458 lines
45 KiB
XML
458 lines
45 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bb856a5-26cb-4abc-8e4a-04d3716144b1" ID-PMC="PMC9010403" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1093-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" ID-PubMed="35586542" ID-ZooBank="23B7070849A94681AC20494D06F98CCE" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1093-1" checkinTime="1649449468463" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Benda, Daniel, Pohl, Hans, Nakase, Yuta, Beutel, Rolf & Straka, Jakub" docDate="2022" docId="97DA3E0BCED851D79550E71CE1C08F07" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1093: 1-134" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1093" docPubDate="2022-04-07" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339" docTitle="Paraxenos Saunders 1872" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="D3A8D50FF61A5B61B8776D63EB0D3F4C" masterDocTitle="A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species" masterLastPageNumber="134" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668151620981" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A generic classification of Xenidae (Strepsiptera) based on the morphology of the female cephalothorax and male cephalotheca with a preliminary checklist of species</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Benda, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5729-0411</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic & Department of Entomology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">benda.daniel@email.cz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Pohl, Hans</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7090-6612</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Nakase, Yuta</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Beutel, Rolf</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institut fuer Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet, Jena, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Straka, Jakub</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8987-1245</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-04-07</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1093</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>134</mods:end>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1093-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="194520410" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:97DA3E0BCED851D79550E71CE1C08F07" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/97DA3E0BCED851D79550E71CE1C08F07" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName LSID="97DA3E0B-CED8-51D7-9550-E71CE1C08F07" authority="Saunders, 1872" authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraxenos Saunders, 1872</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraxenos</taxonomicName>
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Saunders, 1872: 45. Type species:
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos erberi" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erberi">Paraxenos erberi</taxonomicName>
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Saunders, 1872, subsequent designation by
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<bibRefCitation author="Pierce, WD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="75 - 85" refId="B88" refString="Pierce, WD, 1908. A preliminary review of the classification of the order Strepsiptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 9: 75 - 85" title="A preliminary review of the classification of the order Strepsiptera." volume="9" year="1908">Pierce (1908)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authority="" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos (Bembicixenos)" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Bembicixenos">Paraxenos (Bembicixenos)</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Székessy">Szekessy</normalizedToken>
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, 1955: 280) (considered as subgenus by
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<bibRefCitation author="Kinzelbach, R" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B54" refString="Kinzelbach, R, 1971b. Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera). Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" title="Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera)." year="1971 b">Kinzelbach 1971b</bibRefCitation>
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: 162).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Szekessy" authorityYear="1955" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Bembicixenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembicixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bembicixenos</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Székessy">Szekessy</normalizedToken>
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, 1955: 280 (synonymized by
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<bibRefCitation author="Kinzelbach, R" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fischer, Jena" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B56" refString="Kinzelbach, R, 1978. Faecherfluegler (Strepsiptera). Gustav Fischer, Jena" title="Faecherfluegler (Strepsiptera)." year="1978">Kinzelbach 1978</bibRefCitation>
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: 82). Type species:
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Szekessy" authorityYear="1955" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos (Bembicixenos) hungaricus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hungaricus" subGenus="Bembicixenos">Pseudoxenos (Bembicixenos) hungaricus</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Székessy">Szekessy</normalizedToken>
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, 1955, by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis of female cephalothorax.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Differing from
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tachytixenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by a narrower mandibular tooth and a differentiated prosternal extension. Prosternum with anterior swelling (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Paraxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, ps - prosternal swelling, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg - submaxillary groove." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669340" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">18A</figureCitation>
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) similar to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ogloblin" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paragioxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragioxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paragioxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, or with distinct color pattern. Clypeal sensilla well visible, extending to ventral side of clypeal area. Vestige of antenna preserved as cavity (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Paraxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviation: a - vestigial antenna." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669339" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">17D</figureCitation>
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), additional rounded plates rarely present. Maxillae of two types, fused with labial area or distinctly separated and prominent as in
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tachytixenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Pseudoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pseudoxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Benda & Pohl & Nakase & Beutel & Straka" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tuberoxenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tuberoxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tuberoxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. In contrast to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ogloblin" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paragioxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragioxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paragioxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, head and prothorax ventrally delimited by birth opening medially and by suture laterally.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of female cephalothorax.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shape and coloration.</emphasis>
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Compact, very variable in shape, distinctly longer than wide, or wider than long. Size very variable, length 0.94-1.9 mm, maximum width 0.8-2.57 mm. Anterior head margin distinctly protruding. Thorax slightly widening posteriorly, sometimes subparallel. Coloration varying from light to dark brown. Cephalothorax displaying multiple brown shades forming distinct patterns (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Paraxenos erberi Saunders, host, male, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs A Bembecinus peregrinus (Smith) stylopized by P. erberi, lateral view B detail of host abdomen with female under third tergite and male puparium under fourth tergite C ventral side of female cephalothorax D dorsal side of female cephalothorax." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669338" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">16C, D</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669338" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 16" startId="F16">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 16.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos erberi" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erberi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos erberi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Saunders, host, male, female, cephalothorax, photomicrographs
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="F. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Bembecinus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembecinus peregrinus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peregrinus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bembecinus peregrinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Smith) stylopized by
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. erberi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="erberi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. erberi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, lateral view
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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detail of host abdomen with female under third tergite and male puparium under fourth tergite
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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ventral side of female cephalothorax
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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dorsal side of female cephalothorax.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head capsule.</emphasis>
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Ca. ⅓-
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<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
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as long as entire cephalothorax including lateral extensions. Coloration pale to dark, always with species specific patterns. Clypeal area not delimited or well separated from labral area, protruding anteriorly, always forming clypeal lobe. Surface smooth or very slightly wrinkled. Very distinct sensilla mainly concentrated on clypeal lobe and extending to ventral side of clypeal area. Border between clypeal and frontal region usually not clearly recognizable but present, rarely more distinct. Frontal region distinctly wrinkled or covered by papillae. Segmental border between head and prothorax very indistinct on dorsal side, in most specimens virtually unrecognizable.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669339" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 17" startId="F17">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 17.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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ventral side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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dorsal side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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left vestigial antenna, dorsal side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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right vestigial antenna, dorsal side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
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left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
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detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviation: a - vestigial antenna.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Supra-antennal sensillary field.</emphasis>
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Smooth or slightly wrinkled, with dispersed sensilla, delimited by distinct furrow on medial side (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Paraxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, ps - prosternal swelling, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg - submaxillary groove." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669340" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">18B</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669340" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 18" startId="F18">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 18.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
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mouthparts, ventral side
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side
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||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
right mandible and maxilla, ventral side
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, ps - prosternal swelling, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg - submaxillary groove.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna.</emphasis>
|
||
Preserved as cavity (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Paraxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviation: a - vestigial antenna." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669339" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">17D</figureCitation>
|
||
), rarely combined with rounded plates. Antennal sensilla or vestigial setae missing. Periantennal area smooth, sometimes reduced when supra-antennal sensillary field almost reaches vestige of antennae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labrum.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral field distinctly wider than long, elliptical or semicircular. Dorsal field arcuate to nearly straight,> 3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
wider than long in midline. Dorsal field with ~ 20-25 setae inserted in cavities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mandible.</emphasis>
|
||
Anteromedially directed at an angle of 30-65°, enclosed in mandibular capsule or rarely protruding from it. Mandibular bulge not distinctly raised, with ~ 5-18 sensilla. Cuticle completely smooth, or partially sculptured on articulatory area. Mandibular tooth narrow or slightly widened, pointed or blunt, armed with distinct spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maxilla.</emphasis>
|
||
Very variable, well-developed and separated from labial area, or fused with it and strongly reduced. Cuticle always smooth. Prominent, anteriorly or anteromedially directed, in some cases partially overlapping with mandible proximally. Distal maxillary region not projecting beyond mandible anteriorly. Vestige of palp distinct, forming cavity or small bulge with more or less distinct plate. Located anteriorly or medially on ventral side of maxilla. Submaxillary groove distinctly produced posterolaterally (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Paraxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A anterior part of cephalothorax, ventral side B anterior part of cephalothorax, dorsal side C mouthparts, ventral side D detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, ventral side E right mandible and maxilla, ventral side F left mandible and maxilla, ventral side. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, ps - prosternal swelling, sbhp - segmental border between head and prothorax, smxg - submaxillary groove." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669340" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">18A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labium.</emphasis>
|
||
Labial area between maxillae distinct, delimited anteriorly by mouth opening and posteriorly by birth opening. Wider than long in midline and flat. Cuticular surface smooth or slightly reticulated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth opening.</emphasis>
|
||
Distinctly arcuate to straight, sclerotized around margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thorax and abdominal segment I.</emphasis>
|
||
Pro-mesothoracic and meso-metathoracic borders more or less distinct, usually separated by mesal furrows on ventral side, rarely combined with pigmented stripes or spots on dorsal side, but not recognizable dorsally in most specimens. Border between metathorax and abdomen usually formed by ridge. Cuticle of thoracic segments reticulate on ventral side, often with small, scattered pigmented papillae. Dorsal side of thorax smooth or slightly reticulated. Prosternal extension anteriorly with arcuate to semicircular swelling in most species, or lacking swelling but with distinct color pattern. Meso- and metathorax unmodified in shape, transverse. Setae and cuticular spines present on lateral region of abdominal segment I (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Paraxenos sp., female, cephalothorax, SEM micrographs A ventral side B dorsal side C left vestigial antenna, dorsal side D right vestigial antenna, dorsal side E left lateral border of abdominal segment I below spiracle, dorsal side F detail of anterior border of cephalothorax, dorsal side. Abbreviation: a - vestigial antenna." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669339" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">17E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spiracles.</emphasis>
|
||
On posterior third of cephalothorax, slightly elevated, with anterolateral or anterodorsal orientation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis of male cephalotheca.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Characterized by distinct and relatively wide furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Paraxenos erberi Saunders, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, mdt - mandibular tooth." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669341" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Differing from sister genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tachytixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in shape of the mandibular tooth, which is conspicuously pointed and not in contact with mandibular bulge. Diameter of genae between maxillary base and compound eye 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
or several times larger than diameter of vestigial antenna. Cephalotheca of elliptic shape in frontal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669341" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 19" startId="F19">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 19.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos erberi" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erberi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos erberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Saunders, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
vestigial antenna
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
mouthparts. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, mdt - mandibular tooth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of male cephalotheca.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Shape and coloration.</emphasis>
|
||
Elliptic and rounded laterally in frontal view, also almost rounded in lateral view. Coloration forming pattern of pale and dark shades.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cephalothecal capsule.</emphasis>
|
||
Compound eyes with darker individual ommatidia well visible on pale background. Clypeal lobe straight in frontal view, not prominent in lateral view. Sensilla dispersed on clypeal surface. Frontal region with paired furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, lacking impression or occipital bulge. Diameter of genae between maxillary base and compound eye very large,> 3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as large as diameter of vestigial antenna.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Supra-antennal sensillary field.</emphasis>
|
||
Kidney-shaped and bulging, delimited medially by distinct furrow. Furrows relatively wide, not connected anteriorly (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Paraxenos erberi Saunders, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, mdt - mandibular tooth." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669341" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antenna.</emphasis>
|
||
Of standard shape, small, with small plates and cavity (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Paraxenos erberi Saunders, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, mdt - mandibular tooth." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669341" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19C</figureCitation>
|
||
), torulus interrupted. Periantennal area not clearly delimited from supra-antennal sensillary field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labrum.</emphasis>
|
||
Labral area distinct. Setae present on dorsal field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mandible.</emphasis>
|
||
Anteromedially directed. Tooth apically pointed, not very wide basally, not reaching area of mandibular bulge (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Paraxenos erberi Saunders, male, cephalotheca, photomicrographs, SEM micrographs A frontal view B lateral view C vestigial antenna D frontal view E mouthparts. Abbreviations: fssf - furrow of supra-antennal sensillary field, mdt - mandibular tooth." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1093.72339.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/669341" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19E</figureCitation>
|
||
), which bears sensilla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maxilla.</emphasis>
|
||
Distinct, prominent. Coloration pale centrally and dark laterally. Vestige of palp distinct, dark.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Labium and hypopharynx.</emphasis>
|
||
Labium distinct between and below maxillae, dark. Praementum and postmentum indistinctly separated by furrow. Hypopharyngeal protuberance present or not.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth opening.</emphasis>
|
||
Well visible, not covered by ventral labral field, slightly arcuate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phylogenetic relationships">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phylogenetic relationships.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Forming a clade of Palearctic origin with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tachytixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diversity and distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thirteen described species, distributed in the Old World and Australia.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="host">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hosts.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Costa" authorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Bembecinus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembecinus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bembecinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Bembix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembix" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bembix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Stizus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stizus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stizus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Bembicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Bembicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bembicinae">Bembicinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="comments">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1872.tb01884.x" author="Saunders, SS" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 48" refId="B103" refString="Saunders, SS, 1872. Stylopidarum, ordinem Strepsipterorum Kirbii constituentium, mihi tamen potius Coleopterorum Familiae, Rhipiphoridis Meloidisque propinquae, Monographia. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 20: 1 - 48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1872.tb01884.x" title="Stylopidarum, ordinem Strepsipterorum Kirbii constituentium, mihi tamen potius Coleopterorum Familiae, Rhipiphoridis Meloidisque propinquae, Monographia." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1872.tb01884.x" volume="20" year="1872">Saunders (1872)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but only a superficial description of the male was provided.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kinzelbach, R" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B54" refString="Kinzelbach, R, 1971b. Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera). Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart" title="Morphologische Befunde an Faecherflueglern und ihre phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta: Strepsiptera)." year="1971 b">Kinzelbach (1971b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymized several additional genera with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all of them described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pierce, WD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="75 - 85" refId="B88" refString="Pierce, WD, 1908. A preliminary review of the classification of the order Strepsiptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 9: 75 - 85" title="A preliminary review of the classification of the order Strepsiptera." volume="9" year="1908">Pierce (1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pierce, WD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 232" refId="B89" refString="Pierce, WD, 1909. A monographic revision of the twisted winged insects comprising the order Strepsiptera Kirby. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 66: 1 - 232" title="A monographic revision of the twisted winged insects comprising the order Strepsiptera Kirby." volume="66" year="1909">1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.1834.487" author="Pierce, WD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="487 - 511" refId="B90" refString="Pierce, WD, 1911. Notes on insects of the order Strepsiptera, with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 40: 487 - 511, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.1834.487" title="Notes on insects of the order Strepsiptera, with descriptions of new species." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.1834.487" volume="40" year="1911">1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.54-2242.391" author="Pierce, WD" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="391 - 501" refId="B91" refString="Pierce, WD, 1919. The comparative morphology of the order Strepsiptera: together with records and descriptions of insects. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 54 (1918): 391 - 501, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.54-2242.391" title="The comparative morphology of the order Strepsiptera: together with records and descriptions of insects." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.54-2242.391" volume="54" year="1919">1919</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) from the New World (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Eupathocera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eupathocera" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Eupathocera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Opthalmochlus" lsidName="Opthalmochlus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Opthalmochlus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Homilops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Homilops" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Homilops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Sceliphronechthrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sceliphronechthrus" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sceliphronechthrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and Old World (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pierce" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Tachytixenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachytixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tachytixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). He also classified
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Szekessy" authorityYear="1955" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Bembicixenos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bembicixenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bembicixenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Szekessy, V" journalOrPublisher="Annales Historico - Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="279 - 284" refId="B110" refString="Szekessy, V, 1955. Eine neue Strepsipteren-Art aus Ungarn sowie die durch die Stylopisierung an ihrem Wirt hervorgerufenen Veraenderungen. Annales Historico - Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 6: 279 - 284" title="Eine neue Strepsipteren-Art aus Ungarn sowie die durch die Stylopisierung an ihrem Wirt hervorgerufenen Veraenderungen." volume="6" year="1955">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Székessy">Szekessy</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1955)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but later considered it a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kinzelbach, R" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fischer, Jena" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B56" refString="Kinzelbach, R, 1978. Faecherfluegler (Strepsiptera). Gustav Fischer, Jena" title="Faecherfluegler (Strepsiptera)." year="1978">Kinzelbach 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We classify
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saunders" authorityYear="1872" class="Insecta" family="Xenidae" genus="Paraxenos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraxenos" order="Strepsiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paraxenos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a valid genus based on monophyly revealed by a molecular phylogeny (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="67 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Benda, D, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2019. Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 135: 67 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" title="Frozen Antarctic path for dispersal initiated parallel host-parasite evolution on different continents." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.023" volume="135" year="2019">Benda et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" author="Benda, D" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="252 - 265" refId="B4" refString="Benda, D, Votypkova, K, Nakase, Y, Straka, J, 2021. Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time. Systematic Entomology 46: 252 - 265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" title="Unexpected cryptic species diversity of parasites of the family Xenidae (Strepsiptera) with a constant diversification rate over time." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12460" volume="46" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and based on morphological characters newly reported here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |