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<document id="0E921A0DC8D4775CABE6EF64685FFDA0" ID-CLB-Dataset="22420" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2015.124" ID-GBIF-Dataset="19721b2c-e043-4635-a299-6b1517b4e649" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3780218" ID-ZooBank="8E33A9C0-0940-4EF8-8105-7B71D9282635" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1588345148204" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Rousse, Pascal &amp; Noort, Simon van" docDate="2015" docId="03E387CCFFF3AB787C64FA31FDA9E99E" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-2015-124.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 124" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Pristomerus Curtis 1836" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="29" masterDocId="FFDAFFB4FFE9AB647E3FFFCFFFEEEB7A" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Afrotropical species of Pristomerus (Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae), with descriptions of 31 new species" masterLastPageNumber="129" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1698838325370" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="517A08F0541CD476F05F12EC80876B01">Revision of the Afrotropical species of Pristomerus (Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae), with descriptions of 31 new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9C51E194AC63412D5415C8EBE0435A68">Rousse, Pascal</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6242E50D64A594B4060C962F008C77A1">Natural History Department, Iziko South African Museum, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa. &amp; Stellenbosch University, Department of Botany and Zoology, Evolutionary Genomics Group, Private Bag X 1, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa. &amp; Email: rousse. pascal @ wanadoo. fr (corresponding author) &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: B 06 C 2640 - 700 A- 429 B-AA 2 F- 1 BE 09251 C 845</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="CD1BF74B2C2EEF5C1568695D85E459A8" type="email">rousse.pascal@wanadoo.fr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="5AC3C566BEE8CC0E400FF39793C299B7">Noort, Simon van</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B6CA465E4FB4BE36D6467EC1838022BE">Natural History Department, Iziko South African Museum, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa. &amp; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa. &amp; urn: lsid: zoobank. org: author: 7 CCD 166 F-F 1 FA- 43 DA-B 582 - 4 E 84 EAF 59 AD 1</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="BF701D02911688A38516082E00DC808B">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="CAAEC93050CE6B82BA54D672DE0119FB">2015</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03E387CCFFF3AB787C64FA31FDA9E99E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3795011" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163879869" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3795011" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E387CCFFF3AB787C64FA31FDA9E99E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E387CCFFF3AB787C64FA31FDA9E99E" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<subSubSection id="C3506551FFF3AB7E7C64FA31FC37ED62" box="[603,985,1534,1560]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF536DAFFF3AB7E7C64FA31FC37ED62" blockId="26.[603,985,1534,1560]" box="[603,985,1534,1560]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="D0BD81B6FFF3AB7E7C64FA31FC37ED62" box="[603,985,1534,1560]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="2">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF3AB7E7C92FA31FC37ED62" ID-CoL="6VXW" ID-ENA="65155" authority="Curtis, 1836" authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1836" box="[685,985,1534,1560]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pristomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF3AB7E7C92FA31FCAEED62" bold="true" box="[685,832,1534,1560]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Pristomerus</emphasis>
Curtis, 1836
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3506551FFF3AB7E7E82F9F0FDD6EDBE" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BF536DAFFF3AB7E7E82F9F0FD8FED20" blockId="26.[189,615,1599,1732]" box="[189,609,1599,1626]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5A11F4FFF3AB7E7E82F9F0FD8FED20" box="[189,609,1599,1626]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitation id="0AEB10CBFFF3AB7E7E82F9F0FDB2ED20" author="Ashmead W. H." box="[189,604,1599,1626]" page="100" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" year="1900">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF3AB7E7E82F9F0FDB2ED20" authority="Ashmead, 1900: 100" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityPageNumber="100" authorityYear="1900" box="[189,604,1599,1626]" class="Insecta" genus="Pristomeridia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF3AB7E7E82F9F0FE8EED23" box="[189,352,1599,1625]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Pristomeridia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B2BFFF3AB7E7F59F9F0FDB2ED20" author="Ashmead W. H." box="[358,604,1599,1626]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="368" refId="ref41861" refString="Ashmead W. H. 1900. Some changes in generic names in Hymenoptera. Canadian Entomologist 32 (12): 368. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 32368 a- 12" type="journal article" year="1900">Ashmead, 1900: 100</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536DAFFF3AB7E7E82F9ACFDD5ED07" blockId="26.[189,615,1599,1732]" box="[189,571,1635,1662]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5A11F4FFF3AB7E7E82F9ACFDD5ED07" box="[189,571,1635,1662]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitation id="0AEB10CBFFF3AB7E7E82F9ACFDD9ED07" author="Szepligeti G." box="[189,567,1635,1662]" page="48" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" year="1905">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF3AB7E7E82F9ACFDD9ED07" authority="Szepligeti, 1905: 48" authorityName="Szepligeti" authorityPageNumber="48" authorityYear="1905" box="[189,567,1635,1662]" class="Insecta" genus="Pristocelus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF3AB7E7E82F9ACFEAFED07" box="[189,321,1635,1661]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Pristocelus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B2BFFF3AB7E7F77F9ACFDD9ED07" author="Szepligeti G." box="[328,567,1635,1662]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref43401" refString="Szepligeti G. 1905. Hymenoptera. Ichneumonidae (Gruppe Ophionoidea), subfam. Pharsaliinae- Porizontinae. Genera Insectorum 34, V. Verteneuil et L. Desmet, Brussels." type="book" year="1905">Szépligeti, 1905: 48</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536DAFFF3AB7E7E82F948FD89EDDB" blockId="26.[189,615,1599,1732]" box="[189,615,1670,1697]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5A11F4FFF3AB7E7E82F948FD89EDDB" box="[189,615,1670,1697]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitation id="0AEB10CBFFF3AB7E7E82F948FD8DEDDB" author="Viereck H. L." box="[189,611,1670,1697]" page="592" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" year="1912">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF3AB7E7E82F948FD8DEDDB" authority="Viereck, 1912: 592" authorityName="Viereck" authorityPageNumber="592" authorityYear="1912" box="[189,611,1670,1697]" class="Insecta" genus="Neopristomerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF3AB7E7E82F948FE96EDDA" box="[189,376,1671,1696]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Neopristomerus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B2BFFF3AB7E7F40F949FD8DEDDB" author="Viereck H. L." box="[383,611,1670,1697]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="139 - 153" refId="ref43580" refString="Viereck H. L. 1912. Descriptions of five new genera and twenty six new species of Ichneumon-flies. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 42: 139 - 153." type="journal article" year="1912">Viereck, 1912: 592</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536DAFFF3AB7E7E82F966FDD6EDBE" blockId="26.[189,615,1599,1732]" box="[189,568,1705,1732]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5A11F4FFF3AB7E7E82F966FDD6EDBE" box="[189,568,1705,1732]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<treatmentCitation id="0AEB10CBFFF3AB7E7E82F966FDDAEDBE" author="Morley C." box="[189,564,1705,1732]" page="56" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" year="1913">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF3AB7E7E82F966FDDAEDBE" authority="Morley, 1913: 56" authorityName="Morley" authorityPageNumber="56" authorityYear="1913" box="[189,564,1705,1732]" class="Insecta" genus="Nesanomalon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF3AB7E7E82F966FEB0EDB9" box="[189,350,1705,1731]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Nesanomalon</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B2BFFF3AB7E7F59F966FDDAEDBE" author="Morley C." box="[358,564,1705,1732]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref42729" refString="Morley C. 1913. A Revision of the Ichneumonidae Based on the Collection in the British Museum (Natural History) with Descriptions of New Genera and Species. Part II. Tribes Rhyssides, Echthromorphides, Anomalides and Paniscides. British Museum, London. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8761" type="book" year="1913">Morley, 1913: 56</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3506551FFF3AB7E7E82F924FD87EC4E" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BF536DAFFF3AB7E7E82F924FEB6EC7F" blockId="26.[189,344,1771,1797]" box="[189,344,1771,1797]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="D0BD81B6FFF3AB7E7E82F924FEB6EC7F" bold="true" box="[189,344,1771,1797]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF3AB7E7E82F924FEB6EC7F" bold="true" box="[189,344,1771,1797]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<typeStatus id="54F18878FFF3AB7E7E82F924FF14EC7F" box="[189,250,1771,1797]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Type</typeStatus>
species
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536DAFFF3AB7E7E82F8D5FD87EC4E" blockId="26.[189,617,1818,1844]" box="[189,617,1818,1844]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF3AB7E7E82F8D5FD8BEC4E" authority="Panzer, 1799" authorityName="Panzer" authorityYear="1799" box="[189,613,1818,1844]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Ichneumon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulnerator">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF3AB7E7E82F8D5FE2DEC4E" box="[189,451,1818,1844]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Ichneumon vulnerator</emphasis>
Panzer, 1799
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3506551FFF3AB7F7E82F894FED6ED97" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BF536DAFFF3AB7E7E82F894FD91EC0F" blockId="26.[189,639,1883,1909]" box="[189,639,1883,1909]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF3AB7E7E82F894FED8EC0F" bold="true" box="[189,310,1883,1909]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Diagnosis</emphasis>
(updated from
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B2BFFF3AB7E7FD4F894FD98EC0F" author="Gauld I. D." box="[491,630,1883,1909]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref42389" refString="Gauld I. D. 2000. The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica, 3. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 63, American Entomological Institute, Gainesville." type="book" year="2000">Gauld 2000</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536DAFFF3AB7E7ED5F845FEABECDE" blockId="26.[189,1398,1930,2027]" box="[234,325,1930,1956]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF3AB7E7ED5F845FEABECDE" bold="true" box="[234,325,1930,1956]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Female</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536DAFFF3AB7F7E82F862FDC1E89F" blockId="26.[189,1398,1930,2027]" lastBlockId="27.[189,1399,267,997]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Small to moderate sized species, fore wing length
<quantity id="4CB29B3FFFF3AB7E7D27F862FC90ECB2" box="[792,894,1965,1992]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="2.0">2–8 mm</quantity>
; main background colour yellow to black; head with mandible not twisted, without obvious ventral flange, teeth subequal to upper tooth slightly longer than lower tooth; palpi formula 5:4; frons biconcave, sometimes with a mid-longitudinal ridge that may be strongly raised; occipital carina mid-dorsally complete to narrowly obsolescent, ventrally joining hypostomal carina at to distinctly above mandible base; antenna with flagellum finely setose; inner margins of eyes from slightly converging to distinctly diverging ventrally; mesosoma punctate with smooth or coriaceous parts to extensively punctate; notaulus weakly to strongly impressed; pronotum unspecialized with epomia usually discernible and quite short; scutellum flat to moderately convex, without lateral carina; epicnemial and postpectal carinae complete; propodeum with carination usually complete, sometimes longitudinal carinae partially obsolescent; tarsal claws unspecialized, pectinate; mid tibia with two apical spurs; hind femur often with a ventral subapical tooth, often followed by auxiliary denticles; fore wing with areolet open (vein 3 rs-m absent); pterostigma stout, usually as broad or broader than 1
<superScript id="7C3F9B92FFF2AB7F7FBBFDA5FE61E902" attach="left" box="[388,399,618,632]" fontSize="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">st</superScript>
subdiscal cell; distal abscissa of M from virtually absent to complete to wing margin; abscissa of M between rs-m and 2m-cu usually as long to far longer than rs-m, rarely distinctly shorter; hind wing with distal abscissae of Rs, M, Cu1 and 1A usually absent, almost invariably without a trace of the distal abscissa of Cu1 basally so that Cu&amp;cu-a is not broken but smoothly curved; metasoma with tergites 1–2 usually aciculate and following ones coriaceous or granulate; first segment moderately stout, ventral margins of tergite 1 widely separated so that sternite 1 is exposed for its full length, glymma distinct in front of spiracle; tergite 2 slender to moderately stout, slightly depressed, with welldefined thyridium subcircular to elongate, close to anterior margin, at most separated from it by its own
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF2AB7F7E82FC4AFEDAE8E5" box="[189,308,901,927]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" rank="species" species="maximum">maximum</taxonomicName>
diameter; laterotergite membranous and folded up; ovipositor 0.8–3.2× as long as hind tibia, straight to slightly down-curved but sometimes evenly bi-curved, its apex usually weakly to strongly sinuous but sometimes straight.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536DAFFF2AB7F7ED5FBC2FEC4EF5D" blockId="27.[189,1399,1037,1204]" box="[234,298,1037,1063]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF2AB7F7ED5FBC2FEC4EF5D" bold="true" box="[234,298,1037,1063]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Male</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536DAFFF2AB7F7E82FBFFFDA3EFC9" blockId="27.[189,1399,1037,1204]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Ocelli usually strongly enlarged, inner margins of eyes sometimes distinctly more convergent, mesoscutum sometimes strongly smoother, area superomedia sometimes more slender, hind femur stouter and femoral tooth stronger, nearly always present; gonosquama apically rounded, without distal lobe. Otherwise similar to female.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536DAFFF2AB7F7E82FB14FE27EF8F" blockId="27.[189,457,1243,1269]" box="[189,457,1243,1269]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<heading id="D0BD81B6FFF2AB7F7E82FB14FE27EF8F" bold="true" box="[189,457,1243,1269]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF2AB7F7E82FB14FE27EF8F" bold="true" box="[189,457,1243,1269]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Differential diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536DAFFF2AB7F7E82FAC5FED6ED97" blockId="27.[189,1399,1289,1773]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF2AB7F7E82FAC5FEA2EE59" authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1836" box="[189,332,1290,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pristomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF2AB7F7E82FAC5FEA2EE59" box="[189,332,1290,1315]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Pristomerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually an easily identifiable ichneumonid genus, mostly defined by the presence of thyridia close to the anterior margin of tergite 2 and the separation of the ventral margins of tergite 1. Apart from a few exceptions, the apex of the ovipositor is also distinctly sinuous. This derived character is present in other ichneumonid and braconid subfamilies (
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF2AB7F7D40FABCFBCCEEF7" box="[895,1058,1395,1421]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tersilochinae">Tersilochinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF2AB7F7A10FABCFB5AEEF7" baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[1071,1204,1395,1421]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Doryctinae">Doryctinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF2AB7F7AFDFABCFAA1EEF4" box="[1218,1359,1395,1422]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Braconinae">Braconinae</taxonomicName>
…), and is probably an adaptation enabling the female to actively bend the ovipositor tip and thus to forage more efficiently within the host’s hideaway (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B2BFFF2AB7F7CD8FA76FC67EEAE" author="Quicke D. L. J." box="[743,905,1465,1492]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="971 - 977" refId="ref43005" refString="Quicke D. L. J. 1991. Ovipositor mechanics of the braconine wasp genus Zaglyptogastra and the ichneumonid genus Pristomerus. Journal of Natural History 25 (4): 971 - 977. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939100770631" type="journal article" year="1991">Quicke 1991</bibRefCitation>
). The only other cremastine genus with comparable features is the Neotropical
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF2AB7F7CBEFA12FC0CEE82" authority="Szepligeti, 1905" authorityName="Szepligeti" authorityYear="1905" box="[641,994,1501,1528]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Xiphosomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF2AB7F7CBEFA12FCCCEE8D" box="[641,802,1501,1527]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Xiphosomella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B2BFFF2AB7F7D17FA12FC0CEE82" author="Szepligeti G." box="[808,994,1501,1528]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref43401" refString="Szepligeti G. 1905. Hymenoptera. Ichneumonidae (Gruppe Ophionoidea), subfam. Pharsaliinae- Porizontinae. Genera Insectorum 34, V. Verteneuil et L. Desmet, Brussels." type="book" year="1905">Szépligeti,1905</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, in which the thyridia are distinctly removed from the anterior margin of tergite 2, and the ovipositor tip is rarely sinuous. Some extra-limital
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF2AB7F7E82F9ECFEB0ED47" authorityName="Szepligeti" authorityYear="1905" box="[189,350,1571,1597]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Xiphosomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF2AB7F7E82F9ECFEB0ED47" box="[189,350,1571,1597]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Xiphosomella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot, however, be unambiguously separated from
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF2AB7F7DDBF9EBFACCED47" authority="(Gauld 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Gauld" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[996,1314,1571,1597]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pristomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF2AB7F7DDBF9EBFB9DED47" box="[996,1139,1572,1597]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Pristomerus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B2BFFF2AB7F7AB9F9ECFAF4ED47" author="Gauld I. D." box="[1158,1306,1571,1597]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref42389" refString="Gauld I. D. 2000. The Ichneumonidae of Costa Rica, 3. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 63, American Entomological Institute, Gainesville." type="book" year="2000">Gauld 2000</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. When present, the femoral tooth is also a reliable feature, though many
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF2AB7F7D83F988FBA5ED1A" baseAuthorityName="Gauld" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[956,1099,1607,1632]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pristomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF2AB7F7D83F988FBA5ED1A" box="[956,1099,1607,1632]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Pristomerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females lack it. The only other cremastine genus in the Afrotropical region with a ventral tooth on the femur is the Malagasy genus
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF2AB7F7F34F942FE8EEDDD" authorityName="Rousse, Villemant &amp; Seyrig" authorityYear="2011" box="[267,352,1677,1703]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Fafana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF2AB7F7F34F942FE8EEDDD" box="[267,352,1677,1703]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fafana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: in the only known
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF2AB7F7C68F942FBBFEDDD" authority="Rousse, Villemant &amp; Seyrig, 2011" authorityName="Rousse, Villemant &amp; Seyrig" authorityYear="2011" box="[599,1105,1677,1703]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Fafana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF2AB7F7C68F942FD42EDDD" box="[599,684,1677,1703]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fafana</emphasis>
Rousse, Villemant &amp; Seyrig, 2011
</taxonomicName>
species, the sculpture is almost entirely smooth, the distal abscissa of Cu1 reaches the hind wing margin and the ovipositor tip is straight.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3506551FFF2AB787E82F8DAFEFDEAEE" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF536DAFFF2AB7F7E82F8DAFED1EC55" blockId="27.[189,319,1813,1839]" box="[189,319,1813,1839]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<heading id="D0BD81B6FFF2AB7F7E82F8DAFED1EC55" bold="true" box="[189,319,1813,1839]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF2AB7F7E82F8DAFED1EC55" bold="true" box="[189,319,1813,1839]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phylogeny</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536DAFFF2AB787E82F88BFEFDEAEE" blockId="27.[189,1399,1859,2026]" lastBlockId="28.[189,1398,267,404]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
No comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF2AB7F7D57F88CFC15EC27" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1869" box="[872,1019,1859,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cremastinae">Cremastinae</taxonomicName>
has been published. The generic identification of
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF2AB7F7F43F8A8FDE5ECFA" baseAuthorityName="Gauld" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[380,523,1895,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pristomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF2AB7F7F43F8A8FDE5ECFA" box="[380,523,1895,1920]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Pristomerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually easy, but not one of the diagnostic morphological features may be unambiguously considered as a synapomorphy. The presence of thyridia (absent in most other cremastine genera), is considered as a plesiomorphic feature within
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF2AB7F7D4EF862FB38ECB2" authority="(Gauld 1985)" baseAuthorityName="Gauld" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[881,1238,1965,1992]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Ichneumonidae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B2BFFF2AB7F7A06F862FB23ECB2" author="Gauld I. D." box="[1081,1229,1965,1992]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="61 - 185" refId="ref42318" refString="Gauld I. D. 1985. The phylogeny, classification and evolution of parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae (Ichneumonidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Series 51: 61 - 185." type="book chapter" year="1985">Gauld 1985</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The sinuous ovipositor tip and the femoral tooth cannot be considered as derived characters, because they are not restricted to
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF5AB787F6FFEC3FE31EA5F" baseAuthorityName="Gauld" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[336,479,268,293]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pristomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF5AB787F6FFEC3FE31EA5F" box="[336,479,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Pristomerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and are totally absent in some
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF5AB787D70FEC3FC30EA5F" baseAuthorityName="Gauld" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[847,990,268,293]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pristomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF5AB787D70FEC3FC30EA5F" box="[847,990,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Pristomerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females. It is therefore impossible to ascertain whether the genus is monophyletic or not. Hence,
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF5AB787D97FEFEFBD9EA30" baseAuthorityName="Gauld" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[936,1079,305,330]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pristomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF5AB787D97FEFEFBD9EA30" box="[936,1079,305,330]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Pristomerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is either a widespread and rather variable clade or part of a paraphyletic clade including
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF5AB787DBDFE9AFBCDEA15" authorityName="Szepligeti" authorityYear="1905" box="[898,1059,341,367]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Xiphosomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF5AB787DBDFE9AFBCDEA15" box="[898,1059,341,367]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Xiphosomella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other smaller cremastine genera.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3506551FFF5AB787E82FE73FDA9E99E" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BF536DAFFF5AB787E82FE73FD2AEAAD" blockId="28.[189,708,444,471]" box="[189,708,444,471]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<heading id="D0BD81B6FFF5AB787E82FE73FD2AEAAD" bold="true" box="[189,708,444,471]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF5AB787E82FE73FD2AEAAD" bold="true" box="[189,708,444,471]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Distribution, species richness and ecology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF536DAFFF5AB787E82FE22FDA9E99E" blockId="28.[189,1399,493,740]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
Including the three new synonyms and 31 descriptions in the present revision, the genus now comprises 140 species. This is a worldwide genus, most diversified in the tropics, which contain about two thirds of the currently known species. All known hosts are small lepidopterans (including several
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF5AB787AD8FDF9FAC5E92A" box="[1255,1323,566,592]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="species" species="major">major</taxonomicName>
pests) living in leaf rolls, tunnels, silk shelters or other concealed substrates. The biology of some widespread
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF5AB787E82FD4EFEA2E9E0" baseAuthorityName="Gauld" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[189,332,641,666]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pristomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF5AB787E82FD4EFEA2E9E0" box="[189,332,641,666]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Pristomerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
parasitizing agricultural pests has been documented: for example see
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B2BFFF5AB787A9BFD4FFEE5E9BA" author="Smith J. W. &amp; Johnson S. J." pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="131 - 135" refId="ref43356" refString="Smith J. W. &amp; Johnson S. J. 1986. Development of Pristomerus spinator (F.), Illidops terrestris Wharton and Chelonus (Microchelonus) elasmopalpi McComb. The Southwestern Entomologist 11 (3): 131 - 135." type="journal article" year="1986">Smith &amp; Johnson (1986)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B2BFFF5AB787F77FD6AFE32E9BA" author="Cave R. D." box="[328,476,677,704]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref42209" refString="Cave R. D. 1995. Manual para el Reconocimiento de Parasitoides de Plagas Agricolas en America Central. Zamorano Academic Press, Tegucigalpa." type="book" year="1995">Cave (1995)</bibRefCitation>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF5AB787C2FFD69FC87E9C5" authority="(Fabricius, 1804)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[528,873,677,703]" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pristomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinator">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF5AB787C2FFD69FD7FE9C5" box="[528,657,678,703]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">P. spinator</emphasis>
(Fabricius, 1804)
</taxonomicName>
, or
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B2BFFF5AB787DA7FD6AFB82E9C5" author="Rosenberg H. T." box="[920,1132,677,703]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="201 - 256" refId="ref43071" refString="Rosenberg H. T. 1934. The Biology and Distribution in France of the Larval Parasites of Cydia pomonella, L. Bulletin of Entomological Research 25 (2): 201 - 256. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300012657" type="journal article" year="1934">Rosenberg (1934)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFDB4B2BFFF5AB787A97FD6AFEE2E99E" author="Athanassov A. &amp; Charmillot P. J. &amp; Jeanneret P. &amp; Renard D." pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="99 - 106" refId="ref41900" refString="Athanassov A., Charmillot P. J., Jeanneret P. &amp; Renard D. 1997. Les parasitoides des larves et des chrysalides du carpocapse Cydia pomonella L. Revue Suisse de Viticulture, Arboriculture, Horticulture 29 (2): 99 - 106." type="journal article" year="1997">
Athanassov
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF5AB787B05FD69FA99E9C5" box="[1338,1399,677,703]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
(1997)
</bibRefCitation>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C4A4D59FFF5AB787F03FD05FDADE99E" authority="(Panzer)" baseAuthorityName="Panzer" box="[316,579,714,740]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Ichneumon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulnerator">
<emphasis id="B93EEAC8FFF5AB787F03FD05FE3BE99E" box="[316,469,714,740]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">P. vulnerator</emphasis>
(Panzer)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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