240 lines
26 KiB
XML
240 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="430EB01D4FCAF452EF6FB3FD0875CE0B" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.210165" ID-GBIF-Dataset="90f5f5d1-4ae3-4cc0-87b6-fb2ed5263ef5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="210165" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460516665735" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt" docDate="2012" docId="B47487DD801F816CF9F1FB79FE731CC5" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03452p046.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3452" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Belonolaimus longicaudatus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="484DFFA580108163F966FF8DFFAA1B35" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA" masterLastPageNumber="46" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1698314172864" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="9FB89BF824E2BD076076805438853966">Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="666231EADB2D3B2A99393C94DCF22438">Zeng, Yongsan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="90BFE1F84858F0DE8BC4270BE62C8DEB">Ye, Weimin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="409AAB6998DDF7010DA74EF26A7560F1">Tredway, Lane</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1715980B3F2692CE7660FF1AA9B54C9D">Martin, Samuel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F989690834F44BFB97D825DBBB82DB65">Martin, Matt</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4B5D14B739CDBBDD7BDC9E060A2ED225">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2104090323495C53CC8DDC349306D5B7">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1CDF956E8E61958A6697D8D81ACE585F">3452</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="8C30892E557471CCB4AF19363BAF6DC5" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.210165</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="B47487DD801F816CF9F1FB79FE731CC5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6171834" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119524568" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6171834" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B47487DD801F816CF9F1FB79FE731CC5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B47487DD801F816CF9F1FB79FE731CC5" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<subSubSection id="74C76540801F816CF9F1FB79FE8F1E1A" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3C6236CB801F816CF9F1FB79FE5B1E3B" blockId="15.[151,497,1268,1327]" box="[151,497,1268,1294]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<heading id="672A81A7801F816CF9F1FB79FE5B1E3B" bold="true" box="[151,497,1268,1294]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D48801F816CF9F1FB79FE5B1E3B" box="[151,497,1268,1294]" class="Secernentea" family="Hoplolaimidae" genus="Belonolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="longicaudatus">
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CF9F1FB79FE5B1E3B" bold="true" box="[151,497,1268,1294]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Belonolaimus longicaudatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3C6236CB801F816CF9F1FA9AFE8F1E1A" blockId="15.[151,497,1268,1327]" box="[151,293,1303,1327]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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(
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<figureCitation id="A4E62A4E801F816CF9F9FA9AFF481E1A" box="[159,226,1303,1327]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1892,1915]" captionTargetBox="[155,1427,195,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. Micrographs of Belonolaimus longicaudatus and Dolichodorus heterocephalus from turfgrasses in NC and SC. All scale bars = 20 µm. A. Pharyngeal region of B. longicaudatus. B. Vulva region of B. longicaudatus. C. Female tail of B. longicaudatus. D, E. Male tails of B. longicaudatus. F. Pharyngeal region of D. heterocephalus. G. Vulval region of D. heterocephalus. H. Female tail of D. heterocephalus. I. Male tails of D. heterocephalus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/210169/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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A–E)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="74C76540801F816CF9F1FAD2FE741E42" box="[151,478,1375,1399]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3C6236CB801F816CF9F1FAD2FE741E42" blockId="15.[151,1436,1375,2032]" box="[151,478,1375,1399]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CF9F1FAD2FEEC1E42" bold="true" box="[151,326,1375,1399]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Measurements</emphasis>
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. See
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<tableCitation id="715F0370801F816CF8E2FAD2FE721E42" box="[388,472,1375,1399]" captionStart="TABLE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,239,152,176]" captionTargetBox="[165,1370,242,1103]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="TABLE 8. Belonolaimus longicaudatus: morphometrics of males and females mounted in water. All measurements in μm and in the format: mean ± S. D. (range)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/68A2664380028171F9F1FF15FDCF1BE4" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" tableUuid="68A2664380028171F9F1FF15FDCF1BE4">Table 8</tableCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="74C76540801F816CF9A1FA0FFE731CC5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="3C6236CB801F816CF9A1FA0FFE731CC5" blockId="15.[151,1436,1375,2032]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CF9A1FA0FFE911EAF" bold="true" box="[199,315,1410,1434]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Remarks.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D48801F816CF820FA0FFD201EAF" box="[326,650,1410,1434]" class="Secernentea" family="Hoplolaimidae" genus="Belonolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="longicaudatus">
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CF820FA0FFD201EAF" box="[326,650,1410,1434]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Belonolaimus longicaudatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was described from soil around the roots of
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<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D48801F816CFDC4FA0EFAA51EAF" box="[1186,1295,1411,1434]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Zea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mays">
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CFDC4FA0EFAA51EAF" box="[1186,1295,1411,1434]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Zea mays</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in Sanford, Florida, by
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CF840FA2BFE1A1E88" author="Rau" box="[294,432,1445,1469]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Rau, J. G. (1958) A new species of sting nematode. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 25, 95 - 98." type="journal article" year="1958">Rau (1958)</bibRefCitation>
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. It is a major plant parasite in the southeastern
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<collectingCountry id="44CA765B801F816CFD67FA28FB961E88" box="[1025,1084,1445,1469]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">USA</collectingCountry>
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, with widespread distribution throughout the Atlantic Coastal Plain from Virginia to Florida (
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CFA05FA45FBCE1ED5" author="Orton" box="[867,1124,1480,1504]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Orton Williams, K. J. (1974 a) Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology Descriptions of Plant- Parasitic Nematodes, set 3, no. 40. St. Albans, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux." type="journal volume" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">Orton Williams 1974a</bibRefCitation>
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). It has been recorded from NC (
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CF9AAFA66FE3A1D36" author="Lucas" box="[204,400,1515,1540]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Lucas, L. T., Blake, C. T. & Barker, K. R. (1974) Nematodes associated with bentgrass and bermudagrass golf greens in North Carolina. Plant Disease Reporter, 58, 822 - 824." type="journal article" year="1974">
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Lucas
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CF871FA60FEE21D31" box="[279,328,1516,1540]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
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. 1974
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CF8FDFA66FE7C1D36" author="Lucas" box="[411,470,1515,1539]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Lucas, L. T., Barker, K. R. & Blake, C. T. (1978) Seasonal changes in nematode densities on bentgrass golf greens in North Carolina. Plant Disease Reporter, 62, 373 - 376." type="journal article" year="1978">1978</bibRefCitation>
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), Connecticut, Louisiana, Texas (
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CFA2FFA66FC4C1D36" author="Christie" box="[841,998,1515,1539]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Christie, J. R. (1959) Plant Nematodes: their bionomics and control. Gainesville, Fla: University of Florida, 256 pp." type="book" year="1959">Christie 1959</bibRefCitation>
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), New
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<collectingCountry id="44CA765B801F816CFD52FA61FBD01D31" box="[1076,1146,1516,1540]" name="Jersey" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Jersey</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CFDEFFA66FABE1D36" author="Myers" box="[1161,1300,1515,1539]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Myers, R. F. (1979) The sting nematode, Belonolaimus longicaudatus, from New Jersey. Plant Disease Reporter, 63, 756 - 757." type="journal article" year="1979">Myers 1979</bibRefCitation>
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), Oklahoma (
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CF9F8F982FED91D12" author="Russell" box="[158,371,1551,1575]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Russell, C. C. & Sturgeon, R. V. (1969) Occurrence of Belonolaimus longicaudatus and Ditylenchus dipsaci in Oklahoma. Phytopathology, 59, 118." type="journal article" year="1969">
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Russell
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CF99FF99DFE801D12" box="[249,298,1551,1575]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
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. 1969
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</bibRefCitation>
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), Arkansas (
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CF89AF982FD2B1D12" author="Riggs" box="[508,641,1551,1575]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Riggs, R. D. (1961) Sting nematode in Arkansas. Plant Disease Reporter, 45, 392." type="journal article" year="1961">Riggs 1961</bibRefCitation>
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), Kansas (
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CFB95F982FC4C1D12" author="Dickerson" box="[755,998,1551,1575]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Dickerson, O. J., Willis, W. G., Dainello, F. J. & Pair, J. C. (1972) The sting nematode, Belonlaimus longicaudatus, in Kansas. Plant Disease Reporter, 56, 957." type="journal article" year="1972">
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Dickerson
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CFA09F99DFC351D12" box="[879,927,1551,1575]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
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. 1972
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</bibRefCitation>
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) and California (
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CFDC4F982FF791D7F" author="Mundo-Ocampo" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Mundo-Ocampo, M. J., Becker, J. O. & Baldwin, J. (1994) Occurrence of Belonolaimus longicaudatus on bermudagrass in the Coachella Valley. Plant Disease, 78, 529." type="journal article" year="1994">
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Mundo-Ocampo
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CFC02F99DFA3F1D12" box="[1380,1429,1551,1575]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 1994
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CF98EF9BFFE1A1D7F" author="Holdeman" box="[232,432,1586,1610]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Holdeman, Q. L. (1955) The present known distribution of the sting nematode, Belonolaimus gracilis in the coastal plain of the southeastern United States. Plant Disease Reporter, 39, 58." type="journal article" year="1955">Holdeman (1955)</bibRefCitation>
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reported
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<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D48801F816CFB79F9BEFD751D7F" box="[543,735,1586,1610]" class="Secernentea" family="Hoplolaimidae" genus="Belonolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="longicaudatus">
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CFB79F9BEFD751D7F" box="[543,735,1586,1610]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">B. longicaudatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in Florida,
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<collectingCountry id="44CA765B801F816CFA0EF9BFFC6F1D7F" box="[872,965,1586,1610]" name="Georgia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Georgia</collectingCountry>
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, NC, SC and Virginia. It has a wide host range including citrus (
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CF8FFF9D8FDD91D58" author="Duncan" box="[409,627,1621,1645]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Duncan, L. W., Noling, J. W., Inserra, R. N. & Dunn, D. (1996) Spatial patterns of Belonolaimus spp. among and within citrus orchards on Florida's central ridge. Journal of Nematology, 28, 352 - 359." type="journal article" year="1996">
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Duncan
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CF89EF9DBFD831D58" box="[504,553,1621,1645]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
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. 1996
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</bibRefCitation>
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), soybean (
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CFB96F9D8FC661D58" author="Handoo" box="[752,972,1621,1645]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Handoo, Z. A., Skantar, A. M. & Mulrooney, R. P. (2010) First report of the sting nematode Belonolaimus longicaudatus on soybean in Delaware. Plant Disease, 94, 133." type="journal article" year="2010">
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Handoo
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CFA37F9DBFC281D58" box="[849,898,1621,1645]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
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. 2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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), corn (
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CFD79F9D8FB6F1D58" author="Rhoades" box="[1055,1221,1621,1645]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Rhoades, H. L. (1986) The sting nematode, Belonolaimus longicaudatus, a serious pest of corn in Florida. Nematology Circular, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service, (131), 2 pp." type="book" year="1986">Rhoades 1986</bibRefCitation>
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), cotton (
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CFC4AF9D8FEBE1DA5" author="Koenning" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Koenning, S. R., Kirkpatrick, T. L., Starr, J. L., Wrather, J. A., Walker, N. R. & Mueller, J. D. (2004) Plant-parasitic nematodes attacking cotton in the United States: old and emerging production challenges. Plant Disease, 88, 100 - 113." type="journal article" year="2004">
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Koenning
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CF9F1F9F4FF631DA5" box="[151,201,1656,1680]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
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. 2004
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</bibRefCitation>
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), carrot (
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CF81FF9F5FDB71DA5" author="Rhoades" box="[377,541,1656,1680]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Rhoades, H. L. (1975) Pathogenicity and control of the sting nematode, Belonolaimus longicaudatus, on carrot. Plant Disease Reporter, 59, 1021 - 1024." type="journal article" year="1975">Rhoades 1975</bibRefCitation>
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) and turfgrasses (
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CFB81F9F5FC561DA5" author="Robbins" box="[743,1020,1656,1680]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Robbins, R. T. & Barker, K. R. (1973) Comparisons of host range and reproduction among populations of Belonolaimus longicaudatus from North Carolina and Georgia. Plant Disease Reporter, 57, 750 - 754." type="journal article" year="1973">Robbins & Barker 1973</bibRefCitation>
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). It is considered the most important pest of turf and pasture grasses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CFB42F916FCB41D86" author="Heald" box="[548,798,1691,1716]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Heald, C. M. & Perry, V. G. (1970) Nematodes and other pests. Turfgrass Science, Agronomy, (14), 358 - 369." type="journal article" year="1970">Heald & Perry 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CFA56F916FC6C1D86" author="Crow" box="[816,966,1691,1715]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Crow, W. T. (2005 b) Plant parasitic nematodes on golf course turf. Outlooks on Pest Management. February, 10 - 15." type="book chapter" year="2005" yearSuffix="b">Crow 2005b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This species has been documented in association with many grass species, including bermudagrass, creeping bentgrass, zoysiagrass, crabgrass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D48801F816CFC52F94DFEB21DCF" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Digitaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditoida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sanguinalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CFC52F94DFEB21DCF" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Digitaria sanguinalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), pangolagrass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D48801F816CF892F96EFD091DCF" box="[500,675,1762,1786]" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Digitaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditoida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="decumbens">
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CF892F96EFD091DCF" box="[500,675,1762,1786]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">D. decumbens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Pensacola bahiagrass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D48801F816CFA8DF96FFB651DCF" box="[1003,1231,1762,1786]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Paspalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="notatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CFA8DF96FFB651DCF" box="[1003,1231,1762,1786]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Paspalum notatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), centipedegrass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D48801F816CF9C6F888FE1D1C28" box="[160,439,1797,1821]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Eremochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ophiuroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CF9C6F888FE1D1C28" box="[160,439,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Eremochloa ophiuroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), tall fescue (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D48801F816CFB3DF88BFCE01C28" box="[603,842,1797,1821]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Festuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundinacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CFB3DF88BFCE01C28" box="[603,842,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Festuca arundinacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Italian ryegrass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D48801F816CFD4FF888FAAC1C28" box="[1065,1286,1797,1821]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lolium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="multiflorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CFD4FF888FAAC1C28" box="[1065,1286,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Lolium multiflorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), sudangrass (
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CF9C6F8A5FECF1C75" box="[160,357,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Sorghum
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D48801F816CF876F8A5FECF1C75" box="[272,357,1832,1856]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Hordeum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgare">vulgare</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D48801F816CF817F8A4FDB01C75" box="[369,538,1832,1856]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="variety" variety="sudanense">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CF8C0F8A5FDB01C75" box="[422,538,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">sudanense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), limpograss (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D48801F816CFBAEF8A5FC171C75" box="[712,957,1832,1856]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Hemarthria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CFBAEF8A5FC171C75" box="[712,957,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hemarthria altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and St. Augustine grass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D48801F816CFC66F8A5FEB71C51" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Stenotaphrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="secundatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CFC66F8A5FEB71C51" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Stenotaphrum secundatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CF852F8C6FE7B1C56" author="Johnson" box="[308,465,1867,1891]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Johnson, A. W. (1970) Pathogenicity and interactions of three nematode species on six bermudagrasses. Journal of Nematology, 2, 36 - 41." type="journal article" year="1970">Johnson 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CF8B9F8C6FD711C56" author="Orton" box="[479,731,1867,1891]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Orton Williams, K. J. (1974 a) Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology Descriptions of Plant- Parasitic Nematodes, set 3, no. 40. St. Albans, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux." type="journal volume" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">Orton Williams 1974a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CFB80F8C1FC071C56" author="Busey" box="[742,941,1867,1892]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Busey, P., Giblin-Davis, R. M., Riger, C. W. & Zaenker, E. I. (1991) Susceptibility of diploid St. Augustinegrasses to Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Supplement to the Journal of Nematology, 23, 604 - 610." type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Busey
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CFA52F8C0FCCF1C51" box="[820,869,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CFADFF8C6FB671C56" author="Giblin-Davis" box="[953,1229,1867,1892]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Giblin-Davis, R. M., Cisar, J. L., Blitz, F. G. & Williams, K. E. (1992) Host status of different bermudagrasses (Cynodon spp.) for the sting nematode, Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Journal of Nematology, 24, 749 - 756." type="journal article" year="1992">
|
||
Giblin-Davis
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CFD34F8C0FB291C51" box="[1106,1155,1868,1892]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this survey,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D48801F816CFCE2F8C0FE9C1CB2" class="Secernentea" family="Hoplolaimidae" genus="Belonolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="longicaudatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CFCE2F8C0FE9C1CB2" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">B. longicaudatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found in 131 turfgrass samples in three turf management zones (green, fairway and tee) in both NC and SC and three grass species (bermudagrass, creeping bentgrass, zoysiagrass) from 24 counties. There was no difference in morphology and morphometrics compared to the original and other descriptions of the species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CF9F8F855FEA51CC5" author="Rau" box="[158,271,2008,2032]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Rau, J. G. (1958) A new species of sting nematode. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 25, 95 - 98." type="journal article" year="1958">Rau 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A801F816CF87DF854FE671CC5" author="Han" box="[283,461,2008,2032]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Han H. R., Jeyaprakash, A., Weingartner, D. P. & Dickson, D. W. (2006) Morphological and molecular biological characterization of Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Nematropica, 36, 37 - 52." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Han
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD9801F816CF837F854FE281CC5" box="[337,386,2008,2032]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |