334 lines
32 KiB
XML
334 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1038/s41467-019-11690-z" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0bf63512-9d52-45d8-9256-45fd2e094799" ID-PMC="PMC6736962" ID-PubMed="31506444" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3405402" approvalRequired="2" approvalRequired_for_document="1" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="1" checkinTime="1568219048000" checkinUser="admin" docAuthor="de Santana, C. David, Crampton, William G. R., Dillman, Casey B., Frederico, Renata G., Sabaj, Mark H., Covain, Raphaël, Ready, Jonathan, Zuanon, Jansen, de Oliveira, Renildo R., Mendes-Júnior, Raimundo N., Bastos, Douglas A., Teixeira, Tulio F., Mol, Jan, Ohara, Willian, Castro, Natália Castro e, Peixoto, Luiz A., Nagamachi, Cleusa, Sousa, Leandro, Montag, Luciano F. A., Ribeiro, Frank, Waddell, Joseph C., Piorsky, Nivaldo M., Vari, Richard P. & Wosiacki, Wolmar B." docDate="2019" docId="8C37211CFFAEFFF2F7C6E60CC61BFD45" docLanguage="en" docName="natureCommunications.s41467-019-11690-z.pdf" docOrigin="Nature Communications 10 (4000)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11690-z" docTitle="Electrophorus varii de Santana & Crampton & Dillman & Frederico & Sabaj & Covain & Ready & Zuanon & de Oliveira & Mendes-Júnior & Bastos & Teixeira & Mol & Ohara & Castro & Peixoto & Nagamachi & Sousa & Montag & Ribeiro & Waddell & Piorsky & Vari & Wosiacki 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="700E5964FFABFFF7F77AE241C367FFE1" masterDocTitle="Unexpected species diversity in electric eels with a description of the strongest living bioelectricity generator" masterLastPageNumber="10" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1668137185623" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Unexpected species diversity in electric eels with a description of the strongest living bioelectricity generator</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>de Santana, C. David</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Crampton, William G. R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dillman, Casey B.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Frederico, Renata G.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sabaj, Mark H.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Covain, Raphaël</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ready, Jonathan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zuanon, Jansen</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>de Oliveira, Renildo R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mendes-Júnior, Raimundo N.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bastos, Douglas A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Teixeira, Tulio F.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mol, Jan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ohara, Willian</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Castro, Natália Castro e</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Peixoto, Luiz A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Nagamachi, Cleusa</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sousa, Leandro</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Montag, Luciano F. A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ribeiro, Frank</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Waddell, Joseph C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Piorsky, Nivaldo M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Vari, Richard P.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wosiacki, Wolmar B.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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||
<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Nature Communications</mods:title>
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||
</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2019-09-10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>10</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>4000</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>10</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11690-z</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1038/s41467-019-11690-z</mods:identifier>
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||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">0bf63512-9d52-45d8-9256-45fd2e094799</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PMC">PMC6736962</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PubMed">31506444</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3405402</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4442092" ID-GBIF-Taxon="176584524" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4442092" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8C37211CFFAEFFF2F7C6E60CC61BFD45" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C37211CFFAEFFF2F7C6E60CC61BFD45" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph blockId="5.[116,778,1101,1776]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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||
<taxonomicName authority="de Santana & Crampton & Dillman & Frederico & Sabaj & Covain & Ready & Zuanon & de Oliveira & Mendes-Júnior & Bastos & Teixeira & Mol & Ohara & Castro & Peixoto & Nagamachi & Sousa & Montag & Ribeiro & Waddell & Piorsky & Vari & Wosiacki, 2019" authorityName="de Santana & Crampton & Dillman & Frederico & Sabaj & Covain & Ready & Zuanon & de Oliveira & Mendes-Júnior & Bastos & Teixeira & Mol & Ohara & Castro & Peixoto & Nagamachi & Sousa & Montag & Ribeiro & Waddell & Piorsky & Vari & Wosiacki" authorityYear="2019" box="[188,379,1101,1123]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Electrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="varii" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis box="[188,379,1101,1123]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Electrophorus varii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[393,473,1102,1123]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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de Santana, Wosiacki, Crampton, Sabaj, Dillman, Mendes-Júnior and Castro e Castro
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[116,778,1101,1776]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3016621303" collectionCode="MPEG" country="Brazil" county="Para" location="Goiapi River" municipality="Marajo Island" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="MPEG 25422" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[141,245,1197,1218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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||
<typeStatus box="[141,240,1197,1218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Holotype</typeStatus>
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||
:
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||
</emphasis>
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||
<specimenCode box="[255,396,1196,1218]" collectionCode="MPEG" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/90vz-swjg" name="Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MPEG 25422</specimenCode>
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||
,
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||
<quantity box="[410,504,1197,1218]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="1000.0">1000 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL;
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||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8C37211CFFAEFFF2F7C6E60CC61BFD45:0141C6D1FFAEFFF2F554E6EDC1D4FB23" box="[558,691,1196,1218]" country="Brazil" county="Para" municipality="Marajo Island" name="Goiapi River" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Goiapi River</location>
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||
,
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||
<collectingMunicipality pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Marajó Island</collectingMunicipality>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCounty box="[192,239,1224,1246]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pará</collectingCounty>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry box="[251,312,1224,1246]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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||
.
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="5.[116,778,1101,1776]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3016621302" box="[141,396,1252,1274]" collectionCode="INPA" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="INPA 46378" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[141,250,1252,1273]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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||
<typeStatus box="[141,245,1252,1273]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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||
:
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||
</emphasis>
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||
<specimenCode box="[260,392,1252,1274]" collectionCode="INPA" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rm88-499z" name="Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">INPA 46378</specimenCode>
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||
,
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3016621309" box="[407,578,1252,1274]" collectionCode="INPA" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="INPA 46379" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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||
<specimenCode box="[407,536,1252,1274]" collectionCode="INPA" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rm88-499z" name="Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">INPA 46379</specimenCode>
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||
(3)
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
;
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||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3016621306" box="[593,774,1252,1273]" collectionCode="MHNG" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="MHNG 2748.083" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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||
<specimenCode box="[593,774,1252,1273]" collectionCode="MHNG" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2jyg-xmd2" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="Museum">MHNG 2748.083</specimenCode>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
;
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||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3016621301" box="[116,253,1280,1301]" collectionCode="MPEG" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="MPEG 30480" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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||
<specimenCode box="[116,253,1280,1301]" collectionCode="MPEG" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/90vz-swjg" name="Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MPEG 30480</specimenCode>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
(3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[116,778,1101,1776]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[141,260,1308,1329]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Etymology:</emphasis>
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In honor of Richard Peter Vari (1949–2016) for his contributions to ichthyology.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[116,778,1101,1776]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[141,251,1364,1386]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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||
Eleven nucleotides in COI: A(64), A(80), G(146), G (164),
|
||
<collectionCode box="[187,204,1392,1414]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">T</collectionCode>
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||
(190), A(251), A(467), C(512),
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||
<collectionCode box="[537,553,1392,1414]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">T</collectionCode>
|
||
(517), A(536), and C (569). Pectoral-fin rays 20–28 and lateral-line pores 124–186 (versus 32–38, and 88–101, respectively, in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[634,763,1448,1469]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="electricus">
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||
<emphasis box="[634,648,1448,1469]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis box="[673,763,1448,1469]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">electricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
). Distinguished by head narrow,
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<figureCitation box="[446,516,1475,1497]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,1147,1770]" captionTargetId="figure-712@2.[663,890,1477,1738]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2 Key morphological features to recognize the three species of Electrophorus. Top, radiographs of lateral view of the anterior portion of body (skull and pectoral girdle highlighted red). The cleithrum lies between the fifth and sixth vertebrae (v) in Electrophorus electricus (a) and E. voltai (b) versus first and second vertebrae in E. varii (c). Bottom, illustrations of ventral view of the head, showing key features listed in Diagnoses. a top: National Museum of Natural History, NMNH 403765, 300 mm TL, Cuyuni River, Guyana; bottom: NMNH 225576, 1000 mm TL, Corantijn River, Suriname. b top: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazônia, INPA 39009, 450 mm TL, Teles Pires River, Brazil; bottom: Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, ANSP 197583 (t3539), 1280 mm TL, Xingu River, Brazil. c top: NMNH 306677, 450 mm TL, Lago Janauari, Amazon River, Brazil; bottom: NMNH 196634, 1220 mm TL, Amazon River, Brazil" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4443213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4443213/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2a</figureCitation>
|
||
(versus wide,
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||
<figureCitation box="[670,743,1475,1497]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,1147,1770]" captionTargetId="figure-712@2.[663,890,1477,1738]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2 Key morphological features to recognize the three species of Electrophorus. Top, radiographs of lateral view of the anterior portion of body (skull and pectoral girdle highlighted red). The cleithrum lies between the fifth and sixth vertebrae (v) in Electrophorus electricus (a) and E. voltai (b) versus first and second vertebrae in E. varii (c). Bottom, illustrations of ventral view of the head, showing key features listed in Diagnoses. a top: National Museum of Natural History, NMNH 403765, 300 mm TL, Cuyuni River, Guyana; bottom: NMNH 225576, 1000 mm TL, Corantijn River, Suriname. b top: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazônia, INPA 39009, 450 mm TL, Teles Pires River, Brazil; bottom: Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, ANSP 197583 (t3539), 1280 mm TL, Xingu River, Brazil. c top: NMNH 306677, 450 mm TL, Lago Janauari, Amazon River, Brazil; bottom: NMNH 196634, 1220 mm TL, Amazon River, Brazil" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4443213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4443213/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2b</figureCitation>
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||
, in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Santana & Crampton & Dillman & Frederico & Sabaj & Covain & Ready & Zuanon & de Oliveira & Mendes-Júnior & Bastos & Teixeira & Mol & Ohara & Castro & Peixoto & Nagamachi & Sousa & Montag & Ribeiro & Waddell & Piorsky & Vari & Wosiacki" authorityYear="2019" box="[116,209,1503,1525]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Electrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="voltai">
|
||
<emphasis box="[116,130,1504,1525]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[153,209,1503,1524]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">voltai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; distance between medial margins of contralateral dentaries at transverse through last two ventral pores 2–3 times shorter in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Santana & Crampton & Dillman & Frederico & Sabaj & Covain & Ready & Zuanon & de Oliveira & Mendes-Júnior & Bastos & Teixeira & Mol & Ohara & Castro & Peixoto & Nagamachi & Sousa & Montag & Ribeiro & Waddell & Piorsky & Vari & Wosiacki" authorityYear="2019" box="[223,295,1560,1581]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Electrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="varii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[223,237,1560,1581]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[249,295,1560,1581]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">varii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Santana & Crampton & Dillman & Frederico & Sabaj & Covain & Ready & Zuanon & de Oliveira & Mendes-Júnior & Bastos & Teixeira & Mol & Ohara & Castro & Peixoto & Nagamachi & Sousa & Montag & Ribeiro & Waddell & Piorsky & Vari & Wosiacki" authorityYear="2019" box="[356,439,1559,1581]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Electrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="voltai">
|
||
<emphasis box="[356,370,1560,1581]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[383,439,1559,1580]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">voltai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[451,545,1559,1581]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,1147,1770]" captionTargetId="figure-712@2.[663,890,1477,1738]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2 Key morphological features to recognize the three species of Electrophorus. Top, radiographs of lateral view of the anterior portion of body (skull and pectoral girdle highlighted red). The cleithrum lies between the fifth and sixth vertebrae (v) in Electrophorus electricus (a) and E. voltai (b) versus first and second vertebrae in E. varii (c). Bottom, illustrations of ventral view of the head, showing key features listed in Diagnoses. a top: National Museum of Natural History, NMNH 403765, 300 mm TL, Cuyuni River, Guyana; bottom: NMNH 225576, 1000 mm TL, Corantijn River, Suriname. b top: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazônia, INPA 39009, 450 mm TL, Teles Pires River, Brazil; bottom: Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, ANSP 197583 (t3539), 1280 mm TL, Xingu River, Brazil. c top: NMNH 306677, 450 mm TL, Lago Janauari, Amazon River, Brazil; bottom: NMNH 196634, 1220 mm TL, Amazon River, Brazil" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4443213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4443213/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2a, b</figureCitation>
|
||
), skull deep, cleithrum lies between vertebrae 1 and 2,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[453,525,1587,1609]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,1147,1770]" captionTargetId="figure-712@2.[663,890,1477,1738]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2 Key morphological features to recognize the three species of Electrophorus. Top, radiographs of lateral view of the anterior portion of body (skull and pectoral girdle highlighted red). The cleithrum lies between the fifth and sixth vertebrae (v) in Electrophorus electricus (a) and E. voltai (b) versus first and second vertebrae in E. varii (c). Bottom, illustrations of ventral view of the head, showing key features listed in Diagnoses. a top: National Museum of Natural History, NMNH 403765, 300 mm TL, Cuyuni River, Guyana; bottom: NMNH 225576, 1000 mm TL, Corantijn River, Suriname. b top: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazônia, INPA 39009, 450 mm TL, Teles Pires River, Brazil; bottom: Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, ANSP 197583 (t3539), 1280 mm TL, Xingu River, Brazil. c top: NMNH 306677, 450 mm TL, Lago Janauari, Amazon River, Brazil; bottom: NMNH 196634, 1220 mm TL, Amazon River, Brazil" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4443213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4443213/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2b</figureCitation>
|
||
(versus skull depressed, cleithrum lies between vertebrae 5 and 6, in both
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[617,733,1615,1637]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="electricus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[617,631,1616,1637]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[643,733,1615,1636]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">electricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Santana & Crampton & Dillman & Frederico & Sabaj & Covain & Ready & Zuanon & de Oliveira & Mendes-Júnior & Bastos & Teixeira & Mol & Ohara & Castro & Peixoto & Nagamachi & Sousa & Montag & Ribeiro & Waddell & Piorsky & Vari & Wosiacki" authorityYear="2019" box="[116,200,1643,1664]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Electrophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="voltai">
|
||
<emphasis box="[116,130,1643,1664]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[144,200,1643,1664]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">voltai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<figureCitation box="[208,303,1643,1665]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,1147,1770]" captionTargetId="figure-712@2.[663,890,1477,1738]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2 Key morphological features to recognize the three species of Electrophorus. Top, radiographs of lateral view of the anterior portion of body (skull and pectoral girdle highlighted red). The cleithrum lies between the fifth and sixth vertebrae (v) in Electrophorus electricus (a) and E. voltai (b) versus first and second vertebrae in E. varii (c). Bottom, illustrations of ventral view of the head, showing key features listed in Diagnoses. a top: National Museum of Natural History, NMNH 403765, 300 mm TL, Cuyuni River, Guyana; bottom: NMNH 225576, 1000 mm TL, Corantijn River, Suriname. b top: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazônia, INPA 39009, 450 mm TL, Teles Pires River, Brazil; bottom: Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, ANSP 197583 (t3539), 1280 mm TL, Xingu River, Brazil. c top: NMNH 306677, 450 mm TL, Lago Janauari, Amazon River, Brazil; bottom: NMNH 196634, 1220 mm TL, Amazon River, Brazil" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4443213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4443213/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2a, c</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[116,778,1101,1776]" lastBlockId="5.[810,1471,598,676]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,271,1670,1692]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
As for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[352,470,1671,1692]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gymnotidae" genus="Gymnotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="electricus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[352,366,1671,1692]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[380,470,1671,1692]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">electricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, except as noted in Diagnosis and except clear band along body always absent. Species illustrated in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[249,313,1726,1748]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1792,1811]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,1147,1770]" captionTargetId="figure-712@2.[663,890,1477,1738]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2 Key morphological features to recognize the three species of Electrophorus. Top, radiographs of lateral view of the anterior portion of body (skull and pectoral girdle highlighted red). The cleithrum lies between the fifth and sixth vertebrae (v) in Electrophorus electricus (a) and E. voltai (b) versus first and second vertebrae in E. varii (c). Bottom, illustrations of ventral view of the head, showing key features listed in Diagnoses. a top: National Museum of Natural History, NMNH 403765, 300 mm TL, Cuyuni River, Guyana; bottom: NMNH 225576, 1000 mm TL, Corantijn River, Suriname. b top: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazônia, INPA 39009, 450 mm TL, Teles Pires River, Brazil; bottom: Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, ANSP 197583 (t3539), 1280 mm TL, Xingu River, Brazil. c top: NMNH 306677, 450 mm TL, Lago Janauari, Amazon River, Brazil; bottom: NMNH 196634, 1220 mm TL, Amazon River, Brazil" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4443213" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4443213/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[325,337,1727,1748]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[116,146,895,914]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,139,839]" captionTargetId="figure-677@3.[162,1426,145,825]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Electrophorus tree of life and time of species diversification. Time-calibrated genealogy of Electrophorus based on a maximum clade credibility (MCC) species tree derived from *BEAST2.4 analyses of 10 genes (colored lines) and 94 specimens of Electrophorus (relaxed molecular clock and uncorrelated lognormal model implemented). Purple bars represent 95% highest posterior density distributions for the estimated divergence time of each major node. Voltage measurements made by us are reported below E. electricus (National Museum of Natural History, NMNH 225670, 520 mm TL, Corantijn River, Suriname), E. voltai (Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, MPEG 15529; holotype, 1290 mm TL), and E. varii (MPEG 25422; holotype, 1000 mm TL)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4443215" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4443215/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</figureCitation>
|
||
, and 6. Maximum size examined specimens
|
||
<quantity box="[116,211,1754,1776]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4849999999999999" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="1485.0">1485 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL. Morphometric and meristic data in Supplementary Data 2. Low-voltage EOD duration 1.24–1.78 ms (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1323,1397,599,621]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[116,146,880,899]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,140,858]" captionTargetId="figure-707@4.[261,942,514,805]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4 Ecological Niche Model and electric organ discharges for species of Electrophorus. Species niche models generated by MaxEnt for Greater Amazonia: a Electrophorus electricus (red); b E. varii (yellow); and c E. voltai (blue). d Measurements of voltage of high-voltage EODs, low-voltage EODs waveforms from Sach’s organ, and posterior one-third of Hunter's organ (grey lines = individually recorded fish, black lines = averaged waveform for each species). e Nearest-neighbor hierarchical clustering of prominent time-frequency features of the low-voltage Sach’s organ EOD from seven individuals of Electrophorus" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4443220" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4443220/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4d</figureCitation>
|
||
), highvoltage EOD 151
|
||
<collectionCode box="[985,1003,627,648]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity box="[1015,1100,627,648]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="200.0">200 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL) to 572
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1216,1234,627,648]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity box="[1247,1331,627,649]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.09" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="609.0">609 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1387,1459,627,649]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[116,146,880,899]" captionTargetBox="[162,1424,140,858]" captionTargetId="figure-707@4.[261,942,514,805]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4 Ecological Niche Model and electric organ discharges for species of Electrophorus. Species niche models generated by MaxEnt for Greater Amazonia: a Electrophorus electricus (red); b E. varii (yellow); and c E. voltai (blue). d Measurements of voltage of high-voltage EODs, low-voltage EODs waveforms from Sach’s organ, and posterior one-third of Hunter's organ (grey lines = individually recorded fish, black lines = averaged waveform for each species). e Nearest-neighbor hierarchical clustering of prominent time-frequency features of the low-voltage Sach’s organ EOD from seven individuals of Electrophorus" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4443220" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4443220/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4d</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis box="[810,823,655,676]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 4. For distribution see
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1087,1157,654,676]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[810,840,1539,1558]" captionTargetBox="[831,1448,145,1515]" captionTargetId="figure-658@1.[906,1348,589,1515]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1 Sampling localities and gene trees for the three species of Electrophorus. a Map of northern South America showing distributions of sampled records and type localities (indicated by numbers) for three electric eel species: Electrophorus electricus (red dots, 1 = Suriname River, Suriname); E. voltai (blue dots, 2 = Rio Ipitinga, Brazil); and E. varii (yellow dots, 3 = Rio Goiapi, Brazil). Bicolor dots (blue/yellow) indicate sympatric co-occurrence of E. voltai and E. varii. The map was created in ArcGIS (https://www.arcgis.com) with images available at Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data, and HydroSHEDS database. b *BEAST2.4 species tree (top cladogram; 94 specimens:15 E. electricus, 41 E. voltai, 38 E. varii) based on 5 mitochondrial (trees 1–5; 107 specimens: 19 E. electricus, 43 E. voltai, 45 E. varii) and 5 nuclear genes (6–10; 94 specimens). Higher shading densities represent areas where the majority of trees agree in topology and branch lengths (posterior probabilities>0.99), while lower densities represent areas of uncertainty (Supplementary Data 1)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4443211" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4443211/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1a</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supplementary Data 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |