treatments-xml/data/03/B9/B7/03B9B735FFF30D0AC608FD4B8AA7FA8E.xml

266 lines
43 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="1FED2ED60DD5741E5ACC710064B43EA3" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae095" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14341218" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch,operationResults" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1732847695013" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Püschel, Hans P., Shelley, Sarah L., Williamson, Thomas E., Perini, Fernando A., Wible, John R. &amp; Brusatte, Stephen L." docDate="2024" docId="03B9B735FFF30D0AC608FD4B8AA7FA8E" docLanguage="en" docName="zlae095.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae095" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.9:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Protolipternidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="FF80CF4DFFE60D1FC702FFD68932FFA1" masterDocTitle="A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and archaic South American ungulates" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="22" updateTime="1733771398044" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="C4AC0D483EF12749C6170ADBDCA8A49F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="7020B417D5538D025A266496BDA2FB69">
<mods:title id="360B3ED3432B6CC8FB2DAA7687DA8041">A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and archaic South American ungulates</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="A5465A2D470A3CF2DA91249C2685A7FE" type="personal">
<mods:role id="FF7C38D1FBE9386CE52C0ABD4C6B44EB">
<mods:roleTerm id="2622C948BE7F95CDA8E8B4080C2F8BE8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="96DE4CCD8720C77E44A31F4CC53B6975">Püschel, Hans P.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2CBDC92C449C30E2C44B8D90FF601FE2">Millenium Nucleus Early Evolutionary Transitions of Mammals (EVOTEM), Red Palentológica U-Chile, Santiago, 7800003, Chile &amp; School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 FE, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="DEE6321719D388B7C2812FAB388477DC" type="email">hpuschelr@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="60BC90891D043515485DB58FF8FCE4EF" type="personal">
<mods:role id="5A87E1295D0649CDAB03E45FBC63DFD8">
<mods:roleTerm id="ED25DCB87DEB760D962D367A5E1960AC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="56565FFE33C71A8089DCEF14C1ACD32F">Shelley, Sarah L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D69EB2DA3F90F561D0D4F90860DF17EA">School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 FE, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="6CDF803F57534E285C905EF9421424D1" type="personal">
<mods:role id="9718EB6190414ECE02D028F69B3EA08C">
<mods:roleTerm id="0AEFD05B763E44D05000F22E0EB363B6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="43F5E8F8F9F8D86D8104976E007723A4">Williamson, Thomas E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D8CE4086C3BFE4CB3E30F56AFBD6AA81">New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, NM 87104, United States</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="C39E1BCE468C7FF0607CCC1D8276E8DB" type="personal">
<mods:role id="2D753C942408EDD4613A82B5E722DCE7">
<mods:roleTerm id="D79132470F73ADE113D7B5DC0806C418">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="F0B13BBB62B78EB0F078304ED5144BD7">Perini, Fernando A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="FFDA1814061AB7E285702C0D90D47E6C">Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, UFMG, BH 31270 - 901, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="913A07402050E6509CE880B1A2CDF96D" type="personal">
<mods:role id="7D1024AB41D3AAFD4335B190A4499345">
<mods:roleTerm id="F3C638FD63DB598121B5A4C70934F5A1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="F5B11A21205176E591302A656837DADE">Wible, John R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="8005B2D1FD8AE6115E076134EE708CBE">Section of Mammals, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 5800 Baum Boulevard, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, United States</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="8408D56F85BFC34F77CC74EBFC57FAFE" type="personal">
<mods:role id="B0980FF32777DC89ACF627C842B0409E">
<mods:roleTerm id="3175D1178967F83F22C817CAF7A1B6EE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="CAFB512B1177A95C70BBB61EE54BC5A8">Brusatte, Stephen L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2433DB29DBEE426325DE7577247477BE">School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH 9 3 FE, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="A46344EB44FD96A60614CA514F327C92">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="048F9FB374219C6F7C203668D892A5C8" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="988D6C500E18AF6494D8BEE0FFB721E8">
<mods:title id="5E95E8954F5F26785707DAE385F0AC79">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="17845E01567E2D3B72C11EB3E8ABAC56">
<mods:date id="052BB3AE528A545E123BA5766160C15C">2024</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="6F5DE7FA9FAD19B90D6D823E56C792B8" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="BBA9807E9897BC2DE1084F0C3C00C76E">2024-09-07</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="B6E1713909240C23908E46D21373F2EA" type="volume">
<mods:number id="AADE761CBBAC8D900A8B35B4EC93E7AD">202</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="FE2E5C458FAB2CBDBD4FF10CBCDB5262" type="issue">
<mods:number id="668B429BE5D5FB38C993F6F9E597B7F8">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="2A516BA9F2B0E6A2A7F44B68915CF188" unit="page">
<mods:start id="8854D4D0B64C1F562534A6F1D5410924">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="20C86948ECBAF11350A191F82B3EEAD5">50</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="2520517748522413571214E06C41B562">
<mods:url id="28089197ABEE99564C613C44E9CF96B5">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae095</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="A1F6E4C1E8A3B9049459CE8AA86207E1">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="A1E783BEB7AA7612F35E364504C0ED31" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae095</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="AD42514946761EB34E72D3263FFB96B8" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="8503B79BB032ED2DC944998F86E8DE54" type="Zenodo-Dep">14341218</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03B9B735FFF30D0AC608FD4B8AA7FA8E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B9B735FFF30D0AC608FD4B8AA7FA8E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B9B735FFF30D0AC608FD4B8AA7FA8E" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC608FD4B8B53FD19" box="[266,609,669,696]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFF30D0AC608FD4B8893FD16" box="[266,417,669,695]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF30D0AC608FD4B8893FD16" blockId="21.[113,765,669,1672]" box="[266,417,669,695]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC608FD4B8893FD16" authority="Cifelli, 1983" box="[266,417,669,695]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Protolipternidae</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFF30D0AC6A4FD488B53FD19" box="[422,609,670,696]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF30D0AC6A4FD488B53FD19" blockId="21.[113,765,669,1672]" box="[422,609,670,696]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
(
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF30D0AC6B2FD488B23FD19" box="[432,529,670,696]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="20.[131,196,1781,1805]" captionTargetBox="[132,1475,150,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-8@20.[129,1479,147,1753]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 8. Right upper molars of South American condylarths and didolodontids. A, P4M3 of Molinodus suarezi in occlusal view [cast of MHNC 1247, P4M2; cast of MNHN 13870, M3 (mirrored)]. B, roots of M1, M2M3 of Escribania chubutensis in occlusal view (MLP 90II-1268, roots of M1 and M2 (mirrored); MLP 90II-1263, M3). CD, M2 of Raulvaccia peligrensis [MLP 90-II-12- 70 (mirrored)] in occlusal (C) and distoocclusal (D) views. E, P4M3 of Ricardocifellia protocenica in occlusal view [cast of DNPM 908M, P5M3 (mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1461-V (mirrored)]. F, M2 of Lamegoia conodonta Paula Couto, 1952 in occlusal view (cast of MNRJ 1465-V). G, P1M3 of Didolodus multicuspis in occlusal view [MACN 10690, P2M3 (holotype; mirrored); MACN A 10738, P1]. H, P5M3 of Protolipterna ellipsodontoides in occlusal view [DNPM LE 444I (mirrored)]. I, P4M3 of Asmithwoodwardia scotti in occlusal view [DGM 358M (holotype; mirrored)]. J, P2, alveoli of P4P5, and M1M3 of Miguelsoria parayiruhnor in occlusal view [MNRJ 4094V (mirrored)]. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. Note that the M2 of Molinodus suarezi (A) and the M2 of Lamegoia conodonta (B) present a duplication of their protocone (pr1 and pr2); in the former, this is insipient, and in the latter, it forms a pseudohypocone. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; phy, pseudohypocone; phyc, prehypocrista; pshyc, posthypocrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; ps, parastyle; pscg, postcingulum; psmlc, postmetaconular crista.Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figs 8HJ</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF30D0AC519FD488B6AFD19" box="[539,600,670,696]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="22.[129,194,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[241,1361,147,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-7@22.[238,1364,144,1795]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 9. Right lower molars of South American condylarths and didolodontids in occlusal view.A, p4m3 of Molinodus suarezi [cast of MHNC 13867 (mirrored)]. B, m2m3 of Escribania chubutensis [UNPSJB PV 916 (holotype; mirrored)]. C, talonid of m2, and m3 of Raulvaccia peligrensis [MLP 90II1269 (mirrored)]. D, P5M3 of Ricardocifellia protocenica [MNRJ 1431-V, m1m3 (mirrored); MNRJ 1450-V, p5 (mirrored)]. E, p2m3 of Didolodus multicuspis (MACN A 10689). F, p2m3 of Protolipterna ellipsodontoides [cast of DGM 1308M (mirrored)]. G, p1m3 of Asmithwoodwardia scotti (cast of DGM 358M (holotype; mirrored)]. H, p4m3 of Miguelsoria parayiruhnor (cast of MNRJ 1468V (holotype)]. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods.Abbreviations:encd, entocristid; end, entoconid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; med, metaconid; msd, mesoconid; pad, paraconid; peld, preentoconulid; pmcd, premetacristid; prd, protoconid; pseld, postentoconulid. Scale bars equal 1 cm." pageId="21" pageNumber="22">9FH</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</emphasis>
<subSubSection id="C30A55A8FFF30D0AC773FD128AA7FA8E" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF30D0AC773FD128C9FFDA1" blockId="21.[113,765,669,1672]" lastBlockId="21.[808,1461,144,1327]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC773FD128829FD7D" box="[113,283,708,732]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Protolipternidae</taxonomicName>
currently includes three genera [or two if we excluded
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC7D5FD3588A5FD5A" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[215,407,739,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Asmithwoodwardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC7D5FD3588A5FD5A" box="[215,407,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Asmithwoodwardia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC6BFFD358B79FD5A" author="Gelfo" box="[445,587,739,763]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref42195" refString="Gelfo JN. Los Didolodontidae (Mammalia: Ungulatomorpha) del Terciario Sudamericano. Sistematica, Origen y Evolucion. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata. 2006." type="book" year="2006">Gelfo (2006)</bibRefCitation>
suggested] with an exclusively Palaeogene distribution (
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF30D0AC506FCD58B09FCBA" box="[516,571,771,795]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of amilnedwarsids were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
; Supporting information,
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFF30D0AC7C4FCF48810FC9B" box="[198,290,802,826]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (condylarths), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table S1</tableCitation>
). This family was proposed by Cifelli (1983a) to classify specimens from Itaboraí (Itaboraian SALMA) with bunodont didolodontid-like dentition and litoptern-like tarsals. The tarsals show specializations that among SANUs are only present in litopterns, which include a spool-shaped astragalar body and a posterior astragalocalcaneal facet that allows rapid flexion of the crurotarsal joint (Cifelli 1983a). The taxonomic changes generated from this familial proposal included the consideration of
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC7CCFBCB88EEFB95" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[206,476,1053,1077]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Victorlemoinea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prototypica">
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC7CCFBCB88EEFB95" box="[206,476,1053,1077]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Victorlemoinea prototypica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[a former litoptern (Paula Couto 1952)] as a condylarth closely related to didolodontids, and
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC7A8FB8D8886FBD2" baseAuthorityName="Cifelli" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[170,436,1115,1139]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Miguelsoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parayirunhor">
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC7A8FB8D8886FBD2" box="[170,436,1115,1139]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Miguelsoria parayirunhor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[considered a didolodontid
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC773FBAD88ABFB32" baseAuthorityName="Paula Couto" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[113,409,1147,1171]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" genus="Ernestokokenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parayirunhor">
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC773FBAD88ABFB32" box="[113,409,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Ernestokokenia parayirunhor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Paula Couto (1952)] with
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC773FB4C885EFB13" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[113,364,1178,1202]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Asmithwoodwardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scotti">
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC773FB4C885EFB13" box="[113,364,1178,1202]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Asmithwoodwardia scotti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[considered a didolodontid by Paula Couto (1978)] as litopterns. Cifelli (1983a) grouped the last two, plus a new species
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC687FB0F8983FAB1" authority="Cifelli 1983 a" authorityName="Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Protolipterna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ellipsodontoides">
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC687FB0F8B9CFB50" box="[389,686,1241,1265]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Protolipterna ellipsodontoides</emphasis>
Cifelli 1983a
</taxonomicName>
, within this family. However, the tarsals referred to
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC773FAC188A6FA8E" authorityName="Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" box="[113,404,1303,1327]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Protolipterna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ellipsodontoides">
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC773FAC188A6FA8E" box="[113,404,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Protolipterna ellipsodontoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC6C5FAC18BF6FA8E" baseAuthorityName="Cifelli" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[455,708,1303,1327]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Miguelsoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parayirunhor">
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC6C5FAC18BF6FA8E" box="[455,708,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Miguelsoria parayirunhor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were not found in association with their alleged dentition, being assigned indirectly by their relative size, abundance, and expected morphology (Cifelli 1983b). Some authors have accepted this interpretation (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC6D2FA438B62FA0D" author="Cifelli" box="[464,592,1428,1453]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="249 - 66" refId="ref40909" refString="Cifelli RL. South American ungulate evolution and extinction. In: Stehli FG, Webb SD (eds), The Great American Biotic Interchange. New York, NY: Springer, 1985, 249 - 66." type="book chapter" year="1985">Cifelli 1985</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC561FA438BA5FA0C" author="Cifelli" box="[611,663,1429,1453]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="195 - 216" refId="ref40977" refString="Cifelli RL. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC (eds), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 195 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
, Muizon and Cifelli 2000,
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC62AFA6288F4FA6D" author="Bergqvist" box="[296,454,1460,1484]" firstAuthor="Bergqvist" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="107 - 33" refId="ref39850" refString="Bergqvist LP. Postcranial skeleton of the Upper Paleocene of Itaborai Basin, Brazil. In: Sargis EJ, Dagosto M, (eds), Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology: A Tribute to Frederik S. Szalay. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 2008, 107 - 33." type="book chapter" year="2008">Bergqvist 2008</bibRefCitation>
), although others have questioned it (
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC7DFFA0588C1FA4A" author="Hoffstetter and Soria" box="[221,499,1491,1515]" firstAuthor="Hoffstetter" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1619 - 22" refId="ref43229" refString="Hoffstetter R, Soria MF. Neolodus colombianus gen. et sp. nov., un noveau Condylarthre (Mammalia) dans le Miocene de Colombie. Comptes Rendus de la Academie de Sciences, Paris 1986; 303: 1619 - 22." type="journal article" year="1986">Hoffstetter and Soria 1986</bibRefCitation>
, Soria 2001,
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC57CFA058BC6FA4A" author="Gelfo" box="[638,756,1491,1515]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="130 - 42" refId="ref42288" refString="Gelfo JN. The ' condylarth' Didolodontidae from Gran Barranca: history of the bunodont South American mammals until the Eocene- Oligocene transition. In: Madden RH, Carlini AA, Vucetich MG, Kay RF (eds.), The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 130 - 42." type="book chapter" year="2010">Gelfo 2010</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC773FA258874F9AA" author="Gelfo and Sige" box="[113,326,1523,1547]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="665 - 78" refId="ref42458" refString="Gelfo JN, Sige B. A new didolodontid mammal from the Late Paleocene - earliest Eocene of Laguna Umayo, Peru. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2011; 56: 665 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.4202 / app. 2010.0067" type="journal article" year="2011">Gelfo and Sigé 2011</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC651FA258B7DF9AA" author="Gelfo and Lorente" box="[339,591,1523,1547]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="249 - 59" refId="ref42404" refString="Gelfo JN, Lorente M. The alleged astragalar remains of Didolodus Ameghino, 1897 (Mammalia, Panameriungulata) and a critic of isolated bone association models. Bulletin of Geosciences 2012; 87: 249 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.3140 / bull. geosci. 1301" type="journal article" year="2012">Gelfo and Lorente 2012</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC55EFA258BDBF9AB" author="Lorente" box="[604,745,1522,1546]" firstAuthor="Lorente" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref44083" refString="Lorente M. Desarrollo de Modelos de Asociacion y Clasificaciones de Restos Postcraneanos Aislados de Ungulados Nativos del Paleoceno- Eoceno de America del Sur. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Argentina, 2015." type="book" year="2015">Lorente 2015</bibRefCitation>
). For example, Soria (2001) suggested that the astragali and calcanea attributed by Cifelli (1983b) to didolodontids were most likely notoungulate elements. Indeed, a study that indirectly assigned isolated petrosals to the protolipternid
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC584F9A68BC8F929" authorityName="Cifelli" authorityYear="1983" box="[646,762,1648,1672]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Miguelsoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC584F9A68BC8F929" box="[646,762,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Miguelsoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Itaboraí failed to recover a monophyletic
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC205FF468C47FF09" baseAuthorityName="Garcia-Lopez and Babot" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[1287,1397,144,168]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Litopterna</taxonomicName>
when younger and better known litopterns (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC3F5FF798CB1FF66" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1838" box="[1271,1411,175,199]" class="Mammalia" family="Macraucheniidae" genus="Macrauchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC3F5FF798CB1FF66" box="[1271,1411,175,199]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Macrauchenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC428FF198A80FF46" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1887" box="[810,946,207,231]" class="Mammalia" family="Proterotheriidae" genus="Diadiaphorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC428FF198A80FF46" box="[810,946,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Diadiaphorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) were included (
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC36EFF198C2BFF47" author="Billet" box="[1132,1305,206,231]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Billet" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="956 - 87" refId="ref39984" refString="Billet G, de Muizon C, Schellhorn R et al. Petrosal and inner ear anatomy and allometry amongst specimens referred to Litopterna (Placentalia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2015; 173: 956 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zoj. 12219" type="journal article" year="2015">
Billet
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC3AEFF198DECFF46" box="[1196,1246,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
). Considering that recent association models do not discard the association of litoptern-like tarsals to protolipternids (
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC3DCFED88C5BFE84" author="Lorente" box="[1246,1385,269,293]" firstAuthor="Lorente" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref44083" refString="Lorente M. Desarrollo de Modelos de Asociacion y Clasificaciones de Restos Postcraneanos Aislados de Ungulados Nativos del Paleoceno- Eoceno de America del Sur. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Argentina, 2015." type="book" year="2015">Lorente 2015</bibRefCitation>
) made by Cifelli (1983b), some authors have started to consider the family
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC472FE9A8D28FEC5" box="[880,1050,332,356]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Protolipternidae</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC20FFE9A8C80FEC5" box="[1293,1458,332,356]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC437FEBD8AD2FE22" author="Gelfo" box="[821,992,363,387]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="285 - 91" refId="ref42550" refString="Gelfo JN, Lopez GM, Lorente M. Los ungulados arcaicos de America del Sur: ' Condylarthra' y Litopterna. Contribuciones Cientificas Del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ' Bernardino Rivadavia' 2016; 6: 285 - 91." type="journal article" year="2016">
Gelfo
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC474FEBA8A94FE22" box="[886,934,363,387]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC4EFFEBD8D1FFE22" author="Gelfo" box="[1005,1069,363,387]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="132 - 45" refId="ref42677" refString="Gelfo JN, Alonso RN, Madden RH et al. An Eocene bunodont South American native ungulate (Didolodontidae) from the Lumbrera Formation, Salta Province, Argentina. Ameghiniana 2020 a; 57: 132 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.5710 / amgh. 29.11.2019.3293" type="journal article" year="2020" yearSuffix="a">
2020
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC320FEBD8C13FE22" author="Corona A &amp; Badin AC &amp; Perea D" box="[1058,1313,363,387]" firstAuthor="a" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref41392" refString="Corona A, Badin AC, Perea D et al. A new genus and species and additional reports of the South American native ungulates Proterotheriidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) in the Late Miocene of Uruguay. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 2020; 102: 102646. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jsames. 2020.102646" type="journal volume" year="2020">a, Croft and López 2020</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
). In addition, based on anatomical observations and a phylogenetic analysis,
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC42EFE7C8A8BFE63" author="Gelfo" box="[812,953,426,450]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref42195" refString="Gelfo JN. Los Didolodontidae (Mammalia: Ungulatomorpha) del Terciario Sudamericano. Sistematica, Origen y Evolucion. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata. 2006." type="book" year="2006">Gelfo (2006)</bibRefCitation>
considered that
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC368FE7C8C56FE63" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" box="[1130,1380,426,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Asmithwoodwardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scotti">
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC368FE7C8C56FE63" box="[1130,1380,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Asmithwoodwardia scotti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be generically renamed as is it not recovered as a sister taxon of the Patagonian
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC4CBFE3F8C94FDA0" authority="Ameghino, 1901" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[969,1446,489,513]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Asmithwoodwardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subtrigona">
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC4CBFE3F8DC7FDA0" box="[969,1269,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Asmithwoodwardia subtrigona</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC3F9FE3F8C94FDA0" author="Ameghino" box="[1275,1446,489,513]" firstAuthor="Ameghino" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="349 - 426" refId="ref39297" refString="Ameghino F. Notices preliminaires sur des ongules nouveaux des terrains cretaces de Patagonie. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias de Cordoba 1901; 16: 349 - 426." type="journal article" year="1901">Ameghino, 1901</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF30D0AC447FDDE8C6FFB94" blockId="21.[808,1461,144,1327]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
Apartfromearlyphylogeneticstudiesthatfoundprotolipternids closely related to other litopterns based on Cifellis (1983b) tarsal associations (
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC4B0FD918D15FDFE" author="Cifelli" box="[946,1063,583,607]" firstAuthor="Cifelli" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="195 - 216" refId="ref40977" refString="Cifelli RL. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates. In: Szalay FS, Novacek MJ, McKenna MC (eds), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1993, 195 - 216." type="book chapter" year="1993">Cifelli 1993</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC331FD918DF8FDFE" author="Bergqvist" box="[1075,1226,583,607]" firstAuthor="Bergqvist" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref39790" refString="Bergqvist LP. Reasociacao de pos-cranio as especies de ungulados da Bacia de S. J. Itaborai (Paleoceno), Estado do Rio de Janeiro, e Filogenia dos ' Condylarthra', e ungulados Sul-Americanos com base no poscranio. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 1996." type="book" year="1996">Bergqvist 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF30D0AC3D5FD918C12FDFE" box="[1239,1312,583,607]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[113,178,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[114,1459,150,1662]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenies of the order Litopterna illustrating its interordinal relationships (AB) and its interfamilial relationships (CD). A, Buckley (2015) phylogeny.B, Westbury et al. (2017) phylogeny. C, Cifelli (1993) phylogeny. D, Bonaparte and Morales (1997) phylogeny. Different colours in the branches indicate different families or orders: blue Adianthidae; brown, Notopterna; green, Proterotheriidae; red, Macraucheniidae; yellow, Sparnotheriodontidae. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles: blue, orders; orange, suborders; pink, superfamilies; black, families; green, non-defined rank.Abbreviations:Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Lo, Lopholipterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mo, Macrauchenoidea; Nu, Notoungulata; Pa, Panperissodactyla; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; S, Sparnotheriodontidae." pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
), other phylogenetic studies including protolipternids and didolodontids have usually failed to find them as distinctly separate groups [e.g., Muizon and Cifelli (2000); see also
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC3B0FD738C60FD1C" box="[1202,1362,677,701]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Didolodontidae</taxonomicName>
section]. Other phylogenetic studies with a wide taxon sampling have found
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC46DFD358D25FD5A" box="[879,1047,739,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Protolipternidae</taxonomicName>
: in a basal position in Laurasiatheria as a sister group of
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC4D8FCD58C52FCBA" authority="(O'Leary et al. 2013)" baseAuthorityName="O'Leary" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[986,1376,771,795]" class="Mammalia" family="Didolodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Condylarthra" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Didolodontidae (OLeary
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC3EBFCD58C26FCBA" box="[1257,1300,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
. 2013)
</taxonomicName>
; closely related to other more derived litopterns than to other SANUs (Muizon
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC48FFC948A8BFCF8" box="[909,953,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
. 2015); among didolodontids at the stem of litopterns but not forming a monophyletic group (
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC221FCB78A6FFC39" author="Kramarz" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kramarz" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref43620" refString="Kramarz AG, Bond M, MacPhee RDE. On the alleged perissodactyl affinities of the ' condylarth' Escribania chubutensis and other endemic South American ungulate-like placentals. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2021; 41: e 1986716." type="journal volume" year="2021">
Kramarz
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC280FCB78C9CFCD8" box="[1410,1454,865,889]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
); and forming a monophyletic group as part of a polytomy that includes didolodontids, sparnotheriodontids, indaleciids, and North American phenacodontids (Zimicz
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC3D4FC698DCDFC76" box="[1238,1279,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
. 2022). However, so far there has not been any phylogenetic analysis that includes protolipternids alongside representatives of all litoptern families, didolodontids, and the different SANU orders (
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFF30D0AC206FBCB8C7FFB94" box="[1284,1357,1053,1077]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[110,165,440,465]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Previous phylogenetic analyses that included Litopterna and Didolodontidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; C, cranial; D, dental; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; K, Kollpaniinae; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mi, North American Mioclaenidae; No. litopterns, number of uncontroversial litopterns; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; PC, postcranial; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae; X, Xenungulata" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE20D1BC76CFE6E8C76FDA9">Table 2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAF0623FFF30D0AC447FBEA8AA7FA8E" blockId="21.[808,1461,144,1327]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
If we follow Cifelli (1983a) and consider
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC20BFBEA8C81FBF5" box="[1289,1459,1084,1108]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Protolipternidae</taxonomicName>
as a valid family, its earliest members are
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC232FB8D8DF6FB32" authority=", Miguelsoriaparayirunhor" authorityName="Miguelsoriaparayirunhor" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Protolipterna" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Notoungulata" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ellipsodontoides">
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC232FB8D8AF6FB32" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Protolipterna ellipsodontoides</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC4CEFBAD8DF6FB32" box="[972,1220,1147,1171]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Miguelsoriaparayirunhor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,and
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC3EDFBAD8A6EFB13" authorityName="Paula Couto" authorityYear="1952" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Asmithwoodwardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scotti">
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC3EDFBAD8A6EFB13" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Asmithwoodwardia scotti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Itaboraí,
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFF30D0AC4FAFB4C8D04FB13" box="[1016,1078,1178,1202]" name="Brazil" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, and the youngest member would be
<taxonomicName id="4C107DA0FFF30D0AC429FB6F8D68FB70" authorityName="Ameghino" authorityYear="1901" box="[811,1114,1209,1233]" class="Mammalia" family="Protolipternidae" genus="Asmithwoodwardia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Litopterna" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subtrigona">
<emphasis id="B964DA31FFF30D0AC429FB6F8D68FB70" box="[811,1114,1209,1233]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Asmithwoodwardia subtrigona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with its last records in Cañadón Vaca,
<collectingCountry id="F30746B3FFF30D0AC46BFB0F8AE2FB50" box="[873,976,1241,1265]" name="Argentina" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF817BD2FFF30D0AC4E6FB0F8D69FB50" author="Gelfo" box="[996,1115,1241,1265]" firstAuthor="Gelfo" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refId="ref42195" refString="Gelfo JN. Los Didolodontidae (Mammalia: Ungulatomorpha) del Terciario Sudamericano. Sistematica, Origen y Evolucion. D. Phil. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de la Plata. 2006." type="book" year="2006">Gelfo 2006</bibRefCitation>
), which gives the family a temporal interval of 5642 Mya (
<figureCitation id="132B1AA6FFF30D0AC35CFB2E8D95FAB1" box="[1118,1191,1272,1296]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[113,178,1849,1873]" captionTargetBox="[174,1395,148,1822]" captionTargetId="graphics-9@7.[268,1359,583,1798]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera.A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets.In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used.In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of amilnedwarsids were not included in this plot.Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan." pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
; Supporting information,
<tableCitation id="C6923398FFF30D0AC429FAC18AB4FA8E" box="[811,902,1303,1327]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[110,165,500,525]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the main taxonomic proposals for early SANUs (condylarths), Litopterna, and Notopterna. Abbreviations: SF, Superfamily; SO, Suborder" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" tableUuid="DF6F56ABFFE40D1DC76CFE228F67FDAC">Table S1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>