580 lines
71 KiB
XML
580 lines
71 KiB
XML
<document id="18F420187996DC8178DB488ABEE64C19" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4148.1.1" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4148.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a757adc6-2763-41f7-ae26-b1cae841091c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="256946" ID-ZooBank="91353147-FDA8-45CC-A8F1-1DE801C835A6" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1470724987728" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Krug, Patrick J., Vendetti, Jann E. & Valdés, Ángel" docDate="2016" docId="A04A7E6D9C6CFFA546C9FD83FCAB1A9C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4148.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4148 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Elysia chlorotica Gould 1870" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="39" masterDocId="5C7306159C4FFF83465EFFEFFFD91E74" masterDocTitle="Molecular and morphological systematics of Elysia Risso, 1818 (Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa) from the Caribbean region" masterLastPageNumber="137" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1698367345517" updateUser="plazi">
|
||
<mods:mods id="B0909D7B6FEEE21681740B4E4B68A7A9" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="B98DAB8935ECA51991DBBA755C6DBE3B">
|
||
<mods:title id="9639D45443874FB2F2DC288E1C9E76E9">Molecular and morphological systematics of Elysia Risso, 1818 (Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa) from the Caribbean region</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="CCDDD571F58732AF4523CA4A47E576E7" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="E4E24C3329C649548193FBD034AD91E8">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="81A5341FE24C653FC3C2042011E4C55A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="062E5B510E029A5A636E435A5B3D948C">Krug, Patrick J.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="7A4AF4CAE4FBC133E30500F588417E2D" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="3EBBBCC43DB6AC2422A31F3C26322DB5">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="5B81B79BDFCAFA1C181191A2DFDEFDAA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="D86F6FE61FD4480505ADD3C071CD59DD">Vendetti, Jann E.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="9D89BCBAFFB0E00FCB4DC70E2C7192F8" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="CDE6854BA546EC54757B4DA5714DBF16">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="6D07AB5A3969A0ACA0A3B0A98B30552B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="63F0422827AEC59C9F0561175CF84B73">Valdés, Ángel</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="A8677BD047248CBB9197EA26A580A340">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="5E234352AB519CF5CD21FC6D02A576CD" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="46DC4DA8BBEFD381F630517E7092CFF4">
|
||
<mods:title id="BB7F88B0B93B4C8437BFC7ADBDAFC8F0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="B5EF32C201D7E4A5D9B17E304EF1BA85">
|
||
<mods:date id="2828923E46958B154569E9D09B608531">2016</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="FA9F387057AF69C7382DD2D0F90C5555" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="9136F78B5E2F1FE47C20ECD2B0D49C5F">4148</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="A321379E239D08B401ED41D0D1AB5B71" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="879522C2813CCF839E8BF97AE748461A">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="D62234F22F4F5F4201A41E8D8B60B5FD" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="5EFB1830F44A92E6B27CE3F0C3E4E298">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="0CAE5A00A2E5E9CC028093AC43E35280">137</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="35F373546D62E994EDC2C215EFF705BC">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="43A2D072D395C554D30B97AC7A706B1A" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4148.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="53F8026ED86857FAC658049A86A3CCA3" type="GBIF-Dataset">a757adc6-2763-41f7-ae26-b1cae841091c</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="B1B208403AFE7E4C01DC78C486068199" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="8AABA99826A562E3A2E14BE06D02DE8A" type="Zenodo-Dep">256946</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="4F0731E92C315CFC7123590570AC8E78" type="ZooBank">91353147-FDA8-45CC-A8F1-1DE801C835A6</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="A04A7E6D9C6CFFA546C9FD83FCAB1A9C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5664178" ID-GBIF-Taxon="123514827" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5664178" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A04A7E6D9C6CFFA546C9FD83FCAB1A9C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A04A7E6D9C6CFFA546C9FD83FCAB1A9C" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<subSubSection id="60F99CF09C6CFFA046C9FD83FE8E1CD3" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6CFFA046C9FD83FDDB1CF2" blockId="35.[151,514,620,679]" box="[151,514,620,646]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<heading id="731478179C6CFFA046C9FD83FDDB1CF2" bold="true" box="[151,514,620,646]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6CFFA046C9FD83FDDB1CF2" ID-CoL="6F699" authority="Gould, 1870" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,514,620,646]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chlorotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA046C9FD83FDDB1CF2" bold="true" box="[151,514,620,646]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA046C9FD83FEBA1CF2" bold="true" box="[151,355,620,646]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Elysia chlorotica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6CFFA04734FD83FDDB1CF2" author="Gould" box="[362,514,620,646]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Gould, A. A. (1870) Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts. Wright & Potter, Boston, v + 524, pls. 16 - 27." type="journal article" year="1870">Gould, 1870</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6CFFA046C9FD61FE8E1CD3" blockId="35.[151,514,620,679]" box="[151,343,654,679]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6CFFA046C1FD61FF321CD3" box="[159,235,654,679]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1510,1532]" captionTargetBox="[239,1350,338,1481]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[235,1352,337,1489]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 6. Penial morphology of some species examined. A, Elysia ornata (LACM 178583). B – E, Elysia crispata (LACM 178640) (B); (LACM 178641) (C); (LACM 2004.5.1) (D); (isolate Ecri _ 10 LKS 03) (E). F, Elysia chlorotica (LACM 178597). G – H, Elysia patina (LACM 178650) (G); (LACM 178651) (H). I, Elysia flava (LACM 178626). J, Elysia subornata (LACM 178629). K, Elysia canguzua (LACM 178644). L, Elysia serca (CPIC 00027). M, Elysia evelinae (MZUCR INB 0003312779). N, Elysia velutinus (LACM 178642), O, Elysia papillosa (LACM 178607). P, Elysia cornigera (LACM 173227). Q, Elysia marcusi (LACM 178647), R, Elysia pratensis (CPIC 00068). S, Elysia zuleicae (LACM 178656). Abbreviations: bw, body wall; dd, deferent duct; pe, penis; s, stylet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256952/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
F, 15–17)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60F99CF09C6CFFA046C9FD39FB8F1D3C" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6CFFA046C9FD39FB8F1D3C" blockId="35.[151,1436,726,840]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="08F3E8559C6CFFA046C9FD39FB8F1D3C" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6CFFA046C9FD39FDDA1C98" ID-CoL="6F699" authority="Gould 1870: 255" authorityName="Gould" authorityPageNumber="255" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,515,726,748]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chlorotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA046C9FD39FE9E1C98" box="[151,327,726,748]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Elysia chlorotica</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C6CFFA0470EFD39FDDA1C98" author="Gould" box="[336,515,726,748]" page="255" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1870">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6CFFA0470EFD39FE161C98" author="Gould" box="[336,463,726,748]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Gould, A. A. (1870) Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts. Wright & Potter, Boston, v + 524, pls. 16 - 27." type="journal article" year="1870">Gould 1870</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 255
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–256, pl. 17, figs. 251–255 (
|
||
<typeStatus id="F75871D99C6CFFA0456EFD39FCBD1C98" box="[816,868,726,748]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: Cambridge Marshes,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6CFFA042F4FD39FAE71C98" box="[1194,1342,726,748]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA0431BFD37FA821C99" box="[1349,1371,728,749]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">—</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C6CFFA04305FD39FEF71D7F" author="Verrill" page="363" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1874">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6CFFA04305FD39FF241D7F" author="Verrill" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1874) VII. - Report upon the invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound and adjacent waters, with an account of the physical features of the region. Extracted from the Report of Professor S. F. Baird, Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, on the Condition of the Sea-Fisheries of the South Coast of New England in 1871 and 1872. Govermemnet Printing Office, Washington, 478 pp + 38 pls." type="book" year="1874">Verrill 1874</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 363
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 25, fig. 172;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C6CFFA04787FD1AFD5D1D7F" author="Russell" box="[473,644,757,779]" page="96" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1946">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6CFFA04787FD1AFD861D7F" author="Russell" box="[473,607,757,779]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Russell, H. D. (1946) Ecologic notes concerning Elysia chlorotica, Gould and Stiliger fuscata, Gould. The Nautilus, 59, 95 - 97." type="journal article" year="1946">Russell 1946</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 96
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C6CFFA044D1FD1AFC5A1D7F" author="Pfitzenmeyer" box="[655,899,757,779]" page="114" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1960">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6CFFA044D1FD1AFC881D7F" author="Pfitzenmeyer" box="[655,849,757,779]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Pfitzenmeyer, H. T. (1960) Notes on the nudibranch, Elysia chlorotica, from Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. Chesapeake Science, 1, 114 - 115. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1350929" type="journal article" year="1960">Pfitzenmeyer 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 114
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C6CFFA045D3FD1AFBEF1D7F" author="Russell" box="[909,1078,757,779]" page="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1964">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6CFFA045D3FD1AFBCA1D7F" author="Russell" box="[909,1043,757,779]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Russell, H. D. (1964) New England nudibranchs notes. The Nautilus, 78, 37 - 42." type="journal article" year="1964">Russell 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 37
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–38;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C6CFFA04237FD1AFA411D7F" author="Bailey" box="[1129,1432,757,779]" page="353" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1967">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6CFFA04237FD1AFABC1D7F" author="Bailey" box="[1129,1381,757,779]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Bailey, K. & Bleakney, J. S. (1967) First Canadian report of the sacoglossan Elysia chlorotica Gould. The Veliger, 9, 353 - 354." type="journal article" year="1967">Bailey & Bleakney 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 353
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C6CFFA04699FCFAFE8F1D5E" author="Franz" box="[199,342,788,810]" page="7" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1970">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6CFFA04699FCFAFEE41D5E" author="Franz" box="[199,317,788,810]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Franz, D. R. (1970) Zoogeography of Northwest Atlantic opisthobranch molluscs. Marine Biology, 7, 71 - 80. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00354923" type="journal article" year="1970">Franz 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 7
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C6CFFA0473CFCFAFD961D5E" author="Ev" box="[354,591,788,810]" page="308" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1972">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6CFFA0473CFCFAFDC61D5E" author="Ev" box="[354,543,788,810]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Marcus, Ev. (1972 b) Notes on some opisthobranch gastropods from the Chesapeake Bay. Chesapeake Science, 13, 300 - 317. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1351113" type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="b">Ev. Marcus 1972b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 308
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–310, fig. 5;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C6CFFA0448CFCFBFCB41D5E" author="Clark" box="[722,877,788,810]" page="42" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1975">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6CFFA0448CFCFBFC9E1D5E" author="Clark" box="[722,839,788,810]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Clark, K. B. (1975) Nudibranch life cycles in the northwest Atlantic and their relationship to the ecology of fouling communities. Helgolander Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 27, 28 - 69. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01611686" type="journal article" year="1975">Clark 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 42
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C6CFFA04526FCFAFBFF1D5E" author="Eyster" box="[888,1062,788,810]" page="581" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1980">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6CFFA04526FCFAFC2E1D5E" author="Eyster" box="[888,1015,788,810]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Eyster, L. S. (1980) Distribution and reproduction of shell-less opisthobranchs from South Carolina. Bulletin of Marine Science, 30, 580 - 599." type="journal article" year="1980">Eyster 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 581
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–583;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C6CFFA04238FCFAFAD31D5E" author="Boone" box="[1126,1290,788,810]" page="29" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1982">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6CFFA04238FCFAFB3C1D5E" author="Boone" box="[1126,1253,788,810]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Boone, C. E. (1982) More on Elysia from Texas. Texas Conchologist, 18, 29 - 38." type="journal article" year="1982">Boone 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 29
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–37, figs. 1–3;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C6CFFA04699FCDCFE611D3C" author="Jensen" box="[199,440,818,840]" page="4" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="1983">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6CFFA04699FCDCFE461D3C" author="Jensen" box="[199,415,818,840]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Jensen, K. R. & Clark, K. N. (1983) Annotated checklist of Florida ascoglossan Opisthobranchia. The Nautilus, 97, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1983">Jensen & Clark 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 4
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; Christa
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA0444DFCDCFD9F1D3C" box="[531,582,818,840]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014, fig. 3;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C6CFFA04490FCDCFC701D3C" author="Krug" box="[718,937,818,840]" page="990" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" year="2015">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6CFFA04490FCDCFCAE1D3C" author="Krug" box="[718,887,818,840]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Krug, P. J., Vendetti, J. E., Ellingson, R. A., Trowbridge, C. D., Hirano, Y. M., Trathen, D. Y., Rodriguez, A. K., Swennen, C., Wilson, N. G. & Valdes, A. (2015) Species selection favors dispersive life histories in sea slugs, but higher per-offspring investment drives shifts to short-lived larvae. Systematic Biology, 64, 983 - 999. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syv 046" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Krug
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA04556FCDCFCE21D3C" box="[776,827,818,840]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 990
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–991, figs. 3B, 4.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60F99CF09C6CFFA046C9FC9AFC5F1ADA" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6CFFA046C9FC9AFC711DFA" blockId="35.[151,1437,885,2026]" box="[151,936,885,910]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA046C9FC9AFE9C1DFA" bold="true" box="[151,325,885,910]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Type material.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA04712FC9AFDFA1DFA" box="[332,547,885,910]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6CFFA04712FC9AFE4B1DFA" box="[332,402,885,910]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Elysia</taxonomicName>
|
||
chlorotica—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
unknown location (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6CFFA044A5FC9AFC451DFA" author="Johnson" box="[763,924,885,910]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Johnson, R. I. (1964) The Recent Mollusca of Augustus Addison Gould: Illustrations of the types described by Gould, with a bibliography and catalog of his species. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 239, 1 - 182. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.239" type="journal article" year="1964">Johnson 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6CFFA04699FC76FA8A1DC6" blockId="35.[151,1437,885,2026]" box="[199,1363,921,946]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C6CFFA04699FC76FA8A1DC6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291048991" box="[199,1363,921,946]" collectionCode="LACM" country="United States of America" location="Material" municipality="Martha's Vineyard" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" specimenCode="LACM 178597-99" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Massachusetts">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA04699FC76FE691DC6" bold="true" box="[199,432,921,946]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<location id="2D3C99A09C6CFFA04699FC76FEF61DC6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A04A7E6D9C6CFFA546C9FD83FCAB1A9C:2D3C99A09C6CFFA04699FC76FEF61DC6" box="[199,303,921,946]" country="United States of America" municipality="Martha's Vineyard" name="Material" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" stateProvince="Massachusetts">Material</location>
|
||
examined.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="C83855019C6CFFA047E9FC76FD521DC6" box="[439,651,921,946]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Martha’s Vineyard</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6CFFA044C8FC76FCE21DC6" box="[662,827,921,946]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6CFFA04518FC75FC581DC6" box="[838,897,922,946]" name="United States of America" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 2006,
|
||
<specimenCount id="3EE504F29C6CFFA0458CFC75FB851DC6" box="[978,1116,921,946]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="784567009C6CFFA04234FC75FA9E1DC6" box="[1130,1351,921,946]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C6CFFA04234FC75FB641DC6" box="[1130,1213,922,946]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
178597–99
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6CFFA04699FC52FEAC1D8E" blockId="35.[151,1437,885,2026]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C6CFFA04699FC52FEAC1D8E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291048995" country="United States of America" location="Martha's Vineyard" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" specimenCount="8" stateProvince="Massachusetts">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA04699FC52FD911DA2" bold="true" box="[199,584,957,982]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Additional material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="2D3C99A09C6CFFA04406FC52FCEF1DA2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A04A7E6D9C6CFFA546C9FD83FCAB1A9C:2D3C99A09C6CFFA04406FC52FCEF1DA2" box="[600,822,957,982]" country="United States of America" name="Martha's Vineyard" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" stateProvince="Massachusetts">Martha’s Vineyard</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6CFFA04515FC52FC291DA2" box="[843,1008,957,982]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6CFFA0425BFC51FB991DA2" box="[1029,1088,958,982]" name="United States of America" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 2006,
|
||
<specimenCount id="3EE504F29C6CFFA042FBFC51FAE01DA2" box="[1189,1337,957,982]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="generic">8 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
(isolate Echl_06Mas04-11).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6CFFA04699FBEAFC5F1ADA" blockId="35.[151,1437,885,2026]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA04699FBEAFE851A6A" bold="true" box="[199,348,1029,1054]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Live animal.</emphasis>
|
||
Resting slugs often hold parapodia wide open and flattened against the substratum. Slugs have an exceptional ability to osmoconform and hence great tolerance for low salinity, presumably adaptive in their estuarine habitat where salinities can drop rapidly due to runoff from storms (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6CFFA0425EFBA2FB131A12" author="Pierce" box="[1024,1226,1101,1126]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Pierce, S. K., Warren, M. K. & West, H. H. (1983) Non-amino acid mediated volume regulation in an extreme osmoconformer. Physiological zoology, 56, 445 - 454. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1086 / physzool. 56.3.30152610" type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Pierce
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA0420EFBA1FB501A12" box="[1104,1161,1101,1126]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1983
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1984). This is the only species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6CFFA04716FB9EFE571AFE" box="[328,398,1137,1162]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA04716FB9EFE571AFE" box="[328,398,1137,1162]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Elysia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that remains green across the entire body surface throughout extended periods of starvation (>1 month), due to prolonged survival of diet-derived chloroplasts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60F99CF09C6CFFA74699FB56FC1819BB" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6CFFA04699FB56FB9D1BDE" blockId="35.[151,1437,885,2026]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA04699FB56FE7D1AA6" bold="true" box="[199,420,1209,1234]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">External anatomy.</emphasis>
|
||
Overall color deep emerald green; external surfaces dotted with minute speckles of white, light blue and red (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6CFFA04720FB32FE0F1A82" box="[382,470,1245,1270]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1312,1334]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,342,1290]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,342,1290]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 15. Elysia chlorotica, external anatomy of specimens from Martha’s Vineyard, MA, U. S. A. A – B, Dorsal view with the parapodia partially folded. C, Lateral view. D, Dorsal view of specimen flattened against the substratum. Approximate size of live specimens was 2 cm resting." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256963/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
). White speckles concentrated into larger white patches spaced at roughly regular intervals across sides of parapodia, and intermediate-sized patches on head (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6CFFA04210FAEEFB7E1B6E" box="[1102,1191,1281,1306]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1312,1334]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,342,1290]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,342,1290]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 15. Elysia chlorotica, external anatomy of specimens from Martha’s Vineyard, MA, U. S. A. A – B, Dorsal view with the parapodia partially folded. C, Lateral view. D, Dorsal view of specimen flattened against the substratum. Approximate size of live specimens was 2 cm resting." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256963/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C). Body surface everywhere smooth with no papillae. Eyespots small, with no other distinguishing markings. Distinct and elongated neck flowing posteriorly into pericardium.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6CFFA0455DFAA6FC991B16" box="[771,832,1353,1378]" country="Haiti" name="Sud-Est" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Sides</collectingRegion>
|
||
of head extend laterally into pointed oral tentacles, whitish at tips (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6CFFA04719FA82FE401BF2" box="[327,409,1389,1414]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1312,1334]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,342,1290]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,342,1290]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 15. Elysia chlorotica, external anatomy of specimens from Martha’s Vineyard, MA, U. S. A. A – B, Dorsal view with the parapodia partially folded. C, Lateral view. D, Dorsal view of specimen flattened against the substratum. Approximate size of live specimens was 2 cm resting." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256963/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Rhinophores elongated and tapering to a point, color fading to whitish at tips. Foot not clearly distinct from parapodia, with same overall coloration, narrowing posteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6CFFA04699FA5AFB7C182A" blockId="35.[151,1437,885,2026]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Wide parapodia covering dorsum when folded up, but often held flat and open by live animal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6CFFA0437AFA5AFAA01BBA" box="[1316,1401,1461,1486]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1312,1334]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,342,1290]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,342,1290]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 15. Elysia chlorotica, external anatomy of specimens from Martha’s Vineyard, MA, U. S. A. A – B, Dorsal view with the parapodia partially folded. C, Lateral view. D, Dorsal view of specimen flattened against the substratum. Approximate size of live specimens was 2 cm resting." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256963/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Parapodial margin smooth, pale yellow in color from absence of digestive diverticula. Inner parapodial surface emerald green with scattered white and red speckles concentrated along anterior end and margins, and scattered medially along dorsum. Parapodia forming ovoid side flaps, anterior margin with rounded corners; remainder of parapodia equal in width along most of body, gradually tapering to form short triangular tail.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6CFFA04699F986FE9F19D6" blockId="35.[151,1437,885,2026]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Pericardium round or ovoid, green with dense speckling of white and red dots overlying wider, white renopericardium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6CFFA0473EF962FE6818D2" box="[352,433,1677,1702]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1312,1334]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,342,1290]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,342,1290]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 15. Elysia chlorotica, external anatomy of specimens from Martha’s Vineyard, MA, U. S. A. A – B, Dorsal view with the parapodia partially folded. C, Lateral view. D, Dorsal view of specimen flattened against the substratum. Approximate size of live specimens was 2 cm resting." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256963/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D). Renopericardial extension only slightly posterior of the pericardium, short. Wide, clear dorsal vessels emerging asymmetrically from renopericardial extension, usually three on the right side and three to five on the left side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6CFFA04787F93AFDF5189A" box="[473,556,1749,1774]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1105,1127]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,380,1075]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[188,1398,373,1083]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 16. Elysia chlorotica, drawing of the pericardium and dorsal vessel network traced from a photograph of a live animal from Martha’s Vineyard, MA." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256964/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
). Except for posterior pair, vessels fork or send off lateral branches at irregular intervals, side branches sometimes anastomosing; most branches forking immediately before reaching parapodial margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6CFFA046A8F8F2FE931942" box="[246,330,1821,1846]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="36.[151,250,1312,1334]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,342,1290]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,342,1290]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 15. Elysia chlorotica, external anatomy of specimens from Martha’s Vineyard, MA, U. S. A. A – B, Dorsal view with the parapodia partially folded. C, Lateral view. D, Dorsal view of specimen flattened against the substratum. Approximate size of live specimens was 2 cm resting." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256963/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
B, D,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6CFFA047D0F8F2FE3B1942" box="[398,482,1821,1846]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1105,1127]" captionTargetBox="[193,1394,380,1075]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[188,1398,373,1083]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 16. Elysia chlorotica, drawing of the pericardium and dorsal vessel network traced from a photograph of a live animal from Martha’s Vineyard, MA." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256964/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posterior vessel on either side immediately forking, then one long branch running whole body length to end of parapodial flaps, and sending off six to nine lateral branches. Vessels transparent, with occasional white or red speckles. Reproductive ducts visible as faint, thin network within dorsal tissue underlying vessel network.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6CFFA04699F842FA45199E" blockId="35.[151,1437,885,2026]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA04699F842FE7919B2" bold="true" box="[199,416,1965,1990]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Internal anatomy.</emphasis>
|
||
Radula with 25 teeth, 13 teeth in ascending limb and
|
||
<quantity id="EF1B629E9C6CFFA0424AF841FB8919B2" box="[1044,1104,1965,1990]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="in" value="12.0">12 in</quantity>
|
||
descending limb (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6CFFA0437BF842FAA019B2" box="[1317,1401,1965,1990]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1960,1982]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1207,1938]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,1207,1939]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 17. Elysia chlorotica, SEM of the radula (LACM 178597). A, Radula, without ascus. B, Leading tooth. C, Close-up of cusp showing denticles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256965/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Leading tooth elongate, narrowing to a point, with cusp bearing numerous very small denticles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6CFFA042A0F83EFA85199E" box="[1278,1372,2001,2026]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1960,1982]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1207,1938]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,1207,1939]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 17. Elysia chlorotica, SEM of the radula (LACM 178597). A, Radula, without ascus. B, Leading tooth. C, Close-up of cusp showing denticles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256965/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Figs. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
B-C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6BFFA746C9FF75FB2D1EAE" blockId="36.[151,1436,151,290]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Housing depression for interlocking teeth extending approximately 4/5 total tooth length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6BFFA742D9FF75FB021EC7" box="[1159,1243,154,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="37.[151,250,1960,1982]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1207,1938]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,1207,1939]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 17. Elysia chlorotica, SEM of the radula (LACM 178597). A, Radula, without ascus. B, Leading tooth. C, Close-up of cusp showing denticles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256965/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Base of tooth approximately ¼ total tooth length. Ascus containing jumbled heap of discarded teeth (not figured).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6BFFA74699FF0AFDF71F56" blockId="36.[151,1436,151,290]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Penis robust, elongate, and nearly conical with attachment to the body wall, devoid of armature. Deferent duct long, thin, and convoluted (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6BFFA74795FEE6FDD61F56" box="[459,527,265,290]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1510,1532]" captionTargetBox="[239,1350,338,1481]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[235,1352,337,1489]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 6. Penial morphology of some species examined. A, Elysia ornata (LACM 178583). B – E, Elysia crispata (LACM 178640) (B); (LACM 178641) (C); (LACM 2004.5.1) (D); (isolate Ecri _ 10 LKS 03) (E). F, Elysia chlorotica (LACM 178597). G – H, Elysia patina (LACM 178650) (G); (LACM 178651) (H). I, Elysia flava (LACM 178626). J, Elysia subornata (LACM 178629). K, Elysia canguzua (LACM 178644). L, Elysia serca (CPIC 00027). M, Elysia evelinae (MZUCR INB 0003312779). N, Elysia velutinus (LACM 178642), O, Elysia papillosa (LACM 178607). P, Elysia cornigera (LACM 173227). Q, Elysia marcusi (LACM 178647), R, Elysia pratensis (CPIC 00068). S, Elysia zuleicae (LACM 178656). Abbreviations: bw, body wall; dd, deferent duct; pe, penis; s, stylet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256952/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7C9C9FF39C6BFFA746C9FACFFDD91B00" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256963/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" targetBox="[151,1436,342,1290]" targetPageId="36">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6BFFA746C9FACFFDD91B00" blockId="36.[151,1435,1312,1396]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6BFFA746C9FACFFEF91B42" bold="true" box="[151,288,1312,1334]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6BFFA74779FACFFE0C1B42" box="[295,469,1312,1334]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chlorotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6BFFA74779FACFFE0C1B42" box="[295,469,1312,1334]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Elysia chlorotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, external anatomy of specimens from Martha’s Vineyard, MA, U.S.A.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6BFFA742F0FACFFB3C1B42" bold="true" box="[1198,1253,1312,1334]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">A–B,</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal view with the parapodia partially folded.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6BFFA74790FAD0FE311B21" bold="true" box="[462,488,1343,1365]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">C,</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6BFFA74426FAD0FD491B21" bold="true" box="[632,656,1343,1365]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">D,</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal view of specimen flattened against the substratum. Approximate size of live specimens was 2 cm resting.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6BFFA74699FA74FE0318A0" blockId="36.[151,1437,1435,2036]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6BFFA74699FA74FD951BC0" bold="true" box="[199,588,1435,1460]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Reproduction and development.</emphasis>
|
||
Like other members of subclade 2,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6BFFA745ADFA73FB5E1BC0" box="[1011,1159,1435,1460]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chlorotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6BFFA745ADFA73FB5E1BC0" box="[1011,1159,1435,1460]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">E. chlorotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not produce ECY. Development is poecilogonous, with alternative larval modes fixed in different populations in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6BFFA742EDFA50FA811BAC" box="[1203,1368,1471,1496]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6BFFA7433DFA2FFA4E1BAC" box="[1379,1431,1472,1496]" name="United States of America" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
; all data are taken from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6BFFA747FDFA0BFDA91B88" box="[419,624,1507,1532]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="West, H. H., Harrigan, J. F. & Pierce, S. K. (1984) Hybridization of two populations of a marine opisthobranch with different developmental patterns. The Veliger, 26, 199 - 206." type="journal article">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6BFFA747FDFA0BFE031B8F" box="[419,474,1508,1531]" country="Tanzania" name="Mjini Magharibi" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">West</collectingRegion>
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6BFFA747BDFA0BFDC41B88" box="[483,541,1507,1532]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1984)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and errors are SD. Planktotrophic larvae were produced by slugs from Martha’s Vineyard, whereas lecithotrophic larvae with encapsulated metamorphosis were produced by a mainland population at Ipswitch. Planktotrophic clutches contained ~8900 eggs, with a mean diameter of 79 ± 3 µm SD; larvae hatched after 6–7 d at an unspecified temperature, with a mean shell length of 146 ± 11 µm. Larvae cultured on phytoplankton metamorphosed after 2 weeks when presented with either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6BFFA74244F99CFADD18FF" box="[1050,1284,1651,1676]" class="Xanthophyceae" family="Vaucheriaceae" genus="Vaucheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Vaucheriales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="compacta">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6BFFA74244F99CFADD18FF" box="[1050,1284,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Vaucheria compacta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6BFFA7436CF99BFA4518F8" box="[1330,1436,1651,1676]" class="Xanthophyceae" family="Vaucheriaceae" genus="Vaucheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Vaucheriales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="litorea">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6BFFA7436CF99BFA4518F8" box="[1330,1436,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">V. litorea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(~50%), suitable adult hosts, with little spontaneous metamorphosis (~1%) occurring on non-host algae (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6BFFA746FEF954FE9A18A0" box="[160,323,1723,1748]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Ulvaceae" genus="Enteromorpha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ulvales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6BFFA746FEF954FE9A18A0" box="[160,323,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Enteromorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6BFFA74736F953FE1318A7" box="[360,458,1724,1747]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Bryopsidaceae" genus="Bryopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6BFFA74736F953FE1318A7" box="[360,458,1724,1747]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Bryopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6BFFA74699F930FC1819BB" blockId="36.[151,1437,1435,2036]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Lecithotrophic clutches contained ~
|
||
<specimenCount id="3EE504F29C6BFFA74435F930FD0C188C" box="[619,725,1759,1784]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="egg">175 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
on average, with a mean diameter of 96 ±
|
||
<quantity id="EF1B629E9C6BFFA742ADF90FFAE71883" box="[1267,1342,1760,1784]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Larvae metamorphosed before hatching after 14 ± 1 d (full salinity, 33‰) or 9 ± 1 d (17‰ salinity); faster development at low salinity suggests adaptation to the euryhaline conditions typical of estuaries inhabited by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6BFFA742A3F8C7FA4C1934" box="[1277,1429,1831,1856]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chlorotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6BFFA742A3F8C7FA4C1934" box="[1277,1429,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">E. chlorotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Lecithotrophic larval shells were 217 ± 8 µm. Inter-population crosses were successful through two generations, indicating conspecificity. Egg masses of F1 offspring had characteristics similar to their maternal population, while F2 hybrids produced offspring with intermediate characteristics. Despite the rarity of poecilogony, no follow-up studies were published on the lecithotrophic population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6BFFA74577F857FC6319A4" box="[809,954,1975,2000]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chlorotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6BFFA74577F857FC6319A4" box="[809,954,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">E. chlorotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60F99CF09C6BFFA54699F834FD3C1F69" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6BFFA64699F834FADD1F4B" blockId="36.[151,1437,1435,2036]" lastBlockId="37.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6BFFA74699F834FEBF1980" bold="true" box="[199,358,2011,2036]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Host ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6BFFA74731F834FDE91980" box="[367,560,2011,2036]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chlorotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6BFFA74731F834FDE91980" box="[367,560,2011,2036]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Elysia chlorotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeds on at least two species of the heterokont alga
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6BFFA742D3F834FB261980" box="[1165,1279,2011,2036]" class="Xanthophyceae" family="Vaucheriaceae" genus="Vaucheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Vaucheriales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6BFFA742D3F834FB261980" box="[1165,1279,2011,2036]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Vaucheria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6BFFA7434FF833FA411987" box="[1297,1432,2012,2035]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">V. c o m pa c t a</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6AFFA64695FF76FEED1EC4" box="[203,308,151,176]" class="Xanthophyceae" family="Vaucheriaceae" genus="Vaucheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Vaucheriales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="litorea">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6AFFA64695FF76FEED1EC4" box="[203,308,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">V. litorea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and may be cultured in the laboratory on the latter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6AFFA645E4FF77FB581EC4" author="West" box="[954,1153,151,176]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="West, H. H., Harrigan, J. F. & Pierce, S. K. (1984) Hybridization of two populations of a marine opisthobranch with different developmental patterns. The Veliger, 26, 199 - 206." type="journal article" year="1984">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6AFFA645E4FF77FC2A1EC4" box="[954,1011,152,176]" country="Tanzania" name="Mjini Magharibi" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">West</collectingRegion>
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6AFFA645A0FF76FBE21EC4" box="[1022,1083,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1984
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6AFFA642CFFF78FA481EC4" author="Pelletreau" box="[1169,1425,151,176]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Pelletreau, K. N., Worful, J. M., Sarver, K. E. & Rumpho, M. E. (2012) Laboratory culturing of Elysia chlorotica reveals a shift from transient to permanent kleptoplasty. Symbiosis, 2012, 1 - 12. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13199 - 012 - 0192 - 0" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Pelletreau
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6AFFA64352FF76FA901EC4" box="[1292,1353,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although also reported to feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6AFFA64474FF53FC881EA1" authority="Clark 1975" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1975" box="[554,849,188,213]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Cladophoraceae" genus="Cladophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cladophorales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6AFFA64474FF53FD681EA1" box="[554,689,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Cladophora</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6AFFA6449DFF53FC901EA1" author="Clark" box="[707,841,188,213]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Clark, K. B. (1975) Nudibranch life cycles in the northwest Atlantic and their relationship to the ecology of fouling communities. Helgolander Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 27, 28 - 69. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01611686" type="journal article" year="1975">Clark 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, no supporting data were published. At least three independent radiations onto
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6AFFA647B6FF30FD831E8C" box="[488,602,223,248]" class="Xanthophyceae" family="Vaucheriaceae" genus="Vaucheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Vaucheriales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6AFFA647B6FF30FD831E8C" box="[488,602,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Vaucheria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have thus occurred in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6AFFA64526FF30FC201E8C" box="[888,1017,223,248]" class="Gastropoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Mollusca" rank="order">Sacoglossa</taxonomicName>
|
||
: the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6AFFA642D6FF30FB051E8C" box="[1160,1244,223,248]" class="Gastropoda" family="Limapontiidae" genus="Alderia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6AFFA642D6FF30FB051E8C" box="[1160,1244,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Alderia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, one lineage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6AFFA646C9FEEBFECC1F69" box="[151,277,260,285]" class="Gastropoda" family="Limapontiidae" genus="Costasiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6AFFA646C9FEEBFECC1F69" box="[151,277,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Costasiella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2 spp.;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6AFFA647DCFEEAFD831F68" author="Jensen" box="[386,602,260,285]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Jensen, K. R., Krug, P. J., Dupont, A. & Nishina, M. (2014) A review of taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships in the genus Costasiella (Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with a description of a new species. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 80, 562 - 574." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Jensen
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6AFFA64789FEEAFDCA1F69" box="[471,531,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6AFFA644FAFEEAFCE01F69" box="[676,825,260,285]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chlorotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6AFFA644FAFEEAFCE01F69" box="[676,825,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">E. chlorotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6AFFA645D1FEEBFBD81F69" box="[911,1025,260,285]" class="Xanthophyceae" family="Vaucheriaceae" genus="Vaucheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Vaucheriales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6AFFA645D1FEEBFBD81F69" box="[911,1025,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Vaucheria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. grow in the intertidal zone of estuaries, a stressful environment with low salinities that may impede adaptive shifts onto
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6AFFA642D5FEC8FB231F34" box="[1163,1274,295,320]" class="Xanthophyceae" family="Vaucheriaceae" genus="Vaucheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Vaucheriales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6AFFA642D5FEC8FB231F34" box="[1163,1274,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Vaucheria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7C9C9FF39C6AFFA646C9FBBEFDCA1AF1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256964/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" targetBox="[193,1394,380,1075]" targetPageId="37">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6AFFA646C9FBBEFDCA1AF1" blockId="37.[151,1436,1105,1157]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6AFFA646C9FBBEFEFA1A13" bold="true" box="[151,291,1105,1127]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">FIGURE 16.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6AFFA64772FBBEFE051A13" box="[300,476,1105,1127]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chlorotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6AFFA64772FBBEFE051A13" box="[300,476,1105,1127]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Elysia chlorotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, drawing of the pericardium and dorsal vessel network traced from a photograph of a live animal from Martha’s Vineyard, MA.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="7C9C9FF39C6AFFA646C9F847FE7C19A9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256965/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" targetBox="[151,1436,1207,1938]" targetPageId="37">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6AFFA646C9F847FE7C19A9" blockId="37.[151,1436,1960,2013]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6AFFA646C9F847FEF919CA" bold="true" box="[151,288,1960,1982]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">FIGURE 17.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6AFFA64778F847FE0A19CA" box="[294,467,1960,1982]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chlorotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6AFFA64778F847FE0A19CA" box="[294,467,1960,1982]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Elysia chlorotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, SEM of the radula (LACM 178597).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6AFFA64502F847FCAC19CA" bold="true" box="[860,885,1960,1982]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">A,</emphasis>
|
||
Radula, without ascus.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6AFFA64236F847FBA619CA" bold="true" box="[1128,1151,1960,1982]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">B,</emphasis>
|
||
Leading tooth.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6AFFA6437FF847FAEA19CA" bold="true" box="[1313,1331,1960,1982]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">C</emphasis>
|
||
, Close-up of cusp showing denticles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C69FFA54699FF78FD3C1F69" blockId="38.[151,1436,151,1256]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA54699FF78FDD31EC4" bold="true" box="[199,522,151,176]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Phylogenetic relationships.</emphasis>
|
||
Known from the temperate to subtropical northwestern Atlantic,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C69FFA54359FF76FA451EC4" box="[1287,1436,151,176]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chlorotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA54359FF76FA451EC4" box="[1287,1436,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">E. chlorotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grouped within subclade 2 as sister to the seagrass-feeding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C69FFA5450BFF52FC6C1EA0" box="[853,949,189,212]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="serca">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA5450BFF52FC6C1EA0" box="[853,949,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">E. serca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with strong support. However, the North Atlantic seagrass-feeding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C69FFA547E2FF0EFDF41E8C" box="[444,557,223,248]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Placobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="catulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA547E2FF0EFDF41E8C" box="[444,557,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">E. catulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not available for phylogenetic analysis, and may be more closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C69FFA546EAFEEAFED61F68" box="[180,271,261,284]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="serca">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA546EAFEEAFED61F68" box="[180,271,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">E. serca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C69FFA54712FEEAFE071F69" box="[332,478,260,285]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chlorotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA54712FEEAFE071F69" box="[332,478,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">E. chlorotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, requiring future study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60F99CF09C69FFA54699FEC8FF061FD8" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C69FFA54699FEC8FF061FD8" blockId="38.[151,1436,151,1256]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA54699FEC8FEC31F34" bold="true" box="[199,282,295,320]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Range.</emphasis>
|
||
Nova Scotia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C69FFA5479AFEC8FD301F34" author="Bailey" box="[452,745,295,320]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Bailey, K. & Bleakney, J. S. (1967) First Canadian report of the sacoglossan Elysia chlorotica Gould. The Veliger, 9, 353 - 354." type="journal article" year="1967">Bailey & Bleakney 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C69FFA544A6FEC8FBE61F34" author="Raymond" box="[760,1087,295,320]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Raymond, B. G. & Bleakney, J. S. (1987) The radula and ascus of Elysia chlorotica Gould (Opisthobranchia: Ascoglossa). The Veliger, 29, 245 - 250." type="journal article" year="1987">Raymond & Bleakney 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C69FFA54208FEC8FB211F34" box="[1110,1272,295,320]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C69FFA54354FEC8FA4E1F34" author="Gould" box="[1290,1431,295,320]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Gould, A. A. (1870) Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts. Wright & Potter, Boston, v + 524, pls. 16 - 27." type="journal article" year="1870">Gould 1870</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C69FFA546C9FEA3FEFB1F10" author="Verrill" box="[151,290,332,357]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1874) VII. - Report upon the invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound and adjacent waters, with an account of the physical features of the region. Extracted from the Report of Professor S. F. Baird, Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, on the Condition of the Sea-Fisheries of the South Coast of New England in 1871 and 1872. Govermemnet Printing Office, Washington, 478 pp + 38 pls." type="book" year="1874">Verrill 1874</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C69FFA5476EFEA3FE1E1F11" author="Russell" box="[304,455,332,357]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Russell, H. D. (1946) Ecologic notes concerning Elysia chlorotica, Gould and Stiliger fuscata, Gould. The Nautilus, 59, 95 - 97." type="journal article" year="1946">Russell 1946</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C69FFA5478AFEA3FDC91F11" author="Russell" box="[468,528,332,357]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Russell, H. D. (1964) New England nudibranchs notes. The Nautilus, 78, 37 - 42." type="journal article" year="1964">1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C69FFA5447BFEA2FD701F11" box="[549,681,333,357]" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C69FFA5443DFEA2FD701F11" box="[611,681,333,357]" name="Jersey" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Jersey</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C69FFA544E4FEA3FC991F10" author="Franz" box="[698,832,332,356]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Franz, D. R. (1970) Zoogeography of Northwest Atlantic opisthobranch molluscs. Marine Biology, 7, 71 - 80. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00354923" type="journal article" year="1970">Franz 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C69FFA5450BFEA3FC051F11" box="[853,988,332,357]" country="United States of America" name="Connecticut" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Connecticut</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C69FFA545B3FEA3FBA81F11" author="Clark" box="[1005,1137,332,357]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Clark, K. B. (1975) Nudibranch life cycles in the northwest Atlantic and their relationship to the ecology of fouling communities. Helgolander Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 27, 28 - 69. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01611686" type="journal article" year="1975">Clark 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C69FFA542D6FEA3FB2C1F11" box="[1160,1269,332,357]" country="United States of America" name="Maryland" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Maryland</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C69FFA5435BFEA3FF0A1FFC" author="Pfitzenmeyer" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Pfitzenmeyer, H. T. (1960) Notes on the nudibranch, Elysia chlorotica, from Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. Chesapeake Science, 1, 114 - 115. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1350929" type="journal article" year="1960">Pfitzenmeyer 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C69FFA546B8FE80FE491FFC" box="[230,400,367,392]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
North
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C69FFA54771FE80FE491FFC" box="[303,400,367,392]" country="Puerto Rico" name="Carolina" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C69FFA547C0FE80FDE81FFC" author="Abbott" box="[414,561,367,392]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Abbott, R. T. (1974) American Seashells, 2 nd Ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 663 pp. Baba, K. (1938) Opisthobranchia of Kii, Middle Japan. Journal of the Department of Agriculture of the Kyusyu Imperial University, 6, 1 - 19." type="book chapter" year="1974">Abbott 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C69FFA5441BFE80FD371FFC" box="[581,750,367,392]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C69FFA5441BFE80FD5F1FFC" box="[581,646,367,392]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">South</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C69FFA544D3FE80FD371FFC" box="[653,750,367,392]" country="Puerto Rico" name="Carolina" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C69FFA544A2FE9FFC501FFC" author="Eyster" box="[764,905,368,392]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Eyster, L. S. (1980) Distribution and reproduction of shell-less opisthobranchs from South Carolina. Bulletin of Marine Science, 30, 580 - 599." type="journal article" year="1980">Eyster 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C69FFA545C2FE80FC341FFC" box="[924,1005,367,392]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C69FFA545A2FE9FFB341FFC" author="Jensen" box="[1020,1261,367,392]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Jensen, K. R. & Clark, K. N. (1983) Annotated checklist of Florida ascoglossan Opisthobranchia. The Nautilus, 97, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1983">Jensen & Clark 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C69FFA5435FFE9FFA9B1FF3" box="[1281,1346,368,391]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C69FFA5430FFE9FFF0A1FD8" author="Boone" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Boone, C. E. (1982) More on Elysia from Texas. Texas Conchologist, 18, 29 - 38." type="journal article" year="1982">Boone 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60F99CF09C69FFA54699FE58FCAB1A9C" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C69FFA54699FE58FE1E1D43" blockId="38.[151,1436,151,1256]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA54699FE58FEE21FA4" bold="true" box="[199,315,439,464]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Sacoglossans in the clade Plakobranchoidea have long been studied for kleptoplasty, the maintenance of diet-derived plastids in their body tissues for several weeks. A few species exhibit “long-term retention” of plastids for over a month (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C69FFA54430FE10FCC31C6C" box="[622,794,511,536]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA54430FE10FCC31C6C" box="[622,794,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Elysia crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C69FFA54572FDEEFC4F1C6C" box="[812,918,511,536]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="timida">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA54572FDEEFC4F1C6C" box="[812,918,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">E. timida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C69FFA545F6FE10FB8B1C6C" box="[936,1106,511,536]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Plakobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA545F6FE10FB8B1C6C" box="[936,1106,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Plakobranchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C69FFA542C2FE10FA481C6C" author="Handeler" box="[1180,1425,511,536]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Handeler, K., Grzymbowski, Y. P., Krug, P. J. & Wagele, H. (2009) Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells: A unique evolutionary strategy in animal life. Frontiers in Zoology, 6, 28. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1742 - 9994 - 6 - 28" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Händeler
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA54353FDEEFA901C6C" box="[1293,1353,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Exceptionally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C69FFA54717FDCAFE3C1C49" box="[329,485,548,573]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chlorotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA54717FDCAFE3C1C49" box="[329,485,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">E. chlorotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may retain functional chloroplasts for up to nine months, and is the only photosynthetic species with an overall green color due to ramifying digestive diverticula and associated cells harboring plastids (Pierce & Curtis 2012 and references therein). Other long-term retention species may shelter plastids from high sunlight, covering the digestive gland with white or colored parapodia to prevent burn-out of nuclear-encoded proteins from the light-harvesting complex; alternatively, long-term retainers may specialize on algae that still have key genes encoded by the plastid genome (deVries
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA54594FD36FBDD1C84" box="[970,1028,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013). Regardless, the ability of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C69FFA543DAFD36FED01D61" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chlorotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA543DAFD36FED01D61" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">E. chlorotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to remain green over its entire surface for most of its life is unique even among sacoglossans, prompting special focus on this taxon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C69FFA54699FCAAFCAB1A9C" blockId="38.[151,1436,151,1256]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Recent transcriptomic analysis suggested at least 52 genes from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C69FFA54247FCABFB511D29" box="[1049,1160,836,861]" class="Xanthophyceae" family="Vaucheriaceae" genus="Vaucheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Vaucheriales" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA54247FCABFB511D29" box="[1049,1160,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Vaucheria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nuclear genome were horizontally transferred into the genome of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C69FFA544DCFC86FCCD1DF4" box="[642,788,871,896]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chlorotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA544DCFC86FCCD1DF4" box="[642,788,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">E. chlorotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and expressed in adult cells harboring plastids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C69FFA54366FC88FF211DD0" author="Pierce" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Pierce, S. K., Curtis, N. E. & Schwartz, J. A. (2009) Chlorophyll a synthesis by an animal using transferred algal nuclear genes. Symbiosis, 49, 121 - 131. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13199 - 009 - 0044 - 8" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Pierce
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA543D6FC86FF6D1DD1" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2012;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C69FFA5470EFC63FD9A1DD0" author="Schwartz" box="[336,579,908,933]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Schwartz, J. A., Curtis, N. E., & Pierce, S. K. (2014) FISH labeling reveals a horizontally transferred algal (Vaucheria litorea) nuclear gene on a sea slug (Elysia chlorotica) chromosome. Biological Bulletin, 227, 300 - 312." type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Schwartz
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA5479FFC62FE251DD1" box="[449,508,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Another study failed to detect algal genes in genomic sequences derived from slug eggs, but confirmed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C69FFA54441FC40FD481DBC" box="[543,657,943,968]" class="Xanthophyceae" family="Vaucheriaceae" genus="Vaucheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Vaucheriales" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA54441FC40FD481DBC" box="[543,657,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Vaucheria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genes were expressed in adult slugs, suggesting algal genes persist as non-integrated or extra-chromosomal DNA after initial feeding (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C69FFA5453BFC3BFBA51D98" author="Bhattacharya" box="[869,1148,980,1005]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Bhattacharya, D., Pelletreau, K. N., Price, D. C., Sarver, K. E. & Rumpho, M. E. (2013). Genome analysis of Elysia chlorotica egg DNA provides no evidence for horizontal gene transfer into the germ line of this kleptoplastic mollusc. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30, 1843 - 1852. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / molbev / mst 084" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Bhattacharya
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA5425FFC3AFBE01D99" box="[1025,1081,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Current evidence is thus consistent with facilitation of long-term retention by expression of algal nuclear genes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C69FFA542F9FC16FAE21A64" box="[1191,1339,1015,1040]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chlorotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA542F9FC16FAE21A64" box="[1191,1339,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">E. chlorotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the mechanism remains unclear. Recent work showed that after juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C69FFA545C6FBF2FBF01A41" box="[920,1065,1052,1077]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chlorotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA545C6FBF2FBF01A41" box="[920,1065,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">E. chlorotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were allowed to establish plastid symbiosis for 4 weeks, those held under partial or constant light survived and delayed the loss of body mass for two months without subsequent feeding, whereas slugs held in the dark shrank linearly for a month and then began dying (Pelletreau
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C69FFA5473DFB66FE471AD4" box="[355,414,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014). Transfer of lipids biosynthesized by photosynthetically active plastids to the slug was key to the establishment and maintenance of kleptoplasty, and to long-term slug survival without food, highlighting a mechanism by which this symbiosis may function.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |