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<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191" ID-ISBN="1-56098-217-9" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7359191" approvalRequired="75" approvalRequired_for_document="2" approvalRequired_for_matCits="72" approvalRequired_for_originalDoi="1" checkinTime="1667534080339" checkinUser="GgServerImporter" docAuthor="W. Christopher Wozencraft" docDate="1993" docId="41263629C32B747EFF31F430FCFC1EFB" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpeciesofTheWorld.1993.Carnivora.279-348.pdf.imd" docOrigin="Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press" docTitle="Canis rufus Audubon and Bachman 1851" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="281" masterDocId="BD1F4E51C329747CFFD6FC3FFFE0142F" masterDocTitle="Order Carnivora" masterLastPageNumber="348" masterPageNumber="279" pageNumber="281" updateTime="1669342317230" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Order Carnivora</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>W. Christopher Wozencraft</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:originInfo>
<mods:dateIssued>1993</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:publisher>Smithsonian Institution Press</mods:publisher>
<mods:place>
<mods:placeTerm>Washington and London</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>DeeAnn M. Reeder</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>279</mods:start>
<mods:end>348</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">1-56098-217-9</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7359191</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7287987" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7287987" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:41263629C32B747EFF31F430FCFC1EFB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/41263629C32B747EFF31F430FCFC1EFB" lastPageNumber="281" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" rank="species">
<subSubSection box="[231,1819,2063,2104]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="2.[231,1851,2063,2772]" box="[231,1819,2063,2104]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
<treatmentCitation author="Audubon and Bachman" authority="Audubon and Bachman, 1851" authorityName="Audubon and Bachman" authorityYear="1851" box="[231,1809,2063,2104]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" journal="Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" page="240" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus" title="Canis rufus" volume="2" year="1851">
<taxonomicName authority="Audubon and Bachman, 1851" authorityName="Audubon and Bachman" authorityYear="1851" box="[231,933,2063,2104]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
<emphasis box="[231,417,2063,2104]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">Canis rufus</emphasis>
Audubon and Bachman, 1851
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibCitation author="Audubon and Bachman" box="[959,1809,2063,2104]" journal="Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" pagination="240" title="Canis rufus" volume="2" year="1851">Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America, 2:240</bibCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="281" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="2.[231,1851,2063,2772]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
TYPE LOCALITY:
<materialsCitation country="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" stateProvince="Texas">
Not given. Restricted by
<bibRefCitation author="Goldman, E. A." box="[949,1224,2105,2146]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" refId="ref122808" refString="Goldman, E. A. 1937. The wolves of North America. Journal of Mammalogy, 18: 37 - 45." year="1937">Goldman (1937)</bibRefCitation>
to &quot;
<quantity box="[1298,1446,2105,2146]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.414016" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" unit="mi" value="15.0">15 miles</quantity>
west of Austin,
<collectingRegion box="[1734,1834,2105,2146]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">Texas</collectingRegion>
&quot; [
<collectingCountry box="[367,454,2148,2186]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">USA</collectingCountry>
], based on accounts from Audubon and Bachman (1851)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[272,1842,2190,2228]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="2.[231,1851,2063,2772]" box="[272,1842,2190,2228]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
DISTRIBUTION: SE and SC
<collectingCountry box="[683,764,2190,2228]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">USA</collectingCountry>
, from Florida to C
<collectingRegion box="[1095,1190,2190,2228]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">Texas</collectingRegion>
and north to S
<collectingRegion box="[1460,1591,2190,2228]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">Indiana</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion box="[1681,1833,2190,2228]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">Missouri</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="281" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="2.[231,1851,2063,2772]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
STATUS:
<collectingCountry box="[397,465,2232,2271]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">U.S.</collectingCountry>
ESA - Endangered (except Dare, Tyrrell, Hyde, and
<collectingRegion box="[1377,1581,2232,2271]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">Washington</collectingRegion>
Counties,
<collectingRegion box="[357,623,2273,2313]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
, which have a nonessential experimental population); IUCN - Endangered.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[272,1639,2359,2399]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" type="synonym_list">
<paragraph blockId="2.[231,1851,2063,2772]" box="[272,1639,2359,2399]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
SYNONYMS:
<taxonomicName authority="Miller, 1912" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1912" box="[451,839,2359,2399]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floridanus">
<emphasis box="[451,621,2359,2399]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">floridanus</emphasis>
Miller, 1912
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis box="[858,995,2359,2399]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">gregoryi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Goldman, E. A." box="[1007,1270,2359,2399]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" refId="ref122808" refString="Goldman, E. A. 1937. The wolves of North America. Journal of Mammalogy, 18: 37 - 45." year="1937">Goldman, 1937</bibRefCitation>
;
<emphasis box="[1292,1374,2359,2399]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">niger</emphasis>
Bartram, 1791.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="281" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="2.[231,1851,2063,2772]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
COMMENTS: Reviewed and recognized by Paradiso and Nowak (1972, Mammalian Species, 22); also recognized by Paradiso (1968), Atkins and Dillion (1971), and
<bibRefCitation author="Nowak, R. M." box="[1596,1837,2441,2481]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" refId="ref262773" refString="Nowak, R. M. 1979. North American Quaternary Canis. University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, Monograph, 6: 1 - 154." year="1979">Nowak (1979)</bibRefCitation>
. The widely used name C.
<emphasis box="[807,889,2482,2522]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">niger</emphasis>
is invalid (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1957«). The validity of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Audubon and Bachman" authorityYear="1851" box="[1025,1107,2523,2562]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
<emphasis box="[1025,1107,2523,2562]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">rufus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a full species was questioned by
<bibRefCitation author="Clutton-Brock, J. &amp; G. B. Corbet &amp; M. Hills" box="[357,818,2564,2603]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" refId="ref63043" refString="Clutton-Brock, J., G. B. Corbet, and M. Hills. 1976. A review of the family Canidae, with classification by numerical methods. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 29 (3): 119 - 199." year="1976">Clutton-Brock et al. (1976)</bibRefCitation>
, due to the existence of natural hybrids with
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1608,1694,2564,2603]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
<emphasis box="[1608,1694,2564,2603]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">lupus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis box="[358,480,2606,2646]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[358,475,2606,2646]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrans">latrans</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Natural hybridization may be a consequence of habitat disruption by man (
<bibRefCitation author="Paradiso, J. L. &amp; R. M. Nowak" box="[371,839,2647,2686]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" refId="ref272537" refString="Paradiso, J. L., and R. M. Nowak. 1971 [1972]. A report on the taxonomic status and distribution of the red wolf. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report- - Wildlife, 145: 1 - 36." year="1971">Paradiso and Nowak, 1971</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation author="Nowak, R. M." box="[871,1110,2647,2686]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" refId="ref262773" refString="Nowak, R. M. 1979. North American Quaternary Canis. University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, Monograph, 6: 1 - 154." year="1979">Nowak (1979)</bibRefCitation>
provided evidence for specific distinctness. All specimens examined by
<bibRefCitation author="Wayne, R. K. &amp; S. M. Jenks" box="[1068,1479,2690,2730]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" refId="ref384920" refString="Wayne, R. K., and S. M. Jenks. 1991. Mitochondrial DNA analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered red wolf Canis rufus. Nature, 351: 565 - 568." year="1991">Wayne and Jenks (1991)</bibRefCitation>
had either a
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1714,1801,2690,2730]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
<emphasis box="[1714,1801,2690,2730]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">lupus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" box="[358,470,2735,2772]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrans">
<emphasis box="[358,470,2735,2772]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">latrans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mtDNA genotype.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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