328 lines
31 KiB
XML
328 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="B80B618574F0079E4687E4E4602F5769" ID-CLB-Dataset="34437" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a15ec661-e796-4207-8509-756590c75c0e" ID-PMC="PMC4389221" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-493-1" ID-PubMed="25878545" ID-ZooBank="1FBFFA4CA71F495CAD22F2EB680FEF95" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-493-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 493" ModsDocTitle="Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)" checkinTime="1451244490299" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Noort, Simon van, Buffington, Matthew L. & Forshage, Mattias" docDate="2015" docId="3435D9B908C04A2ADB38A9CEFEB08991" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 493: 1-176" docOrigin="ZooKeys 493" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353" docTitle="Thoreauella Girault 1930" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="DD2DFF8EFFC4FFA2FFD7FFE4FFB46007" masterDocTitle="Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="176" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="48" updateTime="1732636387186" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="9608816047464E12AAF4366018E8019B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="5967C7666C77B37EDFDFF57FF47A772E">
|
||
<mods:title id="7C128FBF7F20DBF1B1BECCDE368581DB">Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="27313BBC1B7EB56FF0AE3FF273FD36D1" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="6849BF6F41C366A8DC2B1E8029A08E5C">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="5EEA6C9C4EB698FE5E063E740AF8B8C9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="A6A5ED2E95F1685499FC1F6D3FD36131">Noort, Simon van</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="3E4CB3A2083F516CE8887391D95EC107" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="92A9C41557F00DCDCCC3A9770350218C">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="20379CF4BC1F6A82D67A7B45D8C32A93">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="54803272CB41CD24AAC5373F4FB2282A">Buffington, Matthew L.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="F535643EE47748FE9EBFEE6C61404312" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="5826112B4687DC46693BF6207036822B">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="2495F0B74264ABAC7192316DF2534D2A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="2BB0A6A5EEACD8C82ADA67E28C74134B">Forshage, Mattias</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="231219266098DE20BC2A872524A2AACF">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="B19DEE2BB62B31D0EFBD0D27E882F87D" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="4C1538F02CA84E12041C0124E9C67071">
|
||
<mods:title id="D442CCDB159D25258394D1A3BD920BEF">ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="CA8B5F28BC0A7462B7A5261E7EFB620F">
|
||
<mods:date id="27489D1C32706067A7373318B002AB6D">2015</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="9E49A0A291CC42BDCFBA67AFB7CA9B31" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="243DB99068D5975FF27F5C1427DA222A">493</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="0B095606F9F786EA60F0C05585A862BE" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="EF38F08D6DE4A0842B78AB7310CB56EF">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="FDFE4EF54FB5F4B2783B12B6E186EBC0">176</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="D098091E7EF4E8970FF061A6C6939FAA">
|
||
<mods:url id="36F043204315C777E081232C7C560402">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="D0CCC280531F4E65CE476CBD32E3DB64">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="41FA0A6E739B2C6AADF8448FDB85F19C" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="2338F72CC408B7B2AAA68C3861AC3399" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-493-1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="8ED36527F46EE663AC661145C669005B" type="ZooBank">1FBFFA4CA71F495CAD22F2EB680FEF95</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="3435D9B908C04A2ADB38A9CEFEB08991" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152059218" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3435D9B908C04A2ADB38A9CEFEB08991" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3435D9B908C04A2ADB38A9CEFEB08991" lastPageId="50" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" scope_family="Figitidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera" scope_subFamily="Emargininae" scope_superFamily="Cynipoidea">
|
||
<subSubSection id="603EAA5586AAE8202F58F253A23D7793" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="740857312AD35DE4DDCD49946E91D573" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Figitidae</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D2A2856B2FEEC3E567BFAF7C5AE50DAE" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="78302C1675F3D181D7F593C1B04E2421" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80C114A62B25F34D93C95B06AFB3CDB1" authority="Girault, 1930" authorityName="Girault" authorityYear="1930" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Thoreauella Girault, 1930</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C64AC74688B9E2D99447DC35E0631F04" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="F66800DD61AB8041221798732DD4E7BE" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2E35D76B8C0CD70DD5DB49590B5584A7" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Thoreauella</taxonomicName>
|
||
(synonyms:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ECFC1D65DB999A0A22ECABCE53A9EC6B" genus="Bothrocynips" lsidName="Bothrocynips" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Bothrocynips</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C26D7B657A0895956FDD655F4EC399A4" originalValue="Díaz">Diaz</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1978, syn. n.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44BFC7404D90B5712024E9DE64BCEEAB" genus="Emargo" lsidName="Emargo" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Emargo</taxonomicName>
|
||
Weld, 1960, syn. n.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="777A303792056BE8FB050EC0D1EF01EE" genus="Weldiola" lsidName="Weldiola" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Weldiola</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kovalev, 1994, syn. n.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8FD51F8E7E56CB90C1F8CAB1A554A2A0" genus="Quinlania" lsidName="Quinlania" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Quinlania</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kovalev, 1994, syn. n.)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="56EB7C6C559A8586895008118B55DFCA" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="0D9CEB18E503A0CDE289A1EB59CFFD51" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F714F6B18E080A54DD5C15791B60CCCE" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2E09609817738E34B68BB1B10D7B4DB6" genus="Emargo" lsidName="Emargo" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Emargo</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="17B9B082F83228D52419FA9C37CD6C03" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Thoreauella</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BEA2221AA048983F9EA7E6DC56F24DD3" genus="Bothriocynips" lsidName="Bothriocynips" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Bothriocynips</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were described at different times in different groups that are now considered different figitid subfamilies, obviously with the authors being unaware of the other generic names (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1C1975BA3F323E7DF7268595AECF9E87" author="Diaz, NB" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" pagination="123 - 125" title="Estudio ecologico y sistematico de cinipoideos neotropicales IV (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)." volume="24" year="1978">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="007FFAF411F48AF555FB4BB41288268F" originalValue="Díaz">Diaz</normalizedToken>
|
||
1978
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ECF6890FA854E03E3FAD5D355F207FCB" author="Girault, AA" journalOrPublisher="Brisbane, December 29 th, 1930" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" title="New pests from Australia, IX." year="1930">Girault 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Quinlan 1960). The Neotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC1F4C2F02CAFB11988BC37D8426A77B" genus="Bothriocynips" lsidName="Bothriocynips" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Bothriocynips</taxonomicName>
|
||
was made a junior synonym of the Neotropical and Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="17A943133C3172EED159F87434C7DD45" genus="Emargo" lsidName="Emargo" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Emargo</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EBEA462441BBDD74AA2C4A1DACB391EA" author="Pujade-Villar, J" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="541 - 546" title="South American Charipinae: review and description of two new species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae)." url="10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0541:SACRAD]2.0.CO;2" volume="95" year="2002">Pujade-Villar et al (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However nothing has been suggested to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F43BEC90E5BD454EBA16FE1CEC283A02" genus="Emargo" lsidName="Emargo" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Emargo</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F69AC767F12ADF41A3B7D2A1A4917AC6" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Thoreauella</taxonomicName>
|
||
except distribution (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="56264747F2C025A002C996BC1201753D" genus="Emargo" lsidName="Emargo" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Emargo</taxonomicName>
|
||
Neotropical and Afrotropical,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2F044647B5C3EDA03F711AEC028C2333" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Thoreauella</taxonomicName>
|
||
Australian), and there is no morphological evidence to support keeping them separate.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9744D297EE27CF27FA36CD08C8966FCA" author="Kovalev, OV" journalOrPublisher="Entomologicheskoe obozienie" pageId="154" pageNumber="155" pagination="385 - 426" volume="73" year="1994">Kovalev (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, within a consideration of broad evolutionary trends in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B7B29A8C791C1FB98CA3BABCCF65E48" lsidName="Cynipoidea" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="superfamily" superfamily="Cynipoidea">Cynipoidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, found that some of the characters separating some of the Afrotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F9581AE30AC83D8EFFFA86A19EEB5BDE" genus="Emargo" lsidName="Emargo" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="genus">Emargo</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7134FF178847C27CD379E1BB46C51879" originalValue="Quinlan’s">Quinlan's</normalizedToken>
|
||
key (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F1714223329F8F12AD7B8BBEF5B823E5" author="Quinlan, J" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="171 - 229" title="A revision of some Afrotropical genera of Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera)." volume="56" year="1988">Quinlan 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) were important enough to merit separation on a higher taxonomic level and erected not just new genera but new tribes for two of
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A9673DE5AE8585275346812DA2BC414F" originalValue="Quinlan’s">Quinlan's</normalizedToken>
|
||
species from Madagascar (and a new family for the whole group). Ronquist (1995) changed the status of
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CDF75261ED538FE216ADC403461DB8B8" originalValue="Kovalev’s">Kovalev's</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F501BC9A9FB8918F457ACB2615463F1" family="Emarginidae" lsidName="" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="family">Emarginidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
into a subfamily, and made
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E307C0F9256AED45EE4F2A44A553E1BE" originalValue="Kovalev’s">Kovalev's</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5EBDA0293F7DB70C913E1A72EFE23E86" lsidName="" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="tribe" tribe="Weldiolini">Weldiolini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0D488F2C98D7E5F88F45A81D2AE802DF" lsidName="" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="tribe" tribe="Quinlaniini">Quinlaniini</taxonomicName>
|
||
synonyms of it, but
|
||
<normalizedToken id="ABEE5DE0F882FA686654082268466A0C" originalValue="Kovalev’s">Kovalev's</normalizedToken>
|
||
genera have remained to this date, in spite of being raised in the absence of an actual morphological study as well as of consideration of the global variation. Here we consider that at the current level of knowledge they constitute mere recognisable species or species groups among others within a single genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A17B48532C6EEE28F2AF2C1F7A45367" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Thus, here we synonymise all genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FAC9AD8D1BBF3FBBD4145F757580A262" lsidName="" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Emargininae">Emargininae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the senior name is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="63B248FCC79E59A72632234AE8CBC372" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="genus">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="33A81391AD6A1E4F6A6F9D8A15B21607" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" start="start">Thoreauella</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Girault. Most of the resulting new combinations are species hitherto classified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BA04059DD0A2E2F5F3D07EAB70FF1BE7" genus="Emargo" lsidName="Emargo" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="genus">Emargo</taxonomicName>
|
||
Weld, including the Neotropical type species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="591B0A56FC1834A361A5CB8D2945FEA4" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella eciton" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="eciton">Thoreauella eciton</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Weld, 1960), comb. n.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B0BBC0D0DE028082ED19F0A138772B68" genus="Bothriocynips" lsidName="Bothriocynips" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="genus">Bothriocynips</taxonomicName>
|
||
was already made a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69D5491715551E259F2021BA922F28B3" genus="Emargo" lsidName="Emargo" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="genus">Emargo</taxonomicName>
|
||
but is a new synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1184FDCD45E08EB0A66351C94441033C" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="genus">Thoreauella</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and its Neotropical type species is now
|
||
<taxonomicName id="188BD2463E5282F91FC5344C67BB7D7E" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella recisa" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="recisa">Thoreauella recisa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B0E832325F3083C69AC9796FC097CFB7" originalValue="Díaz">Diaz</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1978), comb. n.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DAF2408C58FB1A3C716DBAFD37A50F2" genus="Quinlaniana" lsidName="Quinlaniana" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="genus">Quinlaniana</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BC64087845C1451450AAC0B89202662D" genus="Weldiola" lsidName="Weldiola" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="genus">Weldiola</taxonomicName>
|
||
were both monotypical for taxa from Madagascar and cited in the new combinations
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6FB335541C0BD59B9AC424F167F855" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella pexa" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="pexa">Thoreauella pexa</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A46C7B6FF90A52ED5314F360C43AA4E" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella capito" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="capito">Thoreauella capito</taxonomicName>
|
||
respectively below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D2731D5FD0407A76A5B8352E3559654B" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8F18F880FE8331F4E19AC28FAF424784" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3461D5881CD416F0004E82ED3E6CC154" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Members of the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="47DF6A1887E0CF73F07D4E4460A1F74E" lsidName="" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Emargininae">Emargininae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, now coinciding with the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="84A20C9C6B657D277DB208E2FB6C8D28" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="genus">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="63667CFA09A4A054F627EDF290EDF47C" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" start="start">Thoreauella</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, uniformly possess an emarginate apical margin of the forewing. The only other cynipoids to have such a character are species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B6724DDEBDFEB499F39E985DB42F4B88" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Kleidotoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kleidotoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kleidotoma</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but being eucoilines, the latter have a distinct scutellar plate with posterior midpit. Some emarginines have what appears to be a raised scutellar plate on the scutellum, but in these species, there is clearly an entire lack of a glandular pit. Emarginines also typically have: a very abrupt, compact marginal cell in the forewing; distinct notauli; dense
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3F673CF1B0B52737293B5761FC453AA9" originalValue="‘foamy’">'foamy'</normalizedToken>
|
||
setae on the propodeum and base of the metasoma; and large, setiferous pits on the flagellomeres of the male antenna.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE072A431FDE1FDC9A3BB482AFC266AB" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Much species level work remains to be conducted on the Afrotropical emarginines. However, we have noted the following characteristics of currently unnamed species groups:</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B4E281CDB79DA3C12E719730B803DCA8" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Species group A, which appears to be common in Madagascar, comprises species that possess notauli, and have a thin, complete, lamella along the posterior margin of the scutellum. The lamellae enclose a rather deep
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7A2FACDB81C56800F47D6DAE59D3B696" originalValue="‘trough’">'trough'</normalizedToken>
|
||
; further, the lamella is so thin that without significant magnification, it will not be visible. The presence of this resulting
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CE107008FF4021F2AFAA6BFC62D51A88" originalValue="‘trough’">'trough'</normalizedToken>
|
||
may have led
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C09975019DA8A1B931A693FA6EDBF64B" author="Quinlan, J" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="171 - 229" title="A revision of some Afrotropical genera of Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera)." volume="56" year="1988">Quinlan (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to erroneously conclude
|
||
<taxonomicName id="855F00FE53375307E3A221E6B875D86F" lsidName="" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Emargininae">Emargininae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are actually
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4EFCBB350224F4C768E3BE5398ACE503" lsidName="" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Eucoilinae">Eucoilinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2436C55BB22E8F9E34DF4611CC366E44" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Species group B also possesses notauli, as well as having rather spectacular projections off the posterior margin of the scutellum. Two sub-groups can be recognized; one with a simply bifurcate scutellar margin; and a second group possessing a single projection off the posterior margin of the scutellum. Both subgroups contain the largest physical specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="87D4E37A76FF2302AEE08F1433AB0571" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="genus">Thoreauella</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with some reaching nearly 1.5 mm; further, nearly all members of this group have dark, dusky wings.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="60653667A9DF48A2655450A251FD2AFC" originalValue="Quinlan’s">Quinlan's</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4819162EF20E6ECF2877237A96C7EF4E" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella pexa" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="pexa">Thoreauella pexa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, considered by Kovalev to constitute the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3799C56E70320692B2923442908B83D4" lsidName="" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="tribe" tribe="Quinlanianini">Quinlanianini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, belongs in this species group. Species group B appears to be endemic to Madagascar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="46B753C2C111F8730B87C2D51F5BCD6E" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Species group C possesses notauli, and is similar in overall appearance to species group A, however, species in group C lack the posterior lamella on the scutellum. Nevertheless, group C species do have a deep, marked depression on the posterior margin of the scutellum. Quinlan's
|
||
<taxonomicName id="93B1A5D502B0A49A81B0F9E921A0E913" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella capito" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="capito">Thoreauella capito</taxonomicName>
|
||
, considered by Kovalev to constitute the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="40AFAD3B06E7AFEB54F15BAFBC760AB4" lsidName="" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="tribe" tribe="Weldiolini">Weldiolini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, belongs in this species group. Species group C is common in continental Africa (throughout the tropical belt), as well as Madagascar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="539D6ABAD7C86EA5A1B0928233136321" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Species group D is the most widespread of the four genus groups, found equally common in Madagascar and continental Africa. The distinguishing feature of this group is the general lack of clear notauli. In some species, it is clear that the mesoscutum is perfectly smooth; in others, there are faint traces of notauli, but never as clearly indicated as in species groups
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4C40440997D51FB36FED49C04992C39D" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
. The posterior margin of the scutellum in these species is rounded, lacking any remarkable morphology.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3BF30B659954FA238B25B6BC7D43037" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella laverna" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="laverna">Thoreauella laverna</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E304D77146C7FFB5E42D23A7273362CE" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella micipsa" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="micipsa">Thoreauella micipsa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5F4B4335089402A23F424DDFD869DAA6" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella palloris" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="palloris">Thoreauella palloris</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E4CADA6ABAFDF12573F80055DA982AF" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella vacuna" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species" species="vacuna">Thoreauella vacuna</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be included in this group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FC84F93670D1587149CDC02AEADAE1CF" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<paragraph id="4220A63EA3CCCEF834E170CB1AEEEB45" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Figure 17.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="143CBD2A13A6D5A964149DB14C7B19D9" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="genus">Thoreauella</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (Madagascar). A habitus lateral view B head and mesosoma dorsal view C head, anterior view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4CC6419BC1DA44E54D17790E28695EA2" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="FE376A54D8D24C1F141BB3BD8016C14C" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="127BD108125D47CA3AE98CE3C47CE239" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Pantropical, apparently especially diverse in Madagascar. Presence in the Oriental region has not been published hitherto but is confirmed here. Afrotropical records: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E4D84E4C2BAD226B1EDCBB39CD5F277E" author="Quinlan, J" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="171 - 229" title="A revision of some Afrotropical genera of Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera)." volume="56" year="1988">Quinlan 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Central African Republic, Ghana, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda (here).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="57B53B16FC45DE1654DCDCF39B102A2A" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="biology">
|
||
<paragraph id="EBB9068340855728C9AE1A4343CF4866" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1699F4606B366915E485B73952B44835" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Hosts unknown. Appear to be associated with ants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2EA1E19522FE2248A0BD11EDDCFC57B6" author="Weld, LH" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="161" pageNumber="162" pagination="195 - 196" title="A new genus in Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)." volume="62" year="1960">Weld 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7FE52B5850CFF41CD3CCCA04D2D3F80C" author="Diaz, NB" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="150" pageNumber="151" pagination="123 - 125" title="Estudio ecologico y sistematico de cinipoideos neotropicales IV (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)." volume="24" year="1978">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C346B044A1665931986049AA5F621582" originalValue="Díaz">Diaz</normalizedToken>
|
||
1978
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="60321640E4480BE4146C0E88508D9FCD" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="species richness">
|
||
<paragraph id="56B1521FB30D4207F7F14F10F55A220B" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="AC3477BC180D4C359ADBCD41846426F1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" start="start">Species</pageBreakToken>
|
||
richness.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F9449D5B37BF1FABA997CB9F556942F2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Species group A</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="86DA5F190E57B08F5E7556B759C6798C" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="96D4F81AACE77B5A29D2E596BAF738A0" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella numa" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="numa">Thoreauella numa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Quinlan, 1988), comb. n. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="79CCABF5B7080514BE7A183EB13311C6" genus="Emargo" lsidName="Emargo" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="genus">Emargo</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Zimbabwe)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="24437AE716A8CC380E00503C2B3930E7" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Species group B</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BD791078F32940C460F40F5F7DEE490C" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B4BE8543210D24B38F91B095C1265F3" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella pexa" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="pexa">Thoreauella pexa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Quinlan, 1988), comb. n. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5A1FA732E52A8C081E2057736B0CFDEE" genus="Emargo" lsidName="Emargo" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="genus">Emargo</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Madagascar)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="33E2BDC1DF7D34BB2B4C6F8FB20E91B5" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Species group C</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2AE4C5908CD456F120030D5CEB8496DD" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE1241701F20D6C78BDA66737BDCB1B1" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella ascia" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="ascia">Thoreauella ascia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Quinlan, 1988), comb. n. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F948929B7677FF83E588370965742EE1" genus="Emargo" lsidName="Emargo" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="genus">Emargo</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Madagascar, Zambia)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7A5092C666BF2CABBDB3842BC8A58D1A" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="458FAB236B51836BB5E982716C771AA8" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella cantus" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="cantus">Thoreauella cantus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Quinlan, 1988), comb. n. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="037E05F042FCFD5C4F063F31E3A8602B" genus="Emargo" lsidName="Emargo" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="genus">Emargo</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="95B15852970AF338C83B7B56628A665D" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A10129FCFCB77CFF324AE0717D64D33F" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella capito" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="capito">Thoreauella capito</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Quinlan, 1988), comb. n. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6596C64B5FC1B69F4E4F912C9619756A" genus="Emargo" lsidName="Emargo" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="genus">Emargo</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Madagascar)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9312DADDA6535F1206D7F12D2075471D" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="201E1B97F03227FC3CB53F9DEC14DA4B" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella matius" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="matius">Thoreauella matius</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Quinlan, 1988), comb. n. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D3EF2A9A1B56111C71A97D07BA2BA82" genus="Emargo" lsidName="Emargo" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="genus">Emargo</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Zimbabwe)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D7A86DC969B304B1C0CF58A302B401A0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0D5A9E6B5F07DFC93A1E4C7D76850402" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella peleus" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="peleus">Thoreauella peleus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Quinlan, 1988), comb. n. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C120C8B1BD592DAF4D7D4D038DBCF6DD" genus="Emargo" lsidName="Emargo" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="genus">Emargo</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Cameroon, Madagascar)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="420DB29FD2E6E0E1B1749877187A1A0E" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E3A608B0727B2E8CA83CC7A404A21D85" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella themis" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="themis">Thoreauella themis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Quinlan, 1988), comb. n. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1922822A64E1CEFC47EB16EF445D2F78" genus="Emargo" lsidName="Emargo" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="genus">Emargo</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Cameroon, Madagascar)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B982C58075611E0B011F17654AC5A77D" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Species group D</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="292D0C536C7781F651FDF95FE6A42D70" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E74D78BFBCE76DB79F42B4B942A4B676" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella laverna" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="laverna">Thoreauella laverna</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Quinlan, 1988), comb. n. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D61BE7819F45BB7F3CE967EA025E0BF" genus="Emargo" lsidName="Emargo" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="genus">Emargo</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Kenya, Zimbabwe)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6F1007E02523DD13490EF261286B5168" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C1553F73CF0A8D999466019BD7B7A451" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella micipsa" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="micipsa">Thoreauella micipsa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Quinlan, 1988), comb. n. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C1951A67BB6DFF2FD1DF777968DB5244" genus="Emargo" lsidName="Emargo" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="genus">Emargo</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F62704747D8207162451197379E0B8A8" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FA1B216134D476A5730EFEF80C617AD" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella palloris" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="palloris">Thoreauella palloris</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Quinlan, 1988), comb. n. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9013CFEFE2550DA21888C49B3EE24984" genus="Emargo" lsidName="Emargo" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="genus">Emargo</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (Democratic Republic of Congo)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="78BDE0A84713B72A036086222C503B91" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3D3B5D64661C4CD74375D57A77A7C900" genus="Thoreauella" lsidName="Thoreauella vacuna" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="species" species="vacuna">Thoreauella vacuna</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Quinlan, 1988), comb. n. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4350B2F2D76253DD3723C5AA6CC84F62" genus="Emargo" lsidName="Emargo" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" rank="genus">Emargo</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (South Africa)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |