treatments-xml/data/77/6E/DE/776EDEAC61005B78AC34D5200AB81C2A.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83034" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2193-0074-1-187" ID-Pensoft-UUID="86764B0ACD9453CD965B288014B441CD" ID-ZooBank="6402F8F152294153823FCAEA106F90A1" ModsDocID="2193-0074-25-1-187" checkinTime="1667366246929" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Spasojevic, Tamara, Broad, Gavin R. &amp; Klopfstein, Seraina" docDate="2022" docId="776EDEAC61005B78AC34D5200AB81C2A" docLanguage="en" docName="FossilRecord 25(1): 187-212" docOrigin="Fossil Record 25 (1)" docPubDate="2022-06-07" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83034" docTitle="Hypsicera solidata Spasojevic &amp; Broad &amp; Klopfstein 2022, comb. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="86764B0ACD9453CD965B288014B441CD" lastPageNumber="187" masterDocId="86764B0ACD9453CD965B288014B441CD" masterDocTitle="Revision of 18 ichneumonid fossil species (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) highlights the need for open nomenclature in palaeontology" masterLastPageNumber="212" masterPageNumber="187" pageNumber="187" updateTime="1667366246929" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title>Revision of 18 ichneumonid fossil species (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) highlights the need for open nomenclature in palaeontology</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Spasojevic, Tamara</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5301-5722</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, Basel, Switzerland &amp; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Broad, Gavin R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7223-5333</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 6 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Klopfstein, Seraina</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4025-975X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, Basel, Switzerland &amp; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">seraina.klopfstein@bs.ch</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title>Fossil Record</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-06-07</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>25</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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<mods:start>187</mods:start>
<mods:end>212</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83034</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83034</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:776EDEAC61005B78AC34D5200AB81C2A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/776EDEAC61005B78AC34D5200AB81C2A" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<taxonomicName LSID="776EDEAC-6100-5B78-AC34-D5200AB81C2A" authority="(Brues, 1910)" authorityName="Spasojevic &amp; Broad &amp; Klopfstein" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Brues" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hypsicera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypsicera solidata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidata" status="comb. nov.">Hypsicera? solidata (Brues, 1910)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="187">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Hypsicera? solidata (Brues, 1910) comb. nov. A. Photograph of the holotype obtained from the MCZ; B. Our interpretative drawing of the fossil. Thicker lines indicate outlines of body structures, thinner lines show characters inside these outlines, and dotted lines represent uncertain interpretations." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.25.83034.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693065" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Spasojevic &amp; Broad &amp; Klopfstein" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Camerotops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Camerotops solidatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidatus" status="comb. nov.">* Camerotops solidatus</taxonomicName>
Brues, 1910
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
Photographs of the 
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
(part only, #PALE-2239) obtained from the MCZ.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="stratum">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Stratum.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Teller County, Florissant shales, Colorado, USA. Late Eocene (Chadronian), 37.2-33.9 Ma.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
Female. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Holotype</emphasis>
</emphasis>
in ventro-lateral view, with nearly complete antennae, outline of head, details of mesosoma, one fore wing, partial fore and mid and nearly complete hind legs, and metasoma with ovipositor sheaths. Body length 6.1 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Black or dark brown on head, mesosoma and T1, dark brown on antennae, red on hind legs and T2 until end of metasoma, orange on fore and mid legs; wing venation very light.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Head</emphasis>
with face bulging, eye rather small (if interpreted correctly). 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Antennae</emphasis>
stout, with about 23 flagellomeres; scape about 1.1 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide; first flagellar segments subquadrate, following transverse. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Mesosoma</emphasis>
short and compact; pronotum with long epomia and parallel wrinkles; mesopleuron with epicnemial carina strong and reaching at least to half the height of the pronotum, probably more; with deep mesosternal scrobe and possibly indication of sternaulus (which could be an artefact), and with very closely spaced, parallel wrinkles on most of its surface. Metapleuron large, higher than wide; propodeum rather short, with pleural, lateral longitudinal, and a low-sitting posterior and probably also anterior transverse carina complete, delimiting areas; median longitudinal carina unclear. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Fore wing</emphasis>
3.0 mm, with areolet probably open; 1cu-a meeting 2Cu at same position as 1M; cell 2R1 short (2.1 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
). 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Legs</emphasis>
very stout, hind femur 2.5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
and hind tibia 3.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as wide. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Metasoma</emphasis>
short, with both strongly sclerotized tergites and at least partial sternites; T1 about 1.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
longer than wide, expanding towards apex, with distinct longitudinal lines which probably represent the median dorsal and dorsolateral carinae; T2 and following transverse; T6 and T7 of about same length as previous ones. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Ovipositor</emphasis>
short, around 1 mm long, and around as long as hind tibia, internal portion longer than sheaths.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/fr.25.83034.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693065" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Figure 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Spasojevic &amp; Broad &amp; Klopfstein" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Brues" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hypsicera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypsicera solidata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidata">Hypsicera? solidata</taxonomicName>
(Brues, 1910) comb. nov. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">A.</emphasis>
Photograph of the holotype obtained from the MCZ; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">B.</emphasis>
Our interpretative drawing of the fossil. Thicker lines indicate outlines of body structures, thinner lines show characters inside these outlines, and dotted lines represent uncertain interpretations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="interpretation">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Interpretation.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
The bulging face, long malar space, short flagellar segments and thickened legs indicate either 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Metopiinae">Metopiinae</taxonomicName>
or the 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Orthocentrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthocentrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Orthocentrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genus-group of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Orthocentrinae">Orthocentrinae</taxonomicName>
. Brues (
<bibRefCitation author="Brues, CT" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" pagination="1 - 125" refId="B7" refString="Brues, CT, 1910. The parasitic Hymenoptera of the Tertiary of Florissant, Colorado. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 54: 1 - 125" title="The parasitic Hymenoptera of the Tertiary of Florissant, Colorado." volume="54" year="1910">Brues 1910</bibRefCitation>
) placed the specimen in the latter, but the short scape and the presence of a clear epomia and costula clearly point to the former. Brues also stated that the &quot;abdomen flaked off in the specimen&quot; and did not make a decision about the sex; we note that the ovipositor sheaths are clearly visible, even though its base is crossed by a hind leg. Within 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Metopiinae">Metopiinae</taxonomicName>
, the placement is more difficult, but 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hypsicera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypsicera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Hypsicera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Exochus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exochus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Exochus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gravenhorst, 1829 seem a good match given the similarity of the propodeal carination, bow in 1M of the fore wing and long T7. If we interpreted the head correctly, the small eyes and the bulging of the face closer to the antennal sockets correspond more to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hypsicera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypsicera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Hypsicera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the longer and stouter ovipositor sheaths indicate 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Exochus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exochus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Exochus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while the fore wing venation is typical for 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Exochus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exochus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Exochus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and only rarely seen in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hypsicera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypsicera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Hypsicera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Thus, even though we place the fossil in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Hypsicera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hypsicera" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Hypsicera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this placement should be seen as preliminary with 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Exochus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exochus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Exochus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a valid alternative.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Orthocentrinae">Orthocentrinae</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
, 1869
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Orthocentrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthocentrus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Orthocentrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Gravenhorst, 1829
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>