2325 lines
319 KiB
XML
2325 lines
319 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="B894FD5AA96F107007E10F1852201B5C">Molecular and morphological systematics of Elysia Risso, 1818 (Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa) from the Caribbean region</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="DEED417A64C2F2269A59014EB41AD9D2">Vendetti, Jann E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="132A168FDBB554A7D40C23446F2B5DFB">Valdés, Ángel</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="A04A7E6D9C59FFA046C9FC88FEE91C6C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5664176" ID-GBIF-Taxon="123514831" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5664176" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A04A7E6D9C59FFA046C9FC88FEE91C6C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A04A7E6D9C59FFA046C9FC88FEE91C6C" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<subSubSection id="60F99CF09C59FF9546C9FC88FE501DD7" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C59FF9546C9FC88FE371DF6" blockId="22.[151,494,871,931]" box="[151,494,871,898]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<heading id="731478179C59FF9546C9FC88FE371DF6" bold="true" box="[151,494,871,898]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C59FF9546C9FC88FE371DF6" ID-CoL="6F5YP" authority="Morch, 1863" authorityName="Morch" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,494,871,898]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
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||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF9546C9FC88FE371DF6" bold="true" box="[151,494,871,898]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF9546C9FC88FE901DF5" bold="true" box="[151,329,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Elysia crispata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF95470EFC87FE371DF6" author="Morch" box="[336,494,872,898]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Morch, O. A. L. (1863) Contributions a la faune malacologique des Antilles danoises. Journal de Conchyliologie, 11, 21 - 43." type="journal article" year="1863">Mörch, 1863</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C59FF9546C9FC65FE501DD7" blockId="22.[151,494,871,931]" box="[151,393,906,931]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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(
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<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C59FF9546C1FC65FF371DD7" box="[159,238,906,931]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1859,1881]" captionTargetBox="[222,1338,197,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[222,1338,193,1823]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic hypothesis for family Plakobranchidae rooted on genus Bosellia (not shown) to illustrate relationships within the genera Elysia, Plakobranchus and Thuridilla. Topology and branch lengths are from Maximum Likelihood analysis of concatenated DNA sequences (2,807 bp total) representing portions of two mitochondrial (COI, 16 S) and two nuclear (H 3, 28 S) genes. Significant support values are given as ML bootstrap percentages (below branch), or BI posterior probabilities (above branch); asterisk = 1.0 or 100 % support. Species discussed in this study are bolded. Triangle denotes presence of a penial stylet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256950/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
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,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C59FF9546A4FC65FED11DD7" box="[250,264,906,931]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1510,1532]" captionTargetBox="[239,1350,338,1481]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[235,1352,337,1489]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 6. Penial morphology of some species examined. A, Elysia ornata (LACM 178583). B – E, Elysia crispata (LACM 178640) (B); (LACM 178641) (C); (LACM 2004.5.1) (D); (isolate Ecri _ 10 LKS 03) (E). F, Elysia chlorotica (LACM 178597). G – H, Elysia patina (LACM 178650) (G); (LACM 178651) (H). I, Elysia flava (LACM 178626). J, Elysia subornata (LACM 178629). K, Elysia canguzua (LACM 178644). L, Elysia serca (CPIC 00027). M, Elysia evelinae (MZUCR INB 0003312779). N, Elysia velutinus (LACM 178642), O, Elysia papillosa (LACM 178607). P, Elysia cornigera (LACM 173227). Q, Elysia marcusi (LACM 178647), R, Elysia pratensis (CPIC 00068). S, Elysia zuleicae (LACM 178656). Abbreviations: bw, body wall; dd, deferent duct; pe, penis; s, stylet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256952/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">6</figureCitation>
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||
B–E, 9–14)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="60F99CF09C59FF9546C9FC3DFB9F1B86" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C59FF9546C9FC3DFB331D9C" blockId="22.[151,1437,978,1522]" box="[151,1258,978,1000]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="08F3E8559C59FF9546C9FC3DFB331D9C" box="[151,1258,978,1000]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C59FF9546C9FC3DFE9D1D9C" box="[151,324,978,1000]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Tridachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ornata">
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||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF9546C9FC3DFE9D1D9C" box="[151,324,978,1000]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Tridachia ornata</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
[non
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C59FF954720FC3DFD671D9C" ID-CoL="6F5ZX" authority="Swainson, 1840" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1840" box="[382,702,978,1000]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ornata">
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||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF954720FC3DFDD11D9C" box="[382,520,978,1000]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Elysia ornata</emphasis>
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||
(
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||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF95444AFC3DFD6E1D9C" author="Swainson" box="[532,695,978,1000]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Swainson, W. (1840) A treatise on Malacology. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans and John Taylor, London, viii + 419 pp., frontispiece." type="book" year="1840">
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<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C59FF95444AFC3DFDA31D9C" box="[532,634,978,1000]" country="American Samoa" name="Swains Island" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Swainson</collectingRegion>
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, 1840
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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]—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF954480FC3DFC551D9C" author="White" box="[734,908,978,1000]" page="118" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1952">
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<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF954480FC3DFC851D9C" author="White" box="[734,860,978,1000]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="White, K. M. (1952) On a collection of molluscs from the Dry Tortugas, Florida. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 29, 106 - 120." type="journal article" year="1952">White 1952</bibRefCitation>
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: 118
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
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–120, text figs. 19–20, pl. 6, fig. 6.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C59FF9546C9FC1EFC011A73" blockId="22.[151,1437,978,1522]" box="[151,984,1009,1031]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C59FF9546C9FC1EFE2A1A73" ID-CoL="6F5YP" authority="Morch" authorityName="Morch" box="[151,499,1009,1031]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata" subGenus="Tridachia">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF9546C9FC1EFE701A73" box="[151,425,1009,1031]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Elysia (Tridachia) crispata</emphasis>
|
||
Mörch
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
aff. Ørsted 1863: 40 (
|
||
<typeStatus id="F75871D99C59FF95448CFC1EFCDF1A73" box="[722,774,1009,1031]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Type</typeStatus>
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||
Locality: St. Croix).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C59FF9546C9FBFFFD2A1AF6" blockId="22.[151,1437,978,1522]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="08F3E8559C59FF9546C9FBFFFD2A1AF6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C59FF9546C9FBFFFEA31A52" ID-CoL="6F5YP" authority="Morch" authorityName="Morch" box="[151,378,1040,1062]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF9546C9FBFFFEF61A52" box="[151,303,1040,1062]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Elysia crispata</emphasis>
|
||
Mörch
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
aff. Ørsted 1863—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF954463FBFFFD3F1A52" author="Clark" box="[573,742,1040,1062]" page="904" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1994">
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<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF954463FBFFFD6A1A52" author="Clark" box="[573,691,1040,1062]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Clark, K. B. (1994) Ascoglossan (= Sacoglossa) molluscs in the Florida Keys: Rare marine invertebrates at special risk. Bulletin of Marine Science, 54, 900 - 916." type="journal article" year="1994">Clark 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
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: 904
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
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;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF9544AFFBFFFC681A52" author="Redfern" box="[753,945,1040,1062]" page="162" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="2001">
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<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF9544AFFBFFFC591A52" author="Redfern" box="[753,896,1040,1062]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Redfern, C. (2001) Bahamian Seashells, A Thousand Species from Abaco, Bahamas. Bahamiamseashells. com, Inc., Boca Raton, ix, 280 pp." type="book" year="2001">Redfern 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 162
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs. 670;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF95427CFBFFFAE31A52" author="Espinosa" box="[1058,1338,1040,1062]" page="44" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="2001">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF95427CFBFFFACA1A52" author="Espinosa" box="[1058,1299,1040,1062]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Espinosa, J. & Ortea, J. (2001) Moluscos del Mar Caribe de Costa Rica: Desde Cahuita hasta Gandoca. Avicennia, suplemento 4, 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="2001">Espinosa & Ortea 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
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: 44
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF95431AFBFFFE8E1A30" author="Collin" page="690" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="2005">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF95431AFBFFFEF81A30" author="Collin" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Collin, R., Diaz, M. C., Norenburg, J. L., Rocha, R. M., Sanchez, J. A., Schulze, A., Schwartz, M. & Valdes, A. (2005) Photographic identification guide to some common marine invertebrates of Bocas Del Toro, Panama. Caribbean Journal of Science, 41, 638 - 707." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Collin
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF9543D4FBFEFF3B1A30" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 690
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; Espinosa
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF954792FBDFFDDA1A30" box="[460,515,1070,1093]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005: 56, fig. 339;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF954483FBC1FC121A30" author="Valdes" box="[733,971,1070,1093]" page="62" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="2006">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF954483FBC1FC7B1A30" author="Valdes" box="[733,930,1070,1093]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Valdes, A., Hamann, J., Behrens, D. W. & DuPont, A. (2006) Caribbean Sea Slugs: A field guide to the opisthobranch mollusks from the tropical northwestern Atlantic. Sea Challengers Natural History Books, Etc., Gig Harbor, 289 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Valdés
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF954575FBDFFCBB1A30" box="[811,866,1070,1093]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 62
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–63;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF95425EFBC1FB1E1A30" author="Redfern" box="[1024,1223,1070,1092]" page="282" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="2013">
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<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF95425EFBC1FB4B1A30" author="Redfern" box="[1024,1170,1070,1092]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Redfern, C. (2013) Bahamian Seashells, 1161 Species from Abaco, Bahamas. Bahamiamseashells. com, Inc., Boca Raton, viii + 501 pp." type="book" year="2013">Redfern 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 282
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–283, figs. 784A–C;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF954699FBA2FDE11A17" author="Zamora-Silva" box="[199,568,1101,1123]" page="366" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="2012">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF954699FBA2FDDE1A17" author="Zamora-Silva" box="[199,519,1101,1123]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Zamora-Silva, A. & Ortigosa, D. (2012) Nuevos registros de opistobranquios en el Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 83, 359 - 369." type="journal article" year="2012">Zamora-Silva & Ortigosa 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 366
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 2H.;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF9544C1FBA2FCA81A17" author="Handeler" box="[671,881,1101,1123]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Handeler, K., Grzymbowski, Y. P., Krug, P. J. & Wagele, H. (2009) Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells: A unique evolutionary strategy in animal life. Frontiers in Zoology, 6, 28. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1742 - 9994 - 6 - 28" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Händeler
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF95455CFBA1FCEC1A17" box="[770,821,1101,1123]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs. 6, 7; Krug 2009: 362–365, figs. 4D, 6; Christa
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF9543D4FBA1FF3B1AF6" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014: fig. 3;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF954734FB82FD9C1AF6" author="Krug" box="[362,581,1132,1154]" page="990" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="2015">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF954734FB82FDCA1AF6" author="Krug" box="[362,531,1132,1154]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Krug, P. J., Vendetti, J. E., Ellingson, R. A., Trowbridge, C. D., Hirano, Y. M., Trathen, D. Y., Rodriguez, A. K., Swennen, C., Wilson, N. G. & Valdes, A. (2015) Species selection favors dispersive life histories in sea slugs, but higher per-offspring investment drives shifts to short-lived larvae. Systematic Biology, 64, 983 - 999. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syv 046" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Krug
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF9547FAFB82FE011AF6" box="[420,472,1132,1154]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 990
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–991, figs. 3B, 4.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C59FF9546C9FB65FBB51B6F" blockId="22.[151,1437,978,1522]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="08F3E8559C59FF9546C9FB65FBB51B6F" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C59FF9546C9FB65FE8B1AD4" ID-CoL="7D4BB" box="[151,338,1162,1184]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Tridachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF9546C9FB65FE8B1AD4" box="[151,338,1162,1184]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Tridachia crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Mörch aff. Ørsted, 1863)—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF95442BFB65FCC71AD4" author="Engel" box="[629,798,1162,1184]" page="115" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1927">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF95442BFB65FD341AD4" author="Engel" box="[629,749,1162,1184]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Engel, H. (1927) Westindische opisthobranchiate Mollusken. Bijdragen tot de kennis der fauna van Curacao. Resultaten eener Reis van Dr. C. J. van der Horst in 1920. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde Aflevering, 24, 83 - 122." type="journal article" year="1927">Engel 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 115
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 32;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF954529FB64FB3D1AD4" author="Ev" box="[887,1252,1162,1184]" page="153" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1960">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF954529FB64FB6C1AD4" author="Ev" box="[887,1205,1162,1184]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Marcus, Ev. & Marcus, Er. (1960) Opisthobranchs from American Atlantic warm waters. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, 10, 129 - 203." type="journal article" year="1960">Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 153
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–159, figs. 36–43;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF954699FB45FDE51ACB" author="Ev" box="[199,572,1193,1215]" page="461" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1962">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF954699FB45FDD21ACB" author="Ev" box="[199,523,1193,1215]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Marcus, Ev. & Marcus, Er. (1962) Opisthobranchs from Florida and the Virgin Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, 12, 450 - 488." type="journal article" year="1962">Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 461
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–463, figs. 7–8;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF9544BAFB45FB941ACB" author="Ev" box="[740,1101,1193,1215]" page="33" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1967">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF9544BAFB45FBF01ACB" author="Ev" box="[740,1065,1193,1215]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Marcus, Ev. & Marcus, Er. (1967) Tropical American opisthobranchs. Studies in Tropical Oceanography, 6, 1 - 137." type="journal article" year="1967">Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 33
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–34, text fig. 38, pl. 1, figs. 7–8;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF954699FB26FDEB1AAA" author="Ev" box="[199,562,1224,1246]" page="23" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1963">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF954699FB26FDD41AAA" author="Ev" box="[199,525,1224,1246]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Marcus, Ev. & Marcus, Er. (1963) Opisthobranchs from the Lesser Antilles. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 19, 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1963">Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 23
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–24;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF954438FB26FC0D1AAA" author="Er" box="[614,980,1224,1246]" page="50" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1970">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF954438FB26FC751AAA" author="Er" box="[614,940,1224,1246]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Marcus, Er. & Marcus, Ev. (1970) Opisthobranchs from Curacao and faunistically related regions. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 33, 1 - 129." type="journal article" year="1970">Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 50
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF9545BEFB27FB531AAA" author="Bandel" box="[992,1162,1224,1246]" page="96" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1976">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF9545BEFB27FBBC1AAA" author="Bandel" box="[992,1125,1224,1246]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Bandel, K. (1976) Egg masses of 27 Caribbean opisthobranchs from Santa Marta, Columbia. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 11, 87 - 118. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650527609360498" type="journal article" year="1976">Bandel 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 96
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–97, fig. 9 (egg mass);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF954325FB26FE571A88" author="Ev" page="128" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1976">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF954325FB26FE841A88" author="Ev" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Marcus, Ev. (1976 b) Opisthobranchia von Santa Marta, Colombia. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 11, 119 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650527609360499" type="journal article" year="1976" yearSuffix="b">Ev. Marcus 1976b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 128
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–129;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF954791FB08FCFD1A88" author="Ev" box="[463,804,1254,1276]" page="509" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1974">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF954791FB08FD291A88" author="Ev" box="[463,752,1254,1276]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Marcus, Ev. & Hughes, H. P. I. (1974) Opisthobranch mollusks from Barbados. Bulletin of Marine Science, 24, 498 - 532." type="journal article" year="1974">Ev. Marcus & Hughes 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 509
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs. 21–22;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF9545EEFB09FB531A88" author="Thompson" box="[944,1162,1254,1276]" page="131" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1977">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF9545EEFB09FB831A88" author="Thompson" box="[944,1114,1254,1276]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Thompson, T. E. (1977) Jamaican opisthobranch molluscs I. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 43, 93 - 140, pls. 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1977">Thompson 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 131
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–132, figs. 22f, 28a–b;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF954325FB08FEAC1B6F" author="Ev" page="75" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1980">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF954325FB08FE961B6F" author="Ev" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Marcus, Ev. (1980) Review of western Atlantic Elysiidae (Opisthobranchia Ascoglossa) with a description of a new Elysia species. Bulletin of Marine Science, 30, 54 - 79." type="journal article" year="1980">Ev. Marcus 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 75
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF9547DEFAE9FDA81B6F" author="Jensen" box="[384,625,1285,1307]" page="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1983">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF9547DEFAE9FD801B6F" author="Jensen" box="[384,601,1285,1307]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Jensen, K. R. & Clark, K. N. (1983) Annotated checklist of Florida ascoglossan Opisthobranchia. The Nautilus, 97, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1983">Jensen & Clark 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 6
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 2A;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF95448EFAE9FC7F1B6F" author="Hess" box="[720,934,1285,1307]" page="161" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1994">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF95448EFAE9FCAE1B6F" author="Hess" box="[720,887,1285,1307]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Hess, D. F., Abbott, R. T., Hanlon, R. T., Hamann, J., Meyer, K., Millen, S. & Gosliner, T. M. (1994) Chapter 9 - Marine molluscs of the Cayman Islands. In: Brunt, M. A. & Davies, J. E. (Eds), The Cayman Islands, Natural History and Biogeography. Monographiae Biologicae, Vol. 71, pp. 139 - 189." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Hess
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF954556FAE9FCE21B6F" box="[776,827,1285,1307]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 161
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–162, figs. 9.5–9.6.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C59FF9546C9FACBFBC21B4E" blockId="22.[151,1437,978,1522]" box="[151,1051,1316,1338]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="08F3E8559C59FF9546C9FACBFBC21B4E" box="[151,1051,1316,1338]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C59FF9546C9FACBFD331B4E" ID-CoL="5NQDL" authority="Morch 1863: 40" authorityName="Morch" authorityPageNumber="40" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,746,1316,1338]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="variety" species="crispata" subGenus="Tridachia" variety="schiadura">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF9546C9FACBFE701B4E" box="[151,425,1316,1338]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Elysia (Tridachia) crispata</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF954785FACBFD991B4E" box="[475,576,1316,1338]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">schiadura</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF954418FACBFD331B4E" author="Morch" box="[582,746,1316,1338]" page="40" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1863">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF954418FACBFD1F1B4E" author="Morch" box="[582,710,1316,1338]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Morch, O. A. L. (1863) Contributions a la faune malacologique des Antilles danoises. Journal de Conchyliologie, 11, 21 - 43." type="journal article" year="1863">Mörch 1863</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 40
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–41 (
|
||
<typeStatus id="F75871D99C59FF954542FACBFC891B4E" box="[796,848,1316,1338]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: St. Croix).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C59FF9546C9FAADFADA1B2C" blockId="22.[151,1437,978,1522]" box="[151,1283,1346,1368]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="08F3E8559C59FF9546C9FAADFADA1B2C" box="[151,1283,1346,1368]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C59FF9546C9FAADFD681B2C" ID-CoL="58NHG" authority="Orsted & Morch in Morch 1863: 41" authorityName="Orsted & Morch in Morch" authorityPageNumber="41" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,689,1346,1368]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="schrammi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF9546C9FAADFE991B2C" box="[151,320,1346,1368]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Elysia schrammi</emphasis>
|
||
Ørsted & Mörch
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF9547AAFAACFDD11B2C" box="[500,520,1347,1368]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">in</emphasis>
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C59FF954450FAADFD681B2C" author="Morch" box="[526,689,1346,1368]" page="41" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" year="1863">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF954450FAADFD571B2C" author="Morch" box="[526,654,1346,1368]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Morch, O. A. L. (1863) Contributions a la faune malacologique des Antilles danoises. Journal de Conchyliologie, 11, 21 - 43." type="journal article" year="1863">Mörch 1863</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 41
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Type locality: Guadeloupe)—Er. Marcus 1957: 415–416.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C59FF9546C9FA8EFE6E1BE2" blockId="22.[151,1437,978,1522]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C59FF9546C9FA8EFDEE1B03" authority="Er. Marcus 1957: 416" authorityName="Er. Marcus" authorityPageNumber="416" authorityYear="1957" box="[151,567,1377,1399]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Tridachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="whiteae">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF9546C9FA8EFE891B03" box="[151,336,1377,1399]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Tridachia whiteae</emphasis>
|
||
Er. Marcus 1957: 416
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Type locality: Dry Tortugas)—introduced for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C59FF954243FA8EFA451B03" authority="White (1952)" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1952" box="[1053,1436,1377,1399]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Tridachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF954243FA8EFB151B03" box="[1053,1228,1377,1399]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Tridachia ornata</emphasis>
|
||
sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF95434DFA8EFA451B03" author="White" box="[1299,1436,1377,1399]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="White, K. M. (1952) On a collection of molluscs from the Dry Tortugas, Florida. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 29, 106 - 120." type="journal article" year="1952">White (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[non
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF9546A2FA6FFE741BE2" author="Swainson" box="[252,429,1408,1430]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Swainson, W. (1840) A treatise on Malacology. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans and John Taylor, London, viii + 419 pp., frontispiece." type="book" year="1840">Swainson (1840)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C59FF9546C9FA71FB9F1B86" blockId="22.[151,1437,978,1522]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C59FF9546C9FA71FE201BC0" ID-CoL="6F5YL" authority="Pierce et al. 2006: 26" authorityName="Pierce et al." authorityPageNumber="26" authorityYear="2006" box="[151,505,1438,1461]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF9546C9FA71FEC11BC0" box="[151,280,1438,1460]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Elysia clarki</emphasis>
|
||
Pierce
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF95473AFA4FFE411BC0" box="[356,408,1438,1461]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006: 26
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–36, figs. 1B, 1D, 2, 4A, 5A, 5C, 5E, 5G, 6A–B, 7 (
|
||
<typeStatus id="F75871D99C59FF954259FA71FBE21BC0" box="[1031,1083,1438,1460]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C59FF9542C5FA70FB3E1BC0" box="[1179,1255,1439,1460]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Eastern" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Eastern</collectingRegion>
|
||
end of Vaca Key,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C59FF954699FA52FEC91BA7" box="[199,272,1469,1491]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
Keys,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C59FF954703FA52FE481BA7" box="[349,401,1469,1491]" name="United States of America" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF9547FFFA52FE331BA7" bold="true" box="[417,490,1469,1491]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">n. syn.</emphasis>
|
||
; Curtis
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF95441FFA51FDA11BA7" box="[577,632,1469,1491]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006: 340–343, figs. 3–6;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF9545C9FA52FB8D1BA7" author="Curtis" box="[919,1108,1469,1491]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Curtis, N. E., Schwartz, J. A. & Pierce, S. K. (2010) Ultrastructure of sequestered chloroplasts in sacoglossan gastropods with differing abilities for plastid uptake and maintenance. Invertebrate Biology, 129, 297 - 308. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7410.2010.00206. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Curtis
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF954580FA51FBCC1BA7" box="[990,1045,1469,1491]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 299–302, figs. 1A, 1B, 2A, 3;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF954699FA33FE111B86" author="Middlebrooks" box="[199,456,1500,1522]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Middlebrooks, M. L., Pierce, S. K. & Bell, S. S. (2011) Foraging behavior under starvation conditions is altered via photosynthesis by the marine gastropod, Elysia clarki. PLOS ONE, 6, e 22162. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0022162" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Middlebrooks
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF954705FA32FE571B86" box="[347,398,1500,1522]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF95478DFA33FDD01B86" author="Middlebrooks" box="[467,521,1500,1522]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Middlebrooks, M. L., Bell, S. S., Curtis, N. E. & Pierce, S. K. (2014) Atypical plant - herbivore association of algal food and a kleptoplastic sea slug (Elysia clarki) revealed by DNA barcoding and field surveys. Marine Biology, 161, 1429 - 1440. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2431 - 9" type="journal article" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Christa
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF95443CFA32FD4C1B86" box="[610,661,1500,1522]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014: fig. 1E;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C59FF954573FA33FC391B86" author="Curtis" box="[813,992,1500,1522]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Curtis, N. E., Middlebrooks, M. L., Schwartz, J. A. & Pierce, S. K. (2015) Kleptoplastic sacoglossan species have very different capacities for plastid maintenance despite utilizing the same algal donors. Symbiosis, 65, 23 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13199 - 015 - 0317 - 3" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Curtis
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF95452FFA32FC7C1B86" box="[881,933,1500,1522]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 27, fig. 1
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60F99CF09C59FF9A46C9F9F1FA991EA1" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C59FF9546C9F9F1FA9C182F" blockId="22.[151,1437,1566,1987]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C59FF9546C9F9F1FBC31843" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291048963" box="[151,1050,1566,1591]" collectionCode="ZMUC, GAS-" location="St. Croix" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" specimenCode="GAS-1584" specimenCount="3" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF9546C9F9F1FE9D1843" bold="true" box="[151,324,1566,1591]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<typeStatus id="F75871D99C59FF9546C9F9F1FF0B1843" box="[151,210,1566,1591]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF954715F9F1FDD41842" box="[331,525,1566,1591]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C59FF954715F9F1FE481843" box="[331,401,1566,1591]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Elysia</taxonomicName>
|
||
crispata—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="3EE504F29C59FF954453F9F0FD5D1843" box="[525,644,1567,1591]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="generic" typeStatus="syntypes">3 syntypes</specimenCount>
|
||
from
|
||
<location id="2D3C99A09C59FF954496F9F0FCF51843" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A04A7E6D9C59FFA046C9FC88FEE91C6C:2D3C99A09C59FF954496F9F0FCF51843" box="[712,812,1566,1591]" name="St. Croix" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">St. Croix</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C59FF954564F9F0FC551843" box="[826,908,1567,1591]" country="Denmark" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">ZMUC</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="784567009C59FF9545CAF9F1FBC81843" box="[916,1041,1566,1591]" collectionCode="GAS-" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C59FF9545CAF9F1FC001843" box="[916,985,1566,1591]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">GAS-</collectionCode>
|
||
1584
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C59FF95427BF9F1FD5C182F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291048967" collectionCode="ZMUC, GAS-" location="St. Croix" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" specimenCode="GAS-1572" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C59FF95427BF9F1FB171842" box="[1061,1230,1566,1591]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF95427BF9F1FB171842" box="[1061,1230,1566,1591]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Elysia crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF95435BF9F1FA571843" box="[1285,1422,1566,1591]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">schiadura—</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="3EE504F29C59FF9543D0F9F0FF37182F" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="generic" typeStatus="syntype">1 syntype</specimenCount>
|
||
from
|
||
<location id="2D3C99A09C59FF95476CF9ACFE4F182F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A04A7E6D9C59FFA046C9FC88FEE91C6C:2D3C99A09C59FF95476CF9ACFE4F182F" box="[306,406,1602,1627]" name="St. Croix" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">St. Croix</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C59FF9547FBF9ACFE2E182F" box="[421,503,1603,1627]" country="Denmark" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mci8-ehqk" name="Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">ZMUC</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="784567009C59FF9547A1F9ADFDA4182F" box="[511,637,1602,1627]" collectionCode="GAS-" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C59FF9547A1F9ADFD9D182F" box="[511,580,1602,1627]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">GAS-</collectionCode>
|
||
1572
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C59FF9544CFF9ADFA9C182F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291048970" box="[657,1349,1602,1627]" collectionCode="MHNH" country="Guadeloupe" location="Guadeloupe" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" specimenCount="4" typeStatus="syntype">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF9544CFF9ADFC55182F" box="[657,908,1602,1627]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C59FF9544CFF9ADFD27182F" box="[657,766,1602,1627]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Tridachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Tridachia</taxonomicName>
|
||
schrammi—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="3EE504F29C59FF9545D2F9ACFBDA182F" box="[908,1027,1603,1627]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="generic" typeStatus="syntypes">4 syntypes</specimenCount>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C59FF954219F9ADFB17182F" box="[1095,1230,1602,1627]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Guadeloupe</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C59FF954283F9ACFAE0182F" box="[1245,1337,1603,1627]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">MHNH</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C59FF954699F989FD8718B3" blockId="22.[151,1437,1566,1987]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C59FF954699F989FE6A180B" bold="true" box="[199,435,1638,1663]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
A total of 189 specimens examined morphologically by PJK, 155 of which were also sequenced for the mitochondrial COI and nuclear H3 loci. Of these specimens, those with LACM specimen numbers range from LACM 178584–96.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C59FF954699F93CFD9819B7" blockId="22.[151,1437,1566,1987]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C59FF954699F93CFBF9189F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291048976" box="[199,1056,1746,1771]" collectingDate="2004-02-01" collectionCode="LACM" country="Panama" location="Bocas del Toro" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" specimenCode="LACM 2004-5.1" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C59FF954699F93CFEAC189E" box="[199,373,1746,1771]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C59FF9547DCF93CFE07189E" box="[386,478,1747,1770]" name="Panama" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 19
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C59FF954451F93DFD0B189F" box="[527,722,1746,1771]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2004-02-01">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C59FF954451F93DFD0B189F" box="[527,722,1746,1771]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2004-02-01">February 2004, 1</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimen (
|
||
<specimenCode id="784567009C59FF95450AF93CFBCE189F" box="[852,1047,1746,1771]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C59FF95450AF93CFC7E189F" box="[852,935,1747,1771]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
2004-5.1
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C59FF954273F93CFCFF197B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291048979" collectingDate="2010-07-03" collectionCode="LACM" country="Bahamas" location="New Providence" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" specimenCode="LACM 178588-89, LACM 178641" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="2D3C99A09C59FF954273F93CFB32189F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A04A7E6D9C59FFA046C9FC88FEE91C6C:2D3C99A09C59FF954273F93CFB32189F" box="[1069,1259,1746,1771]" country="Bahamas" name="New Providence" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">New Providence</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C59FF9542A9F93DFAB8189F" box="[1271,1377,1746,1771]" name="Bahamas" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C59FF954333F93DFF37197B" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2010-07-03">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C59FF954333F93DFF37197B" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2010-07-03">July 2010, 3</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimens (
|
||
<specimenCode id="784567009C59FF954721F918FD85197B" box="[383,604,1782,1807]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C59FF954721F918FE0B197B" box="[383,466,1783,1807]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
178588–89
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="784567009C59FF954435F918FCC6197B" box="[619,799,1782,1807]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C59FF954435F918FD65197B" box="[619,700,1783,1807]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
178641
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C59FF95456BF919FCC61947" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291048983" collectingDate="2006-03-05" collectionCode="LACM" country="Jamaica" location="Bay" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" specimenCode="LACM 178591-92, LACM 178636-37, LACM 178640" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bay">
|
||
Discovery
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C59FF9545EDF918FC38197B" box="[947,993,1783,1807]" country="Cayman Islands" name="West Bay" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Bay</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C59FF9545B1F919FB95197B" box="[1007,1100,1782,1807]" name="Jamaica" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 7
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C59FF95422DF919FAC4197B" box="[1139,1309,1782,1807]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2006-03-05">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C59FF95422DF919FAC4197B" box="[1139,1309,1782,1807]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2006-03-05">March 2006, 5</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimens (
|
||
<specimenCode id="784567009C59FF9546C0F8F4FEA01947" box="[158,377,1818,1843]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C59FF9546C0F8F4FF281947" box="[158,241,1819,1843]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
178591–92
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="784567009C59FF9547DDF8F4FD821947" box="[387,603,1818,1843]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C59FF9547DDF8F4FE0D1947" box="[387,468,1819,1843]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
178636–37
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="784567009C59FF954438F8F4FCCE1947" box="[614,791,1818,1843]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C59FF954438F8F4FD6E1947" box="[614,695,1819,1843]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
178640
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C59FF954574F8F5FBB21947" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291048988" box="[810,1131,1818,1843]" country="United States of America" location="Florida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Florida">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C59FF954574F8F5FCA71947" box="[810,894,1818,1843]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C59FF9545D6F8F4FC1C1947" box="[904,965,1819,1843]" name="United States of America" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Geiger Beach
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C59FF954228F8F4FDCE190F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291048992" collectingDate="2007-08-02" collectionCode="LACM" country="Haiti" location="Tortugas" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" specimenCode="LACM 178590, LACM 178596, LACM 178593-94" specimenCount="2">
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C59FF954228F8F4FAF81947" box="[1142,1313,1819,1843]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2007-08-02">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C59FF954228F8F4FAF81947" box="[1142,1313,1819,1843]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2007-08-02">August 2007, 2</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimens (
|
||
<specimenCode id="784567009C59FF9546C0F8D0FE8A1923" box="[158,339,1854,1879]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C59FF9546C0F8D0FF281923" box="[158,241,1855,1879]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
178590
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="784567009C59FF95473CF8D0FDCC1923" box="[354,533,1854,1879]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C59FF95473CF8D0FE6A1923" box="[354,435,1855,1879]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
178596
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
), Dry
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C59FF95443DF8D0FD1C1923" box="[611,709,1855,1879]" name="Haiti" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Tortugas</collectingCountry>
|
||
National Park, 2010,
|
||
<specimenCount id="3EE504F29C59FF954594F8D0FB811923" box="[970,1112,1854,1879]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="784567009C59FF954234F8D0FA931923" box="[1130,1354,1854,1879]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C59FF954234F8D0FB641923" box="[1130,1213,1855,1879]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
178593–94
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
), Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C59FF95447DF88CFBF419EB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291048996" collectingDate="2007-06-02" collectingDateMax="2009-10-02" collectingDateMin="2007-06-02" collectionCode="LACM" country="Haiti" location="Lake Surprise Inlet" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" specimenCode="LACM 178587, LACM 178635, LACM 178595, LACM 178638" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C59FF95447DF88CFD6B190F" box="[547,690,1891,1915]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2007-06-02">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C59FF95447DF88CFD6B190F" box="[547,690,1891,1915]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2007-06-02">June 2007, 2</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimens (
|
||
<specimenCode id="784567009C59FF954563F88CFC37190F" box="[829,1006,1890,1915]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C59FF954563F88CFC49190F" box="[829,912,1891,1915]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
178587
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="784567009C59FF9545A4F88CFB73190F" box="[1018,1194,1890,1915]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C59FF9545A4F88CFB92190F" box="[1018,1099,1891,1915]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
178635
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
),
|
||
<location id="2D3C99A09C59FF9542E0F88DFA41190F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A04A7E6D9C59FFA046C9FC88FEE91C6C:2D3C99A09C59FF9542E0F88DFA41190F" box="[1214,1432,1890,1915]" country="Haiti" name="Lake Surprise Inlet" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Lake Surprise Inlet</location>
|
||
, Key Largo, 26
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C59FF95470FF869FDCB19EB" box="[337,530,1926,1951]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2009-10-02">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C59FF95470FF869FDCB19EB" box="[337,530,1926,1951]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2009-10-02">October 2009, 2</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimens (
|
||
<specimenCode id="784567009C59FF9544F6F868FC8719EB" box="[680,862,1926,1951]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C59FF9544F6F868FD2219EB" box="[680,763,1927,1951]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
178595
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="784567009C59FF954531F868FBFC19EB" box="[879,1061,1926,1951]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C59FF954531F868FC1919EB" box="[879,960,1927,1951]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
178638
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C59FF954260F869FAC219EB" box="[1086,1307,1926,1951]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2010-11-04">November 2010, 4</date>
|
||
specimens (LACM 178584–86, LACM 178639).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7C9C9FF39C58FF9446C9F9BAFAE81914" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256955/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1599]" targetPageId="23">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C58FF9446C9F9BAFAE81914" blockId="23.[151,1437,1621,1888]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C58FF9446C9F9BAFECA181F" bold="true" box="[151,275,1621,1643]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C58FF944747F9BAFE6B181F" box="[281,434,1621,1643]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C58FF944747F9BAFE6B181F" box="[281,434,1621,1643]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Elysia crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, external anatomy and egg mass.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C58FF944555F9BAFCFD181F" bold="true" box="[779,804,1621,1643]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">A,</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal view of specimen from Florida Keys (LACM 178590; 14 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C58FF9446A4F99BFEC918FE" bold="true" box="[250,272,1652,1674]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">B,</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal view of specimen from boat channel at the Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (LACM 178635; 23 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C58FF944712F97DFEBC18DC" bold="true" box="[332,357,1682,1704]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">C,</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal view of specimen from Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593; 18 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C58FF944262F97DFB8D18DC" bold="true" box="[1084,1108,1682,1704]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">D,</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal view of a ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C58FF94434EF97DFA8A18DC" box="[1296,1363,1682,1704]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">clarki’</emphasis>
|
||
morph specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595; 52 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C58FF944577F95EFC9918B3" bold="true" box="[809,832,1713,1735]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">E,</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal view of specimen from Bocas del Toro, Panama (35 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C58FF94468AF93FFED11892" bold="true" box="[212,264,1744,1766]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">F–G,</emphasis>
|
||
Variability in parapodial notch in two specimens from Yucatan, Mexico.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C58FF9445ABF93FFBFA1892" bold="true" box="[1013,1059,1744,1766]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">I–L,</emphasis>
|
||
Variability in foot sole pigmentation for specimens from the Florida Keys (LACM 178590) (
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C58FF9444B4F901FD2D1970" bold="true" box="[746,756,1774,1796]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">I</emphasis>
|
||
), (LACM 178635) (
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C58FF944591F901FC051970" bold="true" box="[975,988,1774,1796]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">J</emphasis>
|
||
), Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593) (
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C58FF944315F901FA861970" bold="true" box="[1355,1375,1774,1796]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">K</emphasis>
|
||
), and ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C58FF9446C1F8E2FF3B1957" box="[159,226,1805,1827]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">clarki’</emphasis>
|
||
morph from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595) (
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C58FF94454DF8E2FCFD1957" bold="true" box="[787,804,1805,1827]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">L</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C58FF944567F8E2FC811957" bold="true" box="[825,856,1805,1827]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">M,</emphasis>
|
||
Egg mass of a specimen from Sweetings Cay, Bahamas. Field of view = 11.7 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C58FF9447FBF8C3FE671936" bold="true" box="[421,446,1836,1858]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">N,</emphasis>
|
||
Close-up of larvae from a clutch laid by a specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida; shelled larvae have lost their velar lobes and are metamorphosing on the egg mass at the time of hatching. Field of view = 1.8 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C58FF9B4699F867FBA61C6C" blockId="23.[151,1437,1928,2025]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1436,151,536]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C58FF944699F867FD3019D4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291048999" box="[199,745,1928,1953]" location="Bocas del Toro" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C58FF944699F867FDEC19D5" bold="true" box="[199,565,1928,1953]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Additional material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C58FF944462F866FD3019D4" box="[572,745,1928,1953]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C58FF9444ABF866FA4119D5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291049003" box="[757,1432,1928,1953]" collectingDate="2004-12-17" country="Panama" location="Panama" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C58FF9444ABF866FC8819D4" box="[757,849,1929,1952]" name="Panama" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C58FF944503F867FBE319D4" box="[861,1082,1928,1953]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="2004-12-17">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C58FF944503F867FBE319D4" box="[861,1082,1928,1953]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="2004-12-17">December 2004, 17</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimens (Ecri_04Pan01-17)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C58FF9446C9F843FC4E199D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291049008" collectingDate="2007-07-20" collectingDateMax="2010-07-17" collectingDateMin="2007-07-20" country="Bahamas" location="New Providence" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C58FF9446C9F843FEDB19B1" box="[151,258,1964,1989]" name="Bahamas" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<location id="2D3C99A09C58FF94474BF842FE0219B1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A04A7E6D9C59FFA046C9FC88FEE91C6C:2D3C99A09C58FF94474BF842FE0219B1" box="[277,475,1964,1989]" country="Bahamas" name="New Providence" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">New Providence</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C58FF9447B1F843FD4119B0" box="[495,664,1964,1989]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="2010-07-17">
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C58FF9447B1F843FD4119B0" box="[495,664,1964,1989]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="2010-07-17">July 2010, 17</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
specimens (isolate Ecri_10NPr01-07, isolate Ecri_10NPr10-20), Sweetings Cay,
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C58FF944715F83FFE3A199C" box="[331,483,2000,2025]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="2007-07-20">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C58FF944715F83FFE3A199C" box="[331,483,2000,2025]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="2007-07-20">July 2007, 20</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimens (isolate Ecri_07Swe01-20)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C58FF9B45FCF83FFE1E1EC4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291049012" collectingDate="2007-07" country="Bahamas" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" location="Little San Salvador" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="45" stateProvince="Little San Salvador">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C58FF9445FCF83FFBA5199D" box="[930,1148,2000,2025]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Little
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C58FF9445B8F83FFBA5199D" box="[998,1148,2000,2025]" country="El Salvador" name="San Salvador" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">San Salvador</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C58FF9442D6F83FFB20199C" box="[1160,1273,2000,2025]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="2007-07">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C58FF9442D6F83FFB20199C" box="[1160,1273,2000,2025]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="2007-07">July 2007</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="3EE504F29C58FF94435AF83FFA44199D" box="[1284,1437,2000,2025]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="generic">45 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
(isolate Ecri_07LSS01-45)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C57FF9B478DFF77FDA61EA1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291049015" collectingDate="2010-07-01" collectingDateMax="2010-07-06" collectingDateMin="2010-07-01" country="Bahamas" location="San Salvador" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="San Salvador">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C57FF9B478DFF77FDB31EC4" box="[467,618,151,176]" country="El Salvador" name="San Salvador" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">San Salvador</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C57FF9B4428FF78FCD81EC4" box="[630,769,151,176]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2010-07-06">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C57FF9B4428FF78FCD81EC4" box="[630,769,151,176]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2010-07-06">July 2010, 6</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimens (isolate Ecri_10SSal01-06), Compass Cay,
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C57FF9B4333FF78FF331EA0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2010-07-01">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C57FF9B4333FF78FF331EA0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2010-07-01">July 2010, 1</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimen (isolate Ecri_10Comp01)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C57FF9B44D7FF53FA411EA1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291049020" box="[649,1432,188,213]" collectingDate="2010-07-03" country="Bahamas" location="Northern" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Northern">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C57FF9B44D7FF53FD371EA1" box="[649,750,188,213]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Northern" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Northern</collectingRegion>
|
||
Exumas,
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C57FF9B4502FF53FC3C1EA0" box="[860,997,188,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2010-07-03">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C57FF9B4502FF53FC3C1EA0" box="[860,997,188,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2010-07-03">July 2010, 3</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimens (isolate Ecri_10NEx01-03)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C57FF9B46C9FF30FBEF1E8C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291049023" box="[151,1078,223,248]" collectingDate="2010-07-14" country="Bahamas" location="Bimini" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bimini">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C57FF9B46C9FF30FF311E8C" box="[151,232,223,248]" country="Bahamas" name="Bimini" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bimini</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C57FF9B46A5FF30FE7D1E8C" box="[251,420,223,248]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2010-07-14">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C57FF9B46A5FF30FE7D1E8C" box="[251,420,223,248]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2010-07-14">July 2010, 14</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimens (isolate Ecri_10Bim01-14); Discovery
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C57FF9B4256FF0FFBEF1E8C" box="[1032,1078,224,248]" country="Cayman Islands" name="West Bay" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bay</collectingRegion>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C57FF9B4214FF30FCB91F69" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291049027" collectingDate="2006-03-16" country="Jamaica" location="Jamaica" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C57FF9B4214FF30FB7E1E8C" box="[1098,1191,223,248]" name="Jamaica" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 7
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C57FF9B4286FF30FA451E8C" box="[1240,1436,223,248]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2006-03-16">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C57FF9B4286FF30FA451E8C" box="[1240,1436,223,248]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2006-03-16">March 2006, 16</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimens (isolate Ecri_06Jam04, isolate Ecri_06Jam08-23)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C57FF9B452DFEEBFDC41FD9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291049031" collectingDate="2007-06-01" collectingDateMax="2010-11-01" collectingDateMin="2007-06-01" country="United States of America" county="Geiger Beach" location="Lake Surprise Inlet" municipality="Dry Tortugas National Park" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="16" stateProvince="Florida">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C57FF9B452DFEEBFC1E1F69" box="[883,967,260,285]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C57FF9B4584FEEBFBCF1F68" box="[986,1046,260,284]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCounty id="C13DB7F79C57FF9B4277FEEBFB141F69" box="[1065,1229,260,285]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Geiger Beach</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C57FF9B42BEFEEBFA451F68" box="[1248,1436,260,284]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2007-08-09">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C57FF9B42BEFEEBFA451F68" box="[1248,1436,260,284]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2007-08-09">August 2007, 9</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimens (isolate Ecri_07Gei03-11),
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="C83855019C57FF9B441BFEC7FCA41F34" box="[581,893,295,320]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Dry Tortugas National Park</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, 2010,
|
||
<specimenCount id="3EE504F29C57FF9B4590FEC8FBBF1F34" box="[974,1126,295,320]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="generic">16 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
(isolate Ecri_10Dry03-18), Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium,
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C57FF9B443DFEA2FD281F10" box="[611,753,332,356]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2007-06-01">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C57FF9B443DFEA2FD281F10" box="[611,753,332,356]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2007-06-01">June 2007, 1</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimen (isolate Ecri_07Mote02),
|
||
<location id="2D3C99A09C57FF9B42D7FEA3FABB1F11" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A04A7E6D9C59FFA046C9FC88FEE91C6C:2D3C99A09C57FF9B42D7FEA3FABB1F11" box="[1161,1378,332,357]" country="United States of America" county="Geiger Beach" municipality="Dry Tortugas National Park" name="Lake Surprise Inlet" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" stateProvince="Florida">Lake Surprise Inlet</location>
|
||
, Key Largo, 26
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C57FF9B4741FE80FE331FFC" box="[287,490,367,392]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2009-10-08">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C57FF9B4741FE80FE331FFC" box="[287,490,367,392]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2009-10-08">October 2009, 8</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimens (isolate Ecri_09LKS04-11),
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C57FF9B4588FE80FB641FFC" box="[982,1213,367,392]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2010-11-01">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C57FF9B4588FE80FB641FFC" box="[982,1213,367,392]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2010-11-01">November 2010, 1</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimen (isolate Ecri_10LKS03); English Harbor
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, Antigua,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C57FF9B44F9FE7BFEB11FA4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291049035" collectingDate="2008-04-16" country="Antigua and Barbuda" location="Antigua and Barbuda" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C57FF9B44F9FE7BFC691FD9" box="[679,944,404,429]" name="Antigua and Barbuda" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Antigua and Barbuda</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 25
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C57FF9B45ABFE7BFB691FD9" box="[1013,1200,404,429]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2008-04-16">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C57FF9B45ABFE7BFB691FD9" box="[1013,1200,404,429]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2008-04-16">April 2008, 16</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimens (isolate Ecri_08Ant01-16)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C57FF9B4726FE58FB2B1FA4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291049039" box="[376,1266,439,464]" country="Dominica" location="Bay" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="26" stateProvince="Bay">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C57FF9B4726FE58FE301FA4" box="[376,489,439,464]" name="Dominica" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Dominica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 2007,
|
||
<specimenCount id="3EE504F29C57FF9B4418FE58FD3A1FA4" box="[582,739,439,464]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="generic">26 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
(isolate Ecri_07Dom01-26); Son Friere
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C57FF9B429AFE57FB2B1FA4" box="[1220,1266,440,464]" country="Cayman Islands" name="West Bay" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bay</collectingRegion>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C57FF9B435DFE57FBEC1F81" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291049042" collectingDate="2008-03-12" collectionCode="STL" country="Saint Lucia" location="St. Lucia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" specimenCode="STL01-12" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C57FF9B435DFE57FAA91FA4" box="[1283,1392,439,464]" name="Saint Lucia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">St. Lucia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 27
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C57FF9B46C9FE33FE831F80" box="[151,346,476,501]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2008-03-12">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C57FF9B46C9FE33FE831F80" box="[151,346,476,501]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2008-03-12">March 2008, 12</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimens (isolate Ecri_08
|
||
<specimenCode id="784567009C57FF9B44F0FE33FCF91F81" box="[686,800,476,501]" collectionCode="STL" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15030" name="Instituto Nacional de Limnolog<6F>a" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C57FF9B44F0FE33FD3A1F81" box="[686,739,476,501]" country="Argentina" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15030" name="Instituto Nacional de Limnolog<6F>a" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">STL</collectionCode>
|
||
01-12
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
); Spanish Waters inlet
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C57FF9B4216FE33FDE41C6C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291049045" collectingDate="2009-01-07" country="Curaçao" location="Curacao" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C57FF9B4216FE33FB711F80" box="[1096,1192,476,500]" name="Curaçao" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 8
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C57FF9B4287FE32FA451F80" box="[1241,1436,476,501]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2009-01-07">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C57FF9B4287FE32FA451F80" box="[1241,1436,476,501]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2009-01-07">January 2009, 7</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimens (isolate Ecri_09Cur01-07)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C57FF9B4416FE10FBA61C6C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291049048" box="[584,1151,511,536]" collectingDate="2012-05-01" country="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" location="Bonaire" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C57FF9B4416FE10FD7A1C6C" box="[584,675,511,536]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C57FF9B44F1FDEFFCE41C6C" box="[687,829,512,536]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2012-05-01">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C57FF9B44F1FDEFFCE41C6C" box="[687,829,512,536]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2012-05-01">May 2012, 1</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimen (Ecri_012Bon01).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7C9C9FF39C57FF9B46C9F953FEB21885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256956/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" targetBox="[340,1226,616,1682]" targetPageId="24">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C57FF9B46C9F953FEB21885" blockId="24.[151,1436,1724,1777]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C57FF9B46C9F953FEF918A6" bold="true" box="[151,288,1724,1746]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C57FF9B4778F953FE6618A6" box="[294,447,1724,1746]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C57FF9B4778F953FE6618A6" box="[294,447,1724,1746]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Elysia crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, drawing of the pericardium and dorsal vessels of a preserved specimen (LACM 178589; 4.5 cm long × 3.3 cm wide).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C57FF9A4699F8F7FA991EA1" blockId="24.[151,1437,1816,2021]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C57FF9B4699F8F7FEBB1945" bold="true" box="[199,354,1816,1841]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Live animal.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C57FF9B472EF8F7FDC61944" box="[368,543,1816,1841]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C57FF9B472EF8F7FDC61944" box="[368,543,1816,1841]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Elysia crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is both the largest Caribbean elysiid, and the only species not commonly associated with a particular host alga. Most specimens in the present study were found resting or crawling on hard substrata, although some specimens were collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C57FF9B4557F88FFC2B190C" box="[777,1010,1888,1913]" class="Chlorophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Halimeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="incrasatta">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C57FF9B4557F88FFC2B190C" box="[777,1010,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Halimeda incrasatta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Key
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C57FF9B4265F88EFBAC190C" box="[1083,1141,1889,1912]" country="Tanzania" name="Mjini Magharibi" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">West</collectingRegion>
|
||
, FL),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C57FF9B42E2F88FFED319E9" authority="(Curacao)" baseAuthorityName="Curacao" class="Bivalvia" family="Penicillidae" genus="Penicillus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="capitatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C57FF9B42E2F88FFA45190C" box="[1212,1436,1888,1913]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Penicillus capitatus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C57FF9B46C1F86AFEDB19E9" box="[159,258,1925,1949]" name="Curaçao" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C57FF9B4715F86AFDCF19E9" box="[331,534,1924,1949]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Bryopsidaceae" genus="Bryopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="plumosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C57FF9B4715F86AFDCF19E9" box="[331,534,1924,1949]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bryopsis plumosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C57FF9B4477F86BFD5119E9" box="[553,648,1924,1949]" name="Jamaica" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Dry
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C57FF9B4492F86AFCEA19E9" box="[716,819,1925,1949]" name="Haiti" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Tortugas</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Lighter morphs with white foot are associated with areas of fast water flow and high light (e.g., tidal surge channels, patch reefs), whereas darker morphs are found in shaded areas of low light and reduced flow (e.g., rocky banks in mangrove lagoons, coastal borrow pits). The frilled, undulating parapodia usually cover the dorsum. A few specimens were found ovipositing in the field on upright algal thalli (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C56FF9A4728FF53FE261EA1" box="[374,511,188,213]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Avrainvillea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C56FF9A4728FF53FE261EA1" box="[374,511,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Avrainvillea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Key Largo, FL;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C56FF9A449CFF53FCEB1EA1" box="[706,818,188,213]" class="Bivalvia" family="Penicillidae" genus="Penicillus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C56FF9A449CFF53FCEB1EA1" box="[706,818,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Penicillus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C56FF9A451EFF53FC781EA0" box="[832,929,188,212]" name="Curaçao" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C56FF9A45F2FF53FC271EA1" box="[940,1022,188,213]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Udotea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C56FF9A45F2FF53FC271EA1" box="[940,1022,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Udotea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Sweeting’s Cay,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C56FF9A4296FF53FAED1EA1" box="[1224,1332,188,213]" name="Bahamas" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="7C9C9FF39C56FF9A46C9F984FB7718CA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256957/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" targetBox="[151,1436,265,1621]" targetPageId="25">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C56FF9A46C9F984FB7718CA" blockId="25.[151,1436,1643,1726]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C56FF9A46C9F984FEC718F5" bold="true" box="[151,286,1643,1665]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C56FF9A477DF984FE6218F5" box="[291,443,1643,1665]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C56FF9A477DF984FE6218F5" box="[291,443,1643,1665]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Elysia crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, SEM of the radulae of several specimens.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C56FF9A4531F984FC5818F5" bold="true" box="[879,897,1643,1665]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A</emphasis>
|
||
, Complete radula (LACM 178593).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C56FF9A42ACF984FADA18F5" bold="true" box="[1266,1283,1643,1665]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">B</emphasis>
|
||
, Leading tooth (LACM 178593).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C56FF9A470EF965FEBB18D4" bold="true" box="[336,354,1674,1696]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C</emphasis>
|
||
, Close-up of leading tooth showing fine denticles (LACM 178593).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C56FF9A4247F965FBF218D4" bold="true" box="[1049,1067,1674,1696]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">D</emphasis>
|
||
, Leading tooth (LACM 178636).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C56FF9A43DAF965FA4C18D4" bold="true" box="[1412,1429,1674,1696]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">E</emphasis>
|
||
, Leading tooth (LACM 178594).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C56FF9A47BDF947FE2918CA" bold="true" box="[483,496,1704,1726]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">F</emphasis>
|
||
, Leading tooth (LACM 178637).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C56FF9A4514F947FC8218CA" bold="true" box="[842,859,1704,1726]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">G</emphasis>
|
||
, Leading tooth (LACM 178591).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60F99CF09C56FF9F4699F90AFD8E1F68" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C56FF994699F90AFBDD1EA0" blockId="25.[151,1436,1765,2006]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1437,151,1904]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C56FF9A4699F90AFE7D188A" bold="true" box="[199,420,1765,1790]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">External anatomy.</emphasis>
|
||
Large-bodied
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C56FF9A4416F90AFD57188A" box="[584,654,1765,1790]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C56FF9A4416F90AFD57188A" box="[584,654,1765,1790]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Elysia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with highly variable external coloration, ranging from predominantly creamy white with green patches between large white spots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C56FF9A451BF8E6FC511956" box="[837,904,1801,1826]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1621,1643]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,193,1600]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Elysia crispata, external anatomy and egg mass. A, Dorsal view of specimen from Florida Keys (LACM 178590; 14 mm). B, Dorsal view of specimen from boat channel at the Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (LACM 178635; 23 mm). C, Dorsal view of specimen from Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593; 18 mm). D, Dorsal view of a ‘ clarki’ morph specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595; 52 mm). E, Dorsal view of specimen from Bocas del Toro, Panama (35 mm). F – G, Variability in parapodial notch in two specimens from Yucatan, Mexico. I – L, Variability in foot sole pigmentation for specimens from the Florida Keys (LACM 178590) (I), (LACM 178635) (J), Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593) (K), and ‘ clarki’ morph from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595) (L). M, Egg mass of a specimen from Sweetings Cay, Bahamas. Field of view = 11.7 mm. N, Close-up of larvae from a clutch laid by a specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida; shelled larvae have lost their velar lobes and are metamorphosing on the egg mass at the time of hatching. Field of view = 1.8 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256955/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C), to dark green (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C56FF9A4224F8E6FB641956" box="[1146,1213,1801,1826]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1621,1643]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,193,1600]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Elysia crispata, external anatomy and egg mass. A, Dorsal view of specimen from Florida Keys (LACM 178590; 14 mm). B, Dorsal view of specimen from boat channel at the Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (LACM 178635; 23 mm). C, Dorsal view of specimen from Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593; 18 mm). D, Dorsal view of a ‘ clarki’ morph specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595; 52 mm). E, Dorsal view of specimen from Bocas del Toro, Panama (35 mm). F – G, Variability in parapodial notch in two specimens from Yucatan, Mexico. I – L, Variability in foot sole pigmentation for specimens from the Florida Keys (LACM 178590) (I), (LACM 178635) (J), Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593) (K), and ‘ clarki’ morph from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595) (L). M, Egg mass of a specimen from Sweetings Cay, Bahamas. Field of view = 11.7 mm. N, Close-up of larvae from a clutch laid by a specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida; shelled larvae have lost their velar lobes and are metamorphosing on the egg mass at the time of hatching. Field of view = 1.8 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256955/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
D) or in the ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C56FF9A430FF8E6FA451956" box="[1361,1436,1801,1826]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">clarki’</emphasis>
|
||
morph purple with white spotting to entirely blue (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C56FF9A4491F8C2FCCA1932" box="[719,787,1837,1862]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1621,1643]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,193,1600]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Elysia crispata, external anatomy and egg mass. A, Dorsal view of specimen from Florida Keys (LACM 178590; 14 mm). B, Dorsal view of specimen from boat channel at the Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (LACM 178635; 23 mm). C, Dorsal view of specimen from Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593; 18 mm). D, Dorsal view of a ‘ clarki’ morph specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595; 52 mm). E, Dorsal view of specimen from Bocas del Toro, Panama (35 mm). F – G, Variability in parapodial notch in two specimens from Yucatan, Mexico. I – L, Variability in foot sole pigmentation for specimens from the Florida Keys (LACM 178590) (I), (LACM 178635) (J), Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593) (K), and ‘ clarki’ morph from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595) (L). M, Egg mass of a specimen from Sweetings Cay, Bahamas. Field of view = 11.7 mm. N, Close-up of larvae from a clutch laid by a specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida; shelled larvae have lost their velar lobes and are metamorphosing on the egg mass at the time of hatching. Field of view = 1.8 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256955/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Dorsal surface between parapodia also highly variable in color, generally green with pale cream (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C56FF9A44D6F8BEFD14191E" box="[648,717,1873,1898]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1621,1643]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,193,1600]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Elysia crispata, external anatomy and egg mass. A, Dorsal view of specimen from Florida Keys (LACM 178590; 14 mm). B, Dorsal view of specimen from boat channel at the Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (LACM 178635; 23 mm). C, Dorsal view of specimen from Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593; 18 mm). D, Dorsal view of a ‘ clarki’ morph specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595; 52 mm). E, Dorsal view of specimen from Bocas del Toro, Panama (35 mm). F – G, Variability in parapodial notch in two specimens from Yucatan, Mexico. I – L, Variability in foot sole pigmentation for specimens from the Florida Keys (LACM 178590) (I), (LACM 178635) (J), Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593) (K), and ‘ clarki’ morph from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595) (L). M, Egg mass of a specimen from Sweetings Cay, Bahamas. Field of view = 11.7 mm. N, Close-up of larvae from a clutch laid by a specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida; shelled larvae have lost their velar lobes and are metamorphosing on the egg mass at the time of hatching. Field of view = 1.8 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256955/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B) to white spots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C56FF9A4592F8BEFBC8191E" box="[972,1041,1873,1898]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1621,1643]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,193,1600]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Elysia crispata, external anatomy and egg mass. A, Dorsal view of specimen from Florida Keys (LACM 178590; 14 mm). B, Dorsal view of specimen from boat channel at the Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (LACM 178635; 23 mm). C, Dorsal view of specimen from Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593; 18 mm). D, Dorsal view of a ‘ clarki’ morph specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595; 52 mm). E, Dorsal view of specimen from Bocas del Toro, Panama (35 mm). F – G, Variability in parapodial notch in two specimens from Yucatan, Mexico. I – L, Variability in foot sole pigmentation for specimens from the Florida Keys (LACM 178590) (I), (LACM 178635) (J), Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593) (K), and ‘ clarki’ morph from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595) (L). M, Egg mass of a specimen from Sweetings Cay, Bahamas. Field of view = 11.7 mm. N, Close-up of larvae from a clutch laid by a specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida; shelled larvae have lost their velar lobes and are metamorphosing on the egg mass at the time of hatching. Field of view = 1.8 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256955/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
C) varying in size and number, to uniformly green (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C56FF9A4704F89AFE4419FA" box="[346,413,1909,1934]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1621,1643]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,193,1600]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Elysia crispata, external anatomy and egg mass. A, Dorsal view of specimen from Florida Keys (LACM 178590; 14 mm). B, Dorsal view of specimen from boat channel at the Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (LACM 178635; 23 mm). C, Dorsal view of specimen from Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593; 18 mm). D, Dorsal view of a ‘ clarki’ morph specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595; 52 mm). E, Dorsal view of specimen from Bocas del Toro, Panama (35 mm). F – G, Variability in parapodial notch in two specimens from Yucatan, Mexico. I – L, Variability in foot sole pigmentation for specimens from the Florida Keys (LACM 178590) (I), (LACM 178635) (J), Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593) (K), and ‘ clarki’ morph from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595) (L). M, Egg mass of a specimen from Sweetings Cay, Bahamas. Field of view = 11.7 mm. N, Close-up of larvae from a clutch laid by a specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida; shelled larvae have lost their velar lobes and are metamorphosing on the egg mass at the time of hatching. Field of view = 1.8 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256955/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Foot also highly variable in color, ranging from green with small pale spots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C56FF9A4345F89AFA8719FA" box="[1307,1374,1909,1934]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1621,1643]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,193,1600]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Elysia crispata, external anatomy and egg mass. A, Dorsal view of specimen from Florida Keys (LACM 178590; 14 mm). B, Dorsal view of specimen from boat channel at the Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (LACM 178635; 23 mm). C, Dorsal view of specimen from Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593; 18 mm). D, Dorsal view of a ‘ clarki’ morph specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595; 52 mm). E, Dorsal view of specimen from Bocas del Toro, Panama (35 mm). F – G, Variability in parapodial notch in two specimens from Yucatan, Mexico. I – L, Variability in foot sole pigmentation for specimens from the Florida Keys (LACM 178590) (I), (LACM 178635) (J), Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593) (K), and ‘ clarki’ morph from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595) (L). M, Egg mass of a specimen from Sweetings Cay, Bahamas. Field of view = 11.7 mm. N, Close-up of larvae from a clutch laid by a specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida; shelled larvae have lost their velar lobes and are metamorphosing on the egg mass at the time of hatching. Field of view = 1.8 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256955/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C56FF9A4311F899FA8719FA" box="[1359,1374,1910,1934]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">9</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I, 9L) or large white spots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C56FF9A47DBF876FE1119C6" box="[389,456,1945,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1621,1643]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,193,1600]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Elysia crispata, external anatomy and egg mass. A, Dorsal view of specimen from Florida Keys (LACM 178590; 14 mm). B, Dorsal view of specimen from boat channel at the Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (LACM 178635; 23 mm). C, Dorsal view of specimen from Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593; 18 mm). D, Dorsal view of a ‘ clarki’ morph specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595; 52 mm). E, Dorsal view of specimen from Bocas del Toro, Panama (35 mm). F – G, Variability in parapodial notch in two specimens from Yucatan, Mexico. I – L, Variability in foot sole pigmentation for specimens from the Florida Keys (LACM 178590) (I), (LACM 178635) (J), Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593) (K), and ‘ clarki’ morph from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595) (L). M, Egg mass of a specimen from Sweetings Cay, Bahamas. Field of view = 11.7 mm. N, Close-up of larvae from a clutch laid by a specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida; shelled larvae have lost their velar lobes and are metamorphosing on the egg mass at the time of hatching. Field of view = 1.8 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256955/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
J) on specimens from lower light environments, to uniformly pale cream with no spots on specimens from high-light, high-flow habitats (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C56FF9A44BDF852FCF319A2" box="[739,810,1981,2006]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1621,1643]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,193,1600]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Elysia crispata, external anatomy and egg mass. A, Dorsal view of specimen from Florida Keys (LACM 178590; 14 mm). B, Dorsal view of specimen from boat channel at the Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (LACM 178635; 23 mm). C, Dorsal view of specimen from Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593; 18 mm). D, Dorsal view of a ‘ clarki’ morph specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595; 52 mm). E, Dorsal view of specimen from Bocas del Toro, Panama (35 mm). F – G, Variability in parapodial notch in two specimens from Yucatan, Mexico. I – L, Variability in foot sole pigmentation for specimens from the Florida Keys (LACM 178590) (I), (LACM 178635) (J), Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593) (K), and ‘ clarki’ morph from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595) (L). M, Egg mass of a specimen from Sweetings Cay, Bahamas. Field of view = 11.7 mm. N, Close-up of larvae from a clutch laid by a specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida; shelled larvae have lost their velar lobes and are metamorphosing on the egg mass at the time of hatching. Field of view = 1.8 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256955/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
K). Head relatively small for body size; ground color green, with scattered large or small white spots, and/or iridescent blue pigment specks. Rhinophores short and wide, having same color pattern as rest of dorsum or lighter and lacking spots.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C55FF994699FF30FC5A1C49" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,1904]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Parapodia undulating to varying degrees, often correlated with overall coloration and microhabitat. In typical specimens with lighter coloration from brightly lit, high-flow environments, undulations numerous and highly convoluted, resulting in parapodia with large surface area that cover entire dorsum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C55FF994217FEC8FB541F34" box="[1097,1165,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1621,1643]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,193,1600]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Elysia crispata, external anatomy and egg mass. A, Dorsal view of specimen from Florida Keys (LACM 178590; 14 mm). B, Dorsal view of specimen from boat channel at the Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (LACM 178635; 23 mm). C, Dorsal view of specimen from Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593; 18 mm). D, Dorsal view of a ‘ clarki’ morph specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595; 52 mm). E, Dorsal view of specimen from Bocas del Toro, Panama (35 mm). F – G, Variability in parapodial notch in two specimens from Yucatan, Mexico. I – L, Variability in foot sole pigmentation for specimens from the Florida Keys (LACM 178590) (I), (LACM 178635) (J), Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593) (K), and ‘ clarki’ morph from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595) (L). M, Egg mass of a specimen from Sweetings Cay, Bahamas. Field of view = 11.7 mm. N, Close-up of larvae from a clutch laid by a specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida; shelled larvae have lost their velar lobes and are metamorphosing on the egg mass at the time of hatching. Field of view = 1.8 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256955/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Undulations shallow and less numerous (‘
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C55FF994723FEA3FE111F11" box="[381,456,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">clarki’</emphasis>
|
||
morph) on darker specimens from low-light, low-flow habitats, leaving most of dorsum uncovered (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C55FF994742FE80FEB21FFC" box="[284,363,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1621,1643]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,193,1600]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Elysia crispata, external anatomy and egg mass. A, Dorsal view of specimen from Florida Keys (LACM 178590; 14 mm). B, Dorsal view of specimen from boat channel at the Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (LACM 178635; 23 mm). C, Dorsal view of specimen from Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593; 18 mm). D, Dorsal view of a ‘ clarki’ morph specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595; 52 mm). E, Dorsal view of specimen from Bocas del Toro, Panama (35 mm). F – G, Variability in parapodial notch in two specimens from Yucatan, Mexico. I – L, Variability in foot sole pigmentation for specimens from the Florida Keys (LACM 178590) (I), (LACM 178635) (J), Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593) (K), and ‘ clarki’ morph from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595) (L). M, Egg mass of a specimen from Sweetings Cay, Bahamas. Field of view = 11.7 mm. N, Close-up of larvae from a clutch laid by a specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida; shelled larvae have lost their velar lobes and are metamorphosing on the egg mass at the time of hatching. Field of view = 1.8 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256955/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D). Anterior ends of parapodia either fused together (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C55FF9945B2FE80FBE91FFC" box="[1004,1072,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1621,1643]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,193,1600]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Elysia crispata, external anatomy and egg mass. A, Dorsal view of specimen from Florida Keys (LACM 178590; 14 mm). B, Dorsal view of specimen from boat channel at the Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (LACM 178635; 23 mm). C, Dorsal view of specimen from Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593; 18 mm). D, Dorsal view of a ‘ clarki’ morph specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595; 52 mm). E, Dorsal view of specimen from Bocas del Toro, Panama (35 mm). F – G, Variability in parapodial notch in two specimens from Yucatan, Mexico. I – L, Variability in foot sole pigmentation for specimens from the Florida Keys (LACM 178590) (I), (LACM 178635) (J), Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593) (K), and ‘ clarki’ morph from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595) (L). M, Egg mass of a specimen from Sweetings Cay, Bahamas. Field of view = 11.7 mm. N, Close-up of larvae from a clutch laid by a specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida; shelled larvae have lost their velar lobes and are metamorphosing on the egg mass at the time of hatching. Field of view = 1.8 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256955/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
F) or separate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C55FF994283FE80FAF81FFC" box="[1245,1313,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1621,1643]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,193,1600]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Elysia crispata, external anatomy and egg mass. A, Dorsal view of specimen from Florida Keys (LACM 178590; 14 mm). B, Dorsal view of specimen from boat channel at the Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (LACM 178635; 23 mm). C, Dorsal view of specimen from Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593; 18 mm). D, Dorsal view of a ‘ clarki’ morph specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595; 52 mm). E, Dorsal view of specimen from Bocas del Toro, Panama (35 mm). F – G, Variability in parapodial notch in two specimens from Yucatan, Mexico. I – L, Variability in foot sole pigmentation for specimens from the Florida Keys (LACM 178590) (I), (LACM 178635) (J), Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593) (K), and ‘ clarki’ morph from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595) (L). M, Egg mass of a specimen from Sweetings Cay, Bahamas. Field of view = 11.7 mm. N, Close-up of larvae from a clutch laid by a specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida; shelled larvae have lost their velar lobes and are metamorphosing on the egg mass at the time of hatching. Field of view = 1.8 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256955/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
G) varying among specimens, but usually fused on adults with highly undulating parapodia, and unfused on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C55FF994305FE7BFA451FD9" box="[1371,1436,404,429]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C55FF994305FE7BFA451FD9" box="[1371,1436,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphotypes and all juveniles. Parapodial margin thin, typically edged with thin white line followed by submarginal band of darker green or grey, and pale yellow to orange line. Submarginal band either continuous or interrupted; some specimens with neon blue pigment surrounding yellow-orange line. Specimens from Lake Surprise, Key Largo,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C55FF9947D6FDCBFE001C49" box="[392,473,548,573]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
with distinctive orange marginal line.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C55FF994699FDA8FBC21C84" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,1904]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Pericardium typically differing in color from rest of dorsal surface, being either darker or lighter. Renopericardial extension short. Two to three anterior dorsal vessels emerging from renopericardium on either side, asymmetrically placed, running perpendicular to body axis and branching near upper edge of parapodium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C55FF9946C1FD5BFF2B1CB8" box="[159,242,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1724,1746]" captionTargetBox="[340,1226,616,1682]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[340,1247,589,1703]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 10. Elysia crispata, drawing of the pericardium and dorsal vessels of a preserved specimen (LACM 178589; 4.5 cm long × 3.3 cm wide)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256956/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posterior paired vessels emerging before terminus of short renopericardial extension, running to posterior end of body and sending off numerous lateral vessels that fork once or not at all.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C55FF994699FD13FBE91A64" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,1904]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C55FF994699FD13FE471D61" bold="true" box="[199,414,764,789]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Internal anatomy.</emphasis>
|
||
Radula with 12–18 teeth (LACM 178584, LACM 178586–89, LACM 178590–94, LACM 178636–38),
|
||
<quantity id="EF1B629E9C55FF994772FCF0FEAA1D4C" box="[300,371,799,824]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.905" metricValueMax="2.286" metricValueMin="1.524" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="in" value="7.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="6.0">6–9 in</quantity>
|
||
ascending limb and
|
||
<quantity id="EF1B629E9C55FF994405FCF0FD7B1D4C" box="[603,674,799,824]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.905" metricValueMax="2.286" metricValueMin="1.524" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="in" value="7.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="6.0">6–9 in</quantity>
|
||
descending limb (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C55FF99452FFCF0FC181D4C" box="[881,961,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1643,1665]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1621]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,265,1621]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. Elysia crispata, SEM of the radulae of several specimens. A, Complete radula (LACM 178593). B, Leading tooth (LACM 178593). C, Close-up of leading tooth showing fine denticles (LACM 178593). D, Leading tooth (LACM 178636). E, Leading tooth (LACM 178594). F, Leading tooth (LACM 178637). G, Leading tooth (LACM 178591)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256957/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Leading tooth elongate and variable in shape from slender (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C55FF994727FCABFE091D28" box="[377,464,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1643,1665]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1621]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,265,1621]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. Elysia crispata, SEM of the radulae of several specimens. A, Complete radula (LACM 178593). B, Leading tooth (LACM 178593). C, Close-up of leading tooth showing fine denticles (LACM 178593). D, Leading tooth (LACM 178636). E, Leading tooth (LACM 178594). F, Leading tooth (LACM 178637). G, Leading tooth (LACM 178591)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256957/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
E–F, 8C) to robust (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C55FF9944F0FCABFCD11D28" box="[686,776,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 12. Elysia crispata, SEM of the radulae of additional specimens. A, Leading tooth (LACM 178592); white arrow indicates sharp transition between denticulate edge and rest of tooth. B, Leading tooth (LACM 178584). C, Leading tooth (LACM 178590). D, Leading tooth (LACM 178638). E, Leading tooth (LACM 178588). F, Leading tooth (LACM 178589)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256958/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B, D). Cusp bearing numerous very small denticles (e.g.
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C55FF9946C9FC88FF361DF4" box="[151,239,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1643,1665]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1621]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,265,1621]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. Elysia crispata, SEM of the radulae of several specimens. A, Complete radula (LACM 178593). B, Leading tooth (LACM 178593). C, Close-up of leading tooth showing fine denticles (LACM 178593). D, Leading tooth (LACM 178636). E, Leading tooth (LACM 178594). F, Leading tooth (LACM 178637). G, Leading tooth (LACM 178591)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256957/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
C–D) not evident in all figured specimens (e.g.
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C55FF994550FC88FCB91DF4" box="[782,864,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 12. Elysia crispata, SEM of the radulae of additional specimens. A, Leading tooth (LACM 178592); white arrow indicates sharp transition between denticulate edge and rest of tooth. B, Leading tooth (LACM 178584). C, Leading tooth (LACM 178590). D, Leading tooth (LACM 178638). E, Leading tooth (LACM 178588). F, Leading tooth (LACM 178589)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256958/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Housing depression for interlocking teeth “V”- shaped and extending ⅔ of tooth length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C55FF994435FC63FD1E1DD0" box="[619,711,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1643,1665]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1621]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,265,1621]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. Elysia crispata, SEM of the radulae of several specimens. A, Complete radula (LACM 178593). B, Leading tooth (LACM 178593). C, Close-up of leading tooth showing fine denticles (LACM 178593). D, Leading tooth (LACM 178636). E, Leading tooth (LACM 178594). F, Leading tooth (LACM 178637). G, Leading tooth (LACM 178591)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256957/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
D, F, 12A–D). Some specimens with a sharp transition between denticulate edge and rest of tooth visible as a longitudinal line (labeled with white arrow in
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C55FF9942EEFC40FADB1DBC" box="[1200,1282,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 12. Elysia crispata, SEM of the radulae of additional specimens. A, Leading tooth (LACM 178592); white arrow indicates sharp transition between denticulate edge and rest of tooth. B, Leading tooth (LACM 178584). C, Leading tooth (LACM 178590). D, Leading tooth (LACM 178638). E, Leading tooth (LACM 178588). F, Leading tooth (LACM 178589)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256958/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
A; visible but unlabeled in
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C55FF994773FC3BFE5E1D98" box="[301,391,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1643,1665]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1621]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,265,1621]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. Elysia crispata, SEM of the radulae of several specimens. A, Complete radula (LACM 178593). B, Leading tooth (LACM 178593). C, Close-up of leading tooth showing fine denticles (LACM 178593). D, Leading tooth (LACM 178636). E, Leading tooth (LACM 178594). F, Leading tooth (LACM 178637). G, Leading tooth (LACM 178591)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256957/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
B–F, 12E–F), but absent in other specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C55FF9945CBFC3BFC311D98" box="[917,1000,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 12. Elysia crispata, SEM of the radulae of additional specimens. A, Leading tooth (LACM 178592); white arrow indicates sharp transition between denticulate edge and rest of tooth. B, Leading tooth (LACM 178584). C, Leading tooth (LACM 178590). D, Leading tooth (LACM 178638). E, Leading tooth (LACM 178588). F, Leading tooth (LACM 178589)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256958/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
B–D). Base of tooth approximately ¼ total tooth length. Ascus containing jumbled heap of discarded teeth (not figured).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C55FF994699FBF3FDC61A09" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,1904]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Penis highly variable (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C55FF99479FFBF3FDD71A41" box="[449,526,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1510,1532]" captionTargetBox="[239,1350,338,1481]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[235,1352,337,1489]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 6. Penial morphology of some species examined. A, Elysia ornata (LACM 178583). B – E, Elysia crispata (LACM 178640) (B); (LACM 178641) (C); (LACM 2004.5.1) (D); (isolate Ecri _ 10 LKS 03) (E). F, Elysia chlorotica (LACM 178597). G – H, Elysia patina (LACM 178650) (G); (LACM 178651) (H). I, Elysia flava (LACM 178626). J, Elysia subornata (LACM 178629). K, Elysia canguzua (LACM 178644). L, Elysia serca (CPIC 00027). M, Elysia evelinae (MZUCR INB 0003312779). N, Elysia velutinus (LACM 178642), O, Elysia papillosa (LACM 178607). P, Elysia cornigera (LACM 173227). Q, Elysia marcusi (LACM 178647), R, Elysia pratensis (CPIC 00068). S, Elysia zuleicae (LACM 178656). Abbreviations: bw, body wall; dd, deferent duct; pe, penis; s, stylet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256952/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
B–E), with no correlation between penial shape and position of an individual slug on a COI gene tree of all specimens. Penis typically curved slightly and devoid of armature. Deferent duct long, thin, and convoluted (e.g.
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C55FF9947E2FB8BFE271A09" box="[444,510,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1510,1532]" captionTargetBox="[239,1350,338,1481]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[235,1352,337,1489]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 6. Penial morphology of some species examined. A, Elysia ornata (LACM 178583). B – E, Elysia crispata (LACM 178640) (B); (LACM 178641) (C); (LACM 2004.5.1) (D); (isolate Ecri _ 10 LKS 03) (E). F, Elysia chlorotica (LACM 178597). G – H, Elysia patina (LACM 178650) (G); (LACM 178651) (H). I, Elysia flava (LACM 178626). J, Elysia subornata (LACM 178629). K, Elysia canguzua (LACM 178644). L, Elysia serca (CPIC 00027). M, Elysia evelinae (MZUCR INB 0003312779). N, Elysia velutinus (LACM 178642), O, Elysia papillosa (LACM 178607). P, Elysia cornigera (LACM 173227). Q, Elysia marcusi (LACM 178647), R, Elysia pratensis (CPIC 00068). S, Elysia zuleicae (LACM 178656). Abbreviations: bw, body wall; dd, deferent duct; pe, penis; s, stylet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256952/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C55FF994699FB68FE931B21" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,1904]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C55FF994699FB68FD911AD4" bold="true" box="[199,584,1159,1184]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Reproduction and development.</emphasis>
|
||
Development is lecithotrophic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C55FF9945E8FB68FC201AD4" box="[950,1017,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1621,1643]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,193,1600]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Elysia crispata, external anatomy and egg mass. A, Dorsal view of specimen from Florida Keys (LACM 178590; 14 mm). B, Dorsal view of specimen from boat channel at the Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (LACM 178635; 23 mm). C, Dorsal view of specimen from Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593; 18 mm). D, Dorsal view of a ‘ clarki’ morph specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595; 52 mm). E, Dorsal view of specimen from Bocas del Toro, Panama (35 mm). F – G, Variability in parapodial notch in two specimens from Yucatan, Mexico. I – L, Variability in foot sole pigmentation for specimens from the Florida Keys (LACM 178590) (I), (LACM 178635) (J), Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593) (K), and ‘ clarki’ morph from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595) (L). M, Egg mass of a specimen from Sweetings Cay, Bahamas. Field of view = 11.7 mm. N, Close-up of larvae from a clutch laid by a specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida; shelled larvae have lost their velar lobes and are metamorphosing on the egg mass at the time of hatching. Field of view = 1.8 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256955/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
M–N). Like all members of subclade 2,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C55FF9946EDFB42FEF41AB0" box="[179,301,1197,1220]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C55FF9946EDFB42FEF41AB0" box="[179,301,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not produce ECY. From field observations, slugs preferentially oviposit on upright, flat surfaces such as the vertical thalli of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C55FF994789FB20FDF31A9C" box="[471,554,1231,1256]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Udotea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C55FF994789FB20FDF31A9C" box="[471,554,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Udotea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C55FF99440EFB20FD001A9C" box="[592,729,1231,1256]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Avrainvillea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C55FF99440EFB20FD001A9C" box="[592,729,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Avrainvillea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or the tops of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C55FF9945D8FB20FBBD1A9C" box="[902,1124,1231,1256]" class="Bivalvia" family="Penicillidae" genus="Penicillus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="capitatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C55FF9945D8FB20FBBD1A9C" box="[902,1124,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Penicillus capitatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Laboratory-held slugs that had not oviposited for several weeks rapidly laid eggs on plastic aquarium plants once introduced to the tank; the response to these structural mimics suggests that egg-laying behavior may be inhibited in the absence of preferred algal substrates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C55FF994699FA8FFAE51858" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,1904]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Larvae lack any host-associated settlement cue and undergo spontaneous metamorphosis before hatching, or within a few days of hatching (Krug 2009). Earlier work described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C55FF9945C4FA6AFBCE1BE8" box="[922,1047,1413,1436]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C55FF9945C4FA6AFBCE1BE8" box="[922,1047,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as poecilogonous, with mangrove populations producing ‘
|
||
<typeStatus id="F75871D99C55FF9947FCFA47FE0E1BB4" box="[418,471,1448,1472]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">type</typeStatus>
|
||
2’ or swimming lecithotrophic larvae, and reef slugs producing ‘
|
||
<typeStatus id="F75871D99C55FF99429BFA47FB231BB4" box="[1221,1274,1448,1472]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">type</typeStatus>
|
||
3’ larvae that underwent intracapsular metamorphosis and hatched as crawl-away juveniles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C55FF994248FA23FAD51B90" author="Clark" box="[1046,1292,1484,1509]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Clark, K. B. & Jensen, K. R. (1981) A comparison of egg size, capsule size, and development patterns in the order Ascoglossa (Sacoglossa) (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia). International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction, 3, 57 - 64. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01651269.1981.10553382" type="journal article" year="1981">Clark & Jensen 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C55FF994344FA23FECE187C" author="Defreese" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="DeFreese, D. E. & Clark, K. B. (1983) Analysis of reproductive energetics of Florida Opisthobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda). International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction, 6, 1 - 10. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01651269.1983.10510018" type="journal article" year="1983">Defreese & Clark 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C55FF99477DFA00FE7C187C" author="Clark" box="[291,421,1519,1544]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Clark, K. B. (1994) Ascoglossan (= Sacoglossa) molluscs in the Florida Keys: Rare marine invertebrates at special risk. Bulletin of Marine Science, 54, 900 - 916." type="journal article" year="1994">Clark 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These are not distinct
|
||
<typeStatus id="F75871D99C55FF9944EEFA1FFD32187C" box="[688,747,1520,1544]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of larvae, however, but rather reflect inter-clutch variation in the timing of hatching or attainment of competence, common in many lecithotrophic species (Krug 2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C55FF994699F9D8FEAC1904" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,1904]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Development of mangrove specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C55FF99449CF9D8FC811824" box="[706,856,1591,1616]" name="Bahamas" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and reef specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C55FF9942D3F9D7FB341824" box="[1165,1261,1592,1616]" name="Curaçao" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
, was described (Krug 2009). For two clutches, mean egg diameter was 113.8 ± 3.9 µm (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C55FF9945B6F9B3FB8D1801" box="[1000,1108,1628,1653]" name="Bahamas" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
; n = 7) and 106.1 ± 2.2 µm (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C55FF9946C0F96FFED918EC" box="[158,256,1664,1688]" name="Curaçao" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
; n = 67). Much larger mean egg sizes were previously reported:
|
||
<quantity id="EF1B629E9C55FF994582F990FBE018E3" box="[988,1081,1663,1688]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.05" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="205.0">205 mm</quantity>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C55FF99423AF990FAB118EC" author="Clark" box="[1124,1384,1663,1688]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Clark, K. B. & Jensen, K. R. (1981) A comparison of egg size, capsule size, and development patterns in the order Ascoglossa (Sacoglossa) (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia). International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction, 3, 57 - 64. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01651269.1981.10553382" type="journal article" year="1981">Clark & Jensen (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<quantity id="EF1B629E9C55FF9946C9F94BFF2C18C8" box="[151,245,1700,1724]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.09" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="209.0">209 mm</quantity>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C55FF99477FF94BFD9918C8" author="Defreese" box="[289,576,1700,1725]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="DeFreese, D. E. & Clark, K. B. (1983) Analysis of reproductive energetics of Florida Opisthobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda). International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction, 6, 1 - 10. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01651269.1983.10510018" type="journal article" year="1983">Defreese & Clark (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C55FF994415F94AFDB418C8" box="[587,621,1701,1724]" country="Haiti" name="Nord" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">No</collectingRegion>
|
||
measures of variance were reported by Clark and coworkers, making it difficult to evaluate the reliability of these values.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C55FF994492F927FD3718AB" box="[716,750,1736,1759]" country="Haiti" name="Nord" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">No</collectingRegion>
|
||
sacoglossan has been reported to have eggs larger than ~130 µm in any recent study, and only three older studies reported egg diameters on the order of 200 µm (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C55FF994345F902FEA2195C" authority="Chia 1971" authorityName="Chia" authorityYear="1971" class="Gastropoda" family="Limapontiidae" genus="Limapontia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="senestra">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C55FF994345F902FF2D195C" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Limapontia senestra</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C55FF99475DF8E0FEA2195C" author="Chia" box="[259,379,1807,1832]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Chia, F. S. (1971) Oviposition, fecundity, and larval development of three sacoglossan opisthobranchs from the Northumberland coast, England. The Veliger, 13, 319 - 325." type="journal article" year="1971">Chia 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C55FF9947D9F8E0FDDC195C" box="[391,517,1807,1832]" class="Gastropoda" family="Juliidae" genus="Berthelinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C55FF9947D9F8E0FDDC195C" box="[391,517,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Berthelinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C55FF994470F8E0FD1D195C" box="[558,708,1807,1832]" class="Gastropoda" family="Juliidae" genus="Tamanovalva" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C55FF994470F8E0FD1D195C" box="[558,708,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Tamanovalva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C55FF99448BF8E0FB8B195C" authority="Kawaguti & Yamasu 1960" authorityName="Kawaguti & Yamasu" authorityYear="1960" box="[725,1106,1807,1832]" class="Gastropoda" family="Juliidae" genus="Tamanovalva" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="limax">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C55FF99448BF8E0FCCA195C" box="[725,787,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">limax</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C55FF99457DF8E0FB8B195C" author="Kawaguti" box="[803,1106,1807,1832]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Kawaguti, S. & Yamasu, T. (1960) Spawning habits of a bivalved gastropod, Tamanovalva limax. Biological Journal of Okayama University, 6, 133 - 149." type="journal article" year="1960">Kawaguti & Yamasu 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C55FF994203F8E0FE7F1938" authority="Thompson & Salghetti-Drioli 1984" authorityName="Thompson & Salghetti-Drioli" authorityYear="1984" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Thuridilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hopei">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C55FF994203F8E0FACC195C" box="[1117,1301,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Thuridilla hopei</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C55FF99437AF8E0FE7F1938" author="Thompson" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Thompson, T. E., & Salghetti-Drioli, U. (1984) Unusual features of the development of the sacoglossan Elysia hopei in the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 50, 61 - 63." type="journal article" year="1984">Thompson & Salghetti-Drioli 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The older values for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C55FF9944FFF8DAFCC51938" box="[673,796,1845,1868]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C55FF9944FFF8DAFCC51938" box="[673,796,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other taxa may indicate a recent decline in mean egg sizes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C55FF9946AFF8B8FEA81904" box="[241,369,1879,1904]" class="Gastropoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Mollusca" rank="order">Sacoglossa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7C9C9FF39C54FF9846C9FA33FA5F185B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256958/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1478]" targetPageId="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C54FF9846C9FA33FA5F185B" blockId="27.[151,1436,1500,1583]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C54FF9846C9FA33FEF81B86" bold="true" box="[151,289,1500,1522]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C54FF984774FA33FE1D1B86" box="[298,452,1500,1522]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C54FF984774FA33FE1D1B86" box="[298,452,1500,1522]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Elysia crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, SEM of the radulae of additional specimens.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C54FF9845F4FA33FC651B86" bold="true" box="[938,956,1500,1522]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">A</emphasis>
|
||
, Leading tooth (LACM 178592); white arrow indicates sharp transition between denticulate edge and rest of tooth.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C54FF98452EFA15FC581864" bold="true" box="[880,897,1530,1552]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">B</emphasis>
|
||
, Leading tooth (LACM 178584).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C54FF9842B4FA15FB251864" bold="true" box="[1258,1276,1530,1552]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C</emphasis>
|
||
, Leading tooth (LACM 178590).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C54FF98470EF9F6FEBB185B" bold="true" box="[336,354,1561,1583]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">D</emphasis>
|
||
, Leading tooth (LACM 178638).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C54FF9844E5F9F6FD15185B" bold="true" box="[699,716,1561,1583]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">E</emphasis>
|
||
, Leading tooth (LACM 178588).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C54FF98427BF9F6FBEB185B" bold="true" box="[1061,1074,1561,1583]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">F</emphasis>
|
||
, Leading tooth (LACM 178589).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C54FF984699F9B8FDD9191F" blockId="27.[151,1437,1622,2007]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Mean time to hatching was 14.9 ± 0.4 d at ~22°C (n = 9 clutches). In nine of 11 clutches laid by
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C54FF98436BF9B9FA45181B" box="[1333,1436,1622,1647]" name="Bahamas" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
slugs, all larvae metamorphosed prior to hatching, while in two clutches all larvae hatched but metamorphosed in filtered seawater within 2 d (Krug 2009). In egg masses laid by specimens of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C54FF98427DF971FBBD18C3" box="[1059,1124,1694,1719]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C54FF98427DF971FBBD18C3" box="[1059,1124,1694,1719]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morph from Lake Surprise,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C54FF9846C9F92DFF3218AF" box="[151,235,1730,1755]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
, larvae emerged in the early stages of metamorphosis, primarily crawling and in the process of velar resorption. Longer post-hatching larval periods of 4–5 d were reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C54FF984250F909FB2E188B" box="[1038,1271,1766,1791]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refString="Pierce, S. K., Massey, S. E., Hanten, J. J. & Curtis, N. E. (2003) Horizontal transfer of functional nuclear genes between multicellular organisms. The Biological Bulletin, 204, 237 - 240. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1543594" type="journal article">
|
||
Pierce
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C54FF98423EF908FB44188B" box="[1120,1181,1766,1791]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and a longer encapsulated period for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C54FF984780F8E5FDC61957" box="[478,543,1802,1827]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C54FF984780F8E5FDC61957" box="[478,543,1802,1827]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morph (28–35 d), for clutches incubated at 20°C. Differences in conditions during incubation of egg masses among studies may explain such variation in time to hatching and the proportion of encapsulated metamorphosis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C54FF984699F899FA4419A3" blockId="27.[151,1437,1622,2007]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Significant among-clutch variation in larval shell size at hatching was reported, ranging from a mean shell width of 238.7 ± 5.93 µm (n = 40) for a clutch from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C54FF9844AAF874FC8819C7" box="[756,849,1947,1971]" name="Curaçao" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
to a mean width of 299.2 ± 13.9 µm (n = 33) for a clutch from Sweetings Cay,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C54FF984782F851FD9F19A3" box="[476,582,1982,2007]" name="Bahamas" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Overall mean shell size per clutch was 283.0 ± 25.1 µm (n = 5 clutches).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C53FF9F46C9FF77FD8E1F68" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Mean body length of post-metamorphic juvenile slugs was 517.1 ± 64.6 µm (n = 2 clutches) prior to feeding. Juveniles from egg masses laid by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F441FFF53FD5B1EA1" box="[577,642,188,213]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F441FFF53FD5B1EA1" box="[577,642,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphs fed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4517FF52FBCF1EA1" box="[841,1046,188,213]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Bryopsidaceae" genus="Bryopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="plumosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4517FF52FBCF1EA1" box="[841,1046,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Bryopsis plumosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4216FF53FAED1EA0" box="[1096,1332,188,213]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Derbesiaceae" genus="Derbesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="tenuissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4216FF53FAED1EA0" box="[1096,1332,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Derbesia tenuissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F46C9FF30FE5B1E8C" box="[151,386,223,248]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="verticillata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F46C9FF30FE5B1E8C" box="[151,386,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Caulerpa verticillata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; juveniles of typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4430FF0EFD131E8C" box="[622,714,225,248]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4430FF0EFD131E8C" box="[622,714,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphs did not feed on other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4242FF0EFBA71E8C" box="[1052,1150,225,248]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Bryopsidaceae" genus="Bryopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4242FF0EFBA71E8C" box="[1052,1150,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Bryopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F42B2FF0EFAB31E8C" box="[1260,1386,223,248]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Bryopsidaceae" genus="Bryopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="plumosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F42B2FF0EFAB31E8C" box="[1260,1386,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">B. plumosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was evidently not tested (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C53FF9F47DEFEEBFD921F68" author="Pierce" box="[384,587,260,285]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Pierce, S. K., Massey, S. E., Hanten, J. J. & Curtis, N. E. (2003) Horizontal transfer of functional nuclear genes between multicellular organisms. The Biological Bulletin, 204, 237 - 240. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1543594" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Pierce
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4791FEEAFDD11F69" box="[463,520,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60F99CF09C53FFA24699FEC8FE0E1A7B" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C53FF9F4699FEC8FB611CF1" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4699FEC8FEBD1F34" bold="true" box="[199,356,295,320]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Host ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4732FEC8FDCC1F34" box="[364,533,295,320]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4732FEC8FDCC1F34" box="[364,533,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Elysia crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the most polyphagous sacoglossans, but studies on its feeding ecology have a long and complicated history. Uncertainty has surrounded whether animals consume algae that they may be spatially associated with in the field. Confusion stems in part from the wide range of algae included in the diet of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F43DAFE9EFF2A1FD8" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F43DAFE9EFF2A1FD8" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; further, due to the highly photosynthetic nature of this species, specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F42DCFE7AFAD91FD8" box="[1154,1280,405,428]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F42DCFE7AFAD91FD8" box="[1154,1280,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not often observed feeding or physically resting upon a particular host. Feeding has been inferred from various lines of evidence including preferential association in field surveys or laboratory assays, visual observation, chlorophyll content of slug tissue, electron microscopy of retained chloroplasts, and DNA barcoding of chloroplasts retained in digestive gland cells of field-collected slugs. The latter two methods may best reflect algal consumption under ecologically relevant conditions; however, these methods may not fully capture all species eaten in the field if there is biased retention of (or PCR amplification from) plastids from a subset of consumed species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C53FF9F4699FD7FFD861D28" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
It was long asserted that juveniles fed preferentially on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4515FD60FBE31CDC" box="[843,1082,655,680]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="verticillata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4515FD60FBE31CDC" box="[843,1082,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Caulerpa verticillata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C53FF9F4215FD7FFB041CDC" author="Jensen" box="[1099,1245,656,680]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Jensen, K. R. (1980) A review of sacoglossan diets, with comparative notes on radular and buccal anatomy. Malacological Review, 13, 55 - 77." type="journal article" year="1980">Jensen 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C53FF9F42B4FD7FFF0B1CB8" author="Jensen" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Jensen, K. R. & Clark, K. N. (1983) Annotated checklist of Florida ascoglossan Opisthobranchia. The Nautilus, 97, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1983">Jensen & Clark 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C53FF9F4680FD5BFEB81CB8" author="Clark" box="[222,353,692,717]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Clark, K. B. (1994) Ascoglossan (= Sacoglossa) molluscs in the Florida Keys: Rare marine invertebrates at special risk. Bulletin of Marine Science, 54, 900 - 916." type="journal article" year="1994">Clark 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The study cited to support this assertion contains no relevant data, however;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C53FF9F4285FD5BFF381C84" author="Clark" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Clark, K. B. & Busacca, M. (1978) Feeding specificity and chloroplast retention in four tropical Ascoglossa, with a discussion of the extent of chloroplast symbiosis and the evolution of the order. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 44, 272 - 282." type="journal article" year="1978">Clark & Busacca (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
tested adult feeding, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F444BFD37FD6C1C84" box="[533,693,727,752]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="verticillata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F444BFD37FD6C1C84" box="[533,693,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">C. verticillata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not among the five
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F45BFFD38FB921C84" box="[993,1099,727,752]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F45BFFD38FB921C84" box="[993,1099,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Caulerpa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. used in assays. Adding further confusion,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C53FF9F4739FD13FDA31D60" author="Clark" box="[359,634,764,789]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Clark, K. B. & Busacca, M. (1978) Feeding specificity and chloroplast retention in four tropical Ascoglossa, with a discussion of the extent of chloroplast symbiosis and the evolution of the order. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 44, 272 - 282." type="journal article" year="1978">Clark & Busacca (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
state “…
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F44B2FD13FC801D61" box="[748,857,764,789]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Tridachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F44B2FD13FC801D61" box="[748,857,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Tridachia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
used no species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4268FD13FB461D61" box="[1078,1183,764,789]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4268FD13FB461D61" box="[1078,1183,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Caulerpa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” as a food source, yet listed “40% of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F471AFCF0FE771D4C" box="[324,430,799,824]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F471AFCF0FE771D4C" box="[324,430,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Caulerpa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.” as “accepted” by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F449CFCF0FCF61D4C" box="[706,815,799,824]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Tridachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F449CFCF0FCF61D4C" box="[706,815,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Tridachia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in their
|
||
<tableCitation id="6561FAC09C53FF9F45CCFCF0FC311D4C" box="[914,1000,799,824]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="124.[119,194,544,564]" captionText="TABLE 2. Summary of characters for Caribbean elysiids including internal and external morphology, development, and algal host use." pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
, and also reported that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F42ABFCF0FABC1D4C" box="[1269,1381,799,824]" class="Bivalvia" family="Penicillidae" genus="Penicillus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F42ABFCF0FABC1D4C" box="[1269,1381,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Penicillus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. were consumed but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4729FCAAFE231D28" box="[375,506,837,860]" class="Bivalvia" family="Penicillidae" genus="Penicillus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="capitatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4729FCAAFE231D28" box="[375,506,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">P. capitatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C53FF9F4699FC88FCCA1A41" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
The adult diet of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F47C5FC86FDC21DF4" box="[411,539,873,896]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F47C5FC86FDC21DF4" box="[411,539,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was reported to include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4516FC86FBCC1DF4" box="[840,1045,871,896]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Bryopsidaceae" genus="Bryopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="plumosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4516FC86FBCC1DF4" box="[840,1045,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Bryopsis plumosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and at least one species each of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F46C9FC63FEDE1DD1" box="[151,263,908,933]" class="Bivalvia" family="Penicillidae" genus="Penicillus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F46C9FC63FEDE1DD1" box="[151,263,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Penicillus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F474BFC63FE5A1DD1" box="[277,387,908,933]" class="Chlorophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Halimeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F474BFC63FE5A1DD1" box="[277,387,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Halimeda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F47CDFC63FDD71DD1" box="[403,526,908,933]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palicidae" genus="Cymopolia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F47CDFC63FDD71DD1" box="[403,526,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cymopolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4412FC63FD1D1DD1" box="[588,708,908,933]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Dasycladaceae" genus="Batophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dasycladales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4412FC63FD1D1DD1" box="[588,708,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Batophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C53FF9F448DFC63FC011DD0" author="Clark" box="[723,984,908,933]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Clark, K. B. & Busacca, M. (1978) Feeding specificity and chloroplast retention in four tropical Ascoglossa, with a discussion of the extent of chloroplast symbiosis and the evolution of the order. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 44, 272 - 282." type="journal article" year="1978">Clark & Busacca 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C53FF9F45BBFC62FBAB1DD0" author="Jensen" box="[997,1138,908,932]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Jensen, K. R. (1980) A review of sacoglossan diets, with comparative notes on radular and buccal anatomy. Malacological Review, 13, 55 - 77." type="journal article" year="1980">Jensen 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C53FF9F4221FC62FAA81DD0" author="Jensen" box="[1151,1393,908,933]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Jensen, K. R. & Clark, K. N. (1983) Annotated checklist of Florida ascoglossan Opisthobranchia. The Nautilus, 97, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1983">Jensen & Clark 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In separate laboratory feeding assays, slugs were reported to feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F45C2FC40FBA61DBC" box="[924,1151,943,968]" class="Chlorophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Halimeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="discoidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F45C2FC40FBA61DBC" box="[924,1151,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Halimeda discoidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F42CEFC40FAE11DBC" box="[1168,1336,943,968]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Cladophoraceae" genus="Chaetomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cladophorales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F42CEFC40FAE11DBC" box="[1168,1336,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Chaetomorpha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., and three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4686FC3BFE9B1D99" box="[216,322,980,1005]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4686FC3BFE9B1D99" box="[216,322,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Caulerpa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F47D5FC3AFDF01D99" box="[395,553,980,1005]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="verticillata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F47D5FC3AFDF01D99" box="[395,553,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">C. verticillata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4467FC3AFD101D98" box="[569,713,981,1004]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="racemosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4467FC3AFD101D98" box="[569,713,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">C. racemosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F455DFC3AFC181D99" box="[771,961,980,1005]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="sertularioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F455DFC3AFC181D99" box="[771,961,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">C. sertularioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); however, slugs performed poorly on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F43DCFC3AFECB1A64" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="verticillata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F43DCFC3AFECB1A64" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">C. verticillata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and died after a week on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F441CFC17FB881A64" authority="Thompson & Jarman 1989" authorityName="Thompson & Jarman" authorityYear="1989" box="[578,1105,1015,1040]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="sertularioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F441CFC17FCD81A64" box="[578,769,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">C. sertularioides</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C53FF9F454FFC18FB901A64" author="Thompson" box="[785,1097,1015,1040]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Thompson, T. E. & Jarman, G. M. (1989) Nutrition of Tridachia crispata (Morch) (Sacoglossa). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 55, 239 - 244. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / mollus / 55.2.239" type="journal article" year="1989">Thompson & Jarman 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The ecological relevance of captive feeding on toxic algae remains unclear, however.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C53FF9F4699FBD0FB8E187C" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Pierce and colleagues used a combination of microscopy, DNA barcoding, field surveys and lab feeding trials to establish the diet of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C53FF9F47CDFB8BFE3D1A09" box="[403,484,1124,1149]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
populations of the ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F449AFB8BFCDC1A09" box="[708,773,1124,1149]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F449AFB8BFCDC1A09" box="[708,773,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ morph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F45DDFB8AFC241A08" box="[899,1021,1125,1148]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F45DDFB8AFC241A08" box="[899,1021,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the field and lab, slugs consumed at least six genera, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4783FB68FD1B1AD4" box="[477,706,1159,1184]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Derbesiaceae" genus="Derbesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="tenuissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4783FB68FD1B1AD4" box="[477,706,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Derbesia tenuissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, seven
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4548FB66FCA11AD4" box="[790,888,1161,1184]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Bryopsidaceae" genus="Bryopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4548FB66FCA11AD4" box="[790,888,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Bryopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F45EAFB67FBE21AD4" box="[948,1083,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F45E0FB67FBE21AD4" box="[958,1083,1159,1184]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Bryopsidaceae" genus="Bryopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="plumosa">B. plumosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4217FB66FB1B1AD4" box="[1097,1218,1161,1184]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Bryopsidaceae" genus="Bryopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="pennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4217FB66FB1B1AD4" box="[1097,1218,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">B. pennata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F428EFB66FA861AD4" box="[1232,1375,1159,1184]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Bryopsidaceae" genus="Bryopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="pennatula">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F428EFB66FA861AD4" box="[1232,1375,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">B. pennatula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, four unidentified species), three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F478FFB43FD981AB1" box="[465,577,1196,1221]" class="Bivalvia" family="Penicillidae" genus="Penicillus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F478FFB43FD981AB1" box="[465,577,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Penicillus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F44D4FB42FCD71AB0" box="[650,782,1197,1220]" class="Bivalvia" family="Penicillidae" genus="Penicillus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="capitatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F44D4FB42FCD71AB0" box="[650,782,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">P. capitatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4540FB42FBA91AB0" box="[798,1136,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4540FB42FC1F1AB1" box="[798,966,1196,1221]" class="Bivalvia" family="Penicillidae" genus="Penicillus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="lamourouxii">P. lamourouxii</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F458DFB42FBA91AB0" box="[979,1136,1196,1220]" class="Bivalvia" family="Penicillidae" genus="Penicillus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pyroformus">P. pyroformus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4294FB43FAE11AB1" box="[1226,1336,1196,1221]" class="Chlorophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Halimeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4294FB43FAE11AB1" box="[1226,1336,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Halimeda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F43DFFB42FED51A9C" class="Chlorophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Halimeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F43DFFB42FED51A9C" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4744FB3EFE501A9C" box="[282,393,1231,1256]" class="Chlorophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Halimeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="monile">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4744FB3EFE501A9C" box="[282,393,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. monile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F47C7FB3EFDC81A9C" box="[409,529,1233,1256]" class="Chlorophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Halimeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="opuntia">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F47C7FB3EFDC81A9C" box="[409,529,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. opuntia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4474FB20FD651A9C" box="[554,700,1231,1256]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Polyphysaceae" genus="Acetabularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" order="Dasycladales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4474FB20FD651A9C" box="[554,700,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Acetabularia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and an alga with genetic affinity to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4200FB20FA9C1A9C" box="[1118,1349,1231,1256]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Pseudochlorodesmis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4200FB20FA9C1A9C" box="[1118,1349,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Pseudochlorodesmis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C53FF9F430AFB20FECF1B78" author="Pierce" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Pierce, S. K., Massey, S. E., Hanten, J. J. & Curtis, N. E. (2003) Horizontal transfer of functional nuclear genes between multicellular organisms. The Biological Bulletin, 204, 237 - 240. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1543594" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Pierce
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F46C9FB1AFF0B1B79" box="[151,210,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C53FF9F477AFB1BFE281B78" author="Curtis" box="[292,497,1268,1293]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Curtis, N. E., Massey, S. E., Schwartz, J. A., Tagihof, H. & Pierce, S. K. (2004) The intracellular, functional chloroplasts in adult Elysia crispata come from several algal species, and are different from those in juvenile slugs. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 44, 686." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Curtis
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F472CFB1AFE741B79" box="[370,429,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2006;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C53FF9F4416FB1BFCB61B78" author="Middlebrooks" box="[584,879,1268,1293]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Middlebrooks, M. L., Bell, S. S., Curtis, N. E. & Pierce, S. K. (2014) Atypical plant - herbivore association of algal food and a kleptoplastic sea slug (Elysia clarki) revealed by DNA barcoding and field surveys. Marine Biology, 161, 1429 - 1440. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2431 - 9" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Middlebrooks
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F44B0FB1AFCF01B79" box="[750,809,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Plastids from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F427AFB1BFB571B79" box="[1060,1166,1268,1293]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F427AFB1BFB571B79" box="[1060,1166,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Caulerpa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were never detected in slugs preserved immediately after field collection (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C53FF9F4489FAF8FC251B44" author="Middlebrooks" box="[727,1020,1303,1328]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Middlebrooks, M. L., Bell, S. S., Curtis, N. E. & Pierce, S. K. (2014) Atypical plant - herbivore association of algal food and a kleptoplastic sea slug (Elysia clarki) revealed by DNA barcoding and field surveys. Marine Biology, 161, 1429 - 1440. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2431 - 9" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Middlebrooks
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4523FAF6FC6E1B44" box="[893,951,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); thus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4210FAF8FB611B44" box="[1102,1208,1303,1328]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4210FAF8FB611B44" box="[1102,1208,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Caulerpa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not consumed by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F46C9FAD2FEC81B20" box="[151,273,1341,1364]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F46C9FAD2FEC81B20" box="[151,273,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under field conditions. Consumed algae were not consistent among sites and did not always reflect algal abundance, indicating dietary preferences despite the breadth of suitable hosts. Using plastid barcoding, Christa
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F43D6FA8EFF6D1BE9" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014) also documented the presence of retained chloroplasts from some of the above listed algal taxa, plus unidentified species in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F47C4FA48FD851BB4" box="[410,604,1447,1472]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Pseudocodiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="family">Pseudocodiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4439FA48FD2A1BB4" box="[615,755,1447,1472]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Rhipiliaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="family">Rhipiliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Ulvophyceae. We have observed feeding
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F42A5FA46FA991BB4" box="[1275,1344,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
only on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F46C9FA22FF201B90" box="[151,249,1485,1508]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Bryopsidaceae" genus="Bryopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F46C9FA22FF201B90" box="[151,249,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Bryopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; however, we have occasionally observed a close association between slugs and either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4295FA22FABB1B90" box="[1227,1378,1485,1508]" class="Chlorophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Halimeda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="incrassata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4295FA22FABB1B90" box="[1227,1378,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">H. incrassata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F43D9FA22FF27187C" class="Bivalvia" family="Penicillidae" genus="Penicillus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="capitatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F43D9FA22FF27187C" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">P. capitatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, consistent with barcoding data showing preferential feeding on these algae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C53FF9F4699F9FBFC9219A9" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4699F9FBFDCC1859" bold="true" box="[199,533,1556,1581]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Phylogenetic relationships.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4477F9FBFCBC1859" box="[553,869,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Intra-specific relationships</emphasis>
|
||
. Within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F45BCF9FAFBB21858" box="[994,1131,1557,1580]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F45BCF9FAFBB21858" box="[994,1131,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, populations are highly genetically structured due to the limited dispersal ability of larvae. We compared the evolutionary relationships of mitochondrial lineages as inferred from ML analysis of COI haplotypes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C53FF9F4594F9B3FBC31800" box="[970,1050,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1300,1322]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,198,1274]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,193,1278]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Evolutionary relationships among a subsample of COI haplotypes from specimens of E. crispata, inferred by Maximum Likelihood. Significant bootstrap values are given adjacent to supported nodes. External morphology of 15 specimens with bolded isolate codes is shown in Fig. 14, with the corresponding panel given in parentheses. Terminals with multiple isolates denote haplotypes sampled more than once; multiple specimens from the same site and year are indicated by two-digit numbers following the corresponding year-site combination, except the total number from two sites is given for the common haplotype sampled in the Dry Tortugas, Dominica and St. Lucia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256959/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
) to the external morphology of
|
||
<specimenCount id="3EE504F29C53FF9F43DEF9B3FED518EC" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="generic">15 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C53FF9F4743F990FEA818EC" box="[285,369,1663,1688]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[212,1380,193,1598]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. External morphology of specimens of Elysia crispata from which the COI haplotypes analyzed in Fig. 13 were obtained, showing parapodial ruffling and coloration (left panel), foot (center), and close-up view of the anterior parapodial margin (right) from each live specimen. A, Green clarki morph from Lake Surprise, FL (isolate Ecri _ 09 LKS 05; 60 mm). B, Dark clarki morph from Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (Ecri _ 07 Mot 03; 20 mm). C, Intermediate clarki morph from Geiger Beach, Key West, FL (Ecri _ 07 Gei 08; 8 mm). D, Typical high-flow crispata morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 11; 12 mm). Isolate Ecri _ 10 Dry 08 had external features nearly identical to this specimen. E, High-flow morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 07; 13 mm). F – G, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from Sweeting’s Cay, Bahamas (F, Ecri _ 07 Swe 10, 25 mm; G, Ecri _ 07 Swe 07, 25 mm). H – I, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from the Northern Exumas, Bahamas (H, Ecri _ 10 NEx 01, 15 mm; I, Ecri _ 10 NEx 02, 18 mm). J, Intermediate morph from San Salvador Island, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 SSal 01, 15 mm). K – L, Typical crispata morphs from Curaçao (K, Ecri _ 09 Cur 01, 52 mm) and New Providence, Bahamas (L, Ecri _ 10 NPr 02, 30 mm). M, Green clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 02, 32 mm). N, Intermediate morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 04, 25 mm). O, Dark clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 08, 28 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256960/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
). Bolded isolate labels (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C53FF9F44DBF990FD0E18EC" box="[645,727,1663,1688]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1300,1322]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,198,1274]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,193,1278]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Evolutionary relationships among a subsample of COI haplotypes from specimens of E. crispata, inferred by Maximum Likelihood. Significant bootstrap values are given adjacent to supported nodes. External morphology of 15 specimens with bolded isolate codes is shown in Fig. 14, with the corresponding panel given in parentheses. Terminals with multiple isolates denote haplotypes sampled more than once; multiple specimens from the same site and year are indicated by two-digit numbers following the corresponding year-site combination, except the total number from two sites is given for the common haplotype sampled in the Dry Tortugas, Dominica and St. Lucia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256959/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
) link a haplotype to the corresponding photographic vouchers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C53FF9F46C1F94BFF2B18C8" box="[159,242,1700,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[212,1380,193,1598]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. External morphology of specimens of Elysia crispata from which the COI haplotypes analyzed in Fig. 13 were obtained, showing parapodial ruffling and coloration (left panel), foot (center), and close-up view of the anterior parapodial margin (right) from each live specimen. A, Green clarki morph from Lake Surprise, FL (isolate Ecri _ 09 LKS 05; 60 mm). B, Dark clarki morph from Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (Ecri _ 07 Mot 03; 20 mm). C, Intermediate clarki morph from Geiger Beach, Key West, FL (Ecri _ 07 Gei 08; 8 mm). D, Typical high-flow crispata morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 11; 12 mm). Isolate Ecri _ 10 Dry 08 had external features nearly identical to this specimen. E, High-flow morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 07; 13 mm). F – G, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from Sweeting’s Cay, Bahamas (F, Ecri _ 07 Swe 10, 25 mm; G, Ecri _ 07 Swe 07, 25 mm). H – I, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from the Northern Exumas, Bahamas (H, Ecri _ 10 NEx 01, 15 mm; I, Ecri _ 10 NEx 02, 18 mm). J, Intermediate morph from San Salvador Island, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 SSal 01, 15 mm). K – L, Typical crispata morphs from Curaçao (K, Ecri _ 09 Cur 01, 52 mm) and New Providence, Bahamas (L, Ecri _ 10 NPr 02, 30 mm). M, Green clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 02, 32 mm). N, Intermediate morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 04, 25 mm). O, Dark clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 08, 28 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256960/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
); plain text labels indicate other specimens that shared a given haplotype but that were not included in
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C53FF9F432EF94BFF6F1894" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[212,1380,193,1598]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. External morphology of specimens of Elysia crispata from which the COI haplotypes analyzed in Fig. 13 were obtained, showing parapodial ruffling and coloration (left panel), foot (center), and close-up view of the anterior parapodial margin (right) from each live specimen. A, Green clarki morph from Lake Surprise, FL (isolate Ecri _ 09 LKS 05; 60 mm). B, Dark clarki morph from Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (Ecri _ 07 Mot 03; 20 mm). C, Intermediate clarki morph from Geiger Beach, Key West, FL (Ecri _ 07 Gei 08; 8 mm). D, Typical high-flow crispata morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 11; 12 mm). Isolate Ecri _ 10 Dry 08 had external features nearly identical to this specimen. E, High-flow morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 07; 13 mm). F – G, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from Sweeting’s Cay, Bahamas (F, Ecri _ 07 Swe 10, 25 mm; G, Ecri _ 07 Swe 07, 25 mm). H – I, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from the Northern Exumas, Bahamas (H, Ecri _ 10 NEx 01, 15 mm; I, Ecri _ 10 NEx 02, 18 mm). J, Intermediate morph from San Salvador Island, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 SSal 01, 15 mm). K – L, Typical crispata morphs from Curaçao (K, Ecri _ 09 Cur 01, 52 mm) and New Providence, Bahamas (L, Ecri _ 10 NPr 02, 30 mm). M, Green clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 02, 32 mm). N, Intermediate morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 04, 25 mm). O, Dark clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 08, 28 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256960/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
. The maximum distance between COI haplotypes, 7.8%, was greater than that noted between ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F42B7F928FAF31894" box="[1257,1322,1735,1760]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F42B7F928FAF31894" box="[1257,1322,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ from the FL Keys and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4773F902FE711970" box="[301,424,1773,1796]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4773F902FE711970" box="[301,424,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C53FF9F444AF903FD9F1970" box="[532,582,1772,1796]" name="United States of America" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C53FF9F4413F903FD301971" box="[589,745,1772,1797]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Pierce
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4518F902FCA71971" box="[838,894,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006), yet was below our 8% cutoff for specieslevel distances in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F473AF8E0FE73195C" box="[356,426,1807,1832]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F473AF8E0FE73195C" box="[356,426,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Elysia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Clades were not separated into different species by ABGD. On the ML gene tree, COI haplotypes fell into five divergent groups among which mean COI distances (TrN) ranged from 4.4 to 6.7%. Within each clade, mean distance between haplotypes was <1.5%. These results are consistent with a comprehensive phylogeographic analysis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C53FF9F4783F892FD8319E0" box="[477,602,1917,1940]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C53FF9F4783F892FD8319E0" box="[477,602,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="3EE504F29C53FF9F4434F893FCCA19E1" box="[618,787,1916,1941]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="generic">216 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
from 17 populations), which recovered eight COI clades ranging from 5–8% distant (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C53FF9F4787F84FFD9919CC" author="Vo" box="[473,576,1952,1976]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refString="Vo, J. (2013) Mitochondrial versus nuclear phylogeography of Caribbean sea slugs with short-lived larvae. M. S. California State University, Los Angeles, 76 pp." type="book" year="2013">Vo 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, all populations shared at least one of three common H3 alleles, indicating populations likely represent one biological species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7C9C9FF39C52FF9E46C9FAFBFC5A1BB7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256959/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" targetBox="[151,1432,198,1274]" targetPageId="29">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C52FF9E46C9FAFBFC5A1BB7" blockId="29.[151,1436,1300,1475]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C52FF9E46C9FAFBFEFB1B5E" bold="true" box="[151,290,1300,1322]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
|
||
Evolutionary relationships among a subsample of COI haplotypes from specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C52FF9E42F7FAFAFAC31B5E" box="[1193,1306,1301,1322]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C52FF9E42F7FAFAFAC31B5E" box="[1193,1306,1301,1322]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, inferred by Maximum Likelihood. Significant bootstrap values are given adjacent to supported nodes. External morphology of 15 specimens with bolded isolate codes is shown in Fig. 14, with the corresponding panel given in parentheses. Terminals with multiple isolates denote haplotypes sampled more than once; multiple specimens from the same site and year are indicated by two-digit numbers following the corresponding year-site combination, except the total number from two sites is given for the common haplotype sampled in the Dry Tortugas, Dominica and St. Lucia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C52FF9E4699FA04FDA5188B" blockId="29.[151,1436,1514,2007]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
In our analysis, Group 1 comprised a grade of closely related COI haplotypes (maximum distance, 0.8%) from four
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C52FF9E468DF9E1FEFD1853" box="[211,292,1550,1575]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
populations. Specimens from three
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C52FF9E4484F9E1FCF21853" box="[730,811,1550,1575]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
Keys sites (Lake Surprise, Mote Tropical Research Laboratory canal, Geiger Beach) had ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C52FF9E4412F9DDFD54183F" box="[588,653,1586,1611]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C52FF9E4412F9DDFD54183F" box="[588,653,1586,1611]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ features (unfused and unruffled parapodia, green foot;
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C52FF9E4355F9DDFA83183F" box="[1291,1370,1586,1611]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[212,1380,193,1598]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. External morphology of specimens of Elysia crispata from which the COI haplotypes analyzed in Fig. 13 were obtained, showing parapodial ruffling and coloration (left panel), foot (center), and close-up view of the anterior parapodial margin (right) from each live specimen. A, Green clarki morph from Lake Surprise, FL (isolate Ecri _ 09 LKS 05; 60 mm). B, Dark clarki morph from Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (Ecri _ 07 Mot 03; 20 mm). C, Intermediate clarki morph from Geiger Beach, Key West, FL (Ecri _ 07 Gei 08; 8 mm). D, Typical high-flow crispata morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 11; 12 mm). Isolate Ecri _ 10 Dry 08 had external features nearly identical to this specimen. E, High-flow morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 07; 13 mm). F – G, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from Sweeting’s Cay, Bahamas (F, Ecri _ 07 Swe 10, 25 mm; G, Ecri _ 07 Swe 07, 25 mm). H – I, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from the Northern Exumas, Bahamas (H, Ecri _ 10 NEx 01, 15 mm; I, Ecri _ 10 NEx 02, 18 mm). J, Intermediate morph from San Salvador Island, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 SSal 01, 15 mm). K – L, Typical crispata morphs from Curaçao (K, Ecri _ 09 Cur 01, 52 mm) and New Providence, Bahamas (L, Ecri _ 10 NPr 02, 30 mm). M, Green clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 02, 32 mm). N, Intermediate morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 04, 25 mm). O, Dark clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 08, 28 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256960/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A-C), but grouped with two specimens sampled
|
||
<quantity id="EF1B629E9C52FF9E44DBF9B8FD04181B" box="[645,733,1622,1647]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="km" value="120.0">120 km</quantity>
|
||
away in the Dry
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C52FF9E45ECF9B7FBCD1804" box="[946,1044,1624,1648]" name="Haiti" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Tortugas</collectingCountry>
|
||
that had typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C52FF9E4283F9B7FAE0181B" box="[1245,1337,1624,1647]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C52FF9E4283F9B7FAE0181B" box="[1245,1337,1624,1647]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
features (fused and ruffled parapodia, white foot;
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C52FF9E4423F995FD0B18E7" box="[637,722,1658,1683]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[212,1380,193,1598]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. External morphology of specimens of Elysia crispata from which the COI haplotypes analyzed in Fig. 13 were obtained, showing parapodial ruffling and coloration (left panel), foot (center), and close-up view of the anterior parapodial margin (right) from each live specimen. A, Green clarki morph from Lake Surprise, FL (isolate Ecri _ 09 LKS 05; 60 mm). B, Dark clarki morph from Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (Ecri _ 07 Mot 03; 20 mm). C, Intermediate clarki morph from Geiger Beach, Key West, FL (Ecri _ 07 Gei 08; 8 mm). D, Typical high-flow crispata morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 11; 12 mm). Isolate Ecri _ 10 Dry 08 had external features nearly identical to this specimen. E, High-flow morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 07; 13 mm). F – G, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from Sweeting’s Cay, Bahamas (F, Ecri _ 07 Swe 10, 25 mm; G, Ecri _ 07 Swe 07, 25 mm). H – I, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from the Northern Exumas, Bahamas (H, Ecri _ 10 NEx 01, 15 mm; I, Ecri _ 10 NEx 02, 18 mm). J, Intermediate morph from San Salvador Island, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 SSal 01, 15 mm). K – L, Typical crispata morphs from Curaçao (K, Ecri _ 09 Cur 01, 52 mm) and New Providence, Bahamas (L, Ecri _ 10 NPr 02, 30 mm). M, Green clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 02, 32 mm). N, Intermediate morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 04, 25 mm). O, Dark clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 08, 28 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256960/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Notably, one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C52FF9E45C1F993FBC618E7" box="[927,1055,1660,1683]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C52FF9E45C1F993FBC618E7" box="[927,1055,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morph (10Dry08) shared a COI haplotype with a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C52FF9E4709F971FE4118C3" box="[343,408,1694,1719]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C52FF9E4709F971FE4118C3" box="[343,408,1694,1719]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morph from Lake Surprise,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C52FF9E448BF971FCFF18C3" box="[725,806,1694,1719]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C52FF9E456BF971FC5C18C3" box="[821,901,1694,1719]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[212,1380,193,1598]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. External morphology of specimens of Elysia crispata from which the COI haplotypes analyzed in Fig. 13 were obtained, showing parapodial ruffling and coloration (left panel), foot (center), and close-up view of the anterior parapodial margin (right) from each live specimen. A, Green clarki morph from Lake Surprise, FL (isolate Ecri _ 09 LKS 05; 60 mm). B, Dark clarki morph from Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (Ecri _ 07 Mot 03; 20 mm). C, Intermediate clarki morph from Geiger Beach, Key West, FL (Ecri _ 07 Gei 08; 8 mm). D, Typical high-flow crispata morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 11; 12 mm). Isolate Ecri _ 10 Dry 08 had external features nearly identical to this specimen. E, High-flow morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 07; 13 mm). F – G, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from Sweeting’s Cay, Bahamas (F, Ecri _ 07 Swe 10, 25 mm; G, Ecri _ 07 Swe 07, 25 mm). H – I, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from the Northern Exumas, Bahamas (H, Ecri _ 10 NEx 01, 15 mm; I, Ecri _ 10 NEx 02, 18 mm). J, Intermediate morph from San Salvador Island, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 SSal 01, 15 mm). K – L, Typical crispata morphs from Curaçao (K, Ecri _ 09 Cur 01, 52 mm) and New Providence, Bahamas (L, Ecri _ 10 NPr 02, 30 mm). M, Green clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 02, 32 mm). N, Intermediate morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 04, 25 mm). O, Dark clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 08, 28 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256960/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
A, 09LKS05). The lack of genetic divergence at COI between morphologically distinctive specimens sampled from the area surrounding the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C52FF9E42FAF92DFB2C18AF" box="[1188,1269,1730,1755]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
Keys supports the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C52FF9E4704F907FE63188B" box="[346,442,1766,1791]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C52FF9E4704F907FE63188B" box="[346,442,1766,1791]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">E. clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C52FF9E47A4F907FDAC188B" box="[506,629,1768,1791]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C52FF9E47A4F907FDAC188B" box="[506,629,1768,1791]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C52FF9E4699F8E5FAEE19A3" blockId="29.[151,1436,1514,2007]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
The suite of morphological characters that supposedly distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C52FF9E4595F8E3FBF61957" box="[971,1071,1802,1827]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C52FF9E4595F8E3FBF61957" box="[971,1071,1802,1827]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">E. clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C52FF9E4225F8E3FB231957" box="[1147,1274,1804,1827]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C52FF9E4225F8E3FB231957" box="[1147,1274,1804,1827]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also failed to covary among specimens sampled from shaded microhabitats across
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C52FF9E45BEF8C1FBA21933" box="[992,1147,1838,1863]" name="Bahamas" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
. For instance, Group 2 comprised one haplotype shared by three specimens from Sweeting’s Cay,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C52FF9E45BAF8BDFB97191F" box="[996,1102,1874,1899]" name="Bahamas" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
, of intermediate morphology; specimen 07Swe07 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C52FF9E47DCF899FE0D19FB" box="[386,468,1910,1935]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[212,1380,193,1598]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. External morphology of specimens of Elysia crispata from which the COI haplotypes analyzed in Fig. 13 were obtained, showing parapodial ruffling and coloration (left panel), foot (center), and close-up view of the anterior parapodial margin (right) from each live specimen. A, Green clarki morph from Lake Surprise, FL (isolate Ecri _ 09 LKS 05; 60 mm). B, Dark clarki morph from Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (Ecri _ 07 Mot 03; 20 mm). C, Intermediate clarki morph from Geiger Beach, Key West, FL (Ecri _ 07 Gei 08; 8 mm). D, Typical high-flow crispata morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 11; 12 mm). Isolate Ecri _ 10 Dry 08 had external features nearly identical to this specimen. E, High-flow morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 07; 13 mm). F – G, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from Sweeting’s Cay, Bahamas (F, Ecri _ 07 Swe 10, 25 mm; G, Ecri _ 07 Swe 07, 25 mm). H – I, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from the Northern Exumas, Bahamas (H, Ecri _ 10 NEx 01, 15 mm; I, Ecri _ 10 NEx 02, 18 mm). J, Intermediate morph from San Salvador Island, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 SSal 01, 15 mm). K – L, Typical crispata morphs from Curaçao (K, Ecri _ 09 Cur 01, 52 mm) and New Providence, Bahamas (L, Ecri _ 10 NPr 02, 30 mm). M, Green clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 02, 32 mm). N, Intermediate morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 04, 25 mm). O, Dark clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 08, 28 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256960/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
G) had features of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C52FF9E44B9F899FCF119FB" box="[743,808,1910,1935]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C52FF9E44B9F899FCF119FB" box="[743,808,1910,1935]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(unruffled parapodia, green foot continuous with outer parapodia) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C52FF9E4714F873FE7F19C7" box="[330,422,1948,1971]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C52FF9E4714F873FE7F19C7" box="[330,422,1948,1971]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(fused anterior parapodia). Group 3 comprised a specimen from Sweeting’s Cay with a dark
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C52FF9E4688F851FECE19A3" box="[214,279,1982,2007]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C52FF9E4688F851FECE19A3" box="[214,279,1982,2007]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphology but fused parapodia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C52FF9E44FCF851FD2A19A3" box="[674,755,1982,2007]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[212,1380,193,1598]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. External morphology of specimens of Elysia crispata from which the COI haplotypes analyzed in Fig. 13 were obtained, showing parapodial ruffling and coloration (left panel), foot (center), and close-up view of the anterior parapodial margin (right) from each live specimen. A, Green clarki morph from Lake Surprise, FL (isolate Ecri _ 09 LKS 05; 60 mm). B, Dark clarki morph from Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (Ecri _ 07 Mot 03; 20 mm). C, Intermediate clarki morph from Geiger Beach, Key West, FL (Ecri _ 07 Gei 08; 8 mm). D, Typical high-flow crispata morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 11; 12 mm). Isolate Ecri _ 10 Dry 08 had external features nearly identical to this specimen. E, High-flow morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 07; 13 mm). F – G, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from Sweeting’s Cay, Bahamas (F, Ecri _ 07 Swe 10, 25 mm; G, Ecri _ 07 Swe 07, 25 mm). H – I, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from the Northern Exumas, Bahamas (H, Ecri _ 10 NEx 01, 15 mm; I, Ecri _ 10 NEx 02, 18 mm). J, Intermediate morph from San Salvador Island, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 SSal 01, 15 mm). K – L, Typical crispata morphs from Curaçao (K, Ecri _ 09 Cur 01, 52 mm) and New Providence, Bahamas (L, Ecri _ 10 NPr 02, 30 mm). M, Green clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 02, 32 mm). N, Intermediate morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 04, 25 mm). O, Dark clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 08, 28 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256960/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
F), plus two specimens from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C52FF9E4237F851FB1719A3" box="[1129,1230,1982,2007]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Northern" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Northern</collectingRegion>
|
||
Exumas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7C9C9FF39C51FF9D46C9F9B1FD551990" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256960/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" targetBox="[212,1380,193,1597]" targetPageId="30">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C51FF9D46C9F9B1FD551990" blockId="30.[151,1436,1630,2020]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D46C9F9B1FEF91800" bold="true" box="[151,288,1630,1652]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
|
||
External morphology of specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C51FF9D44EFF9B1FC921800" box="[689,843,1630,1652]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D44EFF9B1FC921800" box="[689,843,1630,1652]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Elysia crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from which the COI haplotypes analyzed in Fig. 13 were obtained, showing parapodial ruffling and coloration (left panel), foot (center), and close-up view of the anterior parapodial margin (right) from each live specimen.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D4464F974FD8A18C5" bold="true" box="[570,595,1691,1713]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A,</emphasis>
|
||
Green
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C51FF9D44FFF974FD0518C5" box="[673,732,1691,1713]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D44FFF974FD0518C5" box="[673,732,1691,1713]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morph from Lake Surprise, FL (isolate Ecri_09LKS05; 60 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D43DAF974FA4218C5" bold="true" box="[1412,1435,1691,1713]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">B,</emphasis>
|
||
Dark
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C51FF9D468CF955FED418A4" box="[210,269,1722,1744]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D468CF955FED418A4" box="[210,269,1722,1744]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morph from Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (Ecri_07Mot03; 20 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D42E8F955FB0918A4" bold="true" box="[1206,1232,1722,1744]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">C,</emphasis>
|
||
Intermediate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C51FF9D433FF955FA4518A4" box="[1377,1436,1722,1744]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D433FF955FA4518A4" box="[1377,1436,1722,1744]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morph from Geiger Beach, Key West, FL (Ecri_07Gei08; 8 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D4568F936FC97189B" bold="true" box="[822,846,1753,1775]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">D,</emphasis>
|
||
Typical high-flow
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C51FF9D424CF935FBBC189B" box="[1042,1125,1754,1775]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D424CF935FBBC189B" box="[1042,1125,1754,1775]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri_10Dry11; 12 mm). Isolate Ecri_10Dry08 had external features nearly identical to this specimen.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D4299F918FB071979" bold="true" box="[1223,1246,1783,1805]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">E,</emphasis>
|
||
High-flow morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri_10Dry07; 13 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D44EFF8F9FD3D1958" bold="true" box="[689,740,1814,1836]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">F–G,</emphasis>
|
||
Intermediate morphs with mixed features from Sweeting’s Cay, Bahamas (F, Ecri_07Swe10, 25 mm; G, Ecri_07Swe07, 25 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D4512F8DBFCA4193E" bold="true" box="[844,893,1844,1866]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H–I,</emphasis>
|
||
Intermediate morphs with mixed features from the Northern Exumas, Bahamas (H, Ecri_10NEx01, 15 mm; I, Ecri_10NEx02, 18 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D45AAF8BCFBDE191D" bold="true" box="[1012,1031,1875,1897]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">J,</emphasis>
|
||
Intermediate morph from San Salvador Island, Bahamas (Ecri_07SSal01, 15 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D4411F89DFD5E19FC" bold="true" box="[591,647,1906,1928]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">K–L,</emphasis>
|
||
Typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C51FF9D44BEF89CFCEA19FC" box="[736,819,1907,1928]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D44BEF89CFCEA19FC" box="[736,819,1907,1928]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphs from Curaçao (K, Ecri_ 09Cur01, 52 mm) and New Providence, Bahamas (L, Ecri_10NPr02, 30 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D44C4F87EFD6E19D3" bold="true" box="[666,695,1937,1959]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">M,</emphasis>
|
||
Green
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C51FF9D455DF87EFCE719D3" box="[771,830,1937,1959]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D455DF87EFCE719D3" box="[771,830,1937,1959]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri_07LSS02, 32 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D46ACF840FED219B1" bold="true" box="[242,267,1967,1989]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">N,</emphasis>
|
||
Intermediate morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri_07LSS04, 25 mm).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D4212F840FBBF19B1" bold="true" box="[1100,1126,1967,1989]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">O,</emphasis>
|
||
Dark
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C51FF9D42FBF840FB3919B1" box="[1189,1248,1967,1989]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C51FF9D42FBF840FB3919B1" box="[1189,1248,1967,1989]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri_07LSS08, 28 mm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="7C9C9FF39C50FF9C46C9F917FE79197A" box="[151,416,1784,1806]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256961/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" targetBox="[151,1436,223,1762]" targetPageId="31">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C50FF9C46C9F917FE79197A" blockId="31.[151,416,1784,1806]" box="[151,416,1784,1806]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C50FF9C46C9F917FEC6197A" bold="true" box="[151,287,1784,1806]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
|
||
(Continued)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="7C9C9FF39C6FFFA346C9F8A5FE791914" box="[151,416,1866,1888]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256962/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1843]" targetPageId="32">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6FFFA346C9F8A5FE791914" blockId="32.[151,416,1866,1888]" box="[151,416,1866,1888]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6FFFA346C9F8A5FEC61914" bold="true" box="[151,287,1866,1888]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
|
||
(Continued)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6EFFA24699FF78FD151F4B" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Both Exumas specimens had symmetrically ruffled parapodia (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA245C7FF76FC2C1EC4" box="[921,1013,153,176]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA245C7FF76FC2C1EC4" box="[921,1013,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-type) and a green foot (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA2434EFF78FA881EC4" box="[1296,1361,151,176]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA2434EFF78FA881EC4" box="[1296,1361,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-type); one had a parapodial notch (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6EFFA247BBFF53FDE31EA0" box="[485,570,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[212,1380,193,1598]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. External morphology of specimens of Elysia crispata from which the COI haplotypes analyzed in Fig. 13 were obtained, showing parapodial ruffling and coloration (left panel), foot (center), and close-up view of the anterior parapodial margin (right) from each live specimen. A, Green clarki morph from Lake Surprise, FL (isolate Ecri _ 09 LKS 05; 60 mm). B, Dark clarki morph from Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (Ecri _ 07 Mot 03; 20 mm). C, Intermediate clarki morph from Geiger Beach, Key West, FL (Ecri _ 07 Gei 08; 8 mm). D, Typical high-flow crispata morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 11; 12 mm). Isolate Ecri _ 10 Dry 08 had external features nearly identical to this specimen. E, High-flow morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 07; 13 mm). F – G, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from Sweeting’s Cay, Bahamas (F, Ecri _ 07 Swe 10, 25 mm; G, Ecri _ 07 Swe 07, 25 mm). H – I, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from the Northern Exumas, Bahamas (H, Ecri _ 10 NEx 01, 15 mm; I, Ecri _ 10 NEx 02, 18 mm). J, Intermediate morph from San Salvador Island, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 SSal 01, 15 mm). K – L, Typical crispata morphs from Curaçao (K, Ecri _ 09 Cur 01, 52 mm) and New Providence, Bahamas (L, Ecri _ 10 NPr 02, 30 mm). M, Green clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 02, 32 mm). N, Intermediate morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 04, 25 mm). O, Dark clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 08, 28 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256960/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
H), but the other did not (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6EFFA24535FF53FC181EA0" box="[875,961,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[212,1380,193,1598]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. External morphology of specimens of Elysia crispata from which the COI haplotypes analyzed in Fig. 13 were obtained, showing parapodial ruffling and coloration (left panel), foot (center), and close-up view of the anterior parapodial margin (right) from each live specimen. A, Green clarki morph from Lake Surprise, FL (isolate Ecri _ 09 LKS 05; 60 mm). B, Dark clarki morph from Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (Ecri _ 07 Mot 03; 20 mm). C, Intermediate clarki morph from Geiger Beach, Key West, FL (Ecri _ 07 Gei 08; 8 mm). D, Typical high-flow crispata morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 11; 12 mm). Isolate Ecri _ 10 Dry 08 had external features nearly identical to this specimen. E, High-flow morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 07; 13 mm). F – G, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from Sweeting’s Cay, Bahamas (F, Ecri _ 07 Swe 10, 25 mm; G, Ecri _ 07 Swe 07, 25 mm). H – I, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from the Northern Exumas, Bahamas (H, Ecri _ 10 NEx 01, 15 mm; I, Ecri _ 10 NEx 02, 18 mm). J, Intermediate morph from San Salvador Island, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 SSal 01, 15 mm). K – L, Typical crispata morphs from Curaçao (K, Ecri _ 09 Cur 01, 52 mm) and New Providence, Bahamas (L, Ecri _ 10 NPr 02, 30 mm). M, Green clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 02, 32 mm). N, Intermediate morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 04, 25 mm). O, Dark clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 08, 28 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256960/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C6EFFA245FDFF53FC181EA0" box="[931,961,188,212]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="2014-01">14</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I). Group 4 included specimens from Sal Salvador and Little San Salvador with intermediate features such as a mostly white foot but pronounced parapodial notch (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6EFFA246BBFEEBFEE11F68" box="[229,312,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[212,1380,193,1598]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. External morphology of specimens of Elysia crispata from which the COI haplotypes analyzed in Fig. 13 were obtained, showing parapodial ruffling and coloration (left panel), foot (center), and close-up view of the anterior parapodial margin (right) from each live specimen. A, Green clarki morph from Lake Surprise, FL (isolate Ecri _ 09 LKS 05; 60 mm). B, Dark clarki morph from Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (Ecri _ 07 Mot 03; 20 mm). C, Intermediate clarki morph from Geiger Beach, Key West, FL (Ecri _ 07 Gei 08; 8 mm). D, Typical high-flow crispata morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 11; 12 mm). Isolate Ecri _ 10 Dry 08 had external features nearly identical to this specimen. E, High-flow morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 07; 13 mm). F – G, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from Sweeting’s Cay, Bahamas (F, Ecri _ 07 Swe 10, 25 mm; G, Ecri _ 07 Swe 07, 25 mm). H – I, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from the Northern Exumas, Bahamas (H, Ecri _ 10 NEx 01, 15 mm; I, Ecri _ 10 NEx 02, 18 mm). J, Intermediate morph from San Salvador Island, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 SSal 01, 15 mm). K – L, Typical crispata morphs from Curaçao (K, Ecri _ 09 Cur 01, 52 mm) and New Providence, Bahamas (L, Ecri _ 10 NPr 02, 30 mm). M, Green clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 02, 32 mm). N, Intermediate morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 04, 25 mm). O, Dark clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 08, 28 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256960/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
J). Thus, morphology could not be used to classify most specimens as either nominal species, based on the features used in the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA2443AFEC6FD1C1F34" box="[612,709,295,320]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA2443AFEC6FD1C1F34" box="[612,709,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E. clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6EFFA24699FEA3FA481CB9" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Group 5 comprised typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA2445AFEA2FD581F10" box="[516,641,333,356]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA2445AFEA2FD581F10" box="[516,641,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens collected from high-flow sites in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6EFFA242D4FEA3FB3E1F10" box="[1162,1255,332,356]" name="Curaçao" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6EFFA242A7FEA3FA921F10" box="[1273,1355,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[212,1380,193,1598]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. External morphology of specimens of Elysia crispata from which the COI haplotypes analyzed in Fig. 13 were obtained, showing parapodial ruffling and coloration (left panel), foot (center), and close-up view of the anterior parapodial margin (right) from each live specimen. A, Green clarki morph from Lake Surprise, FL (isolate Ecri _ 09 LKS 05; 60 mm). B, Dark clarki morph from Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (Ecri _ 07 Mot 03; 20 mm). C, Intermediate clarki morph from Geiger Beach, Key West, FL (Ecri _ 07 Gei 08; 8 mm). D, Typical high-flow crispata morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 11; 12 mm). Isolate Ecri _ 10 Dry 08 had external features nearly identical to this specimen. E, High-flow morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 07; 13 mm). F – G, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from Sweeting’s Cay, Bahamas (F, Ecri _ 07 Swe 10, 25 mm; G, Ecri _ 07 Swe 07, 25 mm). H – I, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from the Northern Exumas, Bahamas (H, Ecri _ 10 NEx 01, 15 mm; I, Ecri _ 10 NEx 02, 18 mm). J, Intermediate morph from San Salvador Island, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 SSal 01, 15 mm). K – L, Typical crispata morphs from Curaçao (K, Ecri _ 09 Cur 01, 52 mm) and New Providence, Bahamas (L, Ecri _ 10 NPr 02, 30 mm). M, Green clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 02, 32 mm). N, Intermediate morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 04, 25 mm). O, Dark clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 08, 28 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256960/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
K) and New Providence,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6EFFA2473BFE80FE151FFC" box="[357,460,367,392]" name="Bahamas" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6EFFA24780FE80FDEA1FFC" box="[478,563,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[212,1380,193,1598]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. External morphology of specimens of Elysia crispata from which the COI haplotypes analyzed in Fig. 13 were obtained, showing parapodial ruffling and coloration (left panel), foot (center), and close-up view of the anterior parapodial margin (right) from each live specimen. A, Green clarki morph from Lake Surprise, FL (isolate Ecri _ 09 LKS 05; 60 mm). B, Dark clarki morph from Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (Ecri _ 07 Mot 03; 20 mm). C, Intermediate clarki morph from Geiger Beach, Key West, FL (Ecri _ 07 Gei 08; 8 mm). D, Typical high-flow crispata morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 11; 12 mm). Isolate Ecri _ 10 Dry 08 had external features nearly identical to this specimen. E, High-flow morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 07; 13 mm). F – G, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from Sweeting’s Cay, Bahamas (F, Ecri _ 07 Swe 10, 25 mm; G, Ecri _ 07 Swe 07, 25 mm). H – I, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from the Northern Exumas, Bahamas (H, Ecri _ 10 NEx 01, 15 mm; I, Ecri _ 10 NEx 02, 18 mm). J, Intermediate morph from San Salvador Island, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 SSal 01, 15 mm). K – L, Typical crispata morphs from Curaçao (K, Ecri _ 09 Cur 01, 52 mm) and New Providence, Bahamas (L, Ecri _ 10 NPr 02, 30 mm). M, Green clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 02, 32 mm). N, Intermediate morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 04, 25 mm). O, Dark clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 08, 28 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256960/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
L), together with 16 out of 18 Dry
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6EFFA2458EFE9FFBEB1FFC" box="[976,1074,368,392]" name="Haiti" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Tortugas</collectingCountry>
|
||
specimens. Most Dry
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6EFFA24364FE9FFA451FFC" box="[1338,1436,368,392]" name="Haiti" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Tortugas</collectingCountry>
|
||
slugs had a typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA2472DFE7AFE161FD8" box="[371,463,405,428]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA2472DFE7AFE161FD8" box="[371,463,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphology, but one specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6EFFA2451BFE7BFC4E1FD8" box="[837,919,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[212,1380,193,1598]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. External morphology of specimens of Elysia crispata from which the COI haplotypes analyzed in Fig. 13 were obtained, showing parapodial ruffling and coloration (left panel), foot (center), and close-up view of the anterior parapodial margin (right) from each live specimen. A, Green clarki morph from Lake Surprise, FL (isolate Ecri _ 09 LKS 05; 60 mm). B, Dark clarki morph from Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (Ecri _ 07 Mot 03; 20 mm). C, Intermediate clarki morph from Geiger Beach, Key West, FL (Ecri _ 07 Gei 08; 8 mm). D, Typical high-flow crispata morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 11; 12 mm). Isolate Ecri _ 10 Dry 08 had external features nearly identical to this specimen. E, High-flow morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 07; 13 mm). F – G, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from Sweeting’s Cay, Bahamas (F, Ecri _ 07 Swe 10, 25 mm; G, Ecri _ 07 Swe 07, 25 mm). H – I, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from the Northern Exumas, Bahamas (H, Ecri _ 10 NEx 01, 15 mm; I, Ecri _ 10 NEx 02, 18 mm). J, Intermediate morph from San Salvador Island, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 SSal 01, 15 mm). K – L, Typical crispata morphs from Curaçao (K, Ecri _ 09 Cur 01, 52 mm) and New Providence, Bahamas (L, Ecri _ 10 NPr 02, 30 mm). M, Green clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 02, 32 mm). N, Intermediate morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 04, 25 mm). O, Dark clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 08, 28 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256960/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
E, 10Dry07) had an anterior parapodial notch (‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA246F7FE58FF331FA4" box="[169,234,439,464]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA246F7FE58FF331FA4" box="[169,234,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’) together with ruffled parapodia and a white foot (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA24565FE56FC4E1FA4" box="[827,919,441,464]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24565FE56FC4E1FA4" box="[827,919,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); this intermediate morph shared a haplotype with nine typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA2473DFE32FE661F80" box="[355,447,477,500]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA2473DFE32FE661F80" box="[355,447,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphs from Dry
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6EFFA244C2FE32FCD81F81" box="[668,769,477,501]" name="Haiti" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Tortugas</collectingCountry>
|
||
, nine from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6EFFA245D7FE33FC231F81" box="[905,1018,476,501]" name="Dominica" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Dominica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and two from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6EFFA242F1FE33FAC31F81" box="[1199,1306,476,501]" name="Saint Lucia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">St. Lucia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Moreover, most specimens from the sheltered lagoon at Little
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6EFFA2448FFDEFFCBF1C6C" box="[721,870,511,536]" country="El Salvador" name="San Salvador" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
San
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6EFFA2455CFE10FCBF1C6C" box="[770,870,511,536]" name="El Salvador" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Salvador</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
also belonged to Group 5, yet presented a range of intermediate morphologies; all had reduced parapodial ruffling and dark coloration, but some had
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA242A7FDCBFAE31C49" box="[1273,1338,548,573]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA242A7FDCBFAE31C49" box="[1273,1338,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
features (green foot, parapodial notch;
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6EFFA247ACFDA8FD9D1C14" box="[498,580,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[212,1380,193,1598]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. External morphology of specimens of Elysia crispata from which the COI haplotypes analyzed in Fig. 13 were obtained, showing parapodial ruffling and coloration (left panel), foot (center), and close-up view of the anterior parapodial margin (right) from each live specimen. A, Green clarki morph from Lake Surprise, FL (isolate Ecri _ 09 LKS 05; 60 mm). B, Dark clarki morph from Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (Ecri _ 07 Mot 03; 20 mm). C, Intermediate clarki morph from Geiger Beach, Key West, FL (Ecri _ 07 Gei 08; 8 mm). D, Typical high-flow crispata morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 11; 12 mm). Isolate Ecri _ 10 Dry 08 had external features nearly identical to this specimen. E, High-flow morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 07; 13 mm). F – G, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from Sweeting’s Cay, Bahamas (F, Ecri _ 07 Swe 10, 25 mm; G, Ecri _ 07 Swe 07, 25 mm). H – I, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from the Northern Exumas, Bahamas (H, Ecri _ 10 NEx 01, 15 mm; I, Ecri _ 10 NEx 02, 18 mm). J, Intermediate morph from San Salvador Island, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 SSal 01, 15 mm). K – L, Typical crispata morphs from Curaçao (K, Ecri _ 09 Cur 01, 52 mm) and New Providence, Bahamas (L, Ecri _ 10 NPr 02, 30 mm). M, Green clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 02, 32 mm). N, Intermediate morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 04, 25 mm). O, Dark clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 08, 28 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256960/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
M, O) while genetically indistinguishable specimens had typically
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA2431EFDA6FA451C14" box="[1344,1436,585,608]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA2431EFDA6FA451C14" box="[1344,1436,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
features (white foot, no notch;
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6EFFA247AAFD83FD9C1CF0" box="[500,581,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[212,1380,193,1598]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. External morphology of specimens of Elysia crispata from which the COI haplotypes analyzed in Fig. 13 were obtained, showing parapodial ruffling and coloration (left panel), foot (center), and close-up view of the anterior parapodial margin (right) from each live specimen. A, Green clarki morph from Lake Surprise, FL (isolate Ecri _ 09 LKS 05; 60 mm). B, Dark clarki morph from Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (Ecri _ 07 Mot 03; 20 mm). C, Intermediate clarki morph from Geiger Beach, Key West, FL (Ecri _ 07 Gei 08; 8 mm). D, Typical high-flow crispata morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 11; 12 mm). Isolate Ecri _ 10 Dry 08 had external features nearly identical to this specimen. E, High-flow morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 07; 13 mm). F – G, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from Sweeting’s Cay, Bahamas (F, Ecri _ 07 Swe 10, 25 mm; G, Ecri _ 07 Swe 07, 25 mm). H – I, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from the Northern Exumas, Bahamas (H, Ecri _ 10 NEx 01, 15 mm; I, Ecri _ 10 NEx 02, 18 mm). J, Intermediate morph from San Salvador Island, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 SSal 01, 15 mm). K – L, Typical crispata morphs from Curaçao (K, Ecri _ 09 Cur 01, 52 mm) and New Providence, Bahamas (L, Ecri _ 10 NPr 02, 30 mm). M, Green clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 02, 32 mm). N, Intermediate morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 04, 25 mm). O, Dark clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 08, 28 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256960/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
N). Overall, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA244A3FD83FCE71CF1" box="[765,830,620,645]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA244A3FD83FCE71CF1" box="[765,830,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphotype was not monophyletic at the fast-sorting COI locus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6EFFA24740FD60FEA81CDC" box="[286,369,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1300,1322]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,198,1274]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,193,1278]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Evolutionary relationships among a subsample of COI haplotypes from specimens of E. crispata, inferred by Maximum Likelihood. Significant bootstrap values are given adjacent to supported nodes. External morphology of 15 specimens with bolded isolate codes is shown in Fig. 14, with the corresponding panel given in parentheses. Terminals with multiple isolates denote haplotypes sampled more than once; multiple specimens from the same site and year are indicated by two-digit numbers following the corresponding year-site combination, except the total number from two sites is given for the common haplotype sampled in the Dry Tortugas, Dominica and St. Lucia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256959/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
) or the slow-sorting H3 locus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA24481FD7FFC9C1CDC" author="Vo" box="[735,837,656,680]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Vo, J. (2013) Mitochondrial versus nuclear phylogeography of Caribbean sea slugs with short-lived larvae. M. S. California State University, Los Angeles, 76 pp." type="book" year="2013">Vo 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and no suite of characters consistently covary and distinguish ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA2477CFD5BFEBA1CB9" box="[290,355,692,717]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA2477CFD5BFEBA1CB9" box="[290,355,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ morphs from co-occurring
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA244FCFD5AFCC41CB8" box="[674,797,693,716]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA244FCFD5AFCC41CB8" box="[674,797,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA2452FFD5AFC081CB9" box="[881,977,692,717]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA2452FFD5AFC081CB9" box="[881,977,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E. clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be considered a distinct species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6EFFA24699FD37FE0E1A7B" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24699FD37FE2A1C84" box="[199,499,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Inter-specific relationships</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA2445EFD38FD701C84" box="[512,681,727,752]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA2445EFD38FD701C84" box="[512,681,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Elysia crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a member of subclade 2 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6EFFA24581FD38FBFA1C84" box="[991,1059,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1859,1881]" captionTargetBox="[222,1338,197,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[222,1338,193,1823]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic hypothesis for family Plakobranchidae rooted on genus Bosellia (not shown) to illustrate relationships within the genera Elysia, Plakobranchus and Thuridilla. Topology and branch lengths are from Maximum Likelihood analysis of concatenated DNA sequences (2,807 bp total) representing portions of two mitochondrial (COI, 16 S) and two nuclear (H 3, 28 S) genes. Significant support values are given as ML bootstrap percentages (below branch), or BI posterior probabilities (above branch); asterisk = 1.0 or 100 % support. Species discussed in this study are bolded. Triangle denotes presence of a penial stylet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256950/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), which is largely restricted to the north and western Atlantic. The recently described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA24482FD12FC941D61" box="[732,845,764,789]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ellenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24482FD12FC941D61" box="[732,845,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E. ellenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA245D7FD13FB931D60" author="Ortea" box="[905,1098,764,789]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Ortea J., Espinosa J., Buske Y. & Caballer M. (2013) Additions to the inventory of the sea slugs (Opisthobranchia and Sacoglossa) from Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea). Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 25, 163 - 194." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Ortea
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24591FD12FBD11D61" box="[975,1032,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) was recovered as sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA243DAFD12FF2A1D4C" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA243DAFD12FF2A1D4C" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, together forming a clade sister to the east Pacific
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA24506FCCEFC301D4C" box="[856,1001,799,824]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="diomedea">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24506FCCEFC301D4C" box="[856,1001,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E. diomedea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6EFFA245A3FCF0FB9E1D4C" box="[1021,1095,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1859,1881]" captionTargetBox="[222,1338,197,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[222,1338,193,1823]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic hypothesis for family Plakobranchidae rooted on genus Bosellia (not shown) to illustrate relationships within the genera Elysia, Plakobranchus and Thuridilla. Topology and branch lengths are from Maximum Likelihood analysis of concatenated DNA sequences (2,807 bp total) representing portions of two mitochondrial (COI, 16 S) and two nuclear (H 3, 28 S) genes. Significant support values are given as ML bootstrap percentages (below branch), or BI posterior probabilities (above branch); asterisk = 1.0 or 100 % support. Species discussed in this study are bolded. Triangle denotes presence of a penial stylet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256950/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). This clade of three species occupies a derived position within subclade 2, recovered as sister to a clade comprising
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA2422DFCAAFB031D29" box="[1139,1242,836,861]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="viridis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA2422DFCAAFB031D29" box="[1139,1242,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E. viridis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(cold-temperate) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA24693FC86FE881DF4" box="[205,337,871,896]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="evelinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24693FC86FE881DF4" box="[205,337,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E. evelinae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(tropical) with weak support. Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA24555FC86FC571DF4" box="[779,910,873,896]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24555FC86FC571DF4" box="[779,910,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA2458CFC86FB901DF4" box="[978,1097,871,896]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ellenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA2458CFC86FB901DF4" box="[978,1097,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E. ellenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
share a laterally undulating parapodial edge, but the parapodia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA24412FC62FD671DD1" box="[588,702,908,933]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ellenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24412FC62FD671DD1" box="[588,702,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E. ellenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are greatly thickened. Speciation may have occurred within the Caribbean after formation of the Panamanian Isthmus isolated the ancestor of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA24218FC5EFB011DBC" box="[1094,1240,943,968]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="diomedea">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24218FC5EFB011DBC" box="[1094,1240,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E. diomedea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Caribbean populations, but ecological and life-history data on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA244B3FC3AFCB91D99" box="[749,864,980,1005]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ellenae">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA244B3FC3AFCB91D99" box="[749,864,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E. ellenae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are needed to formulate hypotheses regarding its divergence from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA2470BFC16FE091A64" box="[341,464,1017,1040]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA2470BFC16FE091A64" box="[341,464,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60F99CF09C6EFFA24699FBF3FEA91BE9" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6EFFA24699FBF3FEA91BE9" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24699FBF3FEC31A41" bold="true" box="[199,282,1052,1077]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Range.</emphasis>
|
||
Antigua (present study), Aruba (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA244F5FBF3FBF21A41" author="Ev" box="[683,1067,1052,1077]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Marcus, Ev. & Marcus, Er. (1963) Opisthobranchs from the Lesser Antilles. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 19, 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1963">Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA24263FBF3FAC51A41" author="Valdes" box="[1085,1308,1052,1077]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Valdes, A., Hamann, J., Behrens, D. W. & DuPont, A. (2006) Caribbean Sea Slugs: A field guide to the opisthobranch mollusks from the tropical northwestern Atlantic. Sea Challengers Natural History Books, Etc., Gig Harbor, 289 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Valdés
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA242CAFBF2FB0A1A41" box="[1172,1235,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Bahamas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA246C0FBD0FEE71A2C" author="Redfern" box="[158,318,1087,1112]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Redfern, C. (2001) Bahamian Seashells, A Thousand Species from Abaco, Bahamas. Bahamiamseashells. com, Inc., Boca Raton, ix, 280 pp." type="book" year="2001">Redfern 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA24713FBAFFE511A2C" author="Redfern" box="[333,392,1088,1112]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Redfern, C. (2013) Bahamian Seashells, 1161 Species from Abaco, Bahamas. Bahamiamseashells. com, Inc., Boca Raton, viii + 501 pp." type="book" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA247C9FBD0FDB41A2C" author="Valdes" box="[407,621,1087,1112]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Valdes, A., Hamann, J., Behrens, D. W. & DuPont, A. (2006) Caribbean Sea Slugs: A field guide to the opisthobranch mollusks from the tropical northwestern Atlantic. Sea Challengers Natural History Books, Etc., Gig Harbor, 289 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Valdés
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA247B2FBAEFDFE1A2C" box="[492,551,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Barbados (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA2455EFBAFFB901A2C" author="Ev" box="[768,1097,1087,1112]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Marcus, Ev. & Hughes, H. P. I. (1974) Opisthobranch mollusks from Barbados. Bulletin of Marine Science, 24, 498 - 532." type="journal article" year="1974">Ev. Marcus & Hughes 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Belize (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA242E6FBD0FA491A2C" author="Valdes" box="[1208,1424,1087,1112]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Valdes, A., Hamann, J., Behrens, D. W. & DuPont, A. (2006) Caribbean Sea Slugs: A field guide to the opisthobranch mollusks from the tropical northwestern Atlantic. Sea Challengers Natural History Books, Etc., Gig Harbor, 289 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Valdés
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24350FBAEFA931A2C" box="[1294,1354,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Bonaire (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA2475CFB8BFDA81A09" author="Ev" box="[258,625,1124,1149]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Marcus, Ev. & Marcus, Er. (1963) Opisthobranchs from the Lesser Antilles. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 19, 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1963">Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA24421FB8AFC361A08" author="Er" box="[639,1007,1124,1148]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Marcus, Er. & Marcus, Ev. (1970) Opisthobranchs from Curacao and faunistically related regions. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 33, 1 - 129." type="journal article" year="1970">Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Cayman Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA24293FB8BFA491A08" author="Hess" box="[1229,1424,1124,1149]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Hess, D. F., Abbott, R. T., Hanlon, R. T., Hamann, J., Meyer, K., Millen, S. & Gosliner, T. M. (1994) Chapter 9 - Marine molluscs of the Cayman Islands. In: Brunt, M. A. & Davies, J. E. (Eds), The Cayman Islands, Natural History and Biogeography. Monographiae Biologicae, Vol. 71, pp. 139 - 189." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Hess
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24351FB8AFA931A09" box="[1295,1354,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Colombia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA24749FB67FE351AD4" author="Ev" box="[279,492,1159,1184]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Marcus, Ev. (1976 b) Opisthobranchia von Santa Marta, Colombia. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 11, 119 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650527609360499" type="journal article" year="1976" yearSuffix="b">Ev. Marcus 1976b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Costa Rica (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA244D1FB68FC7B1AD4" author="Espinosa" box="[655,930,1159,1184]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Espinosa, J. & Ortea, J. (2001) Moluscos del Mar Caribe de Costa Rica: Desde Cahuita hasta Gandoca. Avicennia, suplemento 4, 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="2001">Espinosa & Ortea 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Cuba (Espinosa
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA2422DFB66FB741AD4" box="[1139,1197,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005), Curaçao (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA24329FB67FE021AB1" author="Ev" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Marcus, Ev. & Marcus, Er. (1963) Opisthobranchs from the Lesser Antilles. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 19, 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1963">Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA247B4FB42FC871AB0" author="Er" box="[490,862,1196,1220]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Marcus, Er. & Marcus, Ev. (1970) Opisthobranchs from Curacao and faunistically related regions. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 33, 1 - 129." type="journal article" year="1970">Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C6EFFA2452BFB43FEE71A9C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291049051" country="Dominica" location="Florida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Florida">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6EFFA2452BFB43FC3A1AB1" box="[885,995,1196,1221]" name="Dominica" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Dominica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(present study), Dry Tortugas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA24308FB43FF0A1A9C" author="White" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="White, K. M. (1952) On a collection of molluscs from the Dry Tortugas, Florida. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 29, 106 - 120." type="journal article" year="1952">White 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6EFFA246B4FB20FEE71A9C" box="[234,318,1231,1256]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, USA (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA247C6FB3FFCD21A9C" author="Ev" box="[408,779,1231,1256]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Marcus, Ev. & Marcus, Er. (1962) Opisthobranchs from Florida and the Virgin Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, 12, 450 - 488." type="journal article" year="1962">Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA24545FB3FFBCC1A9C" author="Jensen" box="[795,1045,1231,1256]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Jensen, K. R. & Clark, K. N. (1983) Annotated checklist of Florida ascoglossan Opisthobranchia. The Nautilus, 97, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1983">Jensen & Clark 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA2427AFB20FB711A9C" author="Clark" box="[1060,1192,1231,1256]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Clark, K. B. (1994) Ascoglossan (= Sacoglossa) molluscs in the Florida Keys: Rare marine invertebrates at special risk. Bulletin of Marine Science, 54, 900 - 916." type="journal article" year="1994">Clark 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA242E6FB20FA561A9C" author="Valdes" box="[1208,1423,1231,1256]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Valdes, A., Hamann, J., Behrens, D. W. & DuPont, A. (2006) Caribbean Sea Slugs: A field guide to the opisthobranch mollusks from the tropical northwestern Atlantic. Sea Challengers Natural History Books, Etc., Gig Harbor, 289 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Valdés
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24353FB3EFA901A9C" box="[1293,1353,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Guadeloupe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA24772FB1BFE211B79" author="Valdes" box="[300,504,1268,1293]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Valdes, A., Hamann, J., Behrens, D. W. & DuPont, A. (2006) Caribbean Sea Slugs: A field guide to the opisthobranch mollusks from the tropical northwestern Atlantic. Sea Challengers Natural History Books, Etc., Gig Harbor, 289 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Valdés
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24721FB1AFE6F1B79" box="[383,438,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Haiti (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA2440EFB1BFCC41B79" author="Valdes" box="[592,797,1268,1293]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Valdes, A., Hamann, J., Behrens, D. W. & DuPont, A. (2006) Caribbean Sea Slugs: A field guide to the opisthobranch mollusks from the tropical northwestern Atlantic. Sea Challengers Natural History Books, Etc., Gig Harbor, 289 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Valdés
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA244FAFB1AFD021B79" box="[676,731,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Honduras (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA245F5FB1BFAD01B79" author="Ev" box="[939,1289,1268,1293]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Marcus, Ev. & Marcus, Er. (1962) Opisthobranchs from Florida and the Virgin Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, 12, 450 - 488." type="journal article" year="1962">Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA2434DFB1BFF0A1B44" author="Valdes" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Valdes, A., Hamann, J., Behrens, D. W. & DuPont, A. (2006) Caribbean Sea Slugs: A field guide to the opisthobranch mollusks from the tropical northwestern Atlantic. Sea Challengers Natural History Books, Etc., Gig Harbor, 289 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Valdés
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA2433AFB1AFA451B79" box="[1380,1436,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Jamaica (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA24711FAF8FDD21B44" author="Thompson" box="[335,523,1303,1328]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Thompson, T. E. (1977) Jamaican opisthobranch molluscs I. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 43, 93 - 140, pls. 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1977">Thompson 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA24449FAF8FD3A1B44" author="Valdes" box="[535,739,1303,1328]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Valdes, A., Hamann, J., Behrens, D. W. & DuPont, A. (2006) Caribbean Sea Slugs: A field guide to the opisthobranch mollusks from the tropical northwestern Atlantic. Sea Challengers Natural History Books, Etc., Gig Harbor, 289 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Valdés
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24436FAF6FD791B44" box="[616,672,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Mexico (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA24505FAF8FB671B44" author="Zamora-Silva" box="[859,1214,1303,1328]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Zamora-Silva, A. & Ortigosa, D. (2012) Nuevos registros de opistobranquios en el Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 83, 359 - 369." type="journal article" year="2012">Zamora-Silva & Ortigosa 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Panama (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA24367FAF8FF211B21" author="Collin" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Collin, R., Diaz, M. C., Norenburg, J. L., Rocha, R. M., Sanchez, J. A., Schulze, A., Schwartz, M. & Valdes, A. (2005) Photographic identification guide to some common marine invertebrates of Bocas Del Toro, Panama. Caribbean Journal of Science, 41, 638 - 707." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Collin
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA243D6FAF6FF6D1B21" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), St. Lucia (present study),
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C6EFFA2446AFAD3FB6D1B21" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291049054" box="[564,1204,1340,1365]" country="Dominica" location="St. Maarten" municipality="St. Martin" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Florida">
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="C83855019C6EFFA2446AFAD3FD731B21" box="[564,682,1340,1365]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">St. Martin</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
/
|
||
<location id="2D3C99A09C6EFFA244ECFAD3FCEB1B20" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A04A7E6D9C59FFA046C9FC88FEE91C6C:2D3C99A09C6EFFA244ECFAD3FCEB1B20" box="[690,818,1340,1365]" country="Dominica" municipality="St. Martin" name="St. Maarten" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" stateProvince="Florida">St. Maarten</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA2451DFAD3FB751B21" author="Ev" box="[835,1196,1340,1365]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Marcus, Ev. & Marcus, Er. (1963) Opisthobranchs from the Lesser Antilles. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 19, 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1963">Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
, Trinidad & Tobago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA246C0FAB0FEB61B0C" author="Valdes" box="[158,367,1375,1400]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Valdes, A., Hamann, J., Behrens, D. W. & DuPont, A. (2006) Caribbean Sea Slugs: A field guide to the opisthobranch mollusks from the tropical northwestern Atlantic. Sea Challengers Natural History Books, Etc., Gig Harbor, 289 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Valdés
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA246ADFA8EFEF51B0C" box="[243,300,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Venezuela (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA24458FAB0FD0F1B0C" author="Valdes" box="[518,726,1375,1400]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Valdes, A., Hamann, J., Behrens, D. W. & DuPont, A. (2006) Caribbean Sea Slugs: A field guide to the opisthobranch mollusks from the tropical northwestern Atlantic. Sea Challengers Natural History Books, Etc., Gig Harbor, 289 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Valdés
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24404FA8EFD4A1B0C" box="[602,659,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Virgin Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA245C9FAB0FBFE1B0C" author="Morch" box="[919,1063,1375,1400]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Morch, O. A. L. (1863) Contributions a la faune malacologique des Antilles danoises. Journal de Conchyliologie, 11, 21 - 43." type="journal article" year="1863">Mörch 1863</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA2426DFA8FFA411B0C" author="Ev" box="[1075,1432,1375,1400]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Marcus, Ev. & Marcus, Er. (1962) Opisthobranchs from Florida and the Virgin Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, 12, 450 - 488." type="journal article" year="1962">Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA246C9FA6BFEBD1BE9" author="Valdes" box="[151,356,1412,1437]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Valdes, A., Hamann, J., Behrens, D. W. & DuPont, A. (2006) Caribbean Sea Slugs: A field guide to the opisthobranch mollusks from the tropical northwestern Atlantic. Sea Challengers Natural History Books, Etc., Gig Harbor, 289 pp." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
Valdés
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA246B6FA6AFEF81BE9" box="[232,289,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60F99CF09C6EFFA04699FA48FEE91C6C" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6EFFA24699FA48FF3919E1" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24699FA48FEE21BB4" bold="true" box="[199,315,1447,1472]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Ørsted & Mörch
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA2445AFA46FDC31BB4" box="[516,538,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">in</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA2447FFA48FD641BB4" author="Morch" box="[545,701,1447,1472]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Morch, O. A. L. (1863) Contributions a la faune malacologique des Antilles danoises. Journal de Conchyliologie, 11, 21 - 43." type="journal article" year="1863">Mörch (1863)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA24566FA48FBB11BB4" box="[824,1128,1447,1472]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata" subGenus="Tridachia">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24566FA48FCA71BB4" box="[824,894,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Elysia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA245D0FA48FC221BB4" box="[910,1019,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Tridachia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24252FA46FBB11BB4" box="[1036,1128,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a brief Latin description based on unpublished drawings by Anders Sandøe Ørsted, later published by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA2424FFA23FABD1B91" author="Bergh" box="[1041,1380,1484,1509]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Bergh, R. (1871) Malacologische Untersuchungen. In: Semper, C. (Ed.), Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen, Theil 1, Heft 2. C. W. Kreidel's Verlag, Wiesbaden, Germany, pp. 49 - 118, pls. 9 - 16." type="book chapter" year="1871">Bergh (1871: pl. 9, figs. 4–5)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The main diagnostic characteristics included in the original description are the slug’s curled parapodial edges (each side having 6–7 strong folds) that are fused together, as well as green body color with large, white, regularly arranged spots on the sides of the body. These external characteristics are only found in the species known as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA242AAF9D8FA451824" box="[1268,1436,1591,1616]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA242AAF9D8FA451824" box="[1268,1436,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Elysia crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Caribbean literature. Some years earlier,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA244F2F9B3FCB31801" author="Deshayes" box="[684,874,1628,1653]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Deshayes, G. P. (1857) Note sur differents mollusques de la Guadeloupe, envoyes par M. Schramm. Journal de Conchyliologie, 6, 137 - 143." type="journal article" year="1857">Deshayes (1857)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA24209F9B3FB1D1801" box="[1111,1220,1628,1653]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Tridachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24209F9B3FB1D1801" box="[1111,1220,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Tridachia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on a species to be named after Schramm, but did not name the species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA2457AF990FC6618EC" author="Morch" box="[804,959,1663,1688]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Morch, O. A. L. (1863) Contributions a la faune malacologique des Antilles danoises. Journal de Conchyliologie, 11, 21 - 43." type="journal article" year="1863">Mörch (1863)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
introduced for the first time the binominal name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA24680F94BFE1D18C9" box="[222,452,1700,1725]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Tridachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="schrammi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24680F94BFE1D18C9" box="[222,452,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Tridachia schrammi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in reference to Deshayes’ (1857) description, which he considered to be a different species but the same genus as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA2445EF928FD741894" box="[512,685,1735,1760]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA2445EF928FD741894" box="[512,685,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Elysia crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Since then, most authors have included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA242CCF926FAC81894" box="[1170,1297,1737,1760]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA242CCF926FAC81894" box="[1170,1297,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the only member of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA24745F903FE511971" box="[283,392,1772,1797]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Tridachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24745F903FE511971" box="[283,392,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Tridachia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA247C9F903FD931971" author="Gosliner" box="[407,586,1772,1797]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Gosliner, T. M. (1995) The genus Thuridilla (Opisthobranchia: Elysiidae) from the tropical Indo-Pacific, with a revision of the phylogeny of the Elysiidae. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 49, 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1995">Gosliner (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used a morphological phylogenetic analysis to show that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA24281F902FA851970" box="[1247,1372,1773,1796]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24281F902FA851970" box="[1247,1372,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nests with other members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA247EAF8E0FE23195C" box="[436,506,1807,1832]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA247EAF8E0FE23195C" box="[436,506,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Elysia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, thus rejecting the validity of
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24530F8E0FC3B195C" box="[878,994,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA24530F8E0FC06195C" box="[878,991,1807,1832]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Tridachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Tridachia</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Our molecular phylogenetic analysis confirms that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA24763F8DBFE731939" box="[317,426,1844,1869]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Tridachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24763F8DBFE731939" box="[317,426,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Tridachia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA244D9F8DBFD141939" box="[647,717,1844,1869]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA244D9F8DBFD141939" box="[647,717,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Elysia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as have all prior molecular analyses of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA242E0F8DBFAA01939" box="[1214,1401,1844,1869]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Plakobranchidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA246C9F8B8FECD1904" box="[151,276,1879,1904]" class="Gastropoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="order">Sacoglossa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Bass & Karl 2006;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA24456F8B8FD2E1904" author="Handeler" box="[520,759,1879,1904]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Handeler, K., Grzymbowski, Y. P., Krug, P. J. & Wagele, H. (2009) Functional chloroplasts in metazoan cells: A unique evolutionary strategy in animal life. Frontiers in Zoology, 6, 28. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1186 / 1742 - 9994 - 6 - 28" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Händeler
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA24429F8B6FD6B1904" box="[631,690,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA2455AF8B8FC3B1904" author="Wagele" box="[772,994,1879,1904]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Wagele, H., Stemmer, K., Burghardt, I. & Haendeler, K. (2010) Two new sacoglossan sea slug species (Opisthobranchia, Gastropoda): Ercolania annelyleorum sp. nov. (Limapontioidea) and Elysia asbecki sp. nov. (Plakobranchoidea), with notes on anatomy, histology and biology. Zootaxa, 2676, 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Wägele
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA2453DF8B6FC471904" box="[867,926,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA245B1F8B7FBF01904" author="Wagele" box="[1007,1065,1880,1904]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Wagele, H., Deusch, O., Handeler, K., Martin, R., Schmitt, V., Christa, G., Pinzger, B., Gould, S. B., Dagan, T., Klussmann- Kolb, A. & Martin, W. (2011) Transcriptomic evidence that longevity of acquired plastids in the photosynthetic slugs Elysia timida and Plakobranchus ocellatus does not entail lateral transfer of algal nuclear genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 28, 699 - 706." type="journal article" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Christa
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA242CCF8B6FB151904" box="[1170,1228,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6EFFA24341F8B7FF0D19E1" author="Krug" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Krug, P. J., Vendetti, J. E., Ellingson, R. A., Trowbridge, C. D., Hirano, Y. M., Trathen, D. Y., Rodriguez, A. K., Swennen, C., Wilson, N. G. & Valdes, A. (2015) Species selection favors dispersive life histories in sea slugs, but higher per-offspring investment drives shifts to short-lived larvae. Systematic Biology, 64, 983 - 999. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syv 046" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Krug
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA2433CF8B6FA451904" box="[1378,1436,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6EFFA14699F84FFC9B1FD8" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,2013]" lastBlockId="34.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Despite the abundance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA247AAF84FFD4619CC" box="[500,671,1952,1977]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA247AAF84FFD4619CC" box="[500,671,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Elysia crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the field and its extreme variation in external morphology, few synonyms exist. Morphological examination of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F75871D99C6EFFA24480F82AFCD719A9" box="[734,782,1989,2013]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA245EFF82BFB8219A8" box="[945,1115,1988,2013]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA245EFF82BFB8219A8" box="[945,1115,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Elysia crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ZMUC GAS-1584),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6EFFA14308F82BFE421EC4" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Mollusca" rank="variety" species="crispata" variety="schiadura">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6EFFA14308F82BFF2A1EC4" italics="true" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Elysia crispata</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA14775FF78FE421EC4" box="[299,411,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">schiadura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ZMUC GAS-1572) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA144E0FF78FC781EC4" box="[702,929,151,176]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Tridachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="schrammi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA144E0FF78FC781EC4" box="[702,929,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Tridachia schrammi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MNHN) confirmed that they all conform to the current use of the species name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA1446AFF52FD681EA0" box="[564,689,189,212]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA1446AFF52FD681EA0" box="[564,689,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and are therefore synonyms.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6DFFA14259FF53FB461EA1" author="White" box="[1031,1183,188,213]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="White, K. M. (1952) On a collection of molluscs from the Dry Tortugas, Florida. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 29, 106 - 120." type="journal article" year="1952">White (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a specimen from Dry
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6DFFA14755FF0FFEB41E8C" box="[267,365,224,248]" name="Haiti" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Tortugas</collectingCountry>
|
||
under the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA1446EFF30FC1C1E8C" authority="Swainson, 1840" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1840" box="[560,965,223,248]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Tridachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA1446EFF30FD281E8C" box="[560,753,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Tridachia ornata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6DFFA1455CFF30FC641E8C" author="Swainson" box="[770,957,223,248]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Swainson, W. (1840) A treatise on Malacology. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans and John Taylor, London, viii + 419 pp., frontispiece." type="book" year="1840">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6DFFA1455CFF30FCAA1E8C" box="[770,883,223,248]" country="American Samoa" name="Swains Island" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Swainson</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 1840
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the illustration of the external morphology and the radula of this animal match the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA145CFFEEBFBE21F68" box="[913,1083,260,285]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA145CFFEEBFBE21F68" box="[913,1083,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Elysia crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Er. Marcus (1957) recognized that White’s (1952) specimen was different from the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA14259FEC8FB7B1F34" box="[1031,1186,295,320]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA14259FEC8FB7B1F34" box="[1031,1186,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Elysia ornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but also from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA146C9FEA3FEA31F11" box="[151,378,332,357]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Tridachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="schrammi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA146C9FEA3FEA31F11" box="[151,378,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Tridachia schrammi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA147C7FEA3FD9B1F10" box="[409,578,332,357]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA147C7FEA3FD9B1F10" box="[409,578,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Elysia crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and therefore he named it
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA14529FEA3FB3E1F11" authority="Marcus, 1957" authorityName="Marcus" authorityYear="1957" box="[887,1255,332,357]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Tridachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="whiteae">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA14529FEA3FB9B1F11" box="[887,1090,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Tridachia whiteae</emphasis>
|
||
Marcus, 1957
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We here regard
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA146C9FE80FEBE1FFC" box="[151,359,367,392]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Tridachia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="whiteae">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA146C9FE80FEBE1FFC" box="[151,359,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Tridachia whiteae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA14417FE9EFD101FFC" box="[585,713,369,392]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA14417FE9EFD101FFC" box="[585,713,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as all
|
||
<specimenCount id="3EE504F29C6DFFA14577FE9FFC1E1FFC" box="[809,967,367,392]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="generic">18 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
examined from the Dry
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6DFFA142A9FE9FFA801FFC" box="[1271,1369,368,392]" name="Haiti" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Tortugas</collectingCountry>
|
||
were morphologically and genetically confirmed to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA1449EFE7AFCE21FD8" box="[704,827,405,428]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA1449EFE7AFCE21FD8" box="[704,827,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6DFFA14699FE58FE8B1C84" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
Pierce
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA14749FE56FE8A1FA4" box="[279,339,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006) described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA14479FE58FD601FA4" box="[551,697,439,464]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA14479FE58FD601FA4" box="[551,697,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Elysia clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from mangrove swamps and canals in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6DFFA142EDFE58FADD1FA4" box="[1203,1284,439,464]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
Keys. These authors compared specimens from low-flow
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6DFFA144C0FE33FD361F81" box="[670,751,476,501]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
habitats with specimens identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA142F1FE32FAF71F80" box="[1199,1326,477,500]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA142F1FE32FAF71F80" box="[1199,1326,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6DFFA146C9FE10FEE01C6C" box="[151,313,511,536]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and reported morphological differences including a nearly uniform green color with small white spots across parapodia and an almost transparent foot, non-fused anterior parapodial edges, and asymmetrical nonfixed folds in the parapodia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA147B1FDA6FD961C14" box="[495,591,583,608]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA147B1FDA6FD961C14" box="[495,591,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Pierce
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA144F4FDA6FD3B1C14" box="[682,738,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006) also reported that radular teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA142EBFDA6FACC1C14" box="[1205,1301,583,608]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA142EBFDA6FACC1C14" box="[1205,1301,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA14307FDA6FAB11C14" box="[1369,1384,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">~</emphasis>
|
||
10% longer (129 µm ± 4.1) than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA147A7FD82FDAE1CF0" box="[505,631,621,644]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA147A7FD82FDAE1CF0" box="[505,631,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(114 µm ± 4.2), and also had a deeper and broader groove, and more prominent and widely spaced basal articulations. Finally, Pierce
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA145D9FD7EFC1D1CDC" box="[903,964,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006) reported a COI distance of ~7% between
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6DFFA146A3FD5BFE971CB9" box="[253,334,692,717]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
specimens and specimens from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6DFFA144B5FD5BFCC41CB8" box="[747,797,692,716]" name="United States of America" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6DFFA14578FD5BFC1E1CB9" box="[806,967,692,717]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which was interpreted as a species-level genetic distance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6DFFA14699FD12FC8E1AD4" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
In this study, we examined over 200 specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA14543FD12FC421D60" box="[797,923,765,788]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA14543FD12FC421D60" box="[797,923,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from across its range and found substantial variation in coloration and internal and external morphology, including all of the distinctive traits used to separate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA146C9FCAAFF231D29" box="[151,250,836,861]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA146C9FCAAFF231D29" box="[151,250,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, all specimens were less than 8% divergent at COI, consistently supported here and in prior work (Krug
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA14778FC86FEB91DF4" box="[294,352,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013) as a threshold inter-specific COI distance for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA1459CFC88FBD11DF4" box="[962,1032,871,896]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA1459CFC88FBD11DF4" box="[962,1032,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Elysia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The phylogenetic position of COI haplotypes (e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6DFFA14708FC63FE7C1DD0" box="[342,421,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1300,1322]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,198,1274]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,193,1278]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Evolutionary relationships among a subsample of COI haplotypes from specimens of E. crispata, inferred by Maximum Likelihood. Significant bootstrap values are given adjacent to supported nodes. External morphology of 15 specimens with bolded isolate codes is shown in Fig. 14, with the corresponding panel given in parentheses. Terminals with multiple isolates denote haplotypes sampled more than once; multiple specimens from the same site and year are indicated by two-digit numbers following the corresponding year-site combination, except the total number from two sites is given for the common haplotype sampled in the Dry Tortugas, Dominica and St. Lucia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256959/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
) was not related to morphology, but rather to location, with a high degree of differentiation among most populations. The 7% distance originally noted between Florida ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA14271FC40FBA91DBC" box="[1071,1136,943,968]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA14271FC40FBA91DBC" box="[1071,1136,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6DFFA142E5FC5FFB341DBC" box="[1211,1261,944,968]" name="United States of America" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
Virgin Islands ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA146FEFC3AFF251D98" box="[160,252,981,1004]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA146FEFC3AFF251D98" box="[160,252,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ haplotypes is typical for among-population differentiation in this low dispersal species:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6DFFA14378FC3AFA451D98" author="Vo" box="[1318,1436,980,1004]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Vo, J. (2013) Mitochondrial versus nuclear phylogeography of Caribbean sea slugs with short-lived larvae. M. S. California State University, Los Angeles, 76 pp." type="book" year="2013">Vo (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recovered seven COI clades that were 5–8% divergent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA14579FC16FC7D1A64" box="[807,932,1017,1040]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA14579FC16FC7D1A64" box="[807,932,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, five of which are presented in
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6DFFA1434EFC18FABD1A64" box="[1296,1380,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="29.[151,250,1300,1322]" captionTargetBox="[151,1432,198,1274]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,193,1278]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 13. Evolutionary relationships among a subsample of COI haplotypes from specimens of E. crispata, inferred by Maximum Likelihood. Significant bootstrap values are given adjacent to supported nodes. External morphology of 15 specimens with bolded isolate codes is shown in Fig. 14, with the corresponding panel given in parentheses. Terminals with multiple isolates denote haplotypes sampled more than once; multiple specimens from the same site and year are indicated by two-digit numbers following the corresponding year-site combination, except the total number from two sites is given for the common haplotype sampled in the Dry Tortugas, Dominica and St. Lucia." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256959/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
. The high apparent COI distance between Florida ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA144C2FBF3FD041A41" box="[668,733,1052,1077]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA144C2FBF3FD041A41" box="[668,733,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6DFFA1457EFBF3FC881A40" box="[800,849,1052,1076]" name="United States of America" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
Virgin Islands
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA1425EFBF2FBA51A40" box="[1024,1148,1053,1076]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA1425EFBF2FBA51A40" box="[1024,1148,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
thus reflected population differentiation, not genetic differences among morphotypes; U. S. Virgin Island specimens cluster with our group 5 samples (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6DFFA146A1FB8BFEBA1A08" author="Vo" box="[255,355,1124,1148]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Vo, J. (2013) Mitochondrial versus nuclear phylogeography of Caribbean sea slugs with short-lived larvae. M. S. California State University, Los Angeles, 76 pp." type="book" year="2013">Vo 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Florida group (including both ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA1455CFB8BFC9A1A09" box="[770,835,1124,1149]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA1455CFB8BFC9A1A09" box="[770,835,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA145DCFB8AFC241A08" box="[898,1021,1125,1148]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA145DCFB8AFC241A08" box="[898,1021,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphs) was no more divergent than any other COI clade of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA147C0FB66FDC01AD4" box="[414,537,1161,1184]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA147C0FB66FDC01AD4" box="[414,537,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from around the Caribbean.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6DFFA14699FB42FC2B1B91" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
More importantly, the broader sample size examined in the present study and in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6DFFA142D9FB42FB251AB0" author="Vo" box="[1159,1276,1196,1220]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Vo, J. (2013) Mitochondrial versus nuclear phylogeography of Caribbean sea slugs with short-lived larvae. M. S. California State University, Los Angeles, 76 pp." type="book" year="2013">Vo (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
revealed that specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA14771FB3EFE561A9C" box="[303,399,1231,1256]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA14771FB3EFE561A9C" box="[303,399,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
did not form a clade excluding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA144AEFB3EFCB31A9C" box="[752,874,1233,1256]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA144AEFB3EFCB31A9C" box="[752,874,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on molecular phylogenetic analysis of COI haplotypes. Most specimens from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6DFFA1441BFB1BFD4F1B79" box="[581,662,1268,1293]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
Keys were collected in low-flow, low-light habitats and had ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA1430FFB1BFA4B1B79" box="[1361,1426,1268,1293]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA1430FFB1BFA4B1B79" box="[1361,1426,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ morphology, but grouped genetically with some typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA14545FAF6FC401B44" box="[795,921,1305,1328]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA14545FAF6FC401B44" box="[795,921,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the nearby Dry
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6DFFA142C7FAF7FB271B44" box="[1177,1278,1304,1328]" name="Haiti" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Tortugas</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and not with ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA146FEFAD3FF381B21" box="[160,225,1340,1365]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA146FEFAD3FF381B21" box="[160,225,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ morphs from low-flow habitats in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6DFFA144DBFAD3FCC31B21" box="[645,794,1340,1365]" name="Bahamas" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which grouped with typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA14230FAD2FB351B20" box="[1134,1260,1341,1364]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA14230FAD2FB351B20" box="[1134,1260,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the same location. Moreover, the three H3 alleles sampled in specimens from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6DFFA145B3FAB0FBE71B0C" box="[1005,1086,1375,1400]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
Keys and Dry
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6DFFA142A7FA8FFA821B0C" box="[1273,1371,1376,1400]" name="Haiti" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Tortugas</collectingCountry>
|
||
were common throughout the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA14476FA6AFCF41BE8" authority="Vo 2013" authorityName="Vo" authorityYear="2013" box="[552,813,1412,1436]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA14476FA6AFD711BE8" box="[552,680,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6DFFA144E5FA6BFCFC1BE8" author="Vo" box="[699,805,1412,1436]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refString="Vo, J. (2013) Mitochondrial versus nuclear phylogeography of Caribbean sea slugs with short-lived larvae. M. S. California State University, Los Angeles, 76 pp." type="book" year="2013">Vo 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; thus, both mtDNA and the nuclear H3 gene fail to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA14747FA48FE831BB4" box="[281,346,1447,1472]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA14747FA48FE831BB4" box="[281,346,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA147A2FA46FDA11BB4" box="[508,632,1449,1472]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA147A2FA46FDA11BB4" box="[508,632,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Combined, all available morphological and molecular data indicate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA143DAFA46FF011B91" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA143DAFA46FF011B91" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be considered a distinct species, as it is a polyphyletic ecotype.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6DFFA14699FA00FAC51938" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
Finally, the features proposed to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA144E8FA1EFCCF187C" box="[694,790,1519,1544]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA144E8FA1EFCCF187C" box="[694,790,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not consistently co-occur in specimens from low-flow environments, but are frequently intermingled with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA144BEF9FAFCE51858" box="[736,828,1557,1580]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA144BEF9FAFCE51858" box="[736,828,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<typeStatus id="F75871D99C6DFFA1451DF9FAFCAC1859" box="[835,885,1557,1581]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">type</typeStatus>
|
||
characters. For example, paired specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA143DAF9FAFF2A1824" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA143DAF9FAFF2A1824" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of equivalent size collected side by side often had fused and unfused parapodia, respectively, including pairs from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6DFFA14748F9B2FEAA1800" box="[278,371,1629,1652]" country="Mexico" name="Yucatan" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Yucatan</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6DFFA147DEF9B3FE0C1801" box="[384,469,1628,1653]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6DFFA147DEF9B3FE0C1801" box="[384,469,1628,1653]" name="Mexico" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6DFFA147B9F9B3FDF21800" box="[487,555,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1621,1643]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,193,1600]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 9. Elysia crispata, external anatomy and egg mass. A, Dorsal view of specimen from Florida Keys (LACM 178590; 14 mm). B, Dorsal view of specimen from boat channel at the Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (LACM 178635; 23 mm). C, Dorsal view of specimen from Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593; 18 mm). D, Dorsal view of a ‘ clarki’ morph specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595; 52 mm). E, Dorsal view of specimen from Bocas del Toro, Panama (35 mm). F – G, Variability in parapodial notch in two specimens from Yucatan, Mexico. I – L, Variability in foot sole pigmentation for specimens from the Florida Keys (LACM 178590) (I), (LACM 178635) (J), Dry Tortugas (LACM 178593) (K), and ‘ clarki’ morph from Lake Surprise, Florida (LACM 178595) (L). M, Egg mass of a specimen from Sweetings Cay, Bahamas. Field of view = 11.7 mm. N, Close-up of larvae from a clutch laid by a specimen from Lake Surprise, Florida; shelled larvae have lost their velar lobes and are metamorphosing on the egg mass at the time of hatching. Field of view = 1.8 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256955/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
F–G), Dry
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6DFFA144F5F9B2FCD41801" box="[683,781,1629,1653]" name="Haiti" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Tortugas</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6DFFA14540F9B3FCB61800" box="[798,879,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[212,1380,193,1598]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. External morphology of specimens of Elysia crispata from which the COI haplotypes analyzed in Fig. 13 were obtained, showing parapodial ruffling and coloration (left panel), foot (center), and close-up view of the anterior parapodial margin (right) from each live specimen. A, Green clarki morph from Lake Surprise, FL (isolate Ecri _ 09 LKS 05; 60 mm). B, Dark clarki morph from Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (Ecri _ 07 Mot 03; 20 mm). C, Intermediate clarki morph from Geiger Beach, Key West, FL (Ecri _ 07 Gei 08; 8 mm). D, Typical high-flow crispata morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 11; 12 mm). Isolate Ecri _ 10 Dry 08 had external features nearly identical to this specimen. E, High-flow morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 07; 13 mm). F – G, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from Sweeting’s Cay, Bahamas (F, Ecri _ 07 Swe 10, 25 mm; G, Ecri _ 07 Swe 07, 25 mm). H – I, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from the Northern Exumas, Bahamas (H, Ecri _ 10 NEx 01, 15 mm; I, Ecri _ 10 NEx 02, 18 mm). J, Intermediate morph from San Salvador Island, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 SSal 01, 15 mm). K – L, Typical crispata morphs from Curaçao (K, Ecri _ 09 Cur 01, 52 mm) and New Providence, Bahamas (L, Ecri _ 10 NPr 02, 30 mm). M, Green clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 02, 32 mm). N, Intermediate morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 04, 25 mm). O, Dark clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 08, 28 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256960/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
D–E),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6DFFA145E3F9B3FBFB1801" box="[957,1058,1628,1653]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Northern" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Northern</collectingRegion>
|
||
Exumas (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6DFFA142C9F9B3FB301800" box="[1175,1257,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[212,1380,193,1598]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. External morphology of specimens of Elysia crispata from which the COI haplotypes analyzed in Fig. 13 were obtained, showing parapodial ruffling and coloration (left panel), foot (center), and close-up view of the anterior parapodial margin (right) from each live specimen. A, Green clarki morph from Lake Surprise, FL (isolate Ecri _ 09 LKS 05; 60 mm). B, Dark clarki morph from Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (Ecri _ 07 Mot 03; 20 mm). C, Intermediate clarki morph from Geiger Beach, Key West, FL (Ecri _ 07 Gei 08; 8 mm). D, Typical high-flow crispata morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 11; 12 mm). Isolate Ecri _ 10 Dry 08 had external features nearly identical to this specimen. E, High-flow morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 07; 13 mm). F – G, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from Sweeting’s Cay, Bahamas (F, Ecri _ 07 Swe 10, 25 mm; G, Ecri _ 07 Swe 07, 25 mm). H – I, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from the Northern Exumas, Bahamas (H, Ecri _ 10 NEx 01, 15 mm; I, Ecri _ 10 NEx 02, 18 mm). J, Intermediate morph from San Salvador Island, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 SSal 01, 15 mm). K – L, Typical crispata morphs from Curaçao (K, Ecri _ 09 Cur 01, 52 mm) and New Providence, Bahamas (L, Ecri _ 10 NPr 02, 30 mm). M, Green clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 02, 32 mm). N, Intermediate morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 04, 25 mm). O, Dark clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 08, 28 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256960/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
H–I), and Little
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6DFFA146C9F96FFEF418EC" box="[151,301,1663,1688]" country="El Salvador" name="San Salvador" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
San
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C6DFFA14697F990FEF418EC" box="[201,301,1663,1688]" name="El Salvador" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Salvador</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6DFFA14762F990FE5418EC" box="[316,397,1663,1688]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[212,1380,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[212,1380,193,1598]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 14. External morphology of specimens of Elysia crispata from which the COI haplotypes analyzed in Fig. 13 were obtained, showing parapodial ruffling and coloration (left panel), foot (center), and close-up view of the anterior parapodial margin (right) from each live specimen. A, Green clarki morph from Lake Surprise, FL (isolate Ecri _ 09 LKS 05; 60 mm). B, Dark clarki morph from Mote Tropical Research Laboratory, Florida Keys (Ecri _ 07 Mot 03; 20 mm). C, Intermediate clarki morph from Geiger Beach, Key West, FL (Ecri _ 07 Gei 08; 8 mm). D, Typical high-flow crispata morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 11; 12 mm). Isolate Ecri _ 10 Dry 08 had external features nearly identical to this specimen. E, High-flow morph from Dry Tortugas, FL (Ecri _ 10 Dry 07; 13 mm). F – G, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from Sweeting’s Cay, Bahamas (F, Ecri _ 07 Swe 10, 25 mm; G, Ecri _ 07 Swe 07, 25 mm). H – I, Intermediate morphs with mixed features from the Northern Exumas, Bahamas (H, Ecri _ 10 NEx 01, 15 mm; I, Ecri _ 10 NEx 02, 18 mm). J, Intermediate morph from San Salvador Island, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 SSal 01, 15 mm). K – L, Typical crispata morphs from Curaçao (K, Ecri _ 09 Cur 01, 52 mm) and New Providence, Bahamas (L, Ecri _ 10 NPr 02, 30 mm). M, Green clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 02, 32 mm). N, Intermediate morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 04, 25 mm). O, Dark clarki morph from Little San Salvador, Bahamas (Ecri _ 07 LSS 08, 28 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256960/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
N–O). The degree of undulation of the parapodia is extremely variable and the folds are not consistently fixed in all specimens assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA1448CF94AFC8D18C8" box="[722,852,1701,1724]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA1448CF94AFC8D18C8" box="[722,852,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The radular morphology of this species is also extremely variable, and we found no consistent differences between specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA14273F926FB711894" box="[1069,1192,1737,1760]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA14273F926FB711894" box="[1069,1192,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from mangrove areas in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6DFFA146BEF903FEE81971" box="[224,305,1772,1797]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
Keys and the rest of the range, nor did size delineate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA145C2F903FC041971" box="[924,989,1772,1797]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA145C2F903FC041971" box="[924,989,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphs from typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA14288F902FA8A1970" box="[1238,1363,1773,1796]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA14288F902FA8A1970" box="[1238,1363,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C6DFFA1433AF903FF06195C" captionStart-0="FIGURE 11" captionStart-1="FIGURE 12" captionStartId-0="25.[151,250,1643,1665]" captionStartId-1="27.[151,250,1500,1522]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,265,1621]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetId-0="figure@25.[151,1436,265,1621]" captionTargetId-1="figure@27.[151,1436,193,1478]" captionTargetPageId-0="25" captionTargetPageId-1="27" captionText-0="FIGURE 11. Elysia crispata, SEM of the radulae of several specimens. A, Complete radula (LACM 178593). B, Leading tooth (LACM 178593). C, Close-up of leading tooth showing fine denticles (LACM 178593). D, Leading tooth (LACM 178636). E, Leading tooth (LACM 178594). F, Leading tooth (LACM 178637). G, Leading tooth (LACM 178591)." captionText-1="FIGURE 12. Elysia crispata, SEM of the radulae of additional specimens. A, Leading tooth (LACM 178592); white arrow indicates sharp transition between denticulate edge and rest of tooth. B, Leading tooth (LACM 178584). C, Leading tooth (LACM 178590). D, Leading tooth (LACM 178638). E, Leading tooth (LACM 178588). F, Leading tooth (LACM 178589)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/256957/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/256958/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Figs. 11–12</figureCitation>
|
||
). Overall, neither morphological nor molecular analyses found consistent differences distinguishing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA143DAF8FEFF011939" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA143DAF8FEFF011939" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA14742F8DAFE411938" box="[284,408,1845,1868]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA14742F8DAFE411938" box="[284,408,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and for all these reasons,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA1449CF8DAFCFB1939" box="[706,802,1844,1869]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA1449CF8DAFCFB1939" box="[706,802,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is here considered a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA142C4F8DAFACC1938" box="[1178,1301,1845,1868]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA142C4F8DAFACC1938" box="[1178,1301,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C6DFFA04699F8B7FEE91C6C" blockId="34.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="35.[151,1436,151,536]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
We do consider ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA147DBF8B8FE1F1904" box="[389,454,1879,1904]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA147DBF8B8FE1F1904" box="[389,454,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ to be an ecotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA144EDF8B6FCF71904" box="[691,814,1881,1904]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA144EDF8B6FCF71904" box="[691,814,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
characterized by darker coloration, green diverticula in the foot, and reduced parapodial undulation. We have sampled this ecotype from low-light and low-flow habitats including mangrove lagoons, borrow pits, and shaded rock overhangs in shallow, protected areas throughout the Caribbean. In contrast, the light-colored, highly ruffled
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6DFFA1457DF82AFCA619A8" box="[803,895,1989,2012]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6DFFA1457DF82AFCA619A8" box="[803,895,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ecotype predominates in high-flow, high-light habitats such as drainage channels and subtidal reefs. The recurring association of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6CFFA04264FF78FBA21EC4" box="[1082,1147,151,176]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA04264FF78FBA21EC4" box="[1082,1147,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
features with a particular habitat is consistent with either phenotypic plasticity during development, or local selection favoring the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6CFFA04305FF53FA451EA1" box="[1371,1436,188,213]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="clarki">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA04305FF53FA451EA1" box="[1371,1436,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">clarki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ecotype. The lighter coloration and higher degree of parapodial ruffling may protect chloroplasts in diverticula lining the dorsum of the typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6CFFA047A2FEEAFD811F68" box="[508,600,261,284]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA047A2FEEAFD811F68" box="[508,600,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morph from excess light, prolonging plastid function. The onshore
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C6CFFA04315FEEBFA451F69" box="[1355,1436,260,285]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6CFFA04716FEC6FE111F34" box="[328,456,297,320]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA04716FEC6FE111F34" box="[328,456,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
show coloration consistent with low-light adaptation (overall green to purple body coloration, including in the foot), possibly due to the greater turbidity of coastal waters compared to the rest of the Caribbean. Further study is needed to determine whether phenotypic plasticity or local selection produces the observed differences in external morphology between ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA0455AFE7BFC961FD9" box="[772,847,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">clarki’</emphasis>
|
||
ecotypes and typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6CFFA0421DFE7AFB661FD8" box="[1091,1215,405,428]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA0421DFE7AFB661FD8" box="[1091,1215,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens. Indeed, given the ability to study diet via DNA barcoding of plastid DNA (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6CFFA045FBFE58FB171FA4" author="Middlebrooks" box="[933,1230,439,464]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Middlebrooks, M. L., Bell, S. S., Curtis, N. E. & Pierce, S. K. (2014) Atypical plant - herbivore association of algal food and a kleptoplastic sea slug (Elysia clarki) revealed by DNA barcoding and field surveys. Marine Biology, 161, 1429 - 1440. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 014 - 2431 - 9" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Middlebrooks
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA04210FE56FB501FA4" box="[1102,1161,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C6CFFA042BAFE56FABB1FA4" box="[1252,1378,441,464]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="crispata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C6CFFA042BAFE56FABB1FA4" box="[1252,1378,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">E. crispata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may provide a valuable system with which to investigate local adaptation, which is rare among marine herbivores (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C6CFFA046C0FE10FEFD1C6C" author="Sotka" box="[158,292,511,536]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Sotka, E. E. (2005) Local adaptation in host use among marine invertebrates. Ecology Letters, 8, 448 - 459. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1461 - 0248.2004.00719. x" type="journal article" year="2005">Sotka 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |