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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.11.2955" ID-PMC="PMC3332033" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-11-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FF95FFAEFF935852FFBAFFADFF974E61" ID-PubMed="22577332" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576117" ModsDocID="1314-2003-11-1" checkinTime="1451252028344" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hovenkamp, Peter H. &amp; Ho, Boon-Chuan" docDate="2012" docId="685B96BC9C1727301B9C803A809BA8B8" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 11: 1-37" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 11" docPubDate="2012-04-06" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.11.2955" docTitle="Oleandra neriiformis" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="FF95FFAEFF935852FFBAFFADFF974E61" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="FF95FFAEFF935852FFBAFFADFF974E61" masterDocTitle="A revision of the fern genus Oleandra (Oleandraceae) in Asia" masterLastPageNumber="37" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1668139084214" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A revision of the fern genus Oleandra (Oleandraceae) in Asia</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hovenkamp, Peter H.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis (section NHN), Leiden University, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ho, Boon-Chuan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Nees-Institut fuer Biodiversitaet der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, D- 53115 Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2012-04-06</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>11</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>37</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.11.2955</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.11.2955</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-11-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FF95FFAEFF935852FFBAFFADFF974E61</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576117</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152024196" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:685B96BC9C1727301B9C803A809BA8B8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/685B96BC9C1727301B9C803A809BA8B8" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
4.
<taxonomicName LSID="685B96BC-9C17-2730-1B9C-803A809BA8B8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Oleandra neriiformis" order="Myrtales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="neriiformis">Oleandra neriiformis</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Map 3" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Map 3. Distribution of Oleandra neriiformis." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10054" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Map 3</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 11. Oleandra neriiformis (a-c, g-m), Oleandra coriacea (d-f). a middle part of lamina, medial sori with indistinct indusia b entire lamina c lyrate lamina base with stipe articulation immediately below lamina base: Brass 2301 6 (New Guinea) d middle part of lamina, with conspicuous scales on midrib and sori with persistent indusia e entire lamina f lamina base with elongated stipe: Yahud et al SAR 88396 (Borneo) g entire lamina with costal sori h middle part of lamina, sori costal with persistent indusia i rounded lamina base with short stipe j whorl of short phyllopodia on aerial stem: Chew, Corner &amp; Stainton 298 (Borneo) k middle part of lamina sori with inconspicuous indusium l rounded lamina base with short stipe m lamina: Copeland s. n. 29 jan 1933 (Philippines)., All views of lamina showing abaxial surface; all specimens L." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10052" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">fig. 11 a-c, g-m</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 12. Oleandra neriiformis. a scattered phyllopodia on aerial stem b middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia c lamina d lamina base with long stipe: A. C. Smith 6104 (Fiji) e lamina f lyrate lamina base with long stipe g middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia: Croft 66 (New Guinea) h middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia i lamina j cuneate lamina base with distinct stipe: Van Balgooy 5223 (Java) k irregularly whorled phyllopodia on aerial stem l middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia m narrowed lamina base with articulation close to the lamina base n lamina: Chew W-L 94 2 (Peninsular Malaysia). All views of lamina showing abaxial surface; all specimens L." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10055" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">12</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="neriiformis">Oleandra neriiformis</taxonomicName>
Cav., Anales Hist. Nat. 2: 115. 1799. (as &quot;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">neriformis</emphasis>
&quot;); Descr. Pl. (Cavanilles): 252. 1802. C.Presl, Tent. Pterid.: 78. 1836. (as &quot;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">neriifolia&quot;)</emphasis>
; C.Presl, Epimel. Bot.: 42. 1851.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fée">Fee</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mém">Mem</normalizedToken>
. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 304. 1852. Hook., Sp. Fil.: 156. 1862. Copel., Polypod. Phil. Isl.: 49. 1905. Backer &amp; Posth., Varenfl. Jav.: 87. 1939. Copel., Philipp. J. Sci. 73: 346. 1940. C.Chr., Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 177 45. 1943. Copel., Fern Flora of the Philippines: 182. 1958. Brownlie, The Pteridophyte Flora of Fiji: 156. 1977. M.Kato, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 14: 240. 1989. R.M.Tryon, Rhodora 102: 430. 2001.
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Tectariaceae" genus="Aspidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="neriiforme">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Aspidium neriiforme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sw., Syn. Fil. (Swartz) 42. 1806. Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 5: 212. 1810. Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae: 140. 1828. Gariletti, Fontqueria 38: 40. 1993. Type: PHILIPPINES. Mauban:
<normalizedToken originalValue="Née">Nee</normalizedToken>
s.n. (holotype: MA 476029, teste Gariletti, not seen).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Tectariaceae" genus="Aspidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="pistillare">Aspidium pistillare</taxonomicName>
Sw., J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800: 30. 1801.
<taxonomicName authorityName="C. Chr" authorityYear="1934" baseAuthorityName="Sw." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="pistillaris">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Oleandra pistillaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
C.Chr., Index Filic., Suppl. Tertium pro Annis 1917-1933: 132. 1934. Holttum, Rev. Fl. Mal. 2: 386. 1954. X.C.Zhang, Ching Mem. Vol.: 91. 1999. Type: INDONESIA. Java: Unknown s.n. (holotype S, not seen) (teste Sw. 1806).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Ophiopteridae" genus="Ophiopteris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Ophiacanthida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="verticillata">Ophiopteris verticillata</taxonomicName>
Reinw., Syll. Pl. Nov. 2: 3. 1825. Type: INDONESIA. Java: Reinwardt (?) s.n.(L).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Tectariaceae" genus="Aspidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="bantamense">Aspidium bantamense</taxonomicName>
Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae: 141. 1828.
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="bantamense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Oleandra bantamense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kunze, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 9: 349. 1851. Type: INDONESIA. Java: Bantam, anon. (Kuhl &amp; van Hasselt?) s.n.(Holotype: L).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Tectariaceae" genus="Aspidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="micranthum">Aspidium micranthum</taxonomicName>
Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae: 141. 1828.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunze" authorityYear="1851" baseAuthorityName="Bl." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="micrantha">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Oleandra micrantha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kunze, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 9: 349. 1851. Type: INDONESIA. Java, Salak.: anon. (Kuhl &amp; van Hasselt?) s.n.(holotype: L).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Tectariaceae" genus="Aspidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="salaccense">Aspidium salaccense</taxonomicName>
Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae: 140. 1828.
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Tectariaceae" genus="Aspidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="neriiforme">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Aspidium neriiforme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">salaccense</emphasis>
Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae: Add. et emend. 1828.
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="neriiformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Oleandra neriiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">salaccensis</emphasis>
Kunze, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 9: 348. 1851. Type: INDONESIA. Java: Blume s.n. (holotype: L).
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blanco" authorityYear="1837" class="Pteridopsida" family="Blechnaceae" genus="Blechnum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Filicales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Polypodiophyta" rank="species" species="colubrinum">Blechnum colubrinum</taxonomicName>
Blanco, Fl. Filip. [F.M. Blanco]: 834. 1837.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Copel" authorityYear="1905" baseAuthorityName="Blanco" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="colubrina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Oleandra colubrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Copel., Polypod. Phil. Isl.: 48. 1905. Copel., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. 3 179. 1905.
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="start">Merrill</pageBreakToken>
, Sp. Blancoan.: 43. 1918. Copel., Fern Flora of the Philippines: 181. 1958. M.Kato, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 14: 240. 1989. Type: PHILIPPINES. Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunze" authorityYear="1848" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Tectariaceae" genus="Aspidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="phyllarthron">Aspidium phyllarthron</taxonomicName>
Kunze, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 6: 237. 1848.
<taxonomicName authorityName="C. Presl" authorityYear="1851" baseAuthorityName="Kunze" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="phyllarthron">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oleandra phyllarthron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
C.Presl, Epimel. Bot.: 42. 1851. Kunze, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 9: 349. 1851. Type: INDONESIA. Java: Zollinger 1306 (lectotype: L 0317564, here selected) (see discussion).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="hirtella">Oleandra hirtella</taxonomicName>
Kunze,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Farnkräuter">Farnkraeuter</normalizedToken>
: 70, pl. 129. 1847.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fée">Fee</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mém">Mem</normalizedToken>
. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 304. 1852.
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="neriiformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oleandra neriiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
var.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">hirtella</emphasis>
Hook., Sp. Fil.: 156. 1862.Type: INDONESIA. Java: Miquel? s.n. (holotype L?, not found).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName authorityName="C. Presl" authorityYear="1851" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="mollis">Oleandra mollis</taxonomicName>
C.Presl, Epimel. Bot.: 41. 1851.
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fée">Fee</normalizedToken>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mém">Mem</normalizedToken>
. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 304. 1852. Type: PHILIPPINES. Luzon: Cuming 94 p.p. (holotype: PRC, not seen; isotypes: BM, L, SING, US*).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="neriiformis">Oleandra neriiformis</taxonomicName>
var.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">brachypus</emphasis>
Hook., Sp. Fil.: 156. 1862. Type: UNKNOWN. Malay Archipelago: Norris s.n. (holotype: K, not seen).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="cumingii">Oleandra cumingii</taxonomicName>
var.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">tahitense</emphasis>
Hook., Sp. Fil.: 159. 1862. Type: FRENCH POLYNESIA. Tahiti: Greville s.n. (holotype: K, not seen).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="ciliata">Oleandra ciliata</taxonomicName>
Kuhn, Linnaea 36: 126. 1869. Type: VANUATU. Aneiteum: Cuming 48 (holotype: B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bak" authorityYear="1886" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="cuspidata">Oleandra cuspidata</taxonomicName>
Baker in Becc., Malesia 3: 44. 1886. Copel., Philipp. J. Sci. 73: 346. 1940. M.Kato, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 14: 239. 1989. Type: INDONESIA. New Guinea: Arfak, Beccari s.n. (holotype: K).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Copel" authorityYear="1905" baseAuthorityName="Blanco" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="colubrina">Oleandra colubrina</taxonomicName>
var.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">nitida</emphasis>
Copel., Philipp. J. Sci., C 3: 33. 1908.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Copel" authorityYear="1958" baseAuthorityName="Copel" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oleandra nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Copel., Fern Flora of the Philippines: 181. 1958. Amoroso &amp; Pava, Philipp. J. Sci. 120: 423, 437. 1991. Type: PHILIPPINES. Mindanao: Mt. Apo, Copeland 1474(lectotype: US*, here selected).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Copel" authorityYear="1905" baseAuthorityName="Blanco" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="colubrina">Oleandra colubrina</taxonomicName>
var.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">membranacea</emphasis>
Copel., Philipp. J. Sci., C 3: 32. 1908. Type: PHILIPPINES. Luzon: Mt. Maquiling, Copeland PPE57 (holotype MICH; isotypes K, PNH, UC).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Copel" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="oblanceolata">Oleandra oblanceolata</taxonomicName>
Copel., Philipp. J. Sci., C 7: 64. 1912. Type: MALAYSIA. Sarawak: Bungo Range, Brooks 115(holotype: MICH).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="samoensis">Oleandra samoensis</taxonomicName>
Gand., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66: 306. 1919. Type. SAMOA. Upolu: Reinecke s.n. (not seen).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Copel" authorityYear="1905" baseAuthorityName="Blanco" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="colubrina">Oleandra colubrina</taxonomicName>
var.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">membranacea</emphasis>
Brause, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 56: 119. 1921. Type: PHILIPPINES. Luzon: Mt. Banajao, Whitford 999 (holotype: B, not seen).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Copel" authorityYear="1929" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="parksii">Oleandra parksii</taxonomicName>
Copel., Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 59: 86. 1929. Type: FRENCH POLYNESIA. Fiji: Parks 20759(holotype: BISH? not seen; isotypes: BM*, MICH, US*).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Copel" authorityYear="1929" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="platybasis">Oleandra platybasis</taxonomicName>
Copel., Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 59 86. 1929. Type: FRENCH POLYNESIA. Fiji: Gillespie 3249 (holotype: BISH? not seen; isotypes: MICH, NY*, UC*).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Copel" authorityYear="1931" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="angusta">Oleandra angusta</taxonomicName>
Copel., J. Arnold Arbor. 12 48. 1931. Type: SOLOMON ISLANDS. Vanikoro: Kajewski 5371 (holotype: A? not seen; isotypes: US*; UC*).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="maquilingensis">
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="start">Oleandra</pageBreakToken>
maquilingensis
</taxonomicName>
Copel., Philipp. J. Sci. 46: 217. 1931. M.G.Price, Philipp. Agric. 57: 42. 1974. Zamora &amp; Co, Guide to Philippine flora and fauna 2: 145. 1988. Amoroso &amp; Pava, Philipp. J. Sci. 120: 423-437. 1991. Type. PHILIPPINES. Luzon: Matthew s.n.(lectotype: MICH 1210440, here selected, see discussion).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Copel" authorityYear="1940" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="archboldii">Oleandra archboldii</taxonomicName>
Copel., Philipp. J. Sci. 73: 346. 1940. Type: PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Brass 13002 (holotype: MICH*).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Copel" authorityYear="1943" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="subdimorpha">Oleandra subdimorpha</taxonomicName>
Copel., J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 441. 1943. Type: PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Brass 6886 (holotype: GH, not seen, isotypes: BM*, MICH*).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="christopherseni">Oleandra christopherseni</taxonomicName>
C. Chr, Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 177 47. 1943. Type: SAMOA. Christophersen 126 (holotype: BISH; isotype: BO).
<taxonomicName authorityName="Copel" authorityYear="1952" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="clemensiae">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oleandra clemensiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Copel., Philipp. J. Sci. 81 12. 1952. Copel., Fern Flora of the Philippines: 182. 1958. Type: PHILIPPINES. Clemens 16494 (holotype: MICH; isotype: UC*).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Copel" authorityYear="1952" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="herrei">Oleandra herrei</taxonomicName>
Copel., Philipp. J. Sci. 81 12. 1952. Copel., Fern Flora of the Philippines: 182. 1958. Type: PHILIPPINES. Herre s.n.(holotype UC*).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="malasianum">Oleandra malasianum</taxonomicName>
Ghosh, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 80: 630. 1984. Type. MALAYSIA. Penang:: Cantor, Wallich 2235 (CAL, not seen, ill. in Ghosh 1984).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Rhizome</emphasis>
with main stems creeping or ascending, 3-8 mm thick, white waxy in the older parts, creeping parts sparsely rooting, branches often in opposite pairs, ascending parts rootless, at base propped up by downwards directed branches, ultimately aerial, erect or pendent; branches single or in opposite pairs, mostly directly above a frond cluster, all parts in cross-section with a peripheral sclerified sheath and scattered sclerified strands, phyllopodia on creeping parts few, scattered, on aerial parts in more or less dense, often whorled clusters and branches, short to 15 mm long.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Scales</emphasis>
persistently covering the rhizome, peltate, 4-6.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-1.5 mm, appressed to squarrose, with dark center and lighter margin and acumen, margin ciliate.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fronds</emphasis>
monomorphic or weakly dimorphic, stipe short to 3.5 cm long, without dark colouration; fertile lamina 12-43
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-4.5 cm, base gradually narrowed to narrowly truncate, then often somewhat lyrate, apex acuminate or to c. 2 cm caudate; sterile, if present, usually slightly shorter and wider, to 36
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
5.5 cm; texture thin-chartaceous, costa and lamina on lower surface without dark colouration, glabrous or with up to 2 mm long hairs, costa often with up to 2 mm pale to dark narrow scales.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sori</emphasis>
in a single row close to the costa, or more scattered over a 2-5 mm wide zone close to or at a distance of up to 4 mm from the costa, indusium inconspicuous to distinct, to c 1.5 mm wide, glabrous to hairy. Sporangial stalk with glands below the sporangium. Spores with coarse confluent ridges, surface pustulose or with pointed excrescences, outer layer variably perforated.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">India (Himalayas), China (Xizang), Malesian archipelago to Australia, Pacific Islands (Fiji, Samoa).</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10054" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="Map 3" startId="F7">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Map 3.</emphasis>
Distribution of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="neriiformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oleandra neriiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10055" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="Figure 12" startId="F8">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="neriiformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oleandra neriiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">a</emphasis>
scattered phyllopodia on aerial stem
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">b</emphasis>
middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">c</emphasis>
lamina
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">d</emphasis>
lamina base with long stipe:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A.C. Smith 6104</emphasis>
(Fiji)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">e</emphasis>
lamina
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">f</emphasis>
lyrate lamina base with long stipe
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">g</emphasis>
middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Croft 66</emphasis>
(New Guinea)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">h</emphasis>
middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">i</emphasis>
lamina
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">j</emphasis>
cuneate lamina base with distinct stipe:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Van Balgooy 5223</emphasis>
(Java)
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">k</emphasis>
irregularly whorled phyllopodia on aerial stem
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">l</emphasis>
middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">m</emphasis>
narrowed lamina base with articulation close to the lamina base
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">n</emphasis>
lamina:
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chew W-L 94</emphasis>
2 (Peninsular Malaysia). All views of lamina showing abaxial surface; all specimens L.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Terrestrial or epiphytic, in various types of forests, in open places, often making up a significant part of summit or ridge scrub. Sea level to 2200 m.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
The epithet
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">neriformis</emphasis>
published by Cavanilles has to be corrected to &quot;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">neriiformis</emphasis>
&quot; (ICBN 60.8). The epithet
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">neriifolia</emphasis>
used by Presl is either a mistake to be corrected or a superfluous
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">nom. nov</emphasis>
. and should not be used.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="neriiformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oleandra neriiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not occur in Australia. The reference in
<bibRefCitation author="Bell, GH" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="B2" refString="Bell, GH, 1998. Oleandra. Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study/ CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, xxii + 766 pp." title="Oleandra. Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study / CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, xxii + 766 pp." year="1998">Bell (1998)</bibRefCitation>
to
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="neriiformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oleandra neriiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
refers indeed to
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="musifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oleandra musifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as suggested.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="maquilingensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oleandra maquilingensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based on two sterile specimens that are considered to represent juvenile plants by
<bibRefCitation author="Price, MG" journalOrPublisher="Philippine Agriculturist Manila, Los Banos, Laguna" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="37 - 48" refId="B23" refString="Price, MG, 1974. The Pteridophytes described from Mount Makiling, Luzon. Philippine Agriculturist Manila, Los Banos, Laguna 57: 37 - 48" title="The Pteridophytes described from Mount Makiling, Luzon." volume="57" year="1974">Price (1974)</bibRefCitation>
. Price selected, but did not publish, a lectotype from among the two, and we here follow that lectotypification. The identification of these sterile specimens with
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="neriiformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oleandra neriiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
rather than
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="cumingii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oleandra cumingii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is somewhat conjectural, as is the identification of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blanco" authorityYear="1837" class="Pteridopsida" family="Blechnaceae" genus="Blechnum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Filicales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Polypodiophyta" rank="species" species="colubrinum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Blechnum colubrinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Blanco, for which no specimens at all are available.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunze" authorityYear="1848" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Tectariaceae" genus="Aspidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="phyllarthron">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Aspidium phyllarthron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the two species distinguished by
<bibRefCitation author="Kunze, G" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Zeitung Berlin" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="234 - 239" refId="B14" refString="Kunze, G, 1848. In filices Javae Zollingerianas. Botanische Zeitung Berlin 6: 234 - 239" title="In filices Javae Zollingerianas." volume="6" year="1848">Kunze (1848)</bibRefCitation>
among the specimens distributed as
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Zollinger 1306</emphasis>
. In addition, Kunze cited
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Zollinger 1957</emphasis>
. We have not found any specimens of
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Zollinger 1957</emphasis>
, and from the several specimens that have been distributed as
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Zollinger 1306</emphasis>
, we have selected one that fits the description of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunze" authorityYear="1848" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Tectariaceae" genus="Aspidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="phyllarthron">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Aspidium phyllarthron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and has a label
<normalizedToken originalValue="“1306=1957”">&quot;1306=1957&quot;</normalizedToken>
. Another specimen, labeled &quot;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Zollinger 1306 a</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kunze" authorityYear="1848" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Tectariaceae" genus="Aspidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Polypodiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Pteridophyta" rank="species" species="phyllarthron">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Aspidium phyllarthron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; (L 0317412), does not fit the description and is
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="musifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oleandra musifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="variability">
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Variability.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
With its wide-creeping and persistent rhizome,
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="neriiformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oleandra neriiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may form extensive and probably long-lived stands, which, especially when it is collected a number of times over a long period, may give the impression of the presence of a locally abundant species with a highly constant and distinct combination of characters. We expect this is at least partly the basis for the multitude of local species that have been described, and that we all include in
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="neriiformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oleandra neriiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Another problem is posed by the occurrence of juvenile plants in which the rhizome is not characteristically developed, and which may have much more softly hairy fronds than well-developed plants, blurring the distinctions to
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="musifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oleandra musifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="cumingii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oleandra cumingii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="14" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
following characters or character complexes, some of which have been used to distinguish species, are variable in particular:
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
1 Place of the stipe articulation. The phyllopodium may be distinctly longer than the very short stipe (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 12. Oleandra neriiformis. a scattered phyllopodia on aerial stem b middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia c lamina d lamina base with long stipe: A. C. Smith 6104 (Fiji) e lamina f lyrate lamina base with long stipe g middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia: Croft 66 (New Guinea) h middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia i lamina j cuneate lamina base with distinct stipe: Van Balgooy 5223 (Java) k irregularly whorled phyllopodia on aerial stem l middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia m narrowed lamina base with articulation close to the lamina base n lamina: Chew W-L 94 2 (Peninsular Malaysia). All views of lamina showing abaxial surface; all specimens L." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10055" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">fig. 12 k, n</figureCitation>
), or a distinctly elongated stipe may be present equal to or longer than the phyllopodium (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 12. Oleandra neriiformis. a scattered phyllopodia on aerial stem b middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia c lamina d lamina base with long stipe: A. C. Smith 6104 (Fiji) e lamina f lyrate lamina base with long stipe g middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia: Croft 66 (New Guinea) h middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia i lamina j cuneate lamina base with distinct stipe: Van Balgooy 5223 (Java) k irregularly whorled phyllopodia on aerial stem l middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia m narrowed lamina base with articulation close to the lamina base n lamina: Chew W-L 94 2 (Peninsular Malaysia). All views of lamina showing abaxial surface; all specimens L." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10055" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">fig. 12 a, d</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2 Length and density of lamina hairs. Although the presence or length of lamina hairs is usually highly variable, some forms have constantly and distinctly longer hairs.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
3 Location of soral zone. Sori may be located in a narrow zone close to the costa (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 12. Oleandra neriiformis. a scattered phyllopodia on aerial stem b middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia c lamina d lamina base with long stipe: A. C. Smith 6104 (Fiji) e lamina f lyrate lamina base with long stipe g middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia: Croft 66 (New Guinea) h middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia i lamina j cuneate lamina base with distinct stipe: Van Balgooy 5223 (Java) k irregularly whorled phyllopodia on aerial stem l middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia m narrowed lamina base with articulation close to the lamina base n lamina: Chew W-L 94 2 (Peninsular Malaysia). All views of lamina showing abaxial surface; all specimens L." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10055" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">fig. 12 b, n</figureCitation>
), or in a more irregular zone at some distance from the costa (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 11. Oleandra neriiformis (a-c, g-m), Oleandra coriacea (d-f). a middle part of lamina, medial sori with indistinct indusia b entire lamina c lyrate lamina base with stipe articulation immediately below lamina base: Brass 2301 6 (New Guinea) d middle part of lamina, with conspicuous scales on midrib and sori with persistent indusia e entire lamina f lamina base with elongated stipe: Yahud et al SAR 88396 (Borneo) g entire lamina with costal sori h middle part of lamina, sori costal with persistent indusia i rounded lamina base with short stipe j whorl of short phyllopodia on aerial stem: Chew, Corner &amp; Stainton 298 (Borneo) k middle part of lamina sori with inconspicuous indusium l rounded lamina base with short stipe m lamina: Copeland s. n. 29 jan 1933 (Philippines)., All views of lamina showing abaxial surface; all specimens L." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10052" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">fig. 11 b, m</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
4 Indusium. The presence of an indusium is rarely constant over an area. It may vary from distinct and often firm (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 11. Oleandra neriiformis (a-c, g-m), Oleandra coriacea (d-f). a middle part of lamina, medial sori with indistinct indusia b entire lamina c lyrate lamina base with stipe articulation immediately below lamina base: Brass 2301 6 (New Guinea) d middle part of lamina, with conspicuous scales on midrib and sori with persistent indusia e entire lamina f lamina base with elongated stipe: Yahud et al SAR 88396 (Borneo) g entire lamina with costal sori h middle part of lamina, sori costal with persistent indusia i rounded lamina base with short stipe j whorl of short phyllopodia on aerial stem: Chew, Corner &amp; Stainton 298 (Borneo) k middle part of lamina sori with inconspicuous indusium l rounded lamina base with short stipe m lamina: Copeland s. n. 29 jan 1933 (Philippines)., All views of lamina showing abaxial surface; all specimens L." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10052" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">fig. 11 h</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 12. Oleandra neriiformis. a scattered phyllopodia on aerial stem b middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia c lamina d lamina base with long stipe: A. C. Smith 6104 (Fiji) e lamina f lyrate lamina base with long stipe g middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia: Croft 66 (New Guinea) h middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia i lamina j cuneate lamina base with distinct stipe: Van Balgooy 5223 (Java) k irregularly whorled phyllopodia on aerial stem l middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia m narrowed lamina base with articulation close to the lamina base n lamina: Chew W-L 94 2 (Peninsular Malaysia). All views of lamina showing abaxial surface; all specimens L." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10055" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12 b</figureCitation>
) to inconspicuous (then often hairy) or absent (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 11. Oleandra neriiformis (a-c, g-m), Oleandra coriacea (d-f). a middle part of lamina, medial sori with indistinct indusia b entire lamina c lyrate lamina base with stipe articulation immediately below lamina base: Brass 2301 6 (New Guinea) d middle part of lamina, with conspicuous scales on midrib and sori with persistent indusia e entire lamina f lamina base with elongated stipe: Yahud et al SAR 88396 (Borneo) g entire lamina with costal sori h middle part of lamina, sori costal with persistent indusia i rounded lamina base with short stipe j whorl of short phyllopodia on aerial stem: Chew, Corner &amp; Stainton 298 (Borneo) k middle part of lamina sori with inconspicuous indusium l rounded lamina base with short stipe m lamina: Copeland s. n. 29 jan 1933 (Philippines)., All views of lamina showing abaxial surface; all specimens L." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10052" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">fig. 11 a, k</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">5 Costal scales: Some forms have uniformly pale and flat costal scales, some have almost uniformly narrow, dark scales, and there are forms that vary in this character.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="geographic variation and local forms">
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Geographic variation and local forms.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Over most of the distribution area, two forms can often easily be distinguished locally, on basis of the relative length of phyllopodium and stipe. Stipitate forms have short phyllopodia, elongated stipes (thus the articulation is positioned at the base of the phyllopodium/stipe), the lamina gradually narrowed towards the base, and sori relatively close to the costa (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 12. Oleandra neriiformis. a scattered phyllopodia on aerial stem b middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia c lamina d lamina base with long stipe: A. C. Smith 6104 (Fiji) e lamina f lyrate lamina base with long stipe g middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia: Croft 66 (New Guinea) h middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia i lamina j cuneate lamina base with distinct stipe: Van Balgooy 5223 (Java) k irregularly whorled phyllopodia on aerial stem l middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia m narrowed lamina base with articulation close to the lamina base n lamina: Chew W-L 94 2 (Peninsular Malaysia). All views of lamina showing abaxial surface; all specimens L." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10055" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">fig. 12 k-m</figureCitation>
). This corresponds to the type of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="neriiformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Oleandra neriiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The other form is characterized by longer phyllopodia, stipes short or absent (thus the lamina appearing sessile with regard to the articulation,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–8" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 8. 1 Oleandra cumingii, perispore with broad folds, low warty ornamentation, not perforated. scale bar 10 µm. Schmutz 6086 (L) 2 Oleandra cumingii, perispore with narrow wings, spiny ornamentation, few perforations. Scale bar 10 µm. Ting &amp; Shih 796 (L) 3 Oleandra musifolia, perispore with wings partly replaced by fissures, irregularly warty ornamentation, few perforations. Scale bar 10 µm. Brooks s. n. (L 0317430) 4 Oleandra sibbaldii, perispore highly perforated. Scale bar 10 µm. Brass 29706 (L) 5 Oleandra wallichii, perispore spiny. Scale bar 10 µm. De Haas 2622 (L) 6 Oleandra wallichii, perispore spiny, spines confluent into ridges. Scale bar 10 µm. Van Steenis 20870 (L) 7 Oleandra sibbaldii. Perispore spines on a thin basal layer, exospore smooth, Scale bar 1 µm. Elmer 11451 (L) 8 Oleandra wallichii, perispore with thick basal layer, exospore smooth. Scale bar 1 µm. De Haas 2622 (L)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10047" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">fig. 2 b</figureCitation>
), usually a truncate lamina base (although the lamina directly above the base may be strongly narrowed, the base is still suddenly contracted, and often somewhat lyrate,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–8" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 8. 1 Oleandra cumingii, perispore with broad folds, low warty ornamentation, not perforated. scale bar 10 µm. Schmutz 6086 (L) 2 Oleandra cumingii, perispore with narrow wings, spiny ornamentation, few perforations. Scale bar 10 µm. Ting &amp; Shih 796 (L) 3 Oleandra musifolia, perispore with wings partly replaced by fissures, irregularly warty ornamentation, few perforations. Scale bar 10 µm. Brooks s. n. (L 0317430) 4 Oleandra sibbaldii, perispore highly perforated. Scale bar 10 µm. Brass 29706 (L) 5 Oleandra wallichii, perispore spiny. Scale bar 10 µm. De Haas 2622 (L) 6 Oleandra wallichii, perispore spiny, spines confluent into ridges. Scale bar 10 µm. Van Steenis 20870 (L) 7 Oleandra sibbaldii. Perispore spines on a thin basal layer, exospore smooth, Scale bar 1 µm. Elmer 11451 (L) 8 Oleandra wallichii, perispore with thick basal layer, exospore smooth. Scale bar 1 µm. De Haas 2622 (L)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10047" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">fig. 2 c</figureCitation>
) that is clearly set off against the stipe, and sori in a more variable position, in some cases almost at the margin (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 1–8" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 8. 1 Oleandra cumingii, perispore with broad folds, low warty ornamentation, not perforated. scale bar 10 µm. Schmutz 6086 (L) 2 Oleandra cumingii, perispore with narrow wings, spiny ornamentation, few perforations. Scale bar 10 µm. Ting &amp; Shih 796 (L) 3 Oleandra musifolia, perispore with wings partly replaced by fissures, irregularly warty ornamentation, few perforations. Scale bar 10 µm. Brooks s. n. (L 0317430) 4 Oleandra sibbaldii, perispore highly perforated. Scale bar 10 µm. Brass 29706 (L) 5 Oleandra wallichii, perispore spiny. Scale bar 10 µm. De Haas 2622 (L) 6 Oleandra wallichii, perispore spiny, spines confluent into ridges. Scale bar 10 µm. Van Steenis 20870 (L) 7 Oleandra sibbaldii. Perispore spines on a thin basal layer, exospore smooth, Scale bar 1 µm. Elmer 11451 (L) 8 Oleandra wallichii, perispore with thick basal layer, exospore smooth. Scale bar 1 µm. De Haas 2622 (L)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10047" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">fig. 2b</figureCitation>
). Other characters, such as indument, or indusium are independently variable and often vary in a similar way across the two forms where they co-occur, thus giving rise to different characteristic character combination in different parts of the distribution area.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Continental Asia</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The few collections from continental Asia do not allow for an evaluation of the variability.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Java, Sumatra</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
On Java and Sumatra, there is no distinction between stipitate and sessile forms, as both stipe and phyllopodium lengths are strongly variable and extremes are not sharply separated. In
<bibRefCitation author="Backer, CA" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="B1" refString="Backer, CA, Posthumus, O, 1939. Varenflora voor Java. 's Lands plantentuin, Buitenzorg, XLVII + 370 pp." title="Varenflora voor Java. ' s Lands plantentuin, Buitenzorg, XLVII + 370 pp." year="1939">Backer and Posthumus (1939)</bibRefCitation>
, all are taken together as
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="neriiformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Oleandra neriiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Description (see also
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 12. Oleandra neriiformis. a scattered phyllopodia on aerial stem b middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia c lamina d lamina base with long stipe: A. C. Smith 6104 (Fiji) e lamina f lyrate lamina base with long stipe g middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia: Croft 66 (New Guinea) h middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia i lamina j cuneate lamina base with distinct stipe: Van Balgooy 5223 (Java) k irregularly whorled phyllopodia on aerial stem l middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia m narrowed lamina base with articulation close to the lamina base n lamina: Chew W-L 94 2 (Peninsular Malaysia). All views of lamina showing abaxial surface; all specimens L." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10055" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">fig. 12 h-j</figureCitation>
): Phyllopodia 2-6 mm, stipes 3-10 mm, lamina base narrowed, never lyrate, lamina variably hairy (mostly glabrous), costal scales usually few, medium dark; sori costal or at short distance from the costa, indusia distinct to firm, glabrous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Peninsular Malaysia, Southern Thailand</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
In collections from the Malay Peninsula the difference between stipitate and sessile forms is associated with differences in
<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="15" start="start">hairiness</pageBreakToken>
of the lamina and position of the sori.
<bibRefCitation author="Holttum, RE" journalOrPublisher="Ferns. Government Printing Office, Singapore" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="B11" refString="Holttum, RE, 1968b. A revised Flora of Malaya II. Ferns. Government Printing Office, Singapore, 653 pp." title="A revised Flora of Malaya II." year="1968 b">Holttum (1968b)</bibRefCitation>
also distinguishes these two forms, on basis of the same characters, but notes that that they are not sharply distinct, nor ecologically sharply separated, although he cites a difference in elevational specificity. The scant label data indicate no differences in specificity for epiphytism vs terrestrial, or for elevation. Stipitate form description: Phyllopodia very short, stipes elongated, c. 5-10 mm long, lamina glabrous, occasionally hairy, margin glabrous or very nearly so, sori subcostal in an irregular row. Sessile form description (see also
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 12. Oleandra neriiformis. a scattered phyllopodia on aerial stem b middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia c lamina d lamina base with long stipe: A. C. Smith 6104 (Fiji) e lamina f lyrate lamina base with long stipe g middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia: Croft 66 (New Guinea) h middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia i lamina j cuneate lamina base with distinct stipe: Van Balgooy 5223 (Java) k irregularly whorled phyllopodia on aerial stem l middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia m narrowed lamina base with articulation close to the lamina base n lamina: Chew W-L 94 2 (Peninsular Malaysia). All views of lamina showing abaxial surface; all specimens L." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10055" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">fig. 12 k-n</figureCitation>
): Phyllopodia elongated, 1-6 mm long, stipes mostly very short, sometimes to 3 mm long, lamina hairy, sori strictly costal (rarely to 1 mm from costa).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Borneo</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
On Borneo, the two forms also differ in hairiness of lamina, but not in the position of the sori, which is usually more or less closely costal. Here, the stipitate form is almost exclusively reported as epiphyte, the other form as terrestrial. Both forms tend to have narrower, darker costa-scales than in other areas. Completely glabrous forms such as are most common on Java and Sumatra are not found on Borneo. The sessile form has been described as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Copel" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="oblanceolata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Oleandra oblanceolata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Copel. Stipitate form description: Phyllopodia up to 6 mm long, stipe 7-25 mm, lamina at base gradually narrowed, usually hairy with relatively long hairs (rarely glabrous), costal scales more or less frequent, mostly brown. Almost exclusively reported as epiphyte. Sessile form description (see also
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 11. Oleandra neriiformis (a-c, g-m), Oleandra coriacea (d-f). a middle part of lamina, medial sori with indistinct indusia b entire lamina c lyrate lamina base with stipe articulation immediately below lamina base: Brass 2301 6 (New Guinea) d middle part of lamina, with conspicuous scales on midrib and sori with persistent indusia e entire lamina f lamina base with elongated stipe: Yahud et al SAR 88396 (Borneo) g entire lamina with costal sori h middle part of lamina, sori costal with persistent indusia i rounded lamina base with short stipe j whorl of short phyllopodia on aerial stem: Chew, Corner &amp; Stainton 298 (Borneo) k middle part of lamina sori with inconspicuous indusium l rounded lamina base with short stipe m lamina: Copeland s. n. 29 jan 1933 (Philippines)., All views of lamina showing abaxial surface; all specimens L." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10052" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">fig. 11 g-j</figureCitation>
): Phyllopodia 2-8 mm long, stipes at most 1 mm, lamina at base truncate, often
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
lyrate, lamina mostly glabrous, sometimes short-hairy, costal scales not frequent, dark, narrow. Mostly reported as terrestrial.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Philippines</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
On the Philippines, distinctly stipitate forms represent a small minority of all collections (e.g.,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cuming 94, Soejarto 8874, PNH 3862, 8710</emphasis>
), but include the type of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="neriiformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Oleandra neriiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Christensen, C" journalOrPublisher="Dansk Botanisk Arkiv Udgivet af Dansk Botanisk Forening Copenhagen" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="3 - 32" refId="B5" refString="Christensen, C, 1937. Taxonomic fern studies III. Revision of the genera and species of ferns described by A.J. Cavanilles. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv Udgivet af Dansk Botanisk Forening Copenhagen 9: 3 - 32" title="Taxonomic fern studies III. Revision of the genera and species of ferns described by A. J. Cavanilles." volume="9" year="1937">Christensen 1937</bibRefCitation>
). The two forms here do not show any difference in degree of hairiness and position of the sori, but share a distinctly hairy lamina and more copious, pale, flat rachis-scales than the forms in other areas.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Copeland (1958) distinguishes
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="neriiformis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Oleandra neriiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the short-stipitate form, and within the latter a number of species, based on details of indument:
<taxonomicName authorityName="Copel" authorityYear="1952" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="herrei">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Oleandra herrei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with paleate costa,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Copel" authorityYear="1905" baseAuthorityName="Blanco" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="colubrina">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Oleandra colubrina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with setose costa and lamina,
<taxonomicName authorityName="Copel" authorityYear="1958" baseAuthorityName="Copel" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="nitida">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Oleandra nitida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with setose costa and glabrescent lamina. We find that although the density of costal scales varies strongly (it seems to be negatively and weakly correlated with the density of setae), scales can be found on all specimens, and the density of hairs on the lamina varies strongly. We see no basis on which these characters could lead to the distinction of clear groups.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Stipitate form description: Phyllopodia to 2 mm, stipes to c. 7 mm, lamina and margin hairy with highly variable density, costa mostly with many pale scales, sori not closely costal to medial or submarginal, indusia glabrous, often small, indistinct. Sessile form description (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 11. Oleandra neriiformis (a-c, g-m), Oleandra coriacea (d-f). a middle part of lamina, medial sori with indistinct indusia b entire lamina c lyrate lamina base with stipe articulation immediately below lamina base: Brass 2301 6 (New Guinea) d middle part of lamina, with conspicuous scales on midrib and sori with persistent indusia e entire lamina f lamina base with elongated stipe: Yahud et al SAR 88396 (Borneo) g entire lamina with costal sori h middle part of lamina, sori costal with persistent indusia i rounded lamina base with short stipe j whorl of short phyllopodia on aerial stem: Chew, Corner &amp; Stainton 298 (Borneo) k middle part of lamina sori with inconspicuous indusium l rounded lamina base with short stipe m lamina: Copeland s. n. 29 jan 1933 (Philippines)., All views of lamina showing abaxial surface; all specimens L." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10052" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">fig. 11 k-m</figureCitation>
): Phyllopodia 5-15 mm, stipes short, up to 1 mm long, otherwise similar.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Celebes, Moluccas.</emphasis>
In eastern Malesia south of the Philippines, two forms co-occur on Celebes and the Moluccas, while the stipitate form extends to the Solomon islands and Vanuatu. Both forms here have indusia that are frequently shortly setose.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Stipitate form description: Phyllopodia 1-5 mm, stipes 8-25 mm, lamina base gradually narrowed, costal scales pale except near base of lamina, lamina setose, lamina
<pageBreakToken pageId="15" pageNumber="16" start="start">hairs</pageBreakToken>
relatively long, margin often distinctly fimbriate with hairs shorter or equal to those on lamina, sori costal, indusia firm, with wide sinus, usually glabrous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sessile form description: Phyllopodia 5-15 mm, stipes very short to occasionally 3 mm long, lamina base narrowed to ultimately cuneate, not distinctly lyrate, lamina indument often long, conspicuous on all veins, margin often distinctly fimbriate with hairs similar to these on the lamina, costal scales few or absent, dark, sori narrowly costal, indusium distinct and persistent but not firm, often with narrow sinus, sometimes setose.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Kato (1989) distinguishes the specimens from Ceram with a very small, setose indusium as
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bak" authorityYear="1886" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleandraceae" genus="Oleandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="cuspidata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Oleandra cuspidata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but this represents only the extreme state of variability.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fiji, Samoa</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
More eastwards in the Pacific Islands, there is no variability in the location of the articulation. All specimens from this area have elongated stipes, and can collectively be distinguished from the forms in other areas by the distinctly more lax clusters of fronds on the aerial stems (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 12. Oleandra neriiformis. a scattered phyllopodia on aerial stem b middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia c lamina d lamina base with long stipe: A. C. Smith 6104 (Fiji) e lamina f lyrate lamina base with long stipe g middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia: Croft 66 (New Guinea) h middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia i lamina j cuneate lamina base with distinct stipe: Van Balgooy 5223 (Java) k irregularly whorled phyllopodia on aerial stem l middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia m narrowed lamina base with articulation close to the lamina base n lamina: Chew W-L 94 2 (Peninsular Malaysia). All views of lamina showing abaxial surface; all specimens L." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10055" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">fig. 12 a</figureCitation>
), with the fronds mostly hardly clustered at all (a character in which they resemble
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Oleandra pilosa</emphasis>
Hooker, from Tropical America). Regional differences show up mainly in the indument of the fronds. On Samoa, the lamina is less densely hairy than on Fiji, and the hairs on the lamina, when present, are distinctly shorter than those on the margin. Costa scales also differ, and are distinctly darker on Samoa than on Fiji, while sori are somewhat less strictly costal on Samoa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Fiji form description (see also
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 12. Oleandra neriiformis. a scattered phyllopodia on aerial stem b middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia c lamina d lamina base with long stipe: A. C. Smith 6104 (Fiji) e lamina f lyrate lamina base with long stipe g middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia: Croft 66 (New Guinea) h middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia i lamina j cuneate lamina base with distinct stipe: Van Balgooy 5223 (Java) k irregularly whorled phyllopodia on aerial stem l middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia m narrowed lamina base with articulation close to the lamina base n lamina: Chew W-L 94 2 (Peninsular Malaysia). All views of lamina showing abaxial surface; all specimens L." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10055" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">fig. 12 a-d</figureCitation>
): Phyllopodia 1-9 mm, stipes 5-35 mm, lamina base gradually narrowed, costal scales pale, lamina setose, lamina hairs 1-2 mm long, margin often distinctly fimbriate, hairs on margin shorter or at most equal to those on lamina, sori costal, indusia distinct, glabrous or setose,
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Samoa form description: Phyllopodia 1-7 mm, stipes 2-28 mm, lamina base gradually narrowed, costal scales brown to dark, lamina glabrous or setose, with hairs to 0.5 mm long on the lamina, 1-2 mm long on the margin, sori costal or subcostal leaving a sterile zone of 0.5-3 mm wide, indusia distinct, glabrous or setose.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">New Guinea and surrounding islands</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The stipitate form that extends eastwards from Celebes co-occurs, on the main island of New Guinea, with a sessile form that is often distinctly dimorphic and has sori often quite distant from the costa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Stipitate form description (see also
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 12. Oleandra neriiformis. a scattered phyllopodia on aerial stem b middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia c lamina d lamina base with long stipe: A. C. Smith 6104 (Fiji) e lamina f lyrate lamina base with long stipe g middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia: Croft 66 (New Guinea) h middle part of lamina, sori costal with conspicuous indusia i lamina j cuneate lamina base with distinct stipe: Van Balgooy 5223 (Java) k irregularly whorled phyllopodia on aerial stem l middle part of lamina with very closely costal sori and conspicuous indusia m narrowed lamina base with articulation close to the lamina base n lamina: Chew W-L 94 2 (Peninsular Malaysia). All views of lamina showing abaxial surface; all specimens L." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10055" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">fig. 12 e-g</figureCitation>
): Phyllopodia to 4 mm, stipes 5-25 mm, lamina base gradually narrowed, costal scales pale except near base of lamina, lamina setose, with hairs 0.5-1.5 mm long, margin glabrous, sori costal or subcostal leaving a sterile zone of 0.5-2.0 mm wide, indusia firm, with wide sinus, usually glabrous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Sessile form description (see also
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 11. Oleandra neriiformis (a-c, g-m), Oleandra coriacea (d-f). a middle part of lamina, medial sori with indistinct indusia b entire lamina c lyrate lamina base with stipe articulation immediately below lamina base: Brass 2301 6 (New Guinea) d middle part of lamina, with conspicuous scales on midrib and sori with persistent indusia e entire lamina f lamina base with elongated stipe: Yahud et al SAR 88396 (Borneo) g entire lamina with costal sori h middle part of lamina, sori costal with persistent indusia i rounded lamina base with short stipe j whorl of short phyllopodia on aerial stem: Chew, Corner &amp; Stainton 298 (Borneo) k middle part of lamina sori with inconspicuous indusium l rounded lamina base with short stipe m lamina: Copeland s. n. 29 jan 1933 (Philippines)., All views of lamina showing abaxial surface; all specimens L." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10052" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">fig. 11 a-c</figureCitation>
): Phyllopodia to 4 mm, stipes very short or absent, articulation directly below the base of the lamina, fronds slightly but usually distinctly dimorphic, lamina narrowed to a truncate or somewhat lyrate base, costal scales mostly brown to dark, lamina glabrous or sometimes short setose, with hairs to 0.5 mm long, margin usually with a few scattered pale, acicular hairs especially near the base, sori medial or submarginal leaving a sterile zone of 0.5-7 mm wide, indusia small and inconspicuous in older sori, occasionally more distinct, often fringed with pale acicular hairs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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