADB48EB5FB7B9DE58EA1" box="[165,2008,1142,1203]" gridrow="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="456" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48EB5FB7B9BAD8EA1" box="[165,400,1142,1203]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA2525E8EB5FB7B9B5D8E9D" box="[165,352,1142,1167]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">As. (As.) biserialis</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA2525E8EB5FB979B1F8EA1" box="[165,290,1178,1203]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">californiana</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48FDEFB7B99A38EA1" box="[462,926,1142,1203]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA2525E8FFCFB7B98858E9D" author="Laubenfels, M. W. de" box="[492,696,1142,1167]" pageId="21" pageNumber="456" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref17727" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1935) Some Sponges of Lower California (Mexico). American Museum Novitates, 779, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1935">Laubenfels, 1935: 4</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 5
</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48DAAFB7B9E198EA1" box="[954,1060,1142,1203]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">200 x 14</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48A4DFB7B9ECA8EA1" box="[1117,1271,1142,1203]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">2</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48B3CFB7B9C428EA1" box="[1324,1663,1142,1203]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">1150 x 18</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA2ADB48EB5FBCF9DE58EC9" box="[165,2008,1218,1243]" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<th id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48EB5FBCF9BAD8EC9" box="[165,400,1218,1243]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA2525E8EB5FBCF9B658EC9" authorityName="Hestetun et al. 2015: 1316 -" authorityYear="1318" box="[165,344,1218,1243]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="21" pageNumber="456" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="belgicae" subGenus="Abestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA2525E8EB5FBCF9B658EC9" box="[165,344,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">As. (As.) belgicae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48FDEFBCF99A38EC9" box="[462,926,1218,1243]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">(Topsent, 1901:VIII)</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48DAAFBCF9E198EC9" box="[954,1060,1218,1243]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">200</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48A4DFBCF9ECA8EC9" box="[1117,1271,1218,1243]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">6</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48B3CFBCF9C428EC9" box="[1324,1663,1218,1243]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">1400 x 23</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB488BDFBCF9DE58EC9" box="[1709,2008,1218,1243]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">800 x 12–15</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA2ADB48EB5FBFD9DE58F3F" box="[165,2008,1264,1325]" gridrow="9" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<th id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48EB5FBFD9BAD8F3F" box="[165,400,1264,1325]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA2525E8EB5FBFD9B658F1B" box="[165,344,1264,1289]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">As. (As.) belgicae</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48FDEFBFD99A38F3F" box="[462,926,1264,1325]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA2525E8FDEFBFD992E8F1B" author="Hestetun, J. &amp; Fourt, M. &amp; Vacelet, J. &amp; Boury-Esnault, N. &amp; Rapp, H. T." box="[462,787,1264,1289]" pageId="21" pageNumber="456" pagination="1311 - 1343" refId="ref16976" refString="Hestetun, J., Fourt, M., Vacelet, J., Boury-Esnault, N. &amp; Rapp, H. T. (2015) Cladorhizidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) of the deep Atlantic collected during Ifremer cruises, with a biogeographic overview of the Atlantic species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 95 (7), 1311 - 1343. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315413001100" type="journal article" year="2015">
Hestetun 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA2525E8C3EFBFD985F8F1B" box="[558,610,1264,1289]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">et al.</emphasis>
2015:1316–1318
</bibRefCitation>
Table 1, Fig. 4 A–J
</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48DAAFBFD9E198F3F" box="[954,1060,1264,1325]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">350 x 2</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48A4DFBFD9ECA8F3F" box="[1117,1271,1264,1325]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">8</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48B3CFBFD9C428F3F" box="[1324,1663,1264,1325]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">1010–(1449)–2070 x 17–(24)–31</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB488BDFBFD9DE58F3F" box="[1709,2008,1264,1325]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">610–(734)–880 x 11–(15)–19</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA2ADB48EB5FA319DE58F47" box="[165,2008,1340,1365]" gridrow="10" pageId="21" pageNumber="456" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48EB5FA319BAD8F47" box="[165,400,1340,1365]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA2525E8EB5FA319B658F47" box="[165,344,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">As. (As.) belgicae</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48FDEFA3199A38F47" box="[462,926,1340,1365]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA2525E8FDEFA3198F88F47" author="Goodwin, C. E. &amp; Berman, J. &amp; Downey, R. V. &amp; Hendry, K. R." box="[462,709,1340,1365]" pageId="21" pageNumber="456" pagination="37 - 64" refId="ref16781" refString="Goodwin, C. E., Berman, J., Downey, R. V. &amp; Hendry, K. R. (2017) Carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida: Cladorhizidae) from the Drake Passage (Southern Ocean) with a description of eight new species and a review of the family Cladorhizidae in the Southern Ocean. Invertebrate Systematics, 31 (1), 37 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 16020" type="journal article" year="2017">
Goodwin 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA2525E8C22FA31985B8F47" box="[562,614,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">et al.</emphasis>
2017: 48
</bibRefCitation>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA2ADB48EB5FA649DE58FB4" box="[165,2008,1385,1446]" gridrow="11" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<th id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48EB5FA649BAD8FB4" box="[165,400,1385,1446]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA2525E8EB5FA649BAD8F90" box="[165,400,1385,1410]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">As. (As.) quadriserialis</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48FDEFA6499A38FB4" box="[462,926,1385,1446]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA2525E8FDEFA64989C8F90" author="Tendal, O. S." box="[462,673,1385,1410]" pageId="21" pageNumber="456" pagination="33 - 38" refId="ref18575" refString="Tendal, O. S. (1973) Sponges collected by the Swedish Deep Sea Expedition. Zoologica Scripta, 2, 33 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1973. tb 00795. x" type="journal article" year="1973">Tendal, 1973: 34–35</bibRefCitation>
, Figs. 1–2
</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48DAAFA649E198FB4" box="[954,1060,1385,1446]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">75 x 1</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48A4DFA649ECA8FB4" box="[1117,1271,1385,1446]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">4</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB48B3CFA649C428FB4" box="[1324,1663,1385,1446]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">480–(876)–960 x 6–25, filaments 880–(968)–1040 x 12–25</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA2ADB488BDFA649DE58FB4" box="[1709,2008,1385,1446]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">400–(511)–640 x 5–10</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9CAD7DFFA2525E88A2FAB89DD48FDC" blockId="21.[1714,2025,1461,1486]" box="[1714,2025,1461,1486]" pageId="21" pageNumber="456">
<tableNote id="76C5ACF3FFA2525E88A2FAB89DD48FDC" box="[1714,2025,1461,1486]" pageId="21" pageNumber="456" targetBox="[165,2008,758,1446]" targetPageId="21">......continued on the next page</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5CFDF5FFA1525D8E87FDEC9BB388E8" box="[151,398,737,762]" isContinuationCaption="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" startId="22.[151,235,737,762]" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8B9CAD7DFFA1525D8E87FDEC9BB388E8" blockId="22.[151,398,737,762]" box="[151,398,737,762]" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">TABLE 4. (Continued)</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9CAD7DFFA1525D8E87FC029D528FA7" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">
<table id="F9235FDDFFA1ADB48E87FC029D968FCB" box="[151,1963,783,1497]" gridcols="7" gridrows="12" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" rowsContinueFrom="21.[165,2008,758,1446]">
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA1ADB48E87FC029D96893A" box="[151,1963,783,808]" gridrow="0" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">
<th id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48E87FC029BBF893A" box="[151,386,783,808]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">Species</th>
<th id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48FA8FC0298BD893A" box="[440,640,783,808]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">Strongyles</th>
<th id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48CC5FC0299F0893A" box="[725,973,783,808]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">Acanthostyles</th>
<th id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48A04FC029EAA893A" box="[1044,1175,783,808]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">Anisochelae</th>
<th id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48B50FC029FD0893A" box="[1344,1517,783,808]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">Sigmas</th>
<th id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48833FC029D22893A" box="[1571,1823,783,808]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">Location</th>
<th id="76C2C643FFA1ADB4892CFC029D96893A" box="[1852,1963,783,808]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">Depth (m)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA1ADB48E87FC319D96896B" box="[151,1963,828,889]" gridrow="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48E87FC319BBF896B" box="[151,386,828,889]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA1525D8E87FC319B618947" box="[151,348,828,853]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="maxisigma" subGenus="Asbestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA1525D8E87FC319B618947" box="[151,348,828,853]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">As.(As.) maxisigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48A04FC319EAA896B" box="[1044,1175,828,889]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">11–(13)–16</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48B50FC319FD0896B" box="[1344,1517,828,889]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">I: 20–(28)–38 II: 43–(54)–69</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48833FC319D22896B" box="[1571,1823,828,889]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">NSW, Australia</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB4892CFC319D96896B" box="[1852,1963,828,889]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">2600</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA1ADB48E87FC849D9689B0" box="[151,1963,905,930]" gridrow="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48E87FC849BBF89B0" box="[151,386,905,930]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA1525D8E87FC849B6189B0" box="[151,348,905,930]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="maxisigma" subGenus="Asbestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA1525D8E87FC849B6189B0" box="[151,348,905,930]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">As.(As.) maxisigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48CC5FC8499F089B0" box="[725,973,905,930]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">67–(119)–246 x 1–(3)–6</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48A04FC849EAA89B0" box="[1044,1175,905,930]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">10–(13)–14</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48B50FC849FD089B0" box="[1344,1517,905,930]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">28–(32)–36</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48833FC849D2289B0" box="[1571,1823,905,930]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">Queensland, Australia</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB4892CFC849D9689B0" box="[1852,1963,905,930]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">816</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA1ADB48E87FCBB9D9689DD" box="[151,1963,950,975]" gridrow="3" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48E87FCBB9BBF89DD" box="[151,386,950,975]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA1525D8E87FCBB9B6F89DD" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1993" box="[151,338,950,975]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="biserialis" subGenus="Abestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA1525D8E87FCBB9B6F89DD" box="[151,338,950,975]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">As. (As.) biserialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48A04FCBB9EAA89DD" box="[1044,1175,950,975]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">12.6</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48B50FCBB9FD089DD" box="[1344,1517,950,975]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">25</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48833FCBB9D2289DD" box="[1571,1823,950,975]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">South Pacific</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB4892CFCBB9D9689DD" box="[1852,1963,950,975]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">4364</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA1ADB48E87FCEE9D968E32" box="[151,1963,995,1056]" gridrow="4" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48E87FCEE9BBF8E32" box="[151,386,995,1056]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA1525D8E87FCEE9B6F89EE" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1993" box="[151,338,995,1020]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="biserialis" subGenus="Abestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA1525D8E87FCEE9B6F89EE" box="[151,338,995,1020]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">As. (As.) biserialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48A04FCEE9EAA8E32" box="[1044,1175,995,1056]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">9–10</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48B50FCEE9FD08E32" box="[1344,1517,995,1056]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">25–27</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48833FCEE9D228E32" box="[1571,1823,995,1056]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">Kermadec Trench, South Pacific</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB4892CFCEE9D968E32" box="[1852,1963,995,1056]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">2640</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA1ADB48E87FB3D9D968E5B" box="[151,1963,1072,1097]" gridrow="5" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48E87FB3D9BBF8E5B" box="[151,386,1072,1097]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA1525D8E87FB3D9B6F8E5B" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1993" box="[151,338,1072,1097]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="biserialis" subGenus="Abestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA1525D8E87FB3D9B6F8E5B" box="[151,338,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">As. (As.) biserialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48CC5FB3D99F08E5B" box="[725,973,1072,1097]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">100–500 x 1–3</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48A04FB3D9EAA8E5B" box="[1044,1175,1072,1097]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">9–13</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48B50FB3D9FD08E5B" box="[1344,1517,1072,1097]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">25–27</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48833FB3D9D228E5B" box="[1571,1823,1072,1097]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">NW Pacific</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB4892CFB3D9D968E5B" box="[1852,1963,1072,1097]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">2640-6282</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA1ADB48E87FB509D968E64" box="[151,1963,1117,1142]" gridrow="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48E87FB509BBF8E64" box="[151,386,1117,1142]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA1525D8E87FB509B6F8E64" authorityName="Levi" authorityYear="1993" box="[151,338,1117,1142]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="biserialis" subGenus="Abestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA1525D8E87FB509B6F8E64" box="[151,338,1117,1142]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">As. (As.) biserialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48A04FB509EAA8E64" box="[1044,1175,1117,1142]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">8–10</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48B50FB509FD08E64" box="[1344,1517,1117,1142]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">26–28</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48833FB509D228E64" box="[1571,1823,1117,1142]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">New Caledonia</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB4892CFB509D968E64" box="[1852,1963,1117,1142]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">1618-1740</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA1ADB48E87FB879D968ED5" box="[151,1963,1162,1223]" gridrow="7" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48E87FB879BBF8ED5" box="[151,386,1162,1223]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA1525D8E87FB879B298ED5" authorityName="de Laubenfels" authorityYear="1935" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="variety" species="biserialis" subGenus="Abestopluma" variety="californiana">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA1525D8E87FB879B6F8EB1" box="[151,338,1162,1187]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">As. (As.) biserialis</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA1525D8E87FBA39B298ED5" box="[151,276,1198,1223]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48A04FB879EAA8ED5" box="[1044,1175,1162,1223]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">6</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48B50FB879FD08ED5" box="[1344,1517,1162,1223]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">22</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48833FB879D228ED5" box="[1571,1823,1162,1223]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">California</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA1ADB48E87FBDA9D968EE2" box="[151,1963,1239,1264]" gridrow="8" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">
<th id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48E87FBDA9BBF8EE2" box="[151,386,1239,1264]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA1525D8E87FBDA9B778EE2" box="[151,330,1239,1264]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="belgicae" subGenus="Abestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA1525D8E87FBDA9B778EE2" box="[151,330,1239,1264]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">As. (As.) belgicae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48FA8FBDA98BD8EE2" box="[440,640,1239,1264]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">1400 x 23</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48CC5FBDA99F08EE2" box="[725,973,1239,1264]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">200 x 3</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48A04FBDA9EAA8EE2" box="[1044,1175,1239,1264]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">12</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48B50FBDA9FD08EE2" box="[1344,1517,1239,1264]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">33</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48833FBDA9D228EE2" box="[1571,1823,1239,1264]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">Antarctica</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB4892CFBDA9D968EE2" box="[1852,1963,1239,1264]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">400-569</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA1ADB48E87FA099D968F53" box="[151,1963,1284,1345]" gridrow="9" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">
<th id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48E87FA099BBF8F53" box="[151,386,1284,1345]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA1525D8E87FA099B778F0F" box="[151,330,1284,1309]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="belgicae" subGenus="Abestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA1525D8E87FA099B778F0F" box="[151,330,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">As. (As.) belgicae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48FA8FA0998BD8F53" box="[440,640,1284,1345]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">460–(659)–830 x 3–(6)–9</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48CC5FA0999F08F53" box="[725,973,1284,1345]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">127–(198)–250 x 1.5</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48A04FA099EAA8F53" box="[1044,1175,1284,1345]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">11–(13)–14</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48B50FA099FD08F53" box="[1344,1517,1284,1345]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">27–31–35</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48833FA099D228F53" box="[1571,1823,1284,1345]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">Central Atlantic</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB4892CFA099D968F53" box="[1852,1963,1284,1345]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">3147-3898</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA1ADB48E87FA5D9D968F9F" box="[151,1963,1360,1421]" gridrow="10" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<th id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48E87FA5D9BBF8F9F" box="[151,386,1360,1421]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA1525D8E87FA5D9B778F7B" box="[151,330,1360,1385]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="belgicae" subGenus="Abestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA1525D8E87FA5D9B778F7B" box="[151,330,1360,1385]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">As. (As.) belgicae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48FA8FA5D98BD8F9F" box="[440,640,1360,1421]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">820–(1105)–1384 x 13–(24)–36</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48CC5FA5D99F08F9F" box="[725,973,1360,1421]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">116–232 x 3–4</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48A04FA5D9EAA8F9F" box="[1044,1175,1360,1421]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">8–(10)–12</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48B50FA5D9FD08F9F" box="[1344,1517,1360,1421]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">28–(30)–32</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3513AF3FFFA1ADB48E87FA919D968FCB" box="[151,1963,1436,1497]" gridrow="11" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" rowspan-1="1">
<th id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48E87FA919BBF8FCB" box="[151,386,1436,1497]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA1525D8E87FA909BBF8FA4" authorityName="Tendal" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,386,1437,1462]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="22" pageNumber="457" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="quadriserialis" subGenus="Abestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA1525D8E87FA909BBF8FA4" box="[151,386,1437,1462]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">As. (As.) quadriserialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48CC5FA9199F08FCB" box="[725,973,1436,1497]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">75–(106)–125 x 1–3</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48A04FA919EAA8FCB" box="[1044,1175,1436,1497]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">I: 35–45 II: 10–12–13</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48B50FA919FD08FCB" box="[1344,1517,1436,1497]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">I: 28–(31)–38 II: 75–(106)–125</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB48833FA919D228FCB" box="[1571,1823,1436,1497]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">North Atlantic</td>
<td id="76C2C643FFA1ADB4892CFA919D968FCB" box="[1852,1963,1436,1497]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="22" pageNumber="457">4600</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="C339FEF6FFA052538ED7FF9A99208897" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="459" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9CAD7DFFA0525C8ED7FF9A9E1B894F" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA0525C8ED7FF9A9B008AA3" bold="true" box="[199,317,151,177]" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">Remarks:</emphasis>
As previously noted in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA0525C8C5AFF9A99178AA3" author="Ekins, M. &amp; Erpenbeck, D. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A." box="[586,810,151,177]" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref16512" refString="Ekins, M., Erpenbeck, D. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. (2020 a) Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition. Zootaxa, 4774 (1), 1 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4774.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">
Ekins 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA0525C8C81FF9A98F48AA3" box="[657,713,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">et al.</emphasis>
(2020a)
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA0525C8D26FF9A9E2B8AA2" box="[822,1046,151,177]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="maxisigma" subGenus="Asbestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA0525C8D26FF9A9E2B8AA2" box="[822,1046,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">As. (As.) maxisigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA0525C8B2CFF9A982B8AC7" authority="(Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886)" baseAuthorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" baseAuthorityYear="1886" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="biserialis" subGenus="Abestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA0525C8B2CFF9A9AC28AC7" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">As. (As.) biserialis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA0525C8F1FFFB698338AC7" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." box="[271,526,187,213]" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" pagination="470 - 493" refId="ref18185" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. Challenger. Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 18, 325 - 351, 470 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459998" type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, known from the South Pacific (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA0525C8D6EFFB69E458AC7" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." box="[894,1144,187,213]" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" pagination="470 - 493" refId="ref18185" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. Challenger. Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 18, 325 - 351, 470 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459998" type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley &amp; Dendy 1886</bibRefCitation>
), Kermadec Trench, (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA0525C8B77FFB69AEE8AEB" author="Levi, C." pageId="23" pageNumber="458" pagination="63 - 112" refId="ref17902" refString="Levi, C. (1964) Spongiaires des zones bathyale, abyssale et hadale. Galathea Report. Scientific Results of The Danish Deep-Sea Expedition Round the World, 1950 - 52, 7, 63 - 112." type="journal article" year="1964">Lévi 1964</bibRefCitation>
), Coral Sea off 
<collectingCountry id="F334EDEDFFA0525C8F9FFFD2987D8AEB" box="[399,576,223,249]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA0525C8C42FFD298F18AEB" author="Levi, C." box="[594,716,223,249]" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" pagination="9 - 87" refId="ref17942" refString="Levi, C. (1993) Porifera Demospongiae: Spongiaires bathyaux de Nouvelle-Caledonie, recoltes par le ' Jean Charcot' Campagne BIOCAL, 1985. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM. Vol. 11. Memoires du Museum national de l'Histoire naturelle, Series A, 158, pp. 9 - 87" type="journal article" year="1993">Lévi 1993</bibRefCitation>
), and the North Pacific, south of the Aleutian Islands (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA0525C8B5EFFD29AEE8B0F" author="Koltun, V. M." pageId="23" pageNumber="458" pagination="165 - 221" refId="ref17600" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1970) Sponge fauna of the northwestern Pacific from the shallows to the hadal depths. In: Bogorov, V. G. (Ed.), Fauna of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench and its environment. Institute of Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences of the U. S. S. R. 86. Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii in P. P. Shishov and Izdatelstvo Nauka, Moskwa, pp. 165 - 221." type="book chapter" year="1970">Koltun 1970</bibRefCitation>
), from bathyal and abyssal depths (qv. Lopez 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA0525C8CFDFE0E991F8B0F" box="[749,802,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">et al</emphasis>
. 2011; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA0525C8D6BFE0E9E698B0F" author="Ekins, M. &amp; Erpenbeck, D. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A." box="[891,1108,259,285]" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref16512" refString="Ekins, M., Erpenbeck, D. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. (2020 a) Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition. Zootaxa, 4774 (1), 1 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4774.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">
Ekins 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA0525C8DD5FE0E99C78B0F" box="[965,1018,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">et al</emphasis>
. 2020a
</bibRefCitation>
). Both species have vaguely similar pinnate pedunculate morphologies but 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA0525C8CB9FE2A99B18B52" box="[681,908,295,321]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="maxisigma" subGenus="Asbestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA0525C8CB9FE2A99B18B52" box="[681,908,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">As. (As.) maxisigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has twice as many columns of filaments (i.e., four as opposed to two) and is round in cross-section rather than flattened (
<figureCitation id="1318B1F8FFA0525C8A18FE469E628B77" box="[1032,1119,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1852,1876]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,885,1829]" captionTargetId="figure-405@23.[151,1437,885,1829]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 10. Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) biserialis (Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886). A. Large fragment of Lectotype NHMUK 1887.5.2.187. B. Two fragments of NHMUK 1887.5.2.187 magnified showing flatted stem and biserial arrangement of the filaments. C. Paralectotype NHMUK 1887.5.2.190." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7961300" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7961300/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). This re-description of 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA0525C8B69FE469B6D8B9A" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="maxisigma" subGenus="Asbestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA0525C8B69FE469B6D8B9A" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">As. (As.) maxisigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with new material collected by ROV, clearly shows that only about one third of the sponge is above the ground i.e., the ‘snow’ layer (
<figureCitation id="1318B1F8FFA0525C8C4BFE9E993D8BBF" box="[603,768,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1874,1898]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,1851]" captionTargetId="figure-94@19.[151,1436,309,1851]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 8. Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) maxisigma Ekins et al. 2020a. A. QM G339376 underwater. B–D. Close up of QM G339376 underwater as being harvested by the ROV SuBastian. E. QM G339376 fixed specimen. F. Close up of the stem and filaments. G. Scanning electron microscope of the stem showing the radial filaments. H. Ectosomal layer of the stem showing the anisochelae and sigmas, with the underlying styles. I. Filament emerging from the stem heavily encrusted with anisochelae and sigmas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7961296" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7961296/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">Figs. 8A, E, F</figureCitation>
). The inclusion of the below-ground stem and the root like structures of QM G339376 from the Great Barrier Reef shows the presence of acanthostyles, which were not found on the 
<typeStatus id="549813DFFFA0525C8EF7FED69B748BE7" box="[231,329,475,501]" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA0525C8F63FED6986B8BE6" box="[371,598,475,501]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="maxisigma" subGenus="Asbestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA0525C8F63FED6986B8BE6" box="[371,598,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">As. (As.) maxisigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Since this species is only known to live in soft sediment, it is likely the spined surface of the acanthostyles serve as anchors securing the sponge in the soft sediment. Another example of exaptation of spicules in carnivorous sponges. These acanthostyles are similar to those found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA0525C8ADDFD2E9FA1882F" baseAuthorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[1229,1436,547,573]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="biserialis" subGenus="Abestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA0525C8ADDFD2E9FA1882F" box="[1229,1436,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">As. (As.) biserialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but were only reported in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA0525C8FA8FD4A98018873" author="Levi, C." box="[440,572,583,609]" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" pagination="63 - 112" refId="ref17902" refString="Levi, C. (1964) Spongiaires des zones bathyale, abyssale et hadale. Galathea Report. Scientific Results of The Danish Deep-Sea Expedition Round the World, 1950 - 52, 7, 63 - 112." type="journal article" year="1964">Lévi (1964)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA0525C8C62FD4A992E8873" author="Koltun, V. M." box="[626,787,583,609]" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" pagination="165 - 221" refId="ref17600" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1970) Sponge fauna of the northwestern Pacific from the shallows to the hadal depths. In: Bogorov, V. G. (Ed.), Fauna of the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench and its environment. Institute of Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences of the U. S. S. R. 86. Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Trudy Instituta Okeanologii in P. P. Shishov and Izdatelstvo Nauka, Moskwa, pp. 165 - 221." type="book chapter" year="1970">Koltun (1970)</bibRefCitation>
, not in the original description by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA0525C8A82FD4A9FA18873" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." box="[1170,1436,583,609]" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" pagination="470 - 493" refId="ref18185" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. Challenger. Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 18, 325 - 351, 470 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459998" type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley &amp; Dendy (1886)</bibRefCitation>
nor 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA0525C8ED5FD669B728897" author="Levi, C." box="[197,335,619,645]" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" pagination="9 - 87" refId="ref17942" refString="Levi, C. (1993) Porifera Demospongiae: Spongiaires bathyaux de Nouvelle-Caledonie, recoltes par le ' Jean Charcot' Campagne BIOCAL, 1985. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM. Vol. 11. Memoires du Museum national de l'Histoire naturelle, Series A, 158, pp. 9 - 87" type="journal article" year="1993">Lévi (1993)</bibRefCitation>
. With the inclusion of new acanthostyles this species is even more closely aligned with 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA0525C8B2BFD66982088BB" authority="(Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886)" baseAuthorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" baseAuthorityYear="1886" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="biserialis" subGenus="Abestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA0525C8B2BFD669AC288BB" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">As. (As.) biserialis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA0525C8F01FD82982888BB" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." box="[273,533,655,681]" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" pagination="470 - 493" refId="ref18185" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. Challenger. Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 18, 325 - 351, 470 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459998" type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. However, the species are kept separate as this distinction between the clearly biserial species 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA0525C8F5BFDBE982188DF" baseAuthorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[331,540,691,717]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="biserialis" subGenus="Abestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA0525C8F5BFDBE982188DF" box="[331,540,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">As. (As.) biserialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is also this distinction between it and another closely related species 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA0525C8B2BFDBE9BFE88E3" authority="(Topsent, 1901 a)" baseAuthorityName="Topsent" baseAuthorityYear="1901" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="belgicae" subGenus="Abestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA0525C8B2BFDBE9ACB88E3" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">As. (As.) belgicae</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA0525C8F18FDDA9B8688E3" author="Topsent E." box="[264,443,727,753]" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" refId="ref18660" refString="Topsent E. (1901 a) Notice pre´liminaire sur les eponges recueillies par l'Expedition Antarctique Belge. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Series 3, 9 (Notes et Revue), V - XVI." type="book" year="1901">Topsent, 1901a</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, which has 6–8 rows of filaments. 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA0525C8D70FDDA9B618907" authority="de Laubenfels, 1935" authorityName="de Laubenfels" authorityYear="1935" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" phylum="Porifera" rank="variety" species="biserialis" subGenus="Abestopluma" variety="californiana">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA0525C8D70FDDA9E9288E3" box="[864,1199,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">Asbestopluma (As.) biserialis</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA0525C8AFDFDDA9F4A88E3" box="[1261,1399,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">californiana</emphasis>
de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA0525C8E87FDF69B618907" author="Laubenfels, M. W. de" box="[151,348,762,789]" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref17727" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1935) Some Sponges of Lower California (Mexico). American Museum Novitates, 779, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1935">Laubenfels, 1935</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is currently only distinguished by having slightly smaller chelae from a described single value of 6 µm, as opposed to the current species which begin at 10 µm. Re-examination of the type material of 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA0525C8B2CFC129BF9894F" authorityName="de Laubenfels" authorityYear="1935" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" phylum="Porifera" rank="variety" species="biserialis" subGenus="Abestopluma" variety="californiana">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA0525C8B2CFC129AC2894F" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">As. (As.) biserialis</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA0525C8F27FC4E9BF9894F" box="[311,452,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA0525C8FD4FC4E9BF5894F" box="[452,456,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">,</emphasis>
may reveal a greater size range of these microscleres.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5CFDF5FFA0525C8E87F831989F8D8E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7961300" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7961300" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7961300/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" startId="23.[151,250,1852,1876]" targetBox="[151,1437,885,1829]" targetPageId="23" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9CAD7DFFA0525C8E87F831989F8D8E" blockId="23.[151,1436,1852,1948]" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA0525C8E87F8319B1E8D46" bold="true" box="[151,291,1852,1876]" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFA0525C8F3DF83199E58D46" authority="(Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886)" baseAuthorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" baseAuthorityYear="1886" box="[301,984,1852,1876]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="biserialis" subGenus="Asbestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFA0525C8F3DF83198F68D46" box="[301,715,1852,1876]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="458">Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) biserialis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFA0525C8CCDF83199EC8D46" author="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A." box="[733,977,1852,1876]" pageId="23" pageNumber="458" pagination="470 - 493" refId="ref18185" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. Challenger. Part I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 18, 325 - 351, 470 - 493. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938609459998" type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. A. Large fragment of Lectotype NHMUK 1887.5.2.187. B. Two fragments of NHMUK 1887.5.2.187 magnified showing flatted stem and biserial arrangement of the filaments. C. Paralectotype NHMUK 1887.5.2.190.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9CAD7DFFAF52538ED7FF9A98738BC3" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="24" pageNumber="459">
In its gross morphology this species also resembles 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFAF52538D06FF9A99D88AA3" box="[790,997,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="459">
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFAF52538D06FF9A99DC8AA3" baseAuthorityName="Topsent" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[790,993,151,177]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="459" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="belgicae" subGenus="Abestopluma">As. (As.) belgicae</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
(qv. Lopez 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFAF52538A7FFF9A9E9F8AA3" box="[1135,1186,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="459">et al</emphasis>
. 2011, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFAF52538AE7FF9A9AEF8AC7" author="Hestetun, J. &amp; Fourt, M. &amp; Vacelet, J. &amp; Boury-Esnault, N. &amp; Rapp, H. T." pageId="24" pageNumber="459" pagination="1311 - 1343" refId="ref16976" refString="Hestetun, J., Fourt, M., Vacelet, J., Boury-Esnault, N. &amp; Rapp, H. T. (2015) Cladorhizidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) of the deep Atlantic collected during Ifremer cruises, with a biogeographic overview of the Atlantic species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 95 (7), 1311 - 1343. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315413001100" type="journal article" year="2015">
Hestetun 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFAF52538B73FF9A9FA08AA3" box="[1379,1437,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="459">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFAF52538EF1FFB69BEB8AC7" author="Goodwin, C. E. &amp; Berman, J. &amp; Downey, R. V. &amp; Hendry, K. R." box="[225,470,187,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="459" pagination="37 - 64" refId="ref16781" refString="Goodwin, C. E., Berman, J., Downey, R. V. &amp; Hendry, K. R. (2017) Carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida: Cladorhizidae) from the Drake Passage (Southern Ocean) with a description of eight new species and a review of the family Cladorhizidae in the Southern Ocean. Invertebrate Systematics, 31 (1), 37 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 16020" type="journal article" year="2017">
Goodwin 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFAF52538F43FFB69BB58AC7" box="[339,392,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="459">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
). Although, 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFAF52538C74FFB699778AC6" box="[612,842,187,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="459" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="maxisigma" subGenus="Asbestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFAF52538C74FFB699778AC6" box="[612,842,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="459">As. (As.) maxisigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has acanthostyles, it has the following differences: fewer radial filaments, the absence of grooves, smaller mycalostyles, an absence of the strongyles. 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFAF52538AEFFFD298B68B0F" authority="Tendal, 1973" authorityName="Tendal" authorityYear="1973" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="459" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="quadriserialis" subGenus="Asbestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFAF52538AEFFFD29BD08B0F" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="459">Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) quadriserialis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFAF52538FE5FE0E98B68B0F" author="Tendal, O. S." box="[501,651,259,285]" pageId="24" pageNumber="459" pagination="33 - 38" refId="ref18575" refString="Tendal, O. S. (1973) Sponges collected by the Swedish Deep Sea Expedition. Zoologica Scripta, 2, 33 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1973. tb 00795. x" type="journal article" year="1973">Tendal, 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, from the North Atlantic also has four rows of filaments, however, it can be clearly distinguished by the presence of two sizes of anisochelae. These closely related species are compared in 
<tableCitation id="C6A198C6FFAF52538EA2FE469B3A8B77" box="[178,263,331,357]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="21.[151,239,716,742]" captionText="TABLE 4. Comparison of branched pinnate Absestopluma (Asbestopluma) species. Spicule dimensions measurements smallest–(average)–largest (µm)" pageId="24" pageNumber="459">Table 4</tableCitation>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFAF52538F01FE46997B8B77" authority="Goodwin et al., 2017" authorityName="Goodwin" authorityYear="2017" box="[273,838,331,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="459" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sarsensis" subGenus="Asbestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFAF52538F01FE46986A8B76" box="[273,599,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="459">Asbestopluma (As.) sarsensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFAF52538C4CFE46997B8B77" author="Goodwin, C. E. &amp; Berman, J. &amp; Downey, R. V. &amp; Hendry, K. R." box="[604,838,331,357]" pageId="24" pageNumber="459" pagination="37 - 64" refId="ref16781" refString="Goodwin, C. E., Berman, J., Downey, R. V. &amp; Hendry, K. R. (2017) Carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida: Cladorhizidae) from the Drake Passage (Southern Ocean) with a description of eight new species and a review of the family Cladorhizidae in the Southern Ocean. Invertebrate Systematics, 31 (1), 37 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 16020" type="journal article" year="2017">
Goodwin 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFAF52538CDAFE46993F8B77" box="[714,770,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="459">et al.</emphasis>
, 2017
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is similar in spiculation to 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFAF52538A61FE469F098B77" baseAuthorityName="Topsent" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1137,1332,331,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="459" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="belgicae" subGenus="Abestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFAF52538A61FE469F098B77" box="[1137,1332,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="459">As. (As.) belgicae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and also differs from the present species for the same reasons given above, in addition to also having a very different growth form. 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFAF52538EF0FE9E99268BBF" authority="Koltun, 1964" authorityName="Koltun" authorityYear="1964" box="[224,795,403,429]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="459" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="obae" subGenus="Asbestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFAF52538EF0FE9E98458BBF" box="[224,632,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="459">Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) obae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFAF52538C94FE9E99268BBF" author="Koltun, V. M." box="[644,795,403,429]" pageId="24" pageNumber="459" pagination="6 - 133" refId="ref17529" refString="Koltun, V. M. (1964) Sponges of the Antarctic. 1 Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. In: Pavlovskii, E. P., Andriyashev, A. P. &amp; Ushakov, P. V. (Eds.), Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955 - 1958), 1964, pp. 6 - 133 + 443 - 448." type="journal article" year="1964">Koltun, 1964</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from Wilkes Land, 
<collectingCountry id="F334EDEDFFAF52538A1AFE9E9E428BBF" box="[1034,1151,403,429]" name="Antarctica" pageId="24" pageNumber="459">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
differs from the present species in lacking horizontal filaments.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9CAD7DFFAF52538ED7FED699208897" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="24" pageNumber="459">
As shown in 
<figureCitation id="1318B1F8FFAF52538F4BFED69BA18BE7" box="[347,412,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[282,1304,181,1886]" captionTargetId="figure-32@4.[282,1304,181,1886]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) zygainadentonis Ekins et al., 2020a. QM G339304. A. Tridentate unguiferate isochelae. B. Large unguiferate isochelae. C. Mycalostyle. D. Close up of the mycalostyle ends in C. E. Subtylostyles. F. Close up of the subtylostyle ends in E. G. Styles in the root like appendages. H. Close up of the ends of the styles in G. I. Very thin supportive styles. J. Close up of the ends of the styles in I. K. Thin subtylostyles. L. Sigmancistras." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7961282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7961282/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="459">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB2D08CFFAF52538FD2FED6989F8BE7" author="Ekins, M. &amp; Erpenbeck, D. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A." box="[450,674,475,501]" pageId="24" pageNumber="459" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref16512" refString="Ekins, M., Erpenbeck, D. &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. (2020 a) Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition. Zootaxa, 4774 (1), 1 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4774.1.1" type="journal article" year="2020">
Ekins 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFAF52538C19FED698078BE7" box="[521,570,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="459">et al</emphasis>
. (2020a)
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFAF52538CBDFED699B08BE6" box="[685,909,475,501]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="459" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="maxisigma" subGenus="Asbestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFAF52538CBDFED699B08BE6" box="[685,909,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="459">As. (As.) maxisigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not have the same molecular sequence as any other 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFAF52538F1AFEF29862880B" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1901" box="[266,607,511,537]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="459" phylum="Porifera" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Asbestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFAF52538F1AFEF29862880B" box="[266,607,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="459">Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma)</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. Unfortunately, none of the closely related species listed above have any molecular sequence data either. The only one of the closest morphologically is 
<taxonomicName id="4C23D6FEFFAF52538A26FD2E9F23882F" baseAuthorityName="Topsent" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1078,1310,547,573]" class="Demospongiae" family="Cladorhizidae" genus="Asbestopluma" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="24" pageNumber="459" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="belgicae" subGenus="Abestopluma">
<emphasis id="B957716FFFAF52538A26FD2E9EAB882F" box="[1078,1174,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="459">As. (As.)</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B957716FFFAF52538AAFFD2E9F23882F" box="[1215,1310,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="459">belgicae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which has a different molecular profile.As new collections of species of this genus and their corresponding sequences become available, will result in better resolution within the genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>