treatments-xml/data/03/CA/87/03CA87EF7014893CF99FFD894D366D03.xml

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<mods:title>An annotated catalogue and bibliography of the taxonomy, synonymy and distribution of the Recent Vetigastropoda of South Africa (Mollusca)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Herbert, David G.</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph blockId="54.[151,1437,573,1035]" box="[151,453,573,598]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,453,573,598]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName box="[151,331,573,598]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="antoni">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,331,573,598]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Oxystele antoni</emphasis>
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nom. nov.
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(
<figureCitation box="[158,253,609,634]" captionStart="FIGURE 7. A" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[252,1324,200,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[245,1336,193,1753]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 7. A, Trochus indecorus Philippi, 1846, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1848 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 24, fig. 5), diameter 12 linien [= 26 mm]. B – D, Trochus sagittiferus Lamarck, 1822, holotype diameter 22 mm (MHNG, INVE 51508). E, F, Oxystele fulgurata, Saco Mar, Namibe, Angola, height 16.4 mm (images courtesy of P. Ryall). G, H, Oxystele fulgurata, Cabo de Santa Maria, Benguela, Angola, height 23 mm (images courtesy of P. Ryall). I, Trochus fulguratus Philippi, 1849, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1849 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 39, fig. 10), diameter 8.5 linien [= 18.5 mm]. J, Trochus perdix Koch, 1851, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1848 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 24, fig. 17, without legend), diameter 5.5 linien [= 12 mm]. K – M, Trochus variegatus Anton, 1838, lectotype, diameter 12.5 mm (MTD 504), (images courtesy of K. Schniebs). [Images not to scale.]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245374/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
Figure 
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</figureCitation>
K–M)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="54.[151,1437,573,1035]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName box="[151,431,645,667]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus" subGenus="Turbo">
<emphasis box="[151,232,645,667]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Trochus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis box="[248,308,645,667]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Turbo</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis box="[324,431,646,667]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">variegatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis box="[448,486,646,667]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">non</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Gmelin" box="[494,638,645,667]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Caroli a Linne, Systema Naturae. Vol. 1. Part 6. 13 th Edition. Georg Emanuel Beer, Lipsiae, Vermes, pp. 3021 - 3910." type="journal article" year="1791">
Gmelin, 
<number box="[584,638,645,667]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1791.0">1791</number>
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<number box="[649,700,645,667]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="3575.0">3575</number>
= 
<taxonomicName box="[722,812,645,667]" class="Gastropoda" family="Architectonicidae" genus="Heliacus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[722,812,645,667]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Heliacus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<bibRefCitation author="Anton" box="[828,960,645,667]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Anton, H. E. (1838) Verzeichniss der Conchylien welche sich in der Sammlung von Hermann Eduard Anton befinden. Eduard Anton, Halle, xvi + 110 pp." type="book" year="1838">
Anton, 
<number box="[906,960,645,667]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1838.0">1838</number>
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<number box="[972,1000,645,667]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="57.0">57</number>
, no. 
<number box="[1051,1105,645,667]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="2072.0">2072</number>
. 
<typeStatus box="[1115,1165,646,667]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Type</typeStatus>
loc.: not originally given; four 
<typeStatus box="[248,337,677,698]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">syntypes</typeStatus>
in 
<collectionCode box="[370,426,677,698]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4j3t-w40g" name="Museum of Zoology Senckenberg Dresden" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">MTD</collectionCode>
(
<number box="[440,480,676,698]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="504.0">504</number>
) from ‘Kap der Guten Hoffnung’ [Cape of Good Hope] (
<bibRefCitation author="Schniebs" box="[1063,1218,676,698]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Schniebs, K. (1996) Die Typen und Typoide der Molluskensammlung des Staatlichen Museums fur Tierkunde Dresden (I). Die Typen der von ANTON (1838) beschriebenen rezenten Mollusken: 2. Trochidae, Turbinidae, Stomatellidae. Malakologische Abhandlungen, 18, 69 - 74." type="journal article" year="1996">
Schniebs 
<number box="[1163,1218,676,698]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1996.0">1996</number>
</bibRefCitation>
). On the premise that Anton’s 
<typeStatus box="[287,331,707,728]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">type</typeStatus>
material was lost, 
<bibRefCitation author="Heller" box="[528,796,706,728]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Heller, J. &amp; Dempster, Y. (1991) Detection of two coexisting species of Oxystele (Gastropoda: Trochidae) by morphological and electrophoretic analyses. Journal of Zoology, London, 223, 395 - 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1991. tb 04773. x" type="journal article" year="1991">
Heller &amp; Dempster (
<number box="[741,796,706,728]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1991.0">1991</number>
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<number box="[807,847,706,728]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="403.0">403</number>
, pl. 
<quantity box="[893,928,706,728]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
, n) designated a 
<typeStatus box="[1104,1184,707,728]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">neotype</typeStatus>
for this species (
<collectionCode box="[1362,1435,706,728]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/94p5-pepz" name="Iziko Museums of Cape Town" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">SAMC</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber box="[199,285,737,759]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/A37549" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
A 
<number box="[218,285,737,759]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="37549.0">37549</number>
</accessionNumber>
). Anton’s collection, however, is not lost and it contains the 
<typeStatus box="[929,1018,738,759]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">syntypes</typeStatus>
mentioned above. 
<collectingCountry box="[1219,1247,738,759]" name="American Samoa" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">As</collectingCountry>
a result Heller &amp; Dempster’s 
<typeStatus box="[321,401,769,790]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">neotype</typeStatus>
designation must be set aside.
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName box="[151,455,798,821]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus" subGenus="Oxystele">
<emphasis box="[151,232,798,820]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Trochus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis box="[246,333,798,820]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Oxystele</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis box="[348,455,800,821]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">variegatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
— 
<treatmentCitation author="Krauss" box="[482,655,798,820]" page="96" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" year="1848">
<bibRefCitation author="Krauss" box="[482,617,798,820]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Krauss, F. (1848) Die sudafrikanischen Mollusken. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss des Kap- und Natallandes und zur geographischen Verbreitung derselben, mit Beschreibung und Abbildung der neuen Arten. Ebner &amp; Seubert, Stuttgart, ii + 140 pp., 6 pls." type="book" year="1848">
Krauss, 
<number box="[563,617,798,820]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1848.0">1848</number>
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<number box="[627,655,798,820]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="96.0">96</number>
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="54.[151,1437,573,1035]" box="[151,1050,829,851]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[151,1050,829,851]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName box="[151,378,829,851]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Monodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sagittifera">
<emphasis box="[151,378,829,851]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Monodonta sagittifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis box="[393,431,830,851]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">non</emphasis>
Lamarck, 
<number box="[539,589,829,851]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1822.0">1822</number>
)— 
<bibRefCitation author="Pilsbry" box="[623,757,829,851]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Pilsbry, H. A. (1889 - 1890) Trochidae. In: Tryon, G. W. (Ed.), Manual of Conchology, Series 1, 11, pp. 1 - 519, pls. 1 - 67. [Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, pp. 1 - 208, pls. 1 - 50, 1889; pp. 209 - 519, pls. 51 - 67, 1890.]" type="journal article" year="1889">
Pilsbry, 
<quantity box="[706,757,829,851]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.79806" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" unit="in" value="1889.0">1889</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
in 
<date box="[790,907,829,851]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1889" valueMax="1890">
<number box="[790,907,829,851]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1889.5" valueMax="1890.0" valueMin="1889.0">
<bibRefCitation author="Pilsbry" box="[790,842,829,851]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Pilsbry, H. A. (1889 - 1890) Trochidae. In: Tryon, G. W. (Ed.), Manual of Conchology, Series 1, 11, pp. 1 - 519, pls. 1 - 67. [Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, pp. 1 - 208, pls. 1 - 50, 1889; pp. 209 - 519, pls. 51 - 67, 1890.]" type="journal article" year="1889">1889</bibRefCitation>
– 
<treatmentCitation author="Pilsbry" box="[855,907,829,851]" page="114" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" year="1890">
<bibRefCitation author="Pilsbry" box="[855,907,829,851]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Pilsbry, H. A. (1890 - 1891) Stomatellidae, Scissurellidae, Pleurotomariidae, Haliotidae, Scutellinidae, Addisoniidae, Cocculinidae, Fissurellidae. In: Tryon, G. W. (Ed.), Manual of Conchology, Series 1, 12, pp. 1 - 323, pls. 1 - 64. [Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, pp. 1 - 192, pls. 1 - 45, 1890; pp. 193 - 323, pls. 46 - 64, 1891.]" type="journal article" year="1890">1890</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
</number>
</date>
: 
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(in part).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="54.[151,1437,573,1035]" box="[151,643,860,882]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[151,643,860,882]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName box="[151,345,860,882]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis box="[151,345,860,882]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Trochus variegatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
— 
<treatmentCitation author="Martens" box="[371,555,860,882]" page="57" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" year="1904">
<bibRefCitation author="Martens" box="[371,520,860,882]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Martens, E. von (1904) [dated 1903]. Die beschalten Gastropoden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898 - 1899. A." type="journal article" year="1904">
Martens, 
<number box="[466,520,860,882]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1904.0">1904</number>
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<number box="[530,555,860,882]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="57.0">57</number>
</treatmentCitation>
note 
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.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="54.[151,1437,573,1035]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName box="[151,340,890,912]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegata">
<emphasis box="[151,340,890,912]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Oxystele variegata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in part, includes 
<taxonomicName authority="Menke, 1843" authorityName="Menke" authorityYear="1843" box="[522,794,890,912]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="impervia">
<emphasis box="[522,642,891,912]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<collectingCountry box="[522,543,891,912]" name="Iceland" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">O</collectingCountry>
. impervia
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Menke" box="[655,787,890,912]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Menke, K. T. (1843) Molluscorum novae Hollandiae specimen. Libraria aulica Hahniana, Hannover, 46 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13314" type="book" year="1843">
Menke, 
<number box="[738,787,890,912]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1843.0">1843</number>
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
— 
<treatmentCitation author="Barnard" box="[821,1032,890,912]" page="268" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" year="1963">
<bibRefCitation author="Barnard" box="[821,982,890,912]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Barnard, K. H. (1963 a) Contributions to the knowledge of South African marine Mollusca. Part IV. Gastropoda: Prosobranchiata: Rhipidoglossa, Docoglossa. Tectibranchiata. Polyplacophora. Solenogastres. Scaphopoda. Annals of the South African Museum, 47, 201 - 360." type="journal article" year="1963" yearSuffix="a">
Barnard, 
<number box="[916,970,890,912]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1963.0">1963</number>
a
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<number box="[991,1032,890,912]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="268.0">268</number>
</treatmentCitation>
. 
<treatmentCitation author="Day" box="[1041,1198,890,912]" page="160" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" year="1969">
<bibRefCitation author="Day" box="[1041,1147,890,912]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Day, J. H. (1969) A Guide to Marine Life on South African Shores. Balkema, Cape Town, 300 pp." type="book" year="1969">
Day, 
<number box="[1093,1147,890,912]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1969.0">1969</number>
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<number box="[1157,1198,890,912]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="160.0">160</number>
</treatmentCitation>
. Kensley, 
<number box="[1300,1354,890,912]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1973.0">1973</number>
: 
<number box="[1364,1392,890,912]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="40.0">40</number>
, fig. 
<number box="[199,227,921,943]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="93.0">93</number>
. 
<treatmentCitation author="Richards" box="[237,430,921,943]" page="36" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" year="1981">
<bibRefCitation author="Richards" box="[237,393,921,943]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Richards, D. (1981) South African Shells - a Collector's Guide. Struik, Cape Town, 98 pp., 60 pls." type="book" year="1981">
Richards, 
<number box="[339,393,921,943]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1981.0">1981</number>
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<number box="[403,430,921,943]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="36.0">36</number>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 
<number box="[474,489,921,943]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="9.0">9</number>
, fig. 
<number box="[540,568,921,943]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="67.0">67</number>
. 
<treatmentCitation author="Kilburn" box="[578,865,921,943]" page="42" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" year="1982">
<bibRefCitation author="Kilburn" box="[578,828,921,943]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Kilburn, R. N. &amp; Rippey, E. (1982) Sea Shells of Southern Africa. Macmillan, Johannesburg, 249 pp., 46 pls." type="book" year="1982">
Kilburn &amp; Rippey, 
<number box="[773,828,921,943]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1982.0">1982</number>
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<number box="[837,865,921,943]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="42.0">42</number>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 
<number box="[907,921,921,943]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="9.0">9</number>
, fig. 
<number box="[973,988,921,943]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="4.0">4</number>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="54.[151,1437,573,1035]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<treatmentCitationGroup pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName box="[151,342,952,974]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegata">
<emphasis box="[151,342,952,974]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Oxystele variegata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
— 
<treatmentCitation author="Heller" box="[368,681,952,974]" page="403" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" year="1991">
<bibRefCitation author="Heller" box="[368,630,952,974]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Heller, J. &amp; Dempster, Y. (1991) Detection of two coexisting species of Oxystele (Gastropoda: Trochidae) by morphological and electrophoretic analyses. Journal of Zoology, London, 223, 395 - 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1991. tb 04773. x" type="journal article" year="1991">
Heller &amp; Dempster, 
<number box="[576,630,952,974]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1991.0">1991</number>
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<number box="[641,681,952,974]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="403.0">403</number>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 
<quantity box="[726,757,952,974]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" unit="m" value="1.0">1m</quantity>
–x, pl. 
<number box="[830,844,952,974]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="2.0">2</number>
d. 
<treatmentCitation author="Branch" box="[869,1120,952,974]" page="176" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation author="Branch" box="[869,1070,952,974]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Branch, G. M., Griffiths, C. L., Branch, M. L. &amp; Beckley, L. E. (2010) Two Oceans. A Guide to the Marine Life of Southern Africa. Revised Edition. David Philip, Cape Town, 456 pp." type="book" year="2010">
Branch 
<emphasis box="[950,995,952,974]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">et al</emphasis>
., 
<number box="[1015,1070,952,974]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="2010.0">2010</number>
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<number box="[1080,1120,952,974]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="176.0">176</number>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 77.3. Van der Bank 
<emphasis box="[1378,1424,952,974]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">et al</emphasis>
., 
<number box="[199,253,982,1004]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="2013.0">2013</number>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="54.[151,1437,573,1035]" box="[151,871,1013,1035]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<treatmentCitationGroup box="[151,871,1013,1035]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName box="[151,330,1013,1035]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Diloma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegata">
<emphasis box="[151,330,1013,1035]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Diloma variegata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Steyn &amp; Lussi, 
<number box="[512,566,1013,1035]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1998.0">1998</number>
: 
<number box="[576,604,1013,1035]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="24.0">24</number>
, fig. 
<number box="[655,683,1013,1035]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="76.0">76</number>
. 
<treatmentCitation author="Marais" box="[693,867,1013,1035]" page="61" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation author="Marais" box="[693,829,1013,1035]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Marais, A. (2011) Field Guide to South African Seashells: Cape Region. Centre for Molluscan Studies, Groenkloof, 104 pp." type="book" year="2011">
Marais, 
<number box="[776,829,1013,1035]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="2011.0">2011</number>
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<number box="[839,867,1013,1035]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="61.0">61</number>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="54.[151,1436,1079,2005]" box="[151,1164,1079,1104]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,304,1079,1104]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Distribution.</emphasis>
Northern Transkei (Mbotyi) to northern 
<collectingCountry box="[762,858,1079,1104]" name="Namibia" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Namibia</collectingCountry>
(Kunene River); intertidal.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="54.[151,1436,1079,2005]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,273,1116,1141]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Notes.</emphasis>
This and the following species were for many years considered to belong to a single variable species under the name 
<taxonomicName box="[334,546,1151,1176]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegata">
<emphasis box="[334,546,1151,1176]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Oxystele variegata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Barnard" box="[612,782,1151,1176]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Barnard, K. H. (1963 a) Contributions to the knowledge of South African marine Mollusca. Part IV. Gastropoda: Prosobranchiata: Rhipidoglossa, Docoglossa. Tectibranchiata. Polyplacophora. Solenogastres. Scaphopoda. Annals of the South African Museum, 47, 201 - 360." type="journal article" year="1963" yearSuffix="a">
Barnard 
<number box="[710,769,1151,1176]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1963.0">1963</number>
a
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Kilburn" box="[794,1069,1151,1176]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Kilburn, R. N. &amp; Rippey, E. (1982) Sea Shells of Southern Africa. Macmillan, Johannesburg, 249 pp., 46 pls." type="book" year="1982">
Kilburn &amp; Rippey 
<number box="[1009,1069,1152,1176]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1982.0">1982</number>
</bibRefCitation>
). However, based on analysis of electrophoretic data, 
<bibRefCitation author="Heller" box="[388,687,1188,1213]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Heller, J. &amp; Dempster, Y. (1991) Detection of two coexisting species of Oxystele (Gastropoda: Trochidae) by morphological and electrophoretic analyses. Journal of Zoology, London, 223, 395 - 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1991. tb 04773. x" type="journal article" year="1991">
Heller &amp; Dempster (
<number box="[621,679,1188,1212]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1991.0">1991</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
postulated that two species were involved, 
<taxonomicName box="[1181,1324,1189,1212]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegata">
<emphasis box="[1181,1324,1189,1212]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<collectingCountry box="[1181,1204,1189,1212]" name="Iceland" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">O</collectingCountry>
. variegata
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
itself and 
<taxonomicName box="[151,289,1224,1248]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="impervia">
<emphasis box="[151,289,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<collectingCountry box="[151,174,1224,1247]" name="Iceland" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">O</collectingCountry>
. impervia
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and they provided an indication regarding how these can be distinguished on the basis of shell coloration. More recently, Van der Bank 
<emphasis box="[613,663,1260,1285]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">et al</emphasis>
. (
<number box="[687,748,1260,1284]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="2013.0">2013</number>
), using mitochondrial 
<collectionCode LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15536" box="[1002,1063,1260,1284]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15536" name="Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">DNA</collectionCode>
sequence data, found supporting evidence for two lineages within the ‘ 
<emphasis box="[585,842,1296,1320]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName box="[585,721,1296,1320]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="impervia">
<collectingCountry box="[585,608,1296,1319]" name="Iceland" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">O</collectingCountry>
. impervia
</taxonomicName>
– 
<taxonomicName box="[736,842,1297,1320]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegata">variegata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
complex’, but noted inconsistencies in terms of the colour patterns supposedly distinctive of the species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="54.[151,1436,1079,2005]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
From a nomenclatural perspective, 
<taxonomicName authority="Anton, 1838" authorityName="Anton" authorityYear="1838" box="[600,965,1367,1392]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis box="[600,815,1367,1392]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Trochus variegatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Anton" box="[824,965,1368,1392]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Anton, H. E. (1838) Verzeichniss der Conchylien welche sich in der Sammlung von Hermann Eduard Anton befinden. Eduard Anton, Halle, xvi + 110 pp." type="book" year="1838">
Anton, 
<number box="[909,965,1368,1392]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1838.0">1838</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is regrettably a junior primary homonym of 
<taxonomicName authority="Gmelin, 1791" authorityName="Gmelin" authorityYear="1791" box="[192,604,1404,1429]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis box="[192,418,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Trochus variegatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Gmelin" box="[436,604,1404,1429]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Caroli a Linne, Systema Naturae. Vol. 1. Part 6. 13 th Edition. Georg Emanuel Beer, Lipsiae, Vermes, pp. 3021 - 3910." type="journal article" year="1791">
Gmelin, 
<number box="[546,604,1404,1428]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1791.0">1791</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, a well-known species now referred to 
<taxonomicName authority="d'Orbigny, 1842" authorityName="d'Orbigny" authorityYear="1842" box="[1122,1436,1404,1429]" class="Gastropoda" family="Architectonicidae" genus="Heliacus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1122,1222,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Heliacus</emphasis>
d’Orbigny, 
<number box="[1380,1436,1404,1428]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1842.0">1842</number>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName box="[158,361,1439,1464]" class="Gastropoda" family="Architectonicidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="family">Architectonicidae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation author="Bieler" box="[385,523,1439,1464]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Bieler, R. (1993) Architectonicidae of the Indo-Pacific (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, 30, 1 - 377." type="journal article" year="1993">
Bieler 
<number box="[464,523,1440,1464]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1993.0">1993</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Bieler" box="[537,767,1439,1464]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Bieler, R. &amp; Petit, R. E. (2005) Catalogue of Recent and fossil taxa of the family Architectonicidae Gray, 1850 (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa, 1101, 1 - 119." type="journal article" year="2005">
Bieler &amp; Petit 
<number box="[706,767,1439,1464]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="2005.0">2005</number>
</bibRefCitation>
). Given the uncertainty surrounding species recognition in the ‘ 
<emphasis box="[202,528,1476,1501]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName box="[202,407,1476,1501]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="impervia">Oxystele impervia</taxonomicName>
– 
<taxonomicName box="[422,528,1477,1500]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegata">variegata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
complex’ a major consideration in establishing the correct name to use in place of Anton’s 
<taxonomicName box="[288,406,1513,1536]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis box="[288,406,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">variegatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be the certainty with which the name can be applied to the material currently considered to represent the species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="54.[151,1436,1079,2005]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
The name 
<taxonomicName authority="Philippi, 1846" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1846" box="[316,687,1583,1608]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="indecorus">
<emphasis box="[316,522,1583,1608]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Trochus indecorus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Philippi" box="[529,687,1583,1608]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1846) Diagnoses testaceorum quorundam novorum. Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie, 1846, 97 - 106." type="journal article" year="1846">
Philippi, 
<number box="[631,687,1583,1608]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1846.0">1846</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has been considered a junior synonym of Anton’s 
<taxonomicName box="[1252,1370,1585,1608]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis box="[1252,1370,1585,1608]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">variegatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(G.B. Sowerby (III) 
<number box="[312,371,1620,1644]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1892.0">1892</number>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Barnard" box="[383,552,1620,1645]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Barnard, K. H. (1963 a) Contributions to the knowledge of South African marine Mollusca. Part IV. Gastropoda: Prosobranchiata: Rhipidoglossa, Docoglossa. Tectibranchiata. Polyplacophora. Solenogastres. Scaphopoda. Annals of the South African Museum, 47, 201 - 360." type="journal article" year="1963" yearSuffix="a">
Barnard 
<number box="[480,539,1620,1645]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1963.0">1963</number>
a
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Heller" box="[564,846,1620,1645]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Heller, J. &amp; Dempster, Y. (1991) Detection of two coexisting species of Oxystele (Gastropoda: Trochidae) by morphological and electrophoretic analyses. Journal of Zoology, London, 223, 395 - 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1991. tb 04773. x" type="journal article" year="1991">
Heller &amp; Dempster 
<number box="[787,846,1620,1644]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1991.0">1991</number>
</bibRefCitation>
), but Philippi’s figure of 
<taxonomicName box="[1129,1267,1620,1645]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="indecorus">
<emphasis box="[1129,1267,1620,1645]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">T. indecorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Philippi" box="[1282,1436,1620,1645]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1848). Testaceorum novorum centuria. Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie, 5 (February 1848), 17 - 27." type="journal article" year="1848">
Philippi 
<quantity box="[1380,1436,1620,1644]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.69392" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" unit="in" value="1848.0">1848</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
in 
<date box="[181,311,1655,1680]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1846" valueMax="1855">
<number box="[181,311,1655,1680]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1850.5" valueMax="1855.0" valueMin="1846.0">
<bibRefCitation author="Philippi" box="[181,239,1655,1680]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1846) Diagnoses testaceorum quorundam novorum. Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie, 1846, 97 - 106." type="journal article" year="1846">1846</bibRefCitation>
–1855
</number>
</date>
: pl. 
<number box="[360,391,1656,1680]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="24.0">24</number>
, fig. 
<number box="[449,464,1655,1680]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="5.0">5</number>
), reproduced herein (
<figureCitation box="[709,799,1655,1680]" captionStart="FIGURE 7. A" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[252,1324,200,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[245,1336,193,1753]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 7. A, Trochus indecorus Philippi, 1846, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1848 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 24, fig. 5), diameter 12 linien [= 26 mm]. B – D, Trochus sagittiferus Lamarck, 1822, holotype diameter 22 mm (MHNG, INVE 51508). E, F, Oxystele fulgurata, Saco Mar, Namibe, Angola, height 16.4 mm (images courtesy of P. Ryall). G, H, Oxystele fulgurata, Cabo de Santa Maria, Benguela, Angola, height 23 mm (images courtesy of P. Ryall). I, Trochus fulguratus Philippi, 1849, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1849 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 39, fig. 10), diameter 8.5 linien [= 18.5 mm]. J, Trochus perdix Koch, 1851, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1848 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 24, fig. 17, without legend), diameter 5.5 linien [= 12 mm]. K – M, Trochus variegatus Anton, 1838, lectotype, diameter 12.5 mm (MTD 504), (images courtesy of K. Schniebs). [Images not to scale.]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245374/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
Fig. 
<number box="[762,776,1656,1680]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="7.0">7</number>
A
</figureCitation>
), shows a species with a convex columella and a colour pattern unlike that of 
<taxonomicName authority="Anton, 1838" authorityName="Anton" authorityYear="1838" box="[399,700,1692,1716]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis box="[399,546,1693,1716]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">T. variegatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Anton" box="[556,700,1692,1716]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Anton, H. E. (1838) Verzeichniss der Conchylien welche sich in der Sammlung von Hermann Eduard Anton befinden. Eduard Anton, Halle, xvi + 110 pp." type="book" year="1838">
Anton, 
<number box="[641,700,1692,1716]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1838.0">1838</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. In reality it is closer to the species currently known as 
<taxonomicName authority="Koch, 1845" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1845" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Phorcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sauciatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Phorcus sauciatus</emphasis>
(Koch, 
<number box="[348,405,1727,1752]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1845.0">1845</number>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Avila" box="[428,621,1727,1752]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Avila, S. P., Madeira P., Rebelo, A. C., Melo, C., Hipolito, A., Botelho, A. Z. &amp; Cordeiro, R. (2015) Phorcus sauciatus (Koch, 1845) (Gastropoda: Trochidae) in Santa Maria, Azores archipelago: the onset of a biological invasion. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 81 (4), 516 - 521. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / mollus / eyv 012" type="journal article" year="2015">
Ávila 
<emphasis box="[499,548,1727,1752]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">et al</emphasis>
. 
<number box="[562,621,1727,1752]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="2015.0">2015</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Gofas" box="[632,767,1727,1752]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Gofas, S. (2015) Phorcus sauciatus (Koch, 1845). In: MolluscaBase (2015) Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails &amp; id = 689178 (Accessed 24 Jul. 2015)" type="book chapter" year="2015">
Gofas 
<number box="[706,767,1727,1752]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="2015.0">2015</number>
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName box="[786,923,1727,1752]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="indecorus">
<emphasis box="[786,923,1727,1752]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">T. indecorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described without locality, but Philippi later stated that it belonged to a group of species occurring only in 
<collectingCountry box="[993,1137,1764,1789]" name="South Africa" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Philippi" box="[1151,1350,1764,1789]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1847) Versuch einer systematischen Eintheilung des Geschlechtes Trochus. Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie, 1847, 17 - 24." type="journal article" year="1847">
Philippi 
<number box="[1249,1309,1764,1788]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1847.0">1847</number>
: 
<number box="[1319,1350,1764,1788]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="18.0">18</number>
</bibRefCitation>
). This I consider was erroneous and I do not believe that this name can be considered a junior synonym of Anton’s 
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">T. variegatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Like 
<bibRefCitation author="Pilsbry" box="[348,502,1836,1861]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Pilsbry, H. A. (1889 - 1890) Trochidae. In: Tryon, G. W. (Ed.), Manual of Conchology, Series 1, 11, pp. 1 - 519, pls. 1 - 67. [Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, pp. 1 - 208, pls. 1 - 50, 1889; pp. 209 - 519, pls. 51 - 67, 1890.]" type="journal article" year="1889">
Pilsbry (
<quantity box="[445,502,1836,1860]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.79806" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" unit="in" value="1889.0">1889</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
in 
<date box="[545,672,1836,1860]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1889" valueMax="1890">
<number box="[545,672,1836,1860]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1889.5" valueMax="1890.0" valueMin="1889.0">
<bibRefCitation author="Pilsbry" box="[545,601,1836,1860]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Pilsbry, H. A. (1889 - 1890) Trochidae. In: Tryon, G. W. (Ed.), Manual of Conchology, Series 1, 11, pp. 1 - 519, pls. 1 - 67. [Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, pp. 1 - 208, pls. 1 - 50, 1889; pp. 209 - 519, pls. 51 - 67, 1890.]" type="journal article" year="1889">1889</bibRefCitation>
– 
<bibRefCitation author="Pilsbry" box="[616,672,1836,1860]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Pilsbry, H. A. (1890 - 1891) Stomatellidae, Scissurellidae, Pleurotomariidae, Haliotidae, Scutellinidae, Addisoniidae, Cocculinidae, Fissurellidae. In: Tryon, G. W. (Ed.), Manual of Conchology, Series 1, 12, pp. 1 - 323, pls. 1 - 64. [Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, pp. 1 - 192, pls. 1 - 45, 1890; pp. 193 - 323, pls. 46 - 64, 1891.]" type="journal article" year="1890">1890</bibRefCitation>
</number>
</date>
) I believe 
<taxonomicName box="[801,942,1836,1861]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="indecorus">
<emphasis box="[801,942,1836,1861]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">T. indecorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be a synonym of 
<taxonomicName box="[1190,1327,1837,1860]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Phorcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sauciatus">
<emphasis box="[1190,1327,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">P. sauciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the subtropical north-eastern Atlantic and Macaronesia. Mention of 
<taxonomicName box="[869,1006,1871,1896]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="indecorus">
<emphasis box="[869,1006,1871,1896]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">T. indecorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry box="[1042,1186,1871,1896]" name="South Africa" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">South Africa</collectingCountry>
by 
<bibRefCitation author="Krauss" box="[1227,1385,1872,1896]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" refString="Krauss, F. (1848) Die sudafrikanischen Mollusken. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss des Kap- und Natallandes und zur geographischen Verbreitung derselben, mit Beschreibung und Abbildung der neuen Arten. Ebner &amp; Seubert, Stuttgart, ii + 140 pp., 6 pls." type="book" year="1848">
Krauss (
<number box="[1319,1377,1872,1896]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1848.0">1848</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
was merely a repetition of Philippi’s earlier record. Philippi himself stated ‘Diese Art ist vielleicht nichts weiter als eine Varietät von 
<taxonomicName authority="Koch" authorityName="Koch" box="[299,513,1943,1968]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Phorcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sauciatus">
<emphasis box="[299,443,1945,1968]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<collectingCountry box="[299,325,1945,1968]" name="Chile" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Tr</collectingCountry>
. sauciatus
</emphasis>
Koch
</taxonomicName>
…’ [This species is perhaps nothing more than a variety of 
<taxonomicName authority="Koch" authorityName="Koch" box="[1212,1430,1943,1968]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Phorcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sauciatus">
<emphasis box="[1212,1357,1945,1968]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
<collectingCountry box="[1212,1238,1945,1968]" name="Chile" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Tr</collectingCountry>
. sauciatus
</emphasis>
Koch
</taxonomicName>
] (Philippi, 
<quantity box="[263,348,1980,2005]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.70154" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" unit="in" value="1851.0">1851 in</quantity>
<date box="[355,485,1980,2005]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1846" valueMax="1855">
<number box="[355,485,1980,2005]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1850.5" valueMax="1855.0" valueMin="1846.0">1846–1855</number>
</date>
: 
<number box="[495,541,1980,2004]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="143.0">143</number>
).
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245374/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" targetBox="[252,1324,200,1737]" targetPageId="55">
<paragraph blockId="55.[151,1437,1784,2020]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,306,1784,1806]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">FIGURE 7. A,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Philippi, 1846" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1846" box="[312,652,1784,1806]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="indecorus">
<taxonomicName authority="Philippi" authorityName="Philippi" box="[312,589,1784,1806]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="indecorus">
<taxonomicName box="[312,500,1784,1806]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="indecorus">
<emphasis box="[312,500,1784,1806]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName box="[312,393,1784,1806]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Trochus</taxonomicName>
indecorus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Philippi
</taxonomicName>
, 1846
</taxonomicName>
, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1848 in 1846–1855: pl. 24, fig. 5), diameter 12 linien [=26 mm]. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[459,513,1815,1836]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">B–D,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Lamarck, 1822" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1822" box="[520,884,1814,1836]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sagittiferus">
<taxonomicName authority="Lamarck" authorityName="Lamarck" box="[520,820,1814,1836]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sagittiferus">
<taxonomicName box="[520,721,1814,1836]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sagittiferus">
<emphasis box="[520,721,1814,1836]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName box="[520,601,1814,1836]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Trochus</taxonomicName>
sagittiferus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lamarck
</taxonomicName>
, 1822
</taxonomicName>
, holotype diameter 22 mm (MHNG, INVE 51508). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">E, F,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Saco" authorityName="Saco" box="[179,433,1845,1867]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fulgurata">
<taxonomicName box="[179,369,1845,1867]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fulgurata">
<emphasis box="[179,369,1845,1867]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName box="[179,266,1845,1867]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Oxystele</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName authority="Saco" authorityName="Saco" box="[275,369,1845,1867]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" rank="species" species="fulgurata">fulgurata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Saco
</taxonomicName>
Mar, Namibe, Angola, height 16.4 mm (images courtesy of P. Ryall). 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1173,1228,1845,1867]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">G, H,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName box="[1239,1429,1845,1867]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fulgurata">
<emphasis box="[1239,1429,1845,1867]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName box="[1239,1326,1845,1867]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Oxystele</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName box="[1335,1429,1845,1867]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" rank="species" species="fulgurata">fulgurata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Cabo de Santa Maria, Benguela, Angola, height 23 mm (images courtesy of P. Ryall). 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1057,1073,1876,1897]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">I,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Philippi, 1849" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1849" box="[1082,1432,1876,1898]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fulguratus">
<taxonomicName authority="Philippi" authorityName="Philippi" box="[1082,1367,1876,1898]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fulguratus">
<taxonomicName box="[1082,1275,1876,1898]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fulguratus">
<emphasis box="[1082,1275,1876,1898]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName box="[1082,1163,1876,1898]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Trochus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName authority="Philippi" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1849" box="[1171,1275,1876,1898]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" rank="species" species="fulguratus">fulguratus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Philippi
</taxonomicName>
, 1849
</taxonomicName>
, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1849 in 1846–1855: pl. 39, fig. 10), diameter 8.5 linien [=18.5 mm]. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1261,1280,1907,1928]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">J,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Koch, 1851" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1851" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="perdix">
<taxonomicName authority="Koch" authorityName="Koch" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="perdix">
<taxonomicName box="[1286,1436,1906,1928]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="perdix">
<emphasis box="[1286,1436,1906,1928]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName box="[1286,1367,1906,1928]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Trochus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName authority="Koch" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1851" box="[1372,1436,1906,1928]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" rank="species" species="perdix">perdix</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Koch
</taxonomicName>
, 1851
</taxonomicName>
, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1848 in 1846–1855: pl. 24, fig. 17, without legend), diameter 5.5 linien [=12 mm]. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[265,328,1968,1989]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">K–M,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Anton, 1838" authorityName="Anton" authorityYear="1838" box="[333,661,1968,1990]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<taxonomicName authority="Anton" authorityName="Anton" box="[333,598,1968,1990]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<taxonomicName box="[333,527,1968,1990]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis box="[333,527,1968,1990]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName box="[333,414,1968,1990]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Trochus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName authority="Anton" authorityName="Anton" authorityYear="1838" box="[420,527,1969,1990]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" rank="species" species="variegatus">variegatus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Anton
</taxonomicName>
, 1838
</taxonomicName>
, lectotype, diameter 12.5 mm (MTD 504), (images courtesy of K. Schniebs). [Images not to scale.]
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="56.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
However, like 
<bibRefCitation author="Martens" box="[372,550,152,176]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Martens, E. von (1904) [dated 1903]. Die beschalten Gastropoden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898 - 1899. A." type="journal article" year="1904">
Martens (
<number box="[483,541,152,176]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1904.0">1904</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Heller" box="[613,925,151,176]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Heller, J. &amp; Dempster, Y. (1991) Detection of two coexisting species of Oxystele (Gastropoda: Trochidae) by morphological and electrophoretic analyses. Journal of Zoology, London, 223, 395 - 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1991. tb 04773. x" type="journal article" year="1991">
Heller &amp; Dempster (
<number box="[856,916,152,176]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1991.0">1991</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
, I do not agree with Pilsbry in considering 
<taxonomicName authority="Lamarck, 1822" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1822" box="[151,548,188,213]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sagittiferus">
<emphasis box="[151,372,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Trochus sagittiferus</emphasis>
Lamarck, 
<number box="[492,548,188,212]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1822.0">1822</number>
</taxonomicName>
to be a name that can be applied to the ‘ 
<emphasis box="[993,1317,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName box="[993,1196,188,213]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="impervia">Oxystele impervia</taxonomicName>
– 
<taxonomicName box="[1211,1317,189,212]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegata">variegata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
complex’. Again described without locality, the 
<typeStatus box="[571,669,223,248]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">holotype</typeStatus>
of this species (
<collectionCode box="[849,936,224,248]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2jyg-xmd2" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">MHNG</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode box="[947,1014,224,247]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">INVE</collectionCode>
<number box="[1021,1094,223,248]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="51508.0">51508</number>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1105,1169,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 7. A" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[252,1324,200,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[245,1336,193,1753]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 7. A, Trochus indecorus Philippi, 1846, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1848 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 24, fig. 5), diameter 12 linien [= 26 mm]. B – D, Trochus sagittiferus Lamarck, 1822, holotype diameter 22 mm (MHNG, INVE 51508). E, F, Oxystele fulgurata, Saco Mar, Namibe, Angola, height 16.4 mm (images courtesy of P. Ryall). G, H, Oxystele fulgurata, Cabo de Santa Maria, Benguela, Angola, height 23 mm (images courtesy of P. Ryall). I, Trochus fulguratus Philippi, 1849, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1849 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 39, fig. 10), diameter 8.5 linien [= 18.5 mm]. J, Trochus perdix Koch, 1851, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1848 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 24, fig. 17, without legend), diameter 5.5 linien [= 12 mm]. K – M, Trochus variegatus Anton, 1838, lectotype, diameter 12.5 mm (MTD 504), (images courtesy of K. Schniebs). [Images not to scale.]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245374/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
Fig. 
<number box="[1156,1169,224,248]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="7.0">7</number>
</figureCitation>
B–D) also has a convex columella and a colour pattern unlike that of 
<taxonomicName box="[673,821,261,284]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis box="[673,821,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">T. variegatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Neither the 
<typeStatus box="[974,1072,260,285]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">holotype</typeStatus>
nor the figure of 
<taxonomicName box="[1280,1436,260,284]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sagittiferus">
<emphasis box="[1280,1436,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">T. sagittiferus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
given by 
<bibRefCitation author="Delessert" box="[260,447,295,320]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Delessert, B. (1841) Recueil de coquilles decrites par Lamarck dans son Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans vertebres et non encore figurees. Fortin, Masson et Cie, Paris, 92 pp., 40 pls." type="book" year="1841">
Delessert (
<number box="[381,439,296,320]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1841.0">1841</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
correspond with Pilsbry’s interpretation of the species and it is in fact much closer to 
<taxonomicName box="[151,359,332,357]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Phorcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sauciatus">
<emphasis box="[151,359,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Phorcus sauciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, of which it may well be a senior synonym. Thus neither 
<taxonomicName box="[1038,1178,332,357]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="indecorus">
<emphasis box="[1038,1178,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">T. indecorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nor 
<taxonomicName box="[1236,1392,332,356]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sagittiferus">
<emphasis box="[1236,1392,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">T. sagittiferus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are possible replacements for the homonymous 
<taxonomicName box="[644,790,369,392]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis box="[644,790,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">T. variegatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of 
<bibRefCitation author="Anton" box="[827,983,368,392]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Anton, H. E. (1838) Verzeichniss der Conchylien welche sich in der Sammlung von Hermann Eduard Anton befinden. Eduard Anton, Halle, xvi + 110 pp." type="book" year="1838">
Anton (
<number box="[913,974,368,392]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1838.0">1838</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="56.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
More recently, 
<bibRefCitation author="Kensley" box="[377,679,404,429]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Kensley, B. &amp; Penrith, M-L. (1972) Monodonta (Oxystele) fulgurata Philippi, a synonym of Oxystele variegata (Anton). Journal of Conchology, 27, 349 - 352." type="journal article" year="1972">
Kensley &amp; Penrith (
<number box="[612,670,404,428]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1972.0">1972</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
proposed that 
<taxonomicName authority="Philippi, 1849" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1849" box="[856,1248,404,429]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fulguratus">
<emphasis box="[856,1071,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Trochus fulguratus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Philippi" box="[1083,1248,404,429]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1849) Centuria altera testaceorum novorum. Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie, 5 (1848), 99 - 112 (January, 1849), 123 - 128 (March, 1849)." type="journal article" year="1849">
Philippi, 
<number box="[1189,1248,404,428]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1849.0">1849</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, described from ‘ 
<collectingCountry box="[155,235,439,464]" name="Gabon" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Gabon</collectingCountry>
Guineae’, was a junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName authority="Anton, 1838" authorityName="Anton" authorityYear="1838" box="[639,934,440,464]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis box="[639,785,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">T. variegatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Anton" box="[791,934,440,464]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Anton, H. E. (1838) Verzeichniss der Conchylien welche sich in der Sammlung von Hermann Eduard Anton befinden. Eduard Anton, Halle, xvi + 110 pp." type="book" year="1838">
Anton, 
<number box="[875,934,440,464]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1838.0">1838</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Philippi had noted that his 
<taxonomicName box="[1244,1386,439,464]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fulguratus">
<emphasis box="[1244,1386,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">T. fulguratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was very close to 
<taxonomicName box="[304,442,477,500]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="impervius">
<emphasis box="[304,442,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">T. impervius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and particularly to 
<taxonomicName box="[667,814,477,500]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis box="[667,814,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">T. variegatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
((Philippi, 
<quantity box="[944,1030,476,501]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7116999999999996" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="in" value="1855.0">1855 in</quantity>
<number box="[1038,1169,476,501]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1850.5" valueMax="1855.0" valueMin="1846.0">
<date box="[1038,1169,476,501]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1846" valueMax="1855">1846–1855</date>
</number>
), but he believed that it differed in lacking the articulated subsutural necklace of 
<taxonomicName box="[784,902,513,536]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis box="[784,902,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">variegatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and had a yellowish rather than a greenish-grey apex. Subsequent to its description, this poorly known taxon seems only to have been recorded from southern 
<collectingCountry box="[151,234,583,608]" name="Angola" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Angola</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Nickles" box="[248,402,583,608]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Nickles, M. (1950) Mollusques testaces marins de la cote occidentale d'Afrique. Vol. 2. Manuels Ouest-Africains. Paul Lechevalier, Paris, 269 pp." type="book" year="1950">
Nicklès 
<number box="[342,402,583,608]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1950.0">1950</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; Paes da 
<collectingCountry box="[506,583,584,607]" name="France" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Franca</collectingCountry>
<number box="[589,648,583,608]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1960.0">1960</number>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Gofas" box="[660,858,583,608]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Gofas, S., Afonso, J. P. &amp; Brandao, M. (1985) Conchas e Moluscos de Angola. Universidade Agostinho Neto, Luanda, 144 pp. [printed without publication date.]" type="book" year="1985">
Gofas 
<emphasis box="[734,782,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
. 
<number box="[798,858,583,608]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1985.0">1985</number>
</bibRefCitation>
). It was not mentioned in a more recent publication discussing the molluscs of 
<collectingCountry box="[452,527,620,645]" name="Gabon" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Gabon</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Bernard" box="[541,697,620,645]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Bernard, P. A. (1984) Coquillages du Gabon. P. A. Bernard, Libreville, 140 pp., 75 pls." type="book" year="1984">
Bernard 
<number box="[640,697,620,644]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1984.0">1984</number>
</bibRefCitation>
) and was merely listed as having been recorded in West Africa by Ardovini &amp; Cossignani (
<number box="[427,489,656,680]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2004.0">2004</number>
). Peter Ryall (pers. comm. 
<date box="[791,894,655,680]" bridgedPair="/" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2015-08">
viii/ 
<number box="[838,894,655,680]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2015.0">2015</number>
</date>
) has indicated that it does not occur in 
<collectingCountry box="[1332,1407,655,680]" name="Gabon" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Gabon</collectingCountry>
or the Gulf of 
<collectingCountry box="[283,364,692,717]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Guinea</collectingCountry>
as a whole, which is devoid of 
<taxonomicName box="[722,818,692,717]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[722,818,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Oxystele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like and 
<taxonomicName box="[925,1017,692,717]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Phorcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[925,1017,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Phorcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like species and believes, like 
<bibRefCitation pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Gofas, S., Afonso, J. P. &amp; Brandao, M. (1985) Conchas e Moluscos de Angola. Universidade Agostinho Neto, Luanda, 144 pp. [printed without publication date.]" type="book">
Gofas 
<emphasis box="[151,209,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al.</emphasis>
(
<number box="[225,285,727,752]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1985.0">1985</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
, that it is restricted to southern 
<collectingCountry box="[658,744,727,752]" name="Angola" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Angola</collectingCountry>
. Thus in all likelihood the original ‘ 
<collectingCountry box="[1152,1232,727,752]" name="Gabon" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Gabon</collectingCountry>
Guineae’ locality cited for 
<taxonomicName box="[257,402,764,789]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fulguratus">
<emphasis box="[257,402,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">T. fulguratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was erroneous and the specimens originated in southern 
<collectingCountry box="[1066,1152,764,789]" name="Angola" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Angola</collectingCountry>
. The whereabouts of the 
<typeStatus box="[151,199,800,824]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">type</typeStatus>
material of 
<taxonomicName box="[335,478,799,824]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fulguratus">
<emphasis box="[335,478,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">T. fulguratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, if still extant, are unknown, but photographs of southern Angolan material (
<figureCitation box="[1339,1404,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 7. A" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[252,1324,200,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[245,1336,193,1753]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 7. A, Trochus indecorus Philippi, 1846, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1848 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 24, fig. 5), diameter 12 linien [= 26 mm]. B – D, Trochus sagittiferus Lamarck, 1822, holotype diameter 22 mm (MHNG, INVE 51508). E, F, Oxystele fulgurata, Saco Mar, Namibe, Angola, height 16.4 mm (images courtesy of P. Ryall). G, H, Oxystele fulgurata, Cabo de Santa Maria, Benguela, Angola, height 23 mm (images courtesy of P. Ryall). I, Trochus fulguratus Philippi, 1849, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1849 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 39, fig. 10), diameter 8.5 linien [= 18.5 mm]. J, Trochus perdix Koch, 1851, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1848 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 24, fig. 17, without legend), diameter 5.5 linien [= 12 mm]. K – M, Trochus variegatus Anton, 1838, lectotype, diameter 12.5 mm (MTD 504), (images courtesy of K. Schniebs). [Images not to scale.]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245374/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
Fig. 
<number box="[1391,1404,800,823]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="7.0">7</number>
</figureCitation>
E– H, courtesy of Peter Ryall) closely resemble the original figure of 
<taxonomicName box="[905,1049,836,861]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fulguratus">
<emphasis box="[905,1049,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">T. fulguratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Philippi" box="[1065,1227,836,861]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1849) Centuria altera testaceorum novorum. Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie, 5 (1848), 99 - 112 (January, 1849), 123 - 128 (March, 1849)." type="journal article" year="1849">
Philippi, 
<quantity box="[1171,1227,836,860]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.69646" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="in" value="1849.0">1849</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
in 
<date box="[1265,1395,836,861]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1846" valueMax="1855">
<number box="[1265,1395,836,861]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1850.5" valueMax="1855.0" valueMin="1846.0">
<bibRefCitation author="Philippi" box="[1265,1323,836,861]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1846) Diagnoses testaceorum quorundam novorum. Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie, 1846, 97 - 106." type="journal article" year="1846">1846</bibRefCitation>
–1855
</number>
</date>
: pl. 
<number box="[151,182,872,896]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="39.0">39</number>
, fig. 
<number box="[239,268,872,896]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="10.0">10</number>
) reproduced herein (
<figureCitation box="[502,570,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 7. A" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[252,1324,200,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[245,1336,193,1753]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 7. A, Trochus indecorus Philippi, 1846, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1848 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 24, fig. 5), diameter 12 linien [= 26 mm]. B – D, Trochus sagittiferus Lamarck, 1822, holotype diameter 22 mm (MHNG, INVE 51508). E, F, Oxystele fulgurata, Saco Mar, Namibe, Angola, height 16.4 mm (images courtesy of P. Ryall). G, H, Oxystele fulgurata, Cabo de Santa Maria, Benguela, Angola, height 23 mm (images courtesy of P. Ryall). I, Trochus fulguratus Philippi, 1849, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1849 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 39, fig. 10), diameter 8.5 linien [= 18.5 mm]. J, Trochus perdix Koch, 1851, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1848 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 24, fig. 17, without legend), diameter 5.5 linien [= 12 mm]. K – M, Trochus variegatus Anton, 1838, lectotype, diameter 12.5 mm (MTD 504), (images courtesy of K. Schniebs). [Images not to scale.]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245374/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
Fig. 
<date box="[555,570,872,896]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<number box="[555,570,872,896]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="7.0">7</number>
</date>
</figureCitation>
I), and there can be little doubt that the specimens represent that species. The distinctly concave columella and well-developed umbilical callus confirm that the species is referable to 
<taxonomicName box="[1332,1428,908,933]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1332,1428,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Oxystele</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as 
<bibRefCitation author="Philippi" box="[181,351,943,968]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1849) Centuria altera testaceorum novorum. Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie, 5 (1848), 99 - 112 (January, 1849), 123 - 128 (March, 1849)." type="journal article" year="1849">
Philippi (
<number box="[284,343,944,968]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1849.0">1849</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
originally proposed. Although 
<bibRefCitation author="Kensley" box="[702,992,943,968]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Kensley, B. &amp; Penrith, M-L. (1972) Monodonta (Oxystele) fulgurata Philippi, a synonym of Oxystele variegata (Anton). Journal of Conchology, 27, 349 - 352." type="journal article" year="1972">
Kensley &amp; Penrith (
<number box="[925,984,944,968]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1972.0">1972</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
could not distinguish between southern Angolan and southern African material, I believe this southern Angolan 
<taxonomicName box="[961,1099,980,1005]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fulgurata">
<emphasis box="[961,1099,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<collectingCountry box="[961,984,981,1004]" name="Iceland" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">O</collectingCountry>
. fulgurata
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
material is in all probability a distinct species. The dark green ground colour, fine close-set, dark red, zig-zag, axial lines and absence of any trace of a subsutural necklace represent a combination of features that I have not observed in any material from 
<collectingCountry name="South Africa" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">South Africa</collectingCountry>
or 
<collectingCountry box="[264,364,1087,1112]" name="Namibia" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Namibia</collectingCountry>
. North of the Kunene River on the Namibia-Angola border, the cold, north-flowing Benguela Current moves off-shore (
<bibRefCitation author="Lange" box="[448,657,1124,1149]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Lange, G., Darr, A. &amp; Zettler, M. L. (2014) Macrozoobenthic communities in waters off Angola. African Journal of Marine Science, 36, 313 - 321. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2989 / 1814232 X. 2014.948913" type="journal article" year="2014">
Lange 
<emphasis box="[529,581,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
. 
<number box="[597,657,1124,1148]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2014.0">2014</number>
</bibRefCitation>
), as a consequence of which, intertidal habitats to the north of this, lying within the ‘southern alternance region’ (Le Loeuff &amp; von 
<bibRefCitation author="Cosel" box="[894,1024,1159,1184]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Le Loeuff, P. &amp; von Cosel, R. (1998) Biodiversity patterns of the marine benthic fauna on the Atlantic coast of tropical Africa in relation to hydroclimatic conditions and paleogeographic events. Acta Oecologica, 19, 309 - 321. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / S 1146 - 609 X (98) 80035 - 0" type="journal article" year="1998">
Cosel 
<number box="[967,1024,1160,1184]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1998.0">1998</number>
</bibRefCitation>
) are more influenced by the warm, south-flowing 
<collectingCountry box="[315,397,1196,1221]" name="Angola" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Angola</collectingCountry>
Current. 
<bibRefCitation author="Kensley" box="[505,795,1196,1221]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Kensley, B. &amp; Penrith, M-L. (1973) The constitution of the intertidal fauna of rocky shores of Mocamedes, southern Angola. Cimbebasia, Series A, 2, 113 - 123." type="journal article" year="1973">
Kensley &amp; Penrith (
<number box="[729,787,1196,1220]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1973.0">1973</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
demonstrated that southern 
<collectingCountry box="[1114,1196,1196,1221]" name="Angola" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Angola</collectingCountry>
(Namibe) lies within the tropical West African faunal province and that the intertidal fauna, including 
<number box="[1063,1092,1232,1256]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="80.0">80</number>
% of the mollusc species, is of West African rather than southern African affinity. 
<bibRefCitation box="[731,978,1268,1293]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Spalding, M. D., Fox, H. E., Allen, G. R., Davidson, N., Ferdana, Z. A., Finlayson, M., Halpern, B. S., Jorge, M. A., Lombana, A., Lourie, S. A., Martin, K. D., McManus, E., Molnar, J., Recchia, C. A. &amp; Robertson, J. (2007) Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience, 57, 573 - 583. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1641 / B 570707" type="journal article">
Spalding 
<emphasis box="[838,888,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
. (
<number box="[912,971,1268,1292]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2007.0">2007</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
similarly regarded the Angolan coast as lying within the tropical Gulf of 
<collectingCountry box="[522,603,1303,1328]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Guinea</collectingCountry>
marine province. Within this region, Le Loeuff &amp; von 
<bibRefCitation author="Cosel" box="[1229,1375,1303,1328]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Le Loeuff, P. &amp; von Cosel, R. (1998) Biodiversity patterns of the marine benthic fauna on the Atlantic coast of tropical Africa in relation to hydroclimatic conditions and paleogeographic events. Acta Oecologica, 19, 309 - 321. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / S 1146 - 609 X (98) 80035 - 0" type="journal article" year="1998">
Cosel (
<number box="[1309,1367,1304,1328]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1998.0">1998</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
have identified the area between Lobito and Moçâmedes (Namibe) [the focus of distribution of 
<taxonomicName box="[1204,1356,1340,1365]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fulguratus">
<emphasis box="[1204,1356,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<collectingCountry box="[1204,1227,1341,1364]" name="Iceland" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">O</collectingCountry>
. fulguratus
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] as an important refuge area experiencing relatively stable conditions for much of the Neogene.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="56.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
Another potential synonym of Anton’s 
<taxonomicName box="[658,807,1413,1436]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis box="[658,807,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">T. variegatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 
<taxonomicName authority="Koch, 1851" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1851" box="[848,1098,1412,1437]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="perdix">
<emphasis box="[848,949,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">T. perdix</emphasis>
Koch, 
<number box="[1040,1098,1412,1437]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1851.0">1851</number>
</taxonomicName>
, a further taxon of unknown provenance and one that 
<bibRefCitation author="Pilsbry" box="[433,584,1447,1472]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Pilsbry, H. A. (1889 - 1890) Trochidae. In: Tryon, G. W. (Ed.), Manual of Conchology, Series 1, 11, pp. 1 - 519, pls. 1 - 67. [Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, pp. 1 - 208, pls. 1 - 50, 1889; pp. 209 - 519, pls. 51 - 67, 1890.]" type="journal article" year="1889">
Pilsbry (
<quantity box="[527,584,1448,1472]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.79806" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="in" value="1889.0">1889</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
in 
<date box="[622,748,1448,1472]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1889" valueMax="1890">
<number box="[622,748,1448,1472]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1889.5" valueMax="1890.0" valueMin="1889.0">
<bibRefCitation author="Pilsbry" box="[622,678,1448,1472]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Pilsbry, H. A. (1889 - 1890) Trochidae. In: Tryon, G. W. (Ed.), Manual of Conchology, Series 1, 11, pp. 1 - 519, pls. 1 - 67. [Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, pp. 1 - 208, pls. 1 - 50, 1889; pp. 209 - 519, pls. 51 - 67, 1890.]" type="journal article" year="1889">1889</bibRefCitation>
– 
<bibRefCitation author="Pilsbry" box="[692,748,1448,1472]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Pilsbry, H. A. (1890 - 1891) Stomatellidae, Scissurellidae, Pleurotomariidae, Haliotidae, Scutellinidae, Addisoniidae, Cocculinidae, Fissurellidae. In: Tryon, G. W. (Ed.), Manual of Conchology, Series 1, 12, pp. 1 - 323, pls. 1 - 64. [Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, pp. 1 - 192, pls. 1 - 45, 1890; pp. 193 - 323, pls. 46 - 64, 1891.]" type="journal article" year="1890">1890</bibRefCitation>
</number>
</date>
) listed as a synonym of his concept of 
<taxonomicName box="[1189,1343,1448,1472]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sagittiferus">
<emphasis box="[1189,1343,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">T. sagittiferus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[i.e. the South African ‘ 
<emphasis box="[329,586,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName box="[329,465,1485,1508]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="impervia">
<collectingCountry box="[329,352,1485,1508]" name="Iceland" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">O</collectingCountry>
. impervia
</taxonomicName>
– 
<taxonomicName box="[480,586,1485,1508]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegata">variegata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
complex’]. Philippi’s figure of 
<taxonomicName box="[952,1050,1484,1509]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="perdix">
<emphasis box="[952,1050,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">T. perdix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Philippi" box="[1069,1224,1484,1509]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1848). Testaceorum novorum centuria. Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie, 5 (February 1848), 17 - 27." type="journal article" year="1848">
Philippi 
<quantity box="[1168,1224,1484,1508]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.69392" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="in" value="1848.0">1848</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
in 
<date box="[1264,1395,1484,1509]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1846" valueMax="1855">
<number box="[1264,1395,1484,1509]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1850.5" valueMax="1855.0" valueMin="1846.0">
<bibRefCitation author="Philippi" box="[1264,1322,1484,1509]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1846) Diagnoses testaceorum quorundam novorum. Zeitschrift fur Malakozoologie, 1846, 97 - 106." type="journal article" year="1846">1846</bibRefCitation>
–1855
</number>
</date>
: pl. 
<number box="[151,182,1520,1544]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="24.0">24</number>
, fig. 
<number box="[251,281,1520,1544]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="17.0">17</number>
, without legend), reproduced herein (
<figureCitation box="[734,808,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURE 7. A" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[252,1324,200,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[245,1336,193,1753]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 7. A, Trochus indecorus Philippi, 1846, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1848 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 24, fig. 5), diameter 12 linien [= 26 mm]. B – D, Trochus sagittiferus Lamarck, 1822, holotype diameter 22 mm (MHNG, INVE 51508). E, F, Oxystele fulgurata, Saco Mar, Namibe, Angola, height 16.4 mm (images courtesy of P. Ryall). G, H, Oxystele fulgurata, Cabo de Santa Maria, Benguela, Angola, height 23 mm (images courtesy of P. Ryall). I, Trochus fulguratus Philippi, 1849, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1849 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 39, fig. 10), diameter 8.5 linien [= 18.5 mm]. J, Trochus perdix Koch, 1851, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1848 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 24, fig. 17, without legend), diameter 5.5 linien [= 12 mm]. K – M, Trochus variegatus Anton, 1838, lectotype, diameter 12.5 mm (MTD 504), (images courtesy of K. Schniebs). [Images not to scale.]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245374/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
Fig. 
<number box="[793,808,1520,1544]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="7.0">7</number>
</figureCitation>
J), shows a small, elevated specimen with a distinct subsutural necklace and a predominantly spiral colour pattern below this. Although specimens matching this figure occur in 
<collectingCountry box="[257,408,1591,1616]" name="South Africa" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, morphologically they cannot be conclusively associated with the current concept of 
<emphasis box="[1409,1436,1592,1615]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<collectingCountry box="[1409,1432,1592,1615]" name="Iceland" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">O</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
‘ 
<taxonomicName box="[160,268,1629,1652]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegata">
<emphasis box="[160,268,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">variegata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ (cf. 
<bibRefCitation author="Heller" box="[331,616,1628,1653]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Heller, J. &amp; Dempster, Y. (1991) Detection of two coexisting species of Oxystele (Gastropoda: Trochidae) by morphological and electrophoretic analyses. Journal of Zoology, London, 223, 395 - 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1991. tb 04773. x" type="journal article" year="1991">
Heller &amp; Dempster 
<number box="[556,616,1628,1652]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1991.0">1991</number>
</bibRefCitation>
). The largely spiral alignment of the colour pattern is more indicative of 
<taxonomicName box="[151,286,1664,1688]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="impervia">
<emphasis box="[151,286,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<collectingCountry box="[151,174,1664,1687]" name="Iceland" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">O</collectingCountry>
. impervia
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and indeed specimens of similar appearance cluster with typical 
<taxonomicName box="[1026,1161,1664,1688]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="impervia">
<emphasis box="[1026,1161,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<collectingCountry box="[1026,1049,1664,1687]" name="Iceland" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">O</collectingCountry>
. impervia
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens in barcoding analyses (Van der Bank 
<emphasis box="[436,489,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
. 
<number box="[506,567,1700,1724]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="2013.0">2013</number>
). Thus again there is little support for employing this name for specimens currently identified as 
<taxonomicName box="[404,545,1736,1760]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegata">
<emphasis box="[404,545,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<collectingCountry box="[404,427,1736,1759]" name="Iceland" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">O</collectingCountry>
. variegata
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="56.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="57.[151,1437,151,1077]" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
A number of more recently described taxa are also probably referable to the ‘ 
<emphasis box="[1061,1316,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<taxonomicName box="[1061,1195,1773,1796]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="impervia">
<collectingCountry box="[1061,1084,1773,1796]" name="Iceland" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">O</collectingCountry>
. impervia
</taxonomicName>
– 
<taxonomicName box="[1210,1316,1773,1796]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegata">variegata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
complex’. Described by 
<bibRefCitation author="Bartsch" box="[310,480,1807,1832]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Bartsch, P. (1915) Report on the Turton collection of South African marine mollusks with additional notes on other South African shells contained in the United States National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 91, i - xii, 1 - 305, pls. 1 - 54. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.91. i" type="journal article" year="1915">
Bartsch (
<number box="[413,471,1807,1832]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1915.0">1915</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Turton" box="[539,700,1808,1832]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Turton, W. H. (1932) The marine shells of Port Alfred, South Africa. Oxford University Press, London, xvi + 331 pp., 70 pls." type="book" year="1932">
Turton (
<number box="[631,692,1808,1832]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1932.0">1932</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
, these taxa were based on juvenile specimens (height &lt;
<quantity box="[1339,1424,1808,1832]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
), often in poor condition. 
<bibRefCitation author="Heller" box="[432,735,1844,1869]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Heller, J. &amp; Dempster, Y. (1991) Detection of two coexisting species of Oxystele (Gastropoda: Trochidae) by morphological and electrophoretic analyses. Journal of Zoology, London, 223, 395 - 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1991. tb 04773. x" type="journal article" year="1991">
Heller &amp; Dempster (
<number box="[669,727,1844,1868]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1991.0">1991</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
considered 
<taxonomicName authority="Turton, 1932" authorityName="Turton" authorityYear="1932" box="[876,1234,1844,1869]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carinata">
<emphasis box="[876,1077,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Oxystele carinata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Turton" box="[1086,1234,1844,1868]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Turton, W. H. (1932) The marine shells of Port Alfred, South Africa. Oxford University Press, London, xvi + 331 pp., 70 pls." type="book" year="1932">
Turton, 
<number box="[1178,1234,1844,1868]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1932.0">1932</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="Turton, 1932" authorityName="Turton" authorityYear="1932" class="Gastropoda" family="Calliostomatidae" genus="Calliostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="farquhari">
<emphasis box="[1293,1436,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<collectingCountry box="[1293,1316,1845,1868]" name="Iceland" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">O</collectingCountry>
. farquhari
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Turton" box="[151,299,1880,1904]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Turton, W. H. (1932) The marine shells of Port Alfred, South Africa. Oxford University Press, London, xvi + 331 pp., 70 pls." type="book" year="1932">
Turton, 
<number box="[243,299,1880,1904]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1932.0">1932</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
to be synonyms of 
<taxonomicName box="[531,667,1880,1904]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="impervia">
<emphasis box="[531,667,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<collectingCountry box="[531,554,1880,1903]" name="Iceland" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">O</collectingCountry>
. impervia
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on account of their orange colour and predominantly spiral colour pattern, and I believe this to be correct. However, in the case of 
<taxonomicName authority="Bartsch, 1915" authorityName="Bartsch" authorityYear="1915" box="[886,1222,1916,1941]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Gibbula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="rifaca">
<emphasis box="[886,1053,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Gibbula rifaca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Bartsch" box="[1062,1222,1916,1941]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Bartsch, P. (1915) Report on the Turton collection of South African marine mollusks with additional notes on other South African shells contained in the United States National Museum. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 91, i - xii, 1 - 305, pls. 1 - 54. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.91. i" type="journal article" year="1915">
Bartsch, 
<number box="[1163,1222,1916,1941]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1915.0">1915</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Turton, 1932" authorityName="Turton" authorityYear="1932" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="distincta">
<emphasis box="[1235,1436,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Oxystele distincta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Turton" box="[151,299,1952,1976]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Turton, W. H. (1932) The marine shells of Port Alfred, South Africa. Oxford University Press, London, xvi + 331 pp., 70 pls." type="book" year="1932">
Turton, 
<number box="[241,299,1952,1976]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1932.0">1932</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Turton, 1932" authorityName="Turton" authorityYear="1932" box="[311,738,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Monodonta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="rufanensis">
<emphasis box="[311,586,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<collectingCountry box="[311,334,1953,1976]" name="Iceland" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">O</collectingCountry>
. sagittifera rufanensis
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Turton" box="[593,738,1952,1976]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Turton, W. H. (1932) The marine shells of Port Alfred, South Africa. Oxford University Press, London, xvi + 331 pp., 70 pls." type="book" year="1932">
Turton, 
<number box="[682,738,1952,1976]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1932.0">1932</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[794,929,1952,1977]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tabularis">
<emphasis box="[794,929,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<collectingCountry box="[794,817,1953,1976]" name="Iceland" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">O</collectingCountry>
. tabularis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName authority="Turton, 1932" authorityName="Turton" authorityYear="1932" box="[937,1229,1952,1977]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="variety" variety="pulchra">
var. 
<emphasis box="[986,1073,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">pulchra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Turton" box="[1080,1229,1952,1976]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refString="Turton, W. H. (1932) The marine shells of Port Alfred, South Africa. Oxford University Press, London, xvi + 331 pp., 70 pls." type="book" year="1932">
Turton, 
<number box="[1170,1229,1952,1976]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" value="1932.0">1932</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, I believe that one cannot with any degree of certainty ascribe these to either 
<taxonomicName box="[808,943,1989,2012]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="impervia">
<emphasis box="[808,943,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<collectingCountry box="[808,831,1989,2012]" name="Iceland" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">O</collectingCountry>
. impervia
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName box="[981,1123,1989,2012]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegata">
<emphasis box="[981,1123,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
<collectingCountry box="[981,1004,1989,2012]" name="Iceland" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">O</collectingCountry>
. variegata
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The shells of both of these taxa are simply too variable to draw a definitive conclusion. Even when adult it can be difficult to refer some specimens to either one of these species with confidence (Van der Bank 
<emphasis box="[985,1036,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">et al</emphasis>
. 
<number box="[1052,1110,188,212]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2013.0">2013</number>
) and it is only in adults that some of the more distinctive features become evident. Although 
<taxonomicName box="[927,1064,223,248]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="distincta">
<emphasis box="[927,1064,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<collectingCountry box="[927,950,224,247]" name="Iceland" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">O</collectingCountry>
. distincta
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a bold colour pattern, this comprises spiral bands of black rectangles rather than 
<taxonomicName box="[782,855,260,285]" class="Gastropoda" family="Phasianellidae" genus="Phasianella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="zigzag">zigzag</taxonomicName>
red/maroon axial lines, and there is no subsutural necklace. Given these difficulties and the resultant uncertainty, I consider that these four names must be regarded as 
<emphasis box="[151,306,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
nomina 
<taxonomicName box="[242,306,332,357]" class="Gastropoda" family="Fissurellidae" genus="Medusafissurella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepetellida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dubia">dubia</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="57.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
In summary, I do not believe that there is an existing name that can be unambiguously considered a valid junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName box="[293,508,404,429]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis box="[293,508,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Trochus variegatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis box="[526,568,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">non</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Gmelin" box="[576,732,404,429]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Caroli a Linne, Systema Naturae. Vol. 1. Part 6. 13 th Edition. Georg Emanuel Beer, Lipsiae, Vermes, pp. 3021 - 3910." type="journal article" year="1791">
Gmelin, 
<number box="[675,732,404,428]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1791.0">1791</number>
</bibRefCitation>
) 
<bibRefCitation author="Anton" box="[748,892,404,428]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refString="Anton, H. E. (1838) Verzeichniss der Conchylien welche sich in der Sammlung von Hermann Eduard Anton befinden. Eduard Anton, Halle, xvi + 110 pp." type="book" year="1838">
Anton, 
<number box="[833,892,404,428]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1838.0">1838</number>
</bibRefCitation>
. This being the case, the most pragmatic course of action is to designate one of Anton’s four 
<typeStatus box="[667,765,440,464]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">syntypes</typeStatus>
to be the 
<typeStatus box="[882,985,439,464]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">lectotype</typeStatus>
for his 
<taxonomicName box="[1076,1292,439,464]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis box="[1076,1292,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Trochus variegatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and then to propose a replacement name for the species. However, the choice of which of the four 
<typeStatus box="[1116,1214,477,501]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">syntypes</typeStatus>
to select in order to preserve current interpretation of the species is critical. These specimens, once considered lost (
<bibRefCitation author="Heller" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refString="Heller, J. &amp; Dempster, Y. (1991) Detection of two coexisting species of Oxystele (Gastropoda: Trochidae) by morphological and electrophoretic analyses. Journal of Zoology, London, 223, 395 - 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1991. tb 04773. x" type="journal article" year="1991">
Heller &amp; Dempster 
<number box="[151,210,548,572]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1991.0">1991</number>
</bibRefCitation>
), are in the 
<collectionCode box="[340,402,549,572]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4j3t-w40g" name="Museum of Zoology Senckenberg Dresden" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">MTD</collectionCode>
and photographs supplied by Katrin Schniebs indicate that two of them, described as variety ‘Grund morgenroth’, are clearly specimens of 
<taxonomicName box="[670,804,584,608]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="impervia">
<emphasis box="[670,804,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<collectingCountry box="[670,693,584,607]" name="Iceland" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">O</collectingCountry>
. impervia
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, another specimen, described as variety ‘Grund gelblich weiss, braun gefleckt, Basis roth punktirt’, is also probably referable to 
<taxonomicName box="[987,1125,621,644]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="impervia">
<emphasis box="[987,1125,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<collectingCountry box="[987,1010,621,644]" name="Iceland" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">O</collectingCountry>
. impervia
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Only the fourth specimen described as variety ‘Grund weiss, mit dichten kirschrothen Ziczacstreifen’ is clearly consistent with the current concept of, and prevailing use of, the name 
<taxonomicName box="[646,788,693,716]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegata">
<emphasis box="[646,788,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<collectingCountry box="[646,669,693,716]" name="Iceland" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">O</collectingCountry>
. variegata
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Heller" box="[804,1089,692,717]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refString="Heller, J. &amp; Dempster, Y. (1991) Detection of two coexisting species of Oxystele (Gastropoda: Trochidae) by morphological and electrophoretic analyses. Journal of Zoology, London, 223, 395 - 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1991. tb 04773. x" type="journal article" year="1991">
Heller &amp; Dempster 
<number box="[1030,1089,692,716]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1991.0">1991</number>
</bibRefCitation>
; Van der Bank 
<emphasis box="[1262,1312,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">et al</emphasis>
. 
<number box="[1327,1388,692,716]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="2013.0">2013</number>
). To maintain this interpretation, I therefore designate this specimen as the 
<typeStatus box="[999,1102,727,752]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">lectotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName box="[1151,1371,727,752]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Trochus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="variegatus">
<emphasis box="[1151,1371,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Trochus variegatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis box="[1394,1436,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">non</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Gmelin" box="[151,306,764,789]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refString="Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Caroli a Linne, Systema Naturae. Vol. 1. Part 6. 13 th Edition. Georg Emanuel Beer, Lipsiae, Vermes, pp. 3021 - 3910." type="journal article" year="1791">
Gmelin, 
<number box="[249,306,764,788]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1791.0">1791</number>
</bibRefCitation>
) 
<bibRefCitation author="Anton" box="[321,462,764,788]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refString="Anton, H. E. (1838) Verzeichniss der Conchylien welche sich in der Sammlung von Hermann Eduard Anton befinden. Eduard Anton, Halle, xvi + 110 pp." type="book" year="1838">
Anton, 
<number box="[406,462,764,788]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1838.0">1838</number>
</bibRefCitation>
(
<figureCitation box="[477,542,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 7. A" captionStartId="55.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[252,1324,200,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@55.[245,1336,193,1753]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 7. A, Trochus indecorus Philippi, 1846, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1848 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 24, fig. 5), diameter 12 linien [= 26 mm]. B – D, Trochus sagittiferus Lamarck, 1822, holotype diameter 22 mm (MHNG, INVE 51508). E, F, Oxystele fulgurata, Saco Mar, Namibe, Angola, height 16.4 mm (images courtesy of P. Ryall). G, H, Oxystele fulgurata, Cabo de Santa Maria, Benguela, Angola, height 23 mm (images courtesy of P. Ryall). I, Trochus fulguratus Philippi, 1849, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1849 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 39, fig. 10), diameter 8.5 linien [= 18.5 mm]. J, Trochus perdix Koch, 1851, original figure reproduced from Philippi (1848 in 1846 – 1855: pl. 24, fig. 17, without legend), diameter 5.5 linien [= 12 mm]. K – M, Trochus variegatus Anton, 1838, lectotype, diameter 12.5 mm (MTD 504), (images courtesy of K. Schniebs). [Images not to scale.]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245374/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
Fig. 
<number box="[529,542,764,788]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="7.0">7</number>
</figureCitation>
K—M) and provide a new name, 
<taxonomicName box="[921,1096,764,789]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="antoni">
<emphasis box="[921,1096,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Oxystele antoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, on account of its homonymy. This will avoid the inevitable uncertainly that would remain had one of the above 
<emphasis box="[1064,1219,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
nomina 
<taxonomicName box="[1155,1219,799,824]" class="Gastropoda" family="Fissurellidae" genus="Medusafissurella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepetellida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dubia">dubia</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
been proposed as a junior synonym instead and in so doing will preserve the current interpretation the species. Given the homonymy here exposed, the use of an alternative name for this species is unavoidable, but I believe that the solution proposed is the one that will result in the most stable nomenclature.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="57.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
All of the above notwithstanding, there remain unresolved issues regarding the status of 
<taxonomicName box="[1237,1347,944,968]" class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="antoni">
<emphasis box="[1237,1347,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<collectingCountry box="[1237,1260,944,967]" name="Iceland" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">O</collectingCountry>
. antoni
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Trochidae" genus="Oxystele" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trochida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="impervia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
<collectingCountry box="[1409,1432,944,967]" name="Iceland" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">O</collectingCountry>
. impervia
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as distinct species and their circumscription using morphological characters. Additional molecular studies utilising multiple genetic markers and employing a finer scale approach, including habitat-related data, are needed in order to shed further light on this issue.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>