628 lines
72 KiB
XML
628 lines
72 KiB
XML
<document id="078D7467E79DEDC4456602D91C14AF35" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4148.1.1" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4148.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a757adc6-2763-41f7-ae26-b1cae841091c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="256946" ID-ZooBank="91353147-FDA8-45CC-A8F1-1DE801C835A6" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1470724987728" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Krug, Patrick J., Vendetti, Jann E. & Valdés, Ángel" docDate="2016" docId="A04A7E6D9C1EFFD646C9FA00FEDD1A93" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4148.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4148 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Elysia pratensis Ortea & Espinosa 1996" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="86" masterDocId="5C7306159C4FFF83465EFFEFFFD91E74" masterDocTitle="Molecular and morphological systematics of Elysia Risso, 1818 (Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa) from the Caribbean region" masterLastPageNumber="137" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="82" updateTime="1698367345517" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="A81AD5A42E02AD984A483581C355C9DD">Molecular and morphological systematics of Elysia Risso, 1818 (Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa) from the Caribbean region</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="ECBD289B25AA904657B92A63E014A078" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="85846B669334DB0B0C6713E866BE0BA8">Krug, Patrick J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F28DC9C7E1350A63FAA82F717498383E">Vendetti, Jann E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F3816F2CD708F9CD77273B1BB38D6087">Valdés, Ángel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="DF7929AAC33C685BA212356FB9A6CD7C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="D6BD64D2C2165206AD50430736EFEE1F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B72989902BAE5164A26477E276C59694">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5BEA0E81D8F4CA5EB2C085495C20C574">4148</mods:number>
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<treatment id="A04A7E6D9C1EFFD646C9FA00FEDD1A93" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5664211" ID-GBIF-Taxon="123514844" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5664211" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A04A7E6D9C1EFFD646C9FA00FEDD1A93" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A04A7E6D9C1EFFD646C9FA00FEDD1A93" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
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<subSubSection id="60F99CF09C1EFFD246C9FA00FE85185F" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1EFFD246C9FA00FD51187E" blockId="81.[151,648,1519,1579]" box="[151,648,1519,1546]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
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<heading id="731478179C1EFFD246C9FA00FD51187E" bold="true" box="[151,648,1519,1546]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1EFFD246C9FA00FD51187E" ID-CoL="6F5PG" authority="Ortea & Espinosa, 1996" authorityName="Ortea & Espinosa" authorityYear="1996" box="[151,648,1519,1546]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pratensis">
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<emphasis id="1A9713699C1EFFD246C9FA00FD51187E" bold="true" box="[151,648,1519,1546]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
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<emphasis id="1A9713699C1EFFD246C9FA00FE8F187D" bold="true" box="[151,342,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Elysia pratensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C1EFFD24703FA1FFD51187E" author="Ortea" box="[349,648,1520,1546]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" refString="Ortea, J. & Espinosa, J. (1996) Descripcion de una nueva especie del genero Elysia Risso, 1818 (Opisthobranchia: Sacoglossa) recolectada en Puerto Morelos, Mexico. Avicennia, 4 / 5, 115 - 119." type="journal article" year="1996">Ortea & Espinosa, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1EFFD246C9F9FDFE85185F" blockId="81.[151,648,1519,1579]" box="[151,348,1554,1579]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
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(
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||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C1EFFD246C1F9FDFF35185F" box="[159,236,1554,1579]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1510,1532]" captionTargetBox="[239,1350,338,1481]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[235,1352,337,1489]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 6. Penial morphology of some species examined. A, Elysia ornata (LACM 178583). B – E, Elysia crispata (LACM 178640) (B); (LACM 178641) (C); (LACM 2004.5.1) (D); (isolate Ecri _ 10 LKS 03) (E). F, Elysia chlorotica (LACM 178597). G – H, Elysia patina (LACM 178650) (G); (LACM 178651) (H). I, Elysia flava (LACM 178626). J, Elysia subornata (LACM 178629). K, Elysia canguzua (LACM 178644). L, Elysia serca (CPIC 00027). M, Elysia evelinae (MZUCR INB 0003312779). N, Elysia velutinus (LACM 178642), O, Elysia papillosa (LACM 178607). P, Elysia cornigera (LACM 173227). Q, Elysia marcusi (LACM 178647), R, Elysia pratensis (CPIC 00068). S, Elysia zuleicae (LACM 178656). Abbreviations: bw, body wall; dd, deferent duct; pe, penis; s, stylet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256952/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
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R, 48–50)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="60F99CF09C1EFFD246C9F9BAFC5318DC" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1EFFD246C9F9BAFC5318DC" blockId="81.[151,1436,1621,1704]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="08F3E8559C1EFFD246C9F9BAFC5318DC" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
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<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1EFFD246C9F9BAFDB9181F" ID-CoL="6F5PG" authority="Ortea & Espinosa 1996: 116" authorityName="Ortea & Espinosa" authorityPageNumber="116" authorityYear="1996" box="[151,608,1621,1643]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pratensis">
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<emphasis id="1A9713699C1EFFD246C9F9BAFEE0181F" box="[151,313,1621,1643]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Elysia pratensis</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C1EFFD2471EF9BAFDB9181F" author="Ortea" box="[320,608,1621,1643]" page="116" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" year="1996">
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<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C1EFFD2471EF9BAFDE9181F" author="Ortea" box="[320,560,1621,1643]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" refString="Ortea, J. & Espinosa, J. (1996) Descripcion de una nueva especie del genero Elysia Risso, 1818 (Opisthobranchia: Sacoglossa) recolectada en Puerto Morelos, Mexico. Avicennia, 4 / 5, 115 - 119." type="journal article" year="1996">Ortea & Espinosa 1996</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 116
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
–119, figs. 1–3
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<emphasis id="1A9713699C1EFFD244A8F9B9FCD5181F" box="[758,780,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">—</emphasis>
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||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C1EFFD24553F9BAFC14181F" author="Redfern" box="[781,973,1621,1643]" page="163" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" year="2001">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C1EFFD24553F9BAFC42181F" author="Redfern" box="[781,923,1621,1643]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" refString="Redfern, C. (2001) Bahamian Seashells, A Thousand Species from Abaco, Bahamas. Bahamiamseashells. com, Inc., Boca Raton, ix, 280 pp." type="book" year="2001">Redfern 2001</bibRefCitation>
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: 163
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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, figs. 675; Espinosa
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<emphasis id="1A9713699C1EFFD242FEF9B9FB0A181F" box="[1184,1235,1621,1643]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">et al.</emphasis>
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2005: 56;
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<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C1EFFD24361F9BAFE9818FE" author="Valdes" page="70" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" year="2006">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C1EFFD24361F9BAFEC418FE" author="Valdes" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" refString="Valdes, A., Hamann, J., Behrens, D. W. & DuPont, A. (2006) Caribbean Sea Slugs: A field guide to the opisthobranch mollusks from the tropical northwestern Atlantic. Sea Challengers Natural History Books, Etc., Gig Harbor, 289 pp." type="book" year="2006">
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Valdés
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<emphasis id="1A9713699C1EFFD243D4F9B9FF3B18FE" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">et al.</emphasis>
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2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 70
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
–71; Krug 2009: table 2, figs. 4G, 5E–F; Krug
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<emphasis id="1A9713699C1EFFD24548F99AFC9318FE" box="[790,842,1652,1674]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">et al.</emphasis>
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2013:
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<date id="5C5DE9BB9C1EFFD245D1F99BFC2518FE" box="[911,1020,1652,1674]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" value="1109" valueMax="1113">1109-1113</date>
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||
, figs. 2C, 4;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C1EFFD24222F99BFAE518FE" author="Redfern" box="[1148,1340,1652,1674]" page="285" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" year="2013">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C1EFFD24222F99BFAD318FE" author="Redfern" box="[1148,1290,1652,1674]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" refString="Redfern, C. (2013) Bahamian Seashells, 1161 Species from Abaco, Bahamas. Bahamiamseashells. com, Inc., Boca Raton, viii + 501 pp." type="book" year="2013">Redfern 2013</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 285
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, fig. 789; Christa
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<emphasis id="1A9713699C1EFFD24748F97CFE9318DC" box="[278,330,1682,1704]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2014: figs. 1C, 3;
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<treatmentCitation id="A942E96A9C1EFFD24458F97CFD3B18DC" author="Krug" box="[518,738,1682,1704]" page="990" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" year="2015">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C1EFFD24458F97CFD7618DC" author="Krug" box="[518,687,1682,1704]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" refString="Krug, P. J., Vendetti, J. E., Ellingson, R. A., Trowbridge, C. D., Hirano, Y. M., Trathen, D. Y., Rodriguez, A. K., Swennen, C., Wilson, N. G. & Valdes, A. (2015) Species selection favors dispersive life histories in sea slugs, but higher per-offspring investment drives shifts to short-lived larvae. Systematic Biology, 64, 983 - 999. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syv 046" type="journal article" year="2015">
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Krug
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<emphasis id="1A9713699C1EFFD2441EF97CFDAD18DC" box="[576,628,1682,1704]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">et al.</emphasis>
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2015
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 990
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</treatmentCitation>
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-991, figs. 3B, 4.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="60F99CF09C1EFFD146C9F93AFCA41FFC" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="materials_examined">
|
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<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1EFFD246C9F93AFBA7189A" blockId="81.[151,1436,1749,2026]" box="[151,1150,1749,1774]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
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||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1EFFD246C9F93AFE9C189A" bold="true" box="[151,325,1749,1774]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Type material.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1EFFD24712F93AFDCE1899" box="[332,535,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1EFFD24712F93AFE4B189A" box="[332,402,1749,1774]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Elysia</taxonomicName>
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pratensis—
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||
</emphasis>
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Holotype at MCNT (no registration number provided).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1EFFD24699F916FD151942" blockId="81.[151,1436,1749,2026]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C1EFFD24699F916FD111942" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291048975" collectingDate="2009-02-02" collectingDateMax="2010-07-02" collectingDateMin="2009-02-02" collectionCode="LACM, CPIC" country="Bahamas" location="Stocking Island" municipality="Material" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" specimenCode="LACM 178654-55, CPIC 00068-69" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="San Salvador">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1EFFD24699F916FE6B1966" bold="true" box="[199,434,1785,1810]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="C83855019C1EFFD24699F916FEF61966" box="[199,303,1785,1810]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Material</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
examined.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C1EFFD247E5F916FDFF1966" box="[443,550,1785,1810]" name="Bahamas" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C1EFFD2446CF915FD131966" box="[562,714,1785,1810]" country="El Salvador" name="San Salvador" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">San Salvador</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C1EFFD24489F916FCBD1966" box="[727,868,1785,1810]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" value="2010-07-02">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C1EFFD24489F916FCBD1966" box="[727,868,1785,1810]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" value="2010-07-02">July 2010, 2</date>
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||
</collectingDate>
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||
specimens (
|
||
<specimenCode id="784567009C1EFFD245ACF915FB091966" box="[1010,1232,1785,1810]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C1EFFD245ACF915FB9C1966" box="[1010,1093,1786,1810]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">LACM</collectionCode>
|
||
178654–55
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||
</specimenCode>
|
||
),
|
||
<location id="2D3C99A09C1EFFD242BBF916FA411966" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A04A7E6D9C1EFFD646C9FA00FEDD1A93:2D3C99A09C1EFFD242BBF916FA411966" box="[1253,1432,1785,1810]" country="Bahamas" municipality="Material" name="Stocking Island" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" stateProvince="San Salvador">Stocking Island</location>
|
||
, 20
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||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C1EFFD246E4F8F2FEA31942" box="[186,378,1821,1846]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" value="2009-02-02">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C1EFFD246E4F8F2FEA31942" box="[186,378,1821,1846]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" value="2009-02-02">February 2009, 2</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimens (
|
||
<specimenCode id="784567009C1EFFD2445AF8F1FD191942" box="[516,704,1821,1846]" collectionCode="CPIC" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<collectionCode id="4EF257BE9C1EFFD2445AF8F1FD9D1942" box="[516,580,1822,1846]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">CPIC</collectionCode>
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||
00068–69
|
||
</specimenCode>
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||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1EFFD24699F8AEFB1C19D6" blockId="81.[151,1436,1749,2026]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C1EFFD24699F8AEFD57192E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291048978" box="[199,654,1857,1882]" location="Florida" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Florida">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1EFFD24699F8AEFDEA192E" bold="true" box="[199,563,1857,1882]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Additional material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C1EFFD24464F8AEFD57192E" box="[570,654,1857,1882]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C1EFFD244C6F8ADFDDB19D6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291048982" collectingDate="2007-06-01" collectingDateMax="2009-10-02" collectingDateMin="2007-06-01" country="United States of America" location="Lower Matecumbe Key" municipality="Anne's Beach" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bay">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C1EFFD244C6F8ADFD0D192E" box="[664,724,1858,1882]" name="United States of America" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="C83855019C1EFFD24481F8ADFCA7192E" box="[735,894,1857,1882]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Anne’s Beach</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="2D3C99A09C1EFFD245D6F8ADFB4A192E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A04A7E6D9C1EFFD646C9FA00FEDD1A93:2D3C99A09C1EFFD245D6F8ADFB4A192E" box="[904,1171,1857,1882]" country="United States of America" municipality="Anne's Beach" name="Lower Matecumbe Key" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" stateProvince="Bay">Lower Matecumbe Key</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C1EFFD242C0F8ADFAF5192E" box="[1182,1324,1858,1882]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" value="2007-06-01">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C1EFFD242C0F8ADFAF5192E" box="[1182,1324,1858,1882]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" value="2007-06-01">June 2007, 1</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimen (isolate Eprat_07Ann01), Geiger Beach, 25
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C1EFFD2449FF88AFC57190A" box="[705,910,1893,1918]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" value="2009-10-02">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C1EFFD2449FF88AFC57190A" box="[705,910,1893,1918]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" value="2009-10-02">October 2009, 2</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimens (isolate Eprat_09Gei01, isolate Eprat_09Gei01); Discovery
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C1EFFD2478AF865FDDB19D6" box="[468,514,1930,1954]" country="Cayman Islands" name="West Bay" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Bay</collectingRegion>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="988BC5269C1EFFD24450F866FB1C19D6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1291048985" box="[526,1221,1929,1954]" collectingDate="2006-03-01" country="Jamaica" location="Jamaica" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C1EFFD24450F866FDB219D6" box="[526,619,1929,1954]" name="Jamaica" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 0 7
|
||
<collectingDate id="4C1910539C1EFFD244C6F866FCE419D6" box="[664,829,1929,1954]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" value="2006-03-01">
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C1EFFD244C6F866FCE419D6" box="[664,829,1929,1954]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" value="2006-03-01">March 2006, 1</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
specimen (isolate Eprat_06Jam01;
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1EFFD14699F842FCBC1E8C" blockId="81.[151,1436,1749,2026]" lastBlockId="82.[151,1436,151,392]" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C1EFFD24699F842FEEB19B2" box="[199,306,1965,1990]" name="Bahamas" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Sweetings Cay,
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C1EFFD247A6F842FD4C19B2" box="[504,661,1965,1990]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" value="2007-07-26">
|
||
July 2007,
|
||
<specimenCount id="3EE504F29C1EFFD24427F842FD4C19B2" box="[633,661,1965,1990]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="generic">26</specimenCount>
|
||
</date>
|
||
specimens (isolate Eprat_07Swe01-26), Stirrup Cay,
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C1EFFD242A1F842FA4519B2" box="[1279,1436,1965,1990]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" value="2007-07-14">
|
||
July 2007,
|
||
<specimenCount id="3EE504F29C1EFFD243DEF841FA4519B2" box="[1408,1436,1966,1990]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="generic">14</specimenCount>
|
||
</date>
|
||
specimens (isolate Eprat_07Stir01-14),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C1EFFD24407F83EFCEE199E" box="[601,823,2001,2026]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
|
||
Little
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C1EFFD244C0F83DFCEE199E" box="[670,823,2001,2026]" country="El Salvador" name="San Salvador" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
|
||
San
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C1EFFD2448CF83EFCEE199E" box="[722,823,2001,2026]" name="El Salvador" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Salvador</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C1EFFD2451AF83EFC0B199E" box="[836,978,2001,2026]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" value="2007-07-04">
|
||
July 2007,
|
||
<specimenCount id="3EE504F29C1EFFD2459AF83DFC0B199E" box="[964,978,2002,2026]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="generic">4</specimenCount>
|
||
</date>
|
||
specimens (isolate Eprat_07LSS01-04),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C1DFFD146C9FF77FEEA1EC4" box="[151,307,151,176]" country="El Salvador" name="San Salvador" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||
San
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C1DFFD14690FF78FEEA1EC4" box="[206,307,151,176]" name="El Salvador" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Salvador</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C1DFFD1471AFF78FE3E1EC4" box="[324,487,151,176]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" value="2010-07-13">
|
||
July 2010,
|
||
<specimenCount id="3EE504F29C1DFFD14795FF77FE3E1EC4" box="[459,487,152,176]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="generic">13</specimenCount>
|
||
</date>
|
||
specimens (isolate Eprat_10SSal02, Eprat_10SSal04-15),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C1DFFD142C9FF78FB311EC4" box="[1175,1256,151,176]" country="Bahamas" name="Bimini" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Bimini</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C1DFFD142A7FF78FA451EC4" box="[1273,1436,151,176]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" value="2010-07-10">
|
||
July 2010,
|
||
<specimenCount id="3EE504F29C1DFFD143DEFF77FA451EC4" box="[1408,1436,152,176]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="generic">10</specimenCount>
|
||
</date>
|
||
specimens (isolate Eprat_10Bim01-10), Compass Cay,
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C1DFFD14540FF53FC6A1EA0" box="[798,947,188,213]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" value="2010-07-04">
|
||
July 2010,
|
||
<specimenCount id="3EE504F29C1DFFD145FBFF53FC6A1EA0" box="[933,947,188,212]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="generic">4</specimenCount>
|
||
</date>
|
||
specimens (isolate Eprat_10Comp01-04), Plana Cays,
|
||
<date id="5C5DE9BB9C1DFFD1477CFF30FE751E8C" box="[290,428,223,248]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" value="2004-07-08">
|
||
July 2004,
|
||
<specimenCount id="3EE504F29C1DFFD147C0FF0FFE751E8C" box="[414,428,224,248]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="generic">8</specimenCount>
|
||
</date>
|
||
specimens (isolate Eprat_04Pla01-08).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1DFFD14699FEEBFCA41FFC" blockId="82.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1DFFD14699FEEBFEB81F69" bold="true" box="[199,353,260,285]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Live animal.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimens moderately cryptic on host alga, with white longitudinal lines mimicking white borders of individual blades of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1DFFD1445CFEC8FD701F34" box="[514,681,295,320]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Rhipocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1DFFD1445CFEC8FD701F34" box="[514,681,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Rhipocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on which slugs have fed, removing the green chloroplasts. Large slugs can be seen atop stipes of the alga in situ, however, due to their large body size and inability to hide within the algal thallus. Parapodia are usually held together to cover dorsum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="7C9C9FF39C1DFFD146C9FA29FDEA18C7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256996/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" targetBox="[151,1436,445,1456]" targetPageId="82">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1DFFD146C9FA29FDEA18C7" blockId="82.[151,1436,1478,1715]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1DFFD146C9FA29FEF81BA8" bold="true" box="[151,289,1478,1500]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">FIGURE 48.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1DFFD14777FA29FE141BA8" box="[297,461,1478,1500]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1DFFD14777FA29FE141BA8" box="[297,461,1478,1500]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Elysia pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, external morphology and egg masses.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1DFFD14534FA29FCA51BA8" bold="true" box="[874,892,1478,1500]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">A</emphasis>
|
||
, Specimens from Bahamas in July 2004, feeding on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1DFFD146C9FA0AFE701B8F" box="[151,425,1509,1531]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Rhipocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="brevicaulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1DFFD146C9FA0AFE701B8F" box="[151,425,1509,1531]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Rhipocephalus brevicaulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Note how longitudinal white stripes render slugs cryptic against green algal blades with white tips from emptied algal filaments. Field of view = 4 cm wide.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1DFFD144A6F9EBFCD0186E" bold="true" box="[760,777,1540,1562]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">B</emphasis>
|
||
, Mating specimens showing reciprocal insemination. The long, flexible penis of each slug contacts the partner between the right anterior parapodial edge and the pericardium. Field of view = 15 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1DFFD146B1F9AEFED81823" bold="true" box="[239,257,1601,1623]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">C</emphasis>
|
||
, Egg mass spiral showing orange ECY ribbon winding around capsules containing early-stage embryos. Field of view = 2.5 mm.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1DFFD1471FF9B0FE8A1801" bold="true" box="[321,339,1631,1653]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">D</emphasis>
|
||
, Egg mass with larvae undergoing encapsulated metamorphosis in the inner whorl (lower left), and darker, post-metamorphic juvenile siblings in the outer whorl (top and right). Note depletion of orange ECY, compared to earlier in development (
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1DFFD14776F972FEE318C7" bold="true" box="[296,314,1693,1715]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">C</emphasis>
|
||
). Field of view = 4 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60F99CF09C1DFFD74699F935FEDD1883" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1DFFD14699F935FE32192B" blockId="82.[151,1436,1754,1995]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1DFFD14699F935FE7E1887" bold="true" box="[199,423,1754,1779]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">External anatomy.</emphasis>
|
||
Large specimens to
|
||
<quantity id="EF1B629E9C1DFFD144C5F935FD341886" box="[667,749,1754,1779]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
|
||
in body length. Overall coloration green, with longitudinal white stripes running the length of the body along parapodia, over head, and along rhinophores (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C1DFFD1429AF911FACF1963" box="[1220,1302,1790,1815]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1478,1500]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,445,1456]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[151,1436,445,1457]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 48. Elysia pratensis, external morphology and egg masses. A, Specimens from Bahamas in July 2004, feeding on Rhipocephalus brevicaulus. Note how longitudinal white stripes render slugs cryptic against green algal blades with white tips from emptied algal filaments. Field of view = 4 cm wide. B, Mating specimens showing reciprocal insemination. The long, flexible penis of each slug contacts the partner between the right anterior parapodial edge and the pericardium. Field of view = 15 mm. C, Egg mass spiral showing orange ECY ribbon winding around capsules containing early-stage embryos. Field of view = 2.5 mm. D, Egg mass with larvae undergoing encapsulated metamorphosis in the inner whorl (lower left), and darker, post-metamorphic juvenile siblings in the outer whorl (top and right). Note depletion of orange ECY, compared to earlier in development (C). Field of view = 4 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256996/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B). Body elongated. Head roughly square, eyes small. Rhinophores mostly smooth with a few papillae near distal end. Tips of rhinophores yellow-orange.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1DFFD14699F885FD9419BF" blockId="82.[151,1436,1754,1995]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||
Parapodia with black marginal line; on either side, white line with papillae running along edge. Rows of elongated white papillae spaced at regular intervals, emerging from white longitudinal stripes, running length of parapodia.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C1DFFD1474DF85CFEEC19BE" box="[275,309,1971,1994]" country="Haiti" name="Nord" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">No</collectingRegion>
|
||
stripes inside parapodia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7C9C9FF39C1CFFD046C9FAC7FB571B28" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256997/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" targetBox="[164,1415,209,1273]" targetPageId="83">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1CFFD046C9FAC7FB571B28" blockId="83.[151,1435,1320,1372]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1CFFD046C9FAC7FEC31B4A" bold="true" box="[151,282,1320,1342]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">FIGURE 49</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1CFFD04776FAC7FE151B4A" box="[296,460,1320,1342]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1CFFD04776FAC7FE151B4A" box="[296,460,1320,1342]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Elysia pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, drawing of renopericardial complex and dorsal vessel network from two preserved specimens (left: LACM 178654, 3 mm wide; right: LACM 178655, 6 mm long × 4 mm across at widest point).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1CFFD04699FA6BFC0B1B91" blockId="83.[151,1437,1412,2013]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
|
||
Pericardium green, covered with white longitudinal stripes continuing from head. Renopericardial extension runs entire length of body, with eight or more lateral vessels emerging from along the entire length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C1CFFD04366FA48FA491BB4" box="[1336,1424,1447,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1320,1342]" captionTargetBox="[164,1415,209,1273]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[151,1436,193,1298]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 49. Elysia pratensis, drawing of renopericardial complex and dorsal vessel network from two preserved specimens (left: LACM 178654, 3 mm wide; right: LACM 178655, 6 mm long × 4 mm across at widest point)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256997/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
|
||
). Vessels branch repeatedly and anastomose along inner parapodial margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1CFFD04699FA00FF0F18EC" blockId="83.[151,1437,1412,2013]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1CFFD04699FA00FE46187C" bold="true" box="[199,415,1519,1544]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Internal anatomy.</emphasis>
|
||
Radula with 21 teeth (CPIC 00068), 8 teeth in ascending limb and
|
||
<quantity id="EF1B629E9C1CFFD042FFFA1FFB02187C" box="[1185,1243,1519,1544]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" unit="in" value="13.0">13 in</quantity>
|
||
descending limb (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C1CFFD046C1F9FBFF2A1859" box="[159,243,1556,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="84.[151,250,1193,1215]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,253,1165]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[159,1444,253,1166]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 50. Elysia pratensis, SEM of the radula and penis (CPIC 00068). A, Complete radula. B, Leading tooth. C, Ascus. D, Penis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256998/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Leading tooth elongate and robust (CPIC 00068–69), with 16–22 small, irregular, and coarse denticles on cusp (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C1CFFD046A3F9D8FE881824" box="[253,337,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="84.[151,250,1193,1215]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,253,1165]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[159,1444,253,1166]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 50. Elysia pratensis, SEM of the radula and penis (CPIC 00068). A, Complete radula. B, Leading tooth. C, Ascus. D, Penis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256998/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Housing depression for interlocking teeth “V”-shaped and extending 80% of tooth length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C1CFFD04331F9D8FF6E1801" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="84.[151,250,1193,1215]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,253,1165]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[159,1444,253,1166]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 50. Elysia pratensis, SEM of the radula and penis (CPIC 00068). A, Complete radula. B, Leading tooth. C, Ascus. D, Penis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256998/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Base of tooth approximately ¼ of total tooth length. Ascus containing jumbled heap of discarded teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C1CFFD04331F9B3FF6F18EC" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="84.[151,250,1193,1215]" captionTargetBox="[159,1436,253,1165]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[159,1444,253,1166]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURE 50. Elysia pratensis, SEM of the radula and penis (CPIC 00068). A, Complete radula. B, Leading tooth. C, Ascus. D, Penis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256998/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
|
||
C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1CFFD04699F94BFC431894" blockId="83.[151,1437,1412,2013]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
|
||
Penis elongate with rigid musculature resistant to desiccation (CPIC 00068–69), tapering to an apex devoid of armature. Deferent duct long and highly convoluted (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C1CFFD044B5F928FCE11894" box="[747,824,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1510,1532]" captionTargetBox="[239,1350,338,1481]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[235,1352,337,1489]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 6. Penial morphology of some species examined. A, Elysia ornata (LACM 178583). B – E, Elysia crispata (LACM 178640) (B); (LACM 178641) (C); (LACM 2004.5.1) (D); (isolate Ecri _ 10 LKS 03) (E). F, Elysia chlorotica (LACM 178597). G – H, Elysia patina (LACM 178650) (G); (LACM 178651) (H). I, Elysia flava (LACM 178626). J, Elysia subornata (LACM 178629). K, Elysia canguzua (LACM 178644). L, Elysia serca (CPIC 00027). M, Elysia evelinae (MZUCR INB 0003312779). N, Elysia velutinus (LACM 178642), O, Elysia papillosa (LACM 178607). P, Elysia cornigera (LACM 173227). Q, Elysia marcusi (LACM 178647), R, Elysia pratensis (CPIC 00068). S, Elysia zuleicae (LACM 178656). Abbreviations: bw, body wall; dd, deferent duct; pe, penis; s, stylet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256952/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
R, 50D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1CFFD04699F903FC9B19E1" blockId="83.[151,1437,1412,2013]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1CFFD04699F903FD931971" bold="true" box="[199,586,1772,1797]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Reproduction and development.</emphasis>
|
||
Mating was observed for two
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C1CFFD045F2F903FC241971" box="[940,1021,1772,1797]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C1CFFD042D2F903FB381970" box="[1164,1249,1772,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1478,1500]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,445,1456]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[151,1436,445,1457]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 48. Elysia pratensis, external morphology and egg masses. A, Specimens from Bahamas in July 2004, feeding on Rhipocephalus brevicaulus. Note how longitudinal white stripes render slugs cryptic against green algal blades with white tips from emptied algal filaments. Field of view = 4 cm wide. B, Mating specimens showing reciprocal insemination. The long, flexible penis of each slug contacts the partner between the right anterior parapodial edge and the pericardium. Field of view = 15 mm. C, Egg mass spiral showing orange ECY ribbon winding around capsules containing early-stage embryos. Field of view = 2.5 mm. D, Egg mass with larvae undergoing encapsulated metamorphosis in the inner whorl (lower left), and darker, post-metamorphic juvenile siblings in the outer whorl (top and right). Note depletion of orange ECY, compared to earlier in development (C). Field of view = 4 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256996/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Insemination was largely reciprocal, and similar in all respects to the behaviors described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1CFFD04270F8FEFB18195C" box="[1070,1217,1807,1832]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="subornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1CFFD04270F8FEFB18195C" box="[1070,1217,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">E. subornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C1CFFD0435EF8FFFA49195C" author="Jensen" box="[1280,1424,1807,1832]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" refString="Jensen, K. R. (1986) Observations on copulation in two species of Elysia from Florida (Opisthobranchia: Ascoglossa). Ophelia, 25, 25 - 32. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00785326.1986.10429721" type="journal article" year="1986">Jensen 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The penis of each slug contacted its partner between the right anterior parapodial surface and the pericardium for an extended period. Insemination appeared to be hypodermic, with sperm transferred into the epithelial tissue around the pericardium without a penial stylet or puncturing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1CFFD74699F84FFBF61EA0" blockId="83.[151,1437,1412,2013]" lastBlockId="84.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
|
||
A wide flat ribbon of orange ECY weaves around each individual egg capsule (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C1CFFD04232F870FB1819CC" box="[1132,1217,1951,1976]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1478,1500]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,445,1456]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[151,1436,445,1457]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 48. Elysia pratensis, external morphology and egg masses. A, Specimens from Bahamas in July 2004, feeding on Rhipocephalus brevicaulus. Note how longitudinal white stripes render slugs cryptic against green algal blades with white tips from emptied algal filaments. Field of view = 4 cm wide. B, Mating specimens showing reciprocal insemination. The long, flexible penis of each slug contacts the partner between the right anterior parapodial edge and the pericardium. Field of view = 15 mm. C, Egg mass spiral showing orange ECY ribbon winding around capsules containing early-stage embryos. Field of view = 2.5 mm. D, Egg mass with larvae undergoing encapsulated metamorphosis in the inner whorl (lower left), and darker, post-metamorphic juvenile siblings in the outer whorl (top and right). Note depletion of orange ECY, compared to earlier in development (C). Field of view = 4 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256996/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
|
||
C–D). Grand mean clutch size was 146.6 eggs (± 106.4 SE; n = 11 clutches; range = 13 to 1,209 ova per clutch), but only 40.4 eggs ± 6.2 SE if the largest egg mass was excluded. Mean egg diameter ranged from 109.8 µm (± 0.6 SE) to 122.4 µm (± 0.7 SE) for five clutches, with a grand mean egg diameter of 117.9 µm (± 2.2 SE).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7C9C9FF39C1BFFD746C9FB46FF0C1AAA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256998/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" targetBox="[159,1436,253,1165]" targetPageId="84">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1BFFD746C9FB46FF0C1AAA" blockId="84.[151,1435,1193,1246]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1BFFD746C9FB46FEC61ACB" bold="true" box="[151,287,1193,1215]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">FIGURE 50.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1BFFD7477AFB46FE141ACB" box="[292,461,1193,1215]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1BFFD7477AFB46FE101ACB" box="[292,457,1193,1215]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pratensis">Elysia pratensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
SEM of the radula and penis (CPIC 00068).
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1BFFD745CCFB46FC7D1ACB" bold="true" box="[914,932,1193,1215]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">A</emphasis>
|
||
, Complete radula.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1BFFD7423AFB46FBAC1ACB" bold="true" box="[1124,1141,1193,1215]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">B</emphasis>
|
||
, Leading tooth.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1BFFD74345FB46FAF41ACB" bold="true" box="[1307,1325,1193,1215]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">C</emphasis>
|
||
, Ascus.
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1BFFD743DDFB46FA4C1ACB" bold="true" box="[1411,1429,1193,1215]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">D</emphasis>
|
||
, Penis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1BFFD74699FAE4FCF11BA3" blockId="84.[151,1437,1290,2035]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
Mean larval shell length at metamorphosis was determined for 12 clutches (two from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C1BFFD742C3FAE5FB371B57" box="[1181,1262,1290,1315]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
Keys, and five each from Sweetings Cay and Little
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C1BFFD74465FAC0FD0B1B33" box="[571,722,1326,1351]" country="El Salvador" name="San Salvador" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
San
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C1BFFD74433FAC1FD0B1B33" box="[621,722,1326,1351]" name="El Salvador" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Salvador</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C1BFFD744BEFAC1FC921B33" box="[736,843,1326,1351]" name="Bahamas" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and ranged from 301.2 µm (± 18.3 SD, n = 20) to 334.5 µm (± 18.2, n = 30); both size extremes were sampled from Little
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C1BFFD7458FFABCFBBE1B1F" box="[977,1127,1362,1387]" country="El Salvador" name="San Salvador" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
San
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C1BFFD7425DFABDFBBE1B1F" box="[1027,1127,1362,1387]" name="El Salvador" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Salvador</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
parents. Overall, the grand mean shell length was 321.2 µm (± 9.9, n = 12 clutches), close to the median value of 323.4 µm; this is the second largest larval size recorded for a Caribbean sacoglossan, smaller only than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1BFFD74583FA73FBBD1BC7" box="[989,1124,1434,1459]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="papillosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1BFFD74583FA73FBBD1BC7" box="[989,1124,1434,1459]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">E. papillosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All larvae metamorphosed within the egg mass and emerged as crawl-away juveniles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1BFFD74699FA0CFEDD1883" blockId="84.[151,1437,1290,2035]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
Larvae began metamorphosing after 18.4 d (± 0.7 SE, n = 13 clutches) at 22°C, but juveniles required an additional 4.8 d (± 0.7 SE, n = 6) to begin hatching, and about another 5 d for the last juvenile slug to leave the egg mass. Overall, mean developmental time until juveniles began hatching was 23.3 d (± 1.0 SE, n = 6), the longest encapsulated period for any Caribbean elysiid. During the extended post-metamorphic period, juveniles that remained in the egg mass fed readily on ECY, and grew to more than twice the size of siblings that emerged from the egg mass without consuming ECY post-metamorphosis (Krug 2009). Juveniles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1BFFD74200F978FB3D18DA" box="[1118,1252,1687,1710]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1BFFD74200F978FB3D18DA" box="[1118,1252,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">E. pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were the largest measured for any Caribbean sacoglossan, with a grand mean juvenile length of 651.9 µm (± 42.0 SE, n = 5 clutches).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60F99CF09C1BFFD64699F8EDFACD1D61" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1BFFD64699F8EDFBA81E83" blockId="84.[151,1437,1290,2035]" lastBlockId="85.[151,1436,151,1256]" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1BFFD74699F8EDFEBF196F" bold="true" box="[199,358,1794,1819]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Host ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
The host
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1BFFD74787F8ECFDA7196F" box="[473,638,1795,1819]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1BFFD747A9F8EBFDA7196F" box="[503,638,1796,1819]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pratensis">E. pratensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has not been previously reported; the species takes its name from the seagrass “meadows” from which it was initially discovered by seine netting. Throughout the Caribbean, we have found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1BFFD746BEF8A3FEBF1917" box="[224,358,1868,1891]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1BFFD746BEF8A3FEBF1917" box="[224,358,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">E. pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
associated exclusively with the alga
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1BFFD74557F8A5FBEB1917" box="[777,1074,1866,1891]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Rhipocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="brevicaulis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1BFFD74557F8A5FBEB1917" box="[777,1074,1866,1891]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Rhipocephalus brevicaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Notably, only one small clump of five stipes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1BFFD74705F880FE2119F3" box="[347,504,1902,1927]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Rhipocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="brevicaulis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1BFFD74705F880FE2119F3" box="[347,504,1902,1927]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R. brevicaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found in Discovery
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA2701999C1BFFD7457DF880FC8819F3" box="[803,849,1903,1927]" country="Cayman Islands" name="West Bay" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Bay</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C1BFFD7453EF881FC6419F3" box="[864,957,1902,1927]" name="Jamaica" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with one large specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1BFFD7434DF880FA4519F2" box="[1299,1436,1903,1926]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1BFFD7434DF880FA4519F2" box="[1299,1436,1903,1926]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">E. pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeding on the alga. We have observed feeding on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1BFFD7448DF87BFCB619DF" box="[723,879,1938,1963]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Rhipocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="brevicaulis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1BFFD7448DF87BFCB619DF" box="[723,879,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">R. brevicaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the lab; slugs drain cytoplasm from the tips of the filaments which, pressed together, form the scale-like blades. The longitudinal white stripes on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1BFFD7434DF858FA4519BA" box="[1299,1436,1975,1998]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1BFFD7434DF858FA4519BA" box="[1299,1436,1975,1998]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">E. pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
render it cryptic against its host, especially when filament tips are white after being fed upon (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C1BFFD7429DF835FACF1987" box="[1219,1302,2010,2035]" captionStart="FIGURE 48" captionStartId="82.[151,250,1478,1500]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,445,1456]" captionTargetId="figure@82.[151,1436,445,1457]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 48. Elysia pratensis, external morphology and egg masses. A, Specimens from Bahamas in July 2004, feeding on Rhipocephalus brevicaulus. Note how longitudinal white stripes render slugs cryptic against green algal blades with white tips from emptied algal filaments. Field of view = 4 cm wide. B, Mating specimens showing reciprocal insemination. The long, flexible penis of each slug contacts the partner between the right anterior parapodial edge and the pericardium. Field of view = 15 mm. C, Egg mass spiral showing orange ECY ribbon winding around capsules containing early-stage embryos. Field of view = 2.5 mm. D, Egg mass with larvae undergoing encapsulated metamorphosis in the inner whorl (lower left), and darker, post-metamorphic juvenile siblings in the outer whorl (top and right). Note depletion of orange ECY, compared to earlier in development (C). Field of view = 4 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256996/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Fig. 48</figureCitation>
|
||
A).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C1BFFD6431EF834FE881EC4" author="Ortea" lastPageId="85" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refString="Ortea, J. & Espinosa, J. (1996) Descripcion de una nueva especie del genero Elysia Risso, 1818 (Opisthobranchia: Sacoglossa) recolectada en Puerto Morelos, Mexico. Avicennia, 4 / 5, 115 - 119." type="journal article" year="1996">Ortea & Espinosa (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
erroneously presumed the species fed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD64561FF78FC751EC4" box="[831,940,151,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Hydrocharitaceae" genus="Thalassia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alismatales" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64561FF78FC751EC4" box="[831,940,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Thalassia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and compared it to other seagrass-feeding species, even discussing the coloration as cryptic on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD644A6FF53FCBC1EA1" box="[760,869,188,213]" class="Liliopsida" family="Hydrocharitaceae" genus="Thalassia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alismatales" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD644A6FF53FCBC1EA1" box="[760,869,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Thalassia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; large, mobile specimens have occasionally been found crawling on other substrates in the field, but feed exclusively upon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD6458EFF0EFBB21E8C" box="[976,1131,223,248]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Rhipocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="brevicaulis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD6458EFF0EFBB21E8C" box="[976,1131,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">R. brevicaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1AFFD64699FEEBFDBB1F81" blockId="85.[151,1436,151,1256]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64699FEEBFDD21F69" bold="true" box="[199,523,260,285]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Phylogenetic relationships.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD64448FEEBFD171F68" box="[534,718,260,285]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64448FEEBFD171F68" box="[534,718,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Elysia pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD64528FEEAFBD51F69" box="[886,1036,260,285]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="subornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64528FEEAFBD51F69" box="[886,1036,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. subornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in phylogenetic analyses (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B0D8D3FE9C1AFFD6431BFEEBFA571F68" box="[1349,1422,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1859,1881]" captionTargetBox="[222,1338,197,1822]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[222,1338,193,1823]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic hypothesis for family Plakobranchidae rooted on genus Bosellia (not shown) to illustrate relationships within the genera Elysia, Plakobranchus and Thuridilla. Topology and branch lengths are from Maximum Likelihood analysis of concatenated DNA sequences (2,807 bp total) representing portions of two mitochondrial (COI, 16 S) and two nuclear (H 3, 28 S) genes. Significant support values are given as ML bootstrap percentages (below branch), or BI posterior probabilities (above branch); asterisk = 1.0 or 100 % support. Species discussed in this study are bolded. Triangle denotes presence of a penial stylet." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/256950/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), although molecular data were not available for at least one related species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD64247FEC8FB141F34" box="[1049,1229,295,320]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hamanni" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64247FEC8FB141F34" box="[1049,1229,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Elysia hamanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01A4AE129C1AFFD64286FEC8FAC21F34" box="[1240,1307,295,320]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64286FEC8FAC21F34" bold="true" box="[1240,1307,295,320]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
); thus, the inclusion of other taxa in subsequent analyses may alter our understanding of relationships in this group. However, a phylogeographic study uncovered hybrid introgression of mitochondria from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD6426AFE9EFB101FFC" box="[1076,1225,367,392]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="subornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD6426AFE9EFB101FFC" box="[1076,1225,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. subornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD64355FE9EFA4C1FFC" box="[1291,1429,369,392]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64355FE9EFA4C1FFC" box="[1291,1429,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, resulting in local fixation of mitochondria from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD644E1FE7AFC8B1FD9" box="[703,850,404,429]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="subornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD644E1FE7AFC8B1FD9" box="[703,850,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. subornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in northern and central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50F48FEB9C1AFFD64236FE7BFB161FD9" box="[1128,1231,404,429]" name="Bahamas" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD643DAFE7AFE141FA4" authority="Rodriguez 2009" authorityName="Rodriguez" authorityYear="2009" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD643DAFE7AFF271FA4" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C72B28A9C1AFFD64752FE58FE1F1FA4" author="Rodriguez" box="[268,454,439,464]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" refString="Rodriguez, A. (2009) Comparative phylogeography, hybridization, and mitochondrial capture in two species of Caribbean sea slugs with non-planktonic development. M. S. California State University, Los Angeles, 55 pp." type="book" year="2009">Rodriguez 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Such cyto-nuclear discordance can lead to misidentification in DNA barcoding studies that employ only mitochondrial markers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1AFFD64699FE10FEDD1CB8" blockId="85.[151,1436,151,1256]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<bibRef id="F1435B8D9C1AFFD64699FE10FEDD1CB8" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="book">
|
||
<author id="F05E279E9C1AFFD64699FE10FE9E1C6C" box="[199,327,511,536]" fns="I" npo="LF" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
Notably,
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64770FDEEFE9E1C6C" box="[302,327,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E.</emphasis>
|
||
</author>
|
||
pratensis occupies a highly derived position within subclade 4, in which all other species feed on
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD646C9FDCBFED81C49" box="[151,257,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Caulerpa</emphasis>
|
||
spp. (Krug
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD647C9FDCAFE0C1C49" box="[407,469,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
<year id="5C4B8E289C1AFFD647BCFDCBFDC61C48" box="[482,543,548,572]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">2013</year>
|
||
).
|
||
<title id="5AE7244D9C1AFFD64469FDCBFDBF1CF0" jopScore="0.37850693" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="_" typeScore="215">
|
||
Several features are shared by
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD645F4FDCAFBEF1C48" box="[938,1078,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
and other members of the
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD643DAFDCAFED31C14" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. tomentosa</emphasis>
|
||
clade, including a long renopericardium, complex anastomosing network of dorsal vessels, and meandering tubes of bright orange ECY
|
||
</title>
|
||
.
|
||
<journalOrPublisher id="F222C5B79C1AFFD6442DFD83FF271CB8" jopScore="0.58016044" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
The derived diet of
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64502FD82FC3D1CF0" box="[860,996,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
and its sympatric distribution with
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD643DAFD82FED01CDC" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. subornata</emphasis>
|
||
are consistent with ecological speciation via host shift onto
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64581FD60FB4A1CDC" box="[991,1171,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Rhiphocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
by the ancestor of
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD643DAFD7EFF271CB8" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</journalOrPublisher>
|
||
.
|
||
</bibRef>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1AFFD64699FD38FACD1D61" blockId="85.[151,1436,151,1256]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64699FD38FEC31C84" bold="true" box="[199,282,727,752]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Range.</emphasis>
|
||
Bahamas (Redfern 2013; present study), Belize (Valdés
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD645F9FD36FC3B1C84" box="[935,994,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006), Honduras (Valdés
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD6434EFD36FA921C84" box="[1296,1355,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006), Cuba (Espinosa
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64710FD12FE5E1D61" box="[334,391,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005), Florida, USA, Jamaica (present study), Mexico (Ortea & Espinosa 1996).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60F99CF09C1AFFD64699FCF0FEDD1A93" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1AFFD64699FCF0FEB11D99" blockId="85.[151,1436,151,1256]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64699FCF0FEE21D4C" bold="true" box="[199,315,799,824]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The longitudinal white stripes distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD64502FCCEFC341D4C" box="[860,1005,801,824]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64502FCCEFC341D4C" box="[860,1005,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD64219FCCEFB3A1D4C" box="[1095,1251,799,824]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="subornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64219FCCEFB3A1D4C" box="[1095,1251,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. subornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the long renopericardial extension running almost the whole body length distinguishes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD64252FCAAFB4A1D28" box="[1036,1171,837,860]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64252FCAAFB4A1D28" box="[1036,1171,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD64292FCAAFA871D29" box="[1228,1374,836,861]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="subornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64292FCAAFA871D29" box="[1228,1374,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. subornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from related elysiids in which the renopericardium runs only partway down the body. There has been little taxonomic confusion surrounding this species; Clark and coworkers appear to have regarded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD6421BFC62FB141DD0" box="[1093,1229,909,932]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD6421BFC62FB141DD0" box="[1093,1229,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a variant of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD643DAFC62FED01DBC" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="subornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD643DAFC62FED01DBC" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. subornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but undertook no taxonomic study, partly explaining why such a common species was undescribed until relatively recently.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="285CCF7B9C1AFFD64699FC18FEDD1A93" blockId="85.[151,1436,151,1256]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
Both diet and pointed, coarsely serrated teeth distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD64527FC16FBDC1A64" box="[889,1029,1017,1040]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64527FC16FBDC1A64" box="[889,1029,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from all related and co-occurring species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD646A8FBF2FE5E1A41" box="[246,391,1052,1077]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="subornata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD646A8FBF2FE5E1A41" box="[246,391,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. subornata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD647CAFBF3FDEA1A41" box="[404,563,1052,1077]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pawliki" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD647CAFBF3FDEA1A41" box="[404,563,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Elysia pawliki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01A4AE129C1AFFD64465FBF3FDA01A41" box="[571,633,1052,1077]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64465FBF3FDA01A41" bold="true" box="[571,633,1052,1077]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD644E8FBF3FCEF1A40" box="[694,822,1052,1077]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="zemi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD644E8FBF3FCEF1A40" box="[694,822,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Elysia zemi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01A4AE129C1AFFD64563FBF3FCA51A41" box="[829,892,1052,1077]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64563FBF3FCA51A41" bold="true" box="[829,892,1052,1077]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD64583FBF3FB9E1A41" box="[989,1095,1052,1077]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64583FBF3FB9E1A41" box="[989,1095,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Caulerpa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and have blunt-tipped, nearly smooth teeth. The radula of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD6478FFBAEFD8E1A2C" box="[465,599,1089,1112]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD6478FFBAEFD8E1A2C" box="[465,599,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is presumably adapted to piercing the calcified filaments of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD642A4FBAEFA4C1A2C" box="[1274,1429,1087,1112]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Udoteaceae" genus="Rhipocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="brevicaulis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD642A4FBAEFA4C1A2C" box="[1274,1429,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">R. brevicaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; indeed, tooth morphology is strikingly convergent between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD64562FB8AFC1A1A08" box="[828,963,1125,1148]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64562FB8AFC1A1A08" box="[828,963,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the distantly related
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD642BDFB8AFAB21A09" box="[1251,1387,1124,1149]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="papillosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD642BDFB8AFAB21A09" box="[1251,1387,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. papillosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD646C9FB66FF291AD4" box="[151,240,1161,1184]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="taino" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD646C9FB66FF291AD4" box="[151,240,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. taino</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="01A4AE129C1AFFD646A8FB68FEEC1AD4" box="[246,309,1159,1184]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD646A8FB68FEEC1AD4" bold="true" box="[246,309,1159,1184]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">n. sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, which feed on the related and morphologically similar alga
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD64580FB68FB971AD4" box="[990,1102,1159,1184]" class="Bivalvia" family="Penicillidae" genus="Penicillus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD64580FB68FB971AD4" box="[990,1102,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Penicillus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In other Caribbean members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD646B6FB42FEA61AB0" box="[232,383,1197,1220]" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tomentosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD646B6FB42FEA61AB0" box="[232,383,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. tomentosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade, the descending limb of the radula also forms a pronounced spiral absent from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFE3B4F89C1AFFD643DAFB42FF271A9C" class="Gastropoda" family="Plakobranchidae" genus="Elysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sacoglossa" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pratensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A9713699C1AFFD643DAFB42FF271A9C" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">E. pratensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |