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<document id="403B14034EDB5AB3321E1379D9350B29" ID-CLB-Dataset="8183" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4927.4.10" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d36c72f9-4f9f-4133-82b2-e6c37b060644" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4557444" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1613472725329" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Smith Iii, Julian P. S. &amp; Schärer, Lukas" docDate="2021" docId="03AC87C3FFBFDA6738D57F20FA763C3F" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4927.4.10.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4927 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Bradynectes ensifer Smith Iii &amp; Schärer 2021, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="590" masterDocId="FF95FFBBFFBFDA6438427A0BFFF93F40" masterDocTitle="Bradynectes ensifer n. sp. (Platyhelminthes: Macrostomorpha) from North Carolina, USA" masterLastPageNumber="592" masterPageNumber="587" pageNumber="587" updateTime="1698929677170" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="AD14DDF203B0FC33059493247B90B5B8">Bradynectes ensifer n. sp. (Platyhelminthes: Macrostomorpha) from North Carolina, USA</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A183E3F7872D73FCDC89A1087461338C">Smith Iii, Julian P. S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="17FD644AD4E0F644110E3CE6CBA19590" type="ORCID">0000-0002-8263-6445</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="8F4FB6EF4589EFB1A7B8D2354AD68C62">Dept. of Biology, Winthrop University, 349 Columbia Ave, Rock Hill, SC 29733, U. S. A.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="362460197D5B6E132293815F98131FD6" type="email">smithj@winthrop.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="4D88FCFAACF6E3F2CF0CC414447812BA">Schärer, Lukas</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="0D120BE5663E1A20343AD16129F9A851" type="ORCID">0000-0002-0209-9871</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="5A3A16CDD18FC1515AB5E9BEAD8AC893">Zoological Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland. lukas. scharer @ unibas. ch; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0209 - 98971</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="64AAB8F627B97B3A3A4871880BA931F7" type="email">lukas.scharer@unibas.ch</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="A0678451F0701EE8A827EAE371471107">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="467244E600E59ED8846225D391F926F7">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1FC206E91833E8241F8F394A3375B1CF">2021-02-16</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03AC87C3FFBFDA6738D57F20FA763C3F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557448" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177418180" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4557448" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AC87C3FFBFDA6738D57F20FA763C3F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AC87C3FFBFDA6738D57F20FA763C3F" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="590" pageId="0" pageNumber="587">
<subSubSection id="C31F655EFFBFDA6438D57F20FE2E3A05" box="[151,471,1323,1350]" pageId="0" pageNumber="587" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBA36D5FFBFDA6438D57F20FE2E3A05" blockId="0.[151,1437,1323,2034]" box="[151,471,1323,1350]" pageId="0" pageNumber="587">
<heading id="D0F281B9FFBFDA6438D57F20FE2E3A05" bold="true" box="[151,471,1323,1350]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="587" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBFDA6438D57F20FE2E3A05" bold="true" box="[151,471,1323,1350]" pageId="0" pageNumber="587">
<taxonomicName id="4C054D56FFBFDA6438D57F20FE7F3A05" ID-CoL="8VNT3" authority="Smith Iii &amp; Schärer, 2021" authorityName="Smith Iii &amp; Schärer" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,390,1323,1350]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Macrostomidae" genus="Bradynectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrostomida" pageId="0" pageNumber="587" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ensifer" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBFDA6438D57F20FE7F3A05" bold="true" box="[151,390,1323,1350]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="587">Bradynectes ensifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24257BCFFBFDA6439D77F20FE2E3A05" box="[405,471,1323,1349]" pageId="0" pageNumber="587" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31F655EFFBFDA6738D57F5AFA763C3F" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="590" pageId="0" pageNumber="587" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBA36D5FFBFDA6438D57F5AFDCD3991" blockId="0.[151,1437,1323,2034]" pageId="0" pageNumber="587">
The specific epithet (L. “sword-bearer”) refers to the curved stylet, as the late Dr. R.M. Rieger’s helping-name for this species was “säbel” (derived from the German word “Säbel” for “saber”). Type material was deposited at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History (
<collectionCode id="ED14AE10FFBFDA643AE57F92FD053AF1" box="[679,764,1433,1457]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/142r-0w94" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="587" type="Museum">NMNH</collectionCode>
) as follows: Holotype—a serially sectioned specimen (
<collectionCode id="ED14AE10FFBFDA643D0F7F92FA653AF1" box="[1357,1436,1433,1457]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="587" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
1642033); Paratypes—one compressed specimen mounted in lactophenol for the stylet (
<collectionCode id="ED14AE10FFBFDA643C157FB6FB5F3A95" box="[1111,1190,1469,1493]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="587" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
1642031), two sets of serial sections (
<collectionCode id="ED14AE10FFBFDA64397D7FEAFE773AB9" box="[319,398,1505,1529]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="587" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
1642032 &amp;
<collectionCode id="ED14AE10FFBFDA643A5A7FEAFD9C3AB9" box="[536,613,1505,1529]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="587" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
1642034); type locality (
<geoCoordinate id="EE315012FFBFDA643B3B7FEAFC163AB9" box="[889,1007,1505,1529]" degrees="34.650075" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="587" precision="1" value="34.650074">34.650075</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE315012FFBFDA643BB97FEAFB833AB9" box="[1019,1146,1505,1529]" degrees="77.104558" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="587" precision="1" value="-77.10456">-77.104558</geoCoordinate>
). Material examined: three specimens studied alive and photographed (images deposited at http://
<taxonomicName id="4C054D56FFBFDA643BD97C0EFBAA395D" authorityName="Doe" authorityYear="1986" box="[923,1107,1541,1565]" class="Macrostomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="590" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="class">macrostomorpha</taxonomicName>
.info under specimen numbers MTP JS 31, MTP JS 32, and MTP JS 33—the first, mounted in lactophenol as the above-mentioned
<typeStatus id="54BE8877FFBFDA643C877C22FADF3901" box="[1221,1318,1577,1601]" pageId="0" pageNumber="587" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
); three sets of serial sections [images deposited at http://
<taxonomicName id="4C054D56FFBFDA643A337C46FCD03925" authorityName="Doe" authorityYear="1986" box="[625,809,1613,1637]" class="Macrostomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="590" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="class">macrostomorpha</taxonomicName>
.info under specimen numbers MTP JS 52 (
<typeStatus id="54BE8877FFBFDA643CB47C46FAAF3925" box="[1270,1366,1613,1637]" pageId="0" pageNumber="587" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, sagittal), MTP JS 53 (
<typeStatus id="54BE8877FFBFDA6439117C7AFE4C39C9" box="[339,437,1649,1673]" pageId="0" pageNumber="587" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, sagittal) and MTP JS 54 (
<typeStatus id="54BE8877FFBFDA643A9A7C7AFCC139C9" box="[728,824,1649,1673]" pageId="0" pageNumber="587" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, frontal)]; drawings by Rieger of specimens collected in Bogue Inlet (
<date id="FFBB1015FFBFDA6439617C9EFE4539ED" box="[291,444,1685,1709]" pageId="0" pageNumber="587" value="1974-06-17">June 17, 1974</date>
) and at New River Inlet, NC (
<date id="FFBB1015FFBFDA643B427C9EFC6239ED" box="[768,923,1685,1709]" pageId="0" pageNumber="587" value="1972-06-14">June 14, 1972</date>
); and one wholemount slide prepared by Rieger of the specimen from New River Inlet.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA36D5FFBFDA6538857CD5FE233D8C" blockId="0.[151,1437,1323,2034]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1437,151,716]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="588" pageId="0" pageNumber="587">
In transmitted light, free-swimming animals were yellowish-brown,
<quantity id="4CFD9B30FFBFDA643BDD7CD6FBF339B5" box="[927,1034,1757,1781]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="0" pageNumber="587" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1–1.5 mm</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="133E2A50FFBFDA643C0D7CD6FB5839B5" box="[1103,1185,1757,1781]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-29@2.[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of Bradynectes ensifer n. sp. using brightfield (A) and DIC (B–G) illumination. A. Living animal, lightly squeezed, dorsal view: brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), maturing oocyte (o), seminal vesicle (sv); scale bar = 0.5mm; B. Squeezed specimen, ventral view. Note pharynx pressed open, extension of gut posteriorly beyond maturing oocyte, anterior extent of ovary (ov) lying medially near the posterior end of testis (t), vas deferens (v) and seminal vesicle (sv); C. High-magnification view of male system, from seminal vesicle with mature sperm leading via the intervesicular duct (id) to the prostatic vesicle (pv) with the stylet (st) and surrounded by cement glands (cg); D,E. Ventrally-focused (D) and more dorsally-focused (E) views of the prostatic vesicle and stylet. Note two types of prostatic secretions (ps) and thick muscle (arrow) of the prostatic vesicle that inserts on the anterior part of the stylet base; F. Stylet, showing base opening (bo) and tip opening (to); arrows indicate endpoints for measurement of convex side (cx) and concave side (cv); G. Sperm, released from the seminal vesicle by squeezing; H,I. Successive 1.5µm sagittal sections of the posterior end, showing seminal vesicle (sv), nuclei of the seminal vesicle epithelium (arrows), cross-sectioned male antrum (ma), and bundle of putative received allosperm (asp); J. Sagittal section, showing cross-sectioned autosperm (sp) in vesicula seminalis. Panels H-J printed at the same magnification." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4557450/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="587">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
) and narrow anteriorly, with a pronounced widening at the level of the pharynx. Animals moved by slow ciliary gliding or by a leech-like alternate attachment of the anterior and posterior ends. The unpaired testis and ovary lay on the right-hand side of the body (
<figureCitation id="133E2A50FFBFDA643D337D2EFF413821" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-29@2.[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of Bradynectes ensifer n. sp. using brightfield (A) and DIC (B–G) illumination. A. Living animal, lightly squeezed, dorsal view: brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), maturing oocyte (o), seminal vesicle (sv); scale bar = 0.5mm; B. Squeezed specimen, ventral view. Note pharynx pressed open, extension of gut posteriorly beyond maturing oocyte, anterior extent of ovary (ov) lying medially near the posterior end of testis (t), vas deferens (v) and seminal vesicle (sv); C. High-magnification view of male system, from seminal vesicle with mature sperm leading via the intervesicular duct (id) to the prostatic vesicle (pv) with the stylet (st) and surrounded by cement glands (cg); D,E. Ventrally-focused (D) and more dorsally-focused (E) views of the prostatic vesicle and stylet. Note two types of prostatic secretions (ps) and thick muscle (arrow) of the prostatic vesicle that inserts on the anterior part of the stylet base; F. Stylet, showing base opening (bo) and tip opening (to); arrows indicate endpoints for measurement of convex side (cx) and concave side (cv); G. Sperm, released from the seminal vesicle by squeezing; H,I. Successive 1.5µm sagittal sections of the posterior end, showing seminal vesicle (sv), nuclei of the seminal vesicle epithelium (arrows), cross-sectioned male antrum (ma), and bundle of putative received allosperm (asp); J. Sagittal section, showing cross-sectioned autosperm (sp) in vesicula seminalis. Panels H-J printed at the same magnification." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4557450/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="587">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). The brain was penetrated by rhammite-tracts of the frontal glands; the cell-bodies of these lay at about the level of the germinal zone of the testis. The pharynx led into a sac-like gut that was brown to golden-brown in life and extended posteriorly beyond the maturing oocyte (
<figureCitation id="133E2A50FFBFDA643A527D9AFD9B38E9" box="[528,610,1937,1961]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-29@2.[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of Bradynectes ensifer n. sp. using brightfield (A) and DIC (B–G) illumination. A. Living animal, lightly squeezed, dorsal view: brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), maturing oocyte (o), seminal vesicle (sv); scale bar = 0.5mm; B. Squeezed specimen, ventral view. Note pharynx pressed open, extension of gut posteriorly beyond maturing oocyte, anterior extent of ovary (ov) lying medially near the posterior end of testis (t), vas deferens (v) and seminal vesicle (sv); C. High-magnification view of male system, from seminal vesicle with mature sperm leading via the intervesicular duct (id) to the prostatic vesicle (pv) with the stylet (st) and surrounded by cement glands (cg); D,E. Ventrally-focused (D) and more dorsally-focused (E) views of the prostatic vesicle and stylet. Note two types of prostatic secretions (ps) and thick muscle (arrow) of the prostatic vesicle that inserts on the anterior part of the stylet base; F. Stylet, showing base opening (bo) and tip opening (to); arrows indicate endpoints for measurement of convex side (cx) and concave side (cv); G. Sperm, released from the seminal vesicle by squeezing; H,I. Successive 1.5µm sagittal sections of the posterior end, showing seminal vesicle (sv), nuclei of the seminal vesicle epithelium (arrows), cross-sectioned male antrum (ma), and bundle of putative received allosperm (asp); J. Sagittal section, showing cross-sectioned autosperm (sp) in vesicula seminalis. Panels H-J printed at the same magnification." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4557450/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="587">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). The testis was voluminous (
<figureCitation id="133E2A50FFBFDA643BDD7D9AFC0838E9" box="[927,1009,1937,1961]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-29@2.[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of Bradynectes ensifer n. sp. using brightfield (A) and DIC (B–G) illumination. A. Living animal, lightly squeezed, dorsal view: brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), maturing oocyte (o), seminal vesicle (sv); scale bar = 0.5mm; B. Squeezed specimen, ventral view. Note pharynx pressed open, extension of gut posteriorly beyond maturing oocyte, anterior extent of ovary (ov) lying medially near the posterior end of testis (t), vas deferens (v) and seminal vesicle (sv); C. High-magnification view of male system, from seminal vesicle with mature sperm leading via the intervesicular duct (id) to the prostatic vesicle (pv) with the stylet (st) and surrounded by cement glands (cg); D,E. Ventrally-focused (D) and more dorsally-focused (E) views of the prostatic vesicle and stylet. Note two types of prostatic secretions (ps) and thick muscle (arrow) of the prostatic vesicle that inserts on the anterior part of the stylet base; F. Stylet, showing base opening (bo) and tip opening (to); arrows indicate endpoints for measurement of convex side (cx) and concave side (cv); G. Sperm, released from the seminal vesicle by squeezing; H,I. Successive 1.5µm sagittal sections of the posterior end, showing seminal vesicle (sv), nuclei of the seminal vesicle epithelium (arrows), cross-sectioned male antrum (ma), and bundle of putative received allosperm (asp); J. Sagittal section, showing cross-sectioned autosperm (sp) in vesicula seminalis. Panels H-J printed at the same magnification." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4557450/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="587">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
); a short vas deferens led from the testis to a muscular seminal vesicle (
<figureCitation id="133E2A50FFBFDA6439987DBEFDE7388D" box="[474,542,1973,1997]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-29@2.[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of Bradynectes ensifer n. sp. using brightfield (A) and DIC (B–G) illumination. A. Living animal, lightly squeezed, dorsal view: brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), maturing oocyte (o), seminal vesicle (sv); scale bar = 0.5mm; B. Squeezed specimen, ventral view. Note pharynx pressed open, extension of gut posteriorly beyond maturing oocyte, anterior extent of ovary (ov) lying medially near the posterior end of testis (t), vas deferens (v) and seminal vesicle (sv); C. High-magnification view of male system, from seminal vesicle with mature sperm leading via the intervesicular duct (id) to the prostatic vesicle (pv) with the stylet (st) and surrounded by cement glands (cg); D,E. Ventrally-focused (D) and more dorsally-focused (E) views of the prostatic vesicle and stylet. Note two types of prostatic secretions (ps) and thick muscle (arrow) of the prostatic vesicle that inserts on the anterior part of the stylet base; F. Stylet, showing base opening (bo) and tip opening (to); arrows indicate endpoints for measurement of convex side (cx) and concave side (cv); G. Sperm, released from the seminal vesicle by squeezing; H,I. Successive 1.5µm sagittal sections of the posterior end, showing seminal vesicle (sv), nuclei of the seminal vesicle epithelium (arrows), cross-sectioned male antrum (ma), and bundle of putative received allosperm (asp); J. Sagittal section, showing cross-sectioned autosperm (sp) in vesicula seminalis. Panels H-J printed at the same magnification." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4557450/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="587">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
A–C), from which an intervesicular duct (
<figureCitation id="133E2A50FFBFDA643B997DBEFBD2388D" box="[987,1067,1973,1997]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-29@2.[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of Bradynectes ensifer n. sp. using brightfield (A) and DIC (B–G) illumination. A. Living animal, lightly squeezed, dorsal view: brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), maturing oocyte (o), seminal vesicle (sv); scale bar = 0.5mm; B. Squeezed specimen, ventral view. Note pharynx pressed open, extension of gut posteriorly beyond maturing oocyte, anterior extent of ovary (ov) lying medially near the posterior end of testis (t), vas deferens (v) and seminal vesicle (sv); C. High-magnification view of male system, from seminal vesicle with mature sperm leading via the intervesicular duct (id) to the prostatic vesicle (pv) with the stylet (st) and surrounded by cement glands (cg); D,E. Ventrally-focused (D) and more dorsally-focused (E) views of the prostatic vesicle and stylet. Note two types of prostatic secretions (ps) and thick muscle (arrow) of the prostatic vesicle that inserts on the anterior part of the stylet base; F. Stylet, showing base opening (bo) and tip opening (to); arrows indicate endpoints for measurement of convex side (cx) and concave side (cv); G. Sperm, released from the seminal vesicle by squeezing; H,I. Successive 1.5µm sagittal sections of the posterior end, showing seminal vesicle (sv), nuclei of the seminal vesicle epithelium (arrows), cross-sectioned male antrum (ma), and bundle of putative received allosperm (asp); J. Sagittal section, showing cross-sectioned autosperm (sp) in vesicula seminalis. Panels H-J printed at the same magnification." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4557450/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="587">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
) led to a prostatic vesicle (vesicula granulorum) with two types of secretion (
<figureCitation id="133E2A50FFBFDA643A117DD2FD3038B1" box="[595,713,2009,2033]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-29@2.[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of Bradynectes ensifer n. sp. using brightfield (A) and DIC (B–G) illumination. A. Living animal, lightly squeezed, dorsal view: brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), maturing oocyte (o), seminal vesicle (sv); scale bar = 0.5mm; B. Squeezed specimen, ventral view. Note pharynx pressed open, extension of gut posteriorly beyond maturing oocyte, anterior extent of ovary (ov) lying medially near the posterior end of testis (t), vas deferens (v) and seminal vesicle (sv); C. High-magnification view of male system, from seminal vesicle with mature sperm leading via the intervesicular duct (id) to the prostatic vesicle (pv) with the stylet (st) and surrounded by cement glands (cg); D,E. Ventrally-focused (D) and more dorsally-focused (E) views of the prostatic vesicle and stylet. Note two types of prostatic secretions (ps) and thick muscle (arrow) of the prostatic vesicle that inserts on the anterior part of the stylet base; F. Stylet, showing base opening (bo) and tip opening (to); arrows indicate endpoints for measurement of convex side (cx) and concave side (cv); G. Sperm, released from the seminal vesicle by squeezing; H,I. Successive 1.5µm sagittal sections of the posterior end, showing seminal vesicle (sv), nuclei of the seminal vesicle epithelium (arrows), cross-sectioned male antrum (ma), and bundle of putative received allosperm (asp); J. Sagittal section, showing cross-sectioned autosperm (sp) in vesicula seminalis. Panels H-J printed at the same magnification." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4557450/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="587">Figs. 1D,E</figureCitation>
). On the prostatic vesicle was mounted a stylet with a rounded base and a long, curved, tapering portion ending in a point with a small oblique opening facing the convex side (
<figureCitation id="133E2A50FFBEDA653D567A9CFAA03FF0" box="[1300,1369,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-29@2.[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of Bradynectes ensifer n. sp. using brightfield (A) and DIC (B–G) illumination. A. Living animal, lightly squeezed, dorsal view: brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), maturing oocyte (o), seminal vesicle (sv); scale bar = 0.5mm; B. Squeezed specimen, ventral view. Note pharynx pressed open, extension of gut posteriorly beyond maturing oocyte, anterior extent of ovary (ov) lying medially near the posterior end of testis (t), vas deferens (v) and seminal vesicle (sv); C. High-magnification view of male system, from seminal vesicle with mature sperm leading via the intervesicular duct (id) to the prostatic vesicle (pv) with the stylet (st) and surrounded by cement glands (cg); D,E. Ventrally-focused (D) and more dorsally-focused (E) views of the prostatic vesicle and stylet. Note two types of prostatic secretions (ps) and thick muscle (arrow) of the prostatic vesicle that inserts on the anterior part of the stylet base; F. Stylet, showing base opening (bo) and tip opening (to); arrows indicate endpoints for measurement of convex side (cx) and concave side (cv); G. Sperm, released from the seminal vesicle by squeezing; H,I. Successive 1.5µm sagittal sections of the posterior end, showing seminal vesicle (sv), nuclei of the seminal vesicle epithelium (arrows), cross-sectioned male antrum (ma), and bundle of putative received allosperm (asp); J. Sagittal section, showing cross-sectioned autosperm (sp) in vesicula seminalis. Panels H-J printed at the same magnification." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4557450/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
D–F), and, possibly, a longitudinal slit or a long fold on the convex surface near the tip (
<figureCitation id="133E2A50FFBEDA653BAD7AB0FBC73F94" box="[1007,1086,187,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-29@2.[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of Bradynectes ensifer n. sp. using brightfield (A) and DIC (B–G) illumination. A. Living animal, lightly squeezed, dorsal view: brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), maturing oocyte (o), seminal vesicle (sv); scale bar = 0.5mm; B. Squeezed specimen, ventral view. Note pharynx pressed open, extension of gut posteriorly beyond maturing oocyte, anterior extent of ovary (ov) lying medially near the posterior end of testis (t), vas deferens (v) and seminal vesicle (sv); C. High-magnification view of male system, from seminal vesicle with mature sperm leading via the intervesicular duct (id) to the prostatic vesicle (pv) with the stylet (st) and surrounded by cement glands (cg); D,E. Ventrally-focused (D) and more dorsally-focused (E) views of the prostatic vesicle and stylet. Note two types of prostatic secretions (ps) and thick muscle (arrow) of the prostatic vesicle that inserts on the anterior part of the stylet base; F. Stylet, showing base opening (bo) and tip opening (to); arrows indicate endpoints for measurement of convex side (cx) and concave side (cv); G. Sperm, released from the seminal vesicle by squeezing; H,I. Successive 1.5µm sagittal sections of the posterior end, showing seminal vesicle (sv), nuclei of the seminal vesicle epithelium (arrows), cross-sectioned male antrum (ma), and bundle of putative received allosperm (asp); J. Sagittal section, showing cross-sectioned autosperm (sp) in vesicula seminalis. Panels H-J printed at the same magnification." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4557450/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
). The stylet (
<figureCitation id="133E2A50FFBEDA653C8A7AB0FAED3F94" box="[1224,1300,187,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-29@2.[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of Bradynectes ensifer n. sp. using brightfield (A) and DIC (B–G) illumination. A. Living animal, lightly squeezed, dorsal view: brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), maturing oocyte (o), seminal vesicle (sv); scale bar = 0.5mm; B. Squeezed specimen, ventral view. Note pharynx pressed open, extension of gut posteriorly beyond maturing oocyte, anterior extent of ovary (ov) lying medially near the posterior end of testis (t), vas deferens (v) and seminal vesicle (sv); C. High-magnification view of male system, from seminal vesicle with mature sperm leading via the intervesicular duct (id) to the prostatic vesicle (pv) with the stylet (st) and surrounded by cement glands (cg); D,E. Ventrally-focused (D) and more dorsally-focused (E) views of the prostatic vesicle and stylet. Note two types of prostatic secretions (ps) and thick muscle (arrow) of the prostatic vesicle that inserts on the anterior part of the stylet base; F. Stylet, showing base opening (bo) and tip opening (to); arrows indicate endpoints for measurement of convex side (cx) and concave side (cv); G. Sperm, released from the seminal vesicle by squeezing; H,I. Successive 1.5µm sagittal sections of the posterior end, showing seminal vesicle (sv), nuclei of the seminal vesicle epithelium (arrows), cross-sectioned male antrum (ma), and bundle of putative received allosperm (asp); J. Sagittal section, showing cross-sectioned autosperm (sp) in vesicula seminalis. Panels H-J printed at the same magnification." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4557450/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
) had the following dimensions (see also
<tableCitation id="C687036EFFBEDA6539847AD4FDED3FB8" box="[454,532,223,248]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,239,763,787]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of the stylet and sperm dimensions of the different Bradynectes specimens compared in this study (see Fig 1F for the relevant landmarks). Note that the convex and concave side length measures are curves that follow along the stylet boundary. All measurements are in µm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7A665DFFBEDA6538D578F0FCED3C1C" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" tableUuid="DF7A665DFFBEDA6538D578F0FCED3C1C">Table 1</tableCitation>
): base opening =
<quantity id="4CFD9B30FFBEDA653A8D7AEBFCEC3FB8" box="[719,789,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 µm</quantity>
, convex side =
<quantity id="4CFD9B30FFBEDA653BF57AD4FC013FB7" box="[951,1016,223,247]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" unit="mm" value="95.0">95µm</quantity>
, concave side =
<quantity id="4CFD9B30FFBEDA653CE67AEBFB133FB8" box="[1188,1258,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" unit="mm" value="81.0">81 µm</quantity>
, tip opening=
<quantity id="4CFD9B30FFBEDA653D387AD4FF423E5C" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" unit="mm" value="4.4">4.4 µm</quantity>
(average of three specimens examined in squeeze preparation). A thickened portion of the musculature surrounding the prostatic vesicle inserted on the anterior extension of the base of the stylet (
<figureCitation id="133E2A50FFBEDA653B997B2CFBA93E00" box="[987,1104,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-29@2.[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of Bradynectes ensifer n. sp. using brightfield (A) and DIC (B–G) illumination. A. Living animal, lightly squeezed, dorsal view: brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), maturing oocyte (o), seminal vesicle (sv); scale bar = 0.5mm; B. Squeezed specimen, ventral view. Note pharynx pressed open, extension of gut posteriorly beyond maturing oocyte, anterior extent of ovary (ov) lying medially near the posterior end of testis (t), vas deferens (v) and seminal vesicle (sv); C. High-magnification view of male system, from seminal vesicle with mature sperm leading via the intervesicular duct (id) to the prostatic vesicle (pv) with the stylet (st) and surrounded by cement glands (cg); D,E. Ventrally-focused (D) and more dorsally-focused (E) views of the prostatic vesicle and stylet. Note two types of prostatic secretions (ps) and thick muscle (arrow) of the prostatic vesicle that inserts on the anterior part of the stylet base; F. Stylet, showing base opening (bo) and tip opening (to); arrows indicate endpoints for measurement of convex side (cx) and concave side (cv); G. Sperm, released from the seminal vesicle by squeezing; H,I. Successive 1.5µm sagittal sections of the posterior end, showing seminal vesicle (sv), nuclei of the seminal vesicle epithelium (arrows), cross-sectioned male antrum (ma), and bundle of putative received allosperm (asp); J. Sagittal section, showing cross-sectioned autosperm (sp) in vesicula seminalis. Panels H-J printed at the same magnification." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4557450/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Figs. 1D,E</figureCitation>
, arrows). The proximal portion of the male antrum was unciliated and received glands with a small granular secretion (
<figureCitation id="133E2A50FFBEDA653C037B40FB5D3E24" box="[1089,1188,331,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-29@2.[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of Bradynectes ensifer n. sp. using brightfield (A) and DIC (B–G) illumination. A. Living animal, lightly squeezed, dorsal view: brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), maturing oocyte (o), seminal vesicle (sv); scale bar = 0.5mm; B. Squeezed specimen, ventral view. Note pharynx pressed open, extension of gut posteriorly beyond maturing oocyte, anterior extent of ovary (ov) lying medially near the posterior end of testis (t), vas deferens (v) and seminal vesicle (sv); C. High-magnification view of male system, from seminal vesicle with mature sperm leading via the intervesicular duct (id) to the prostatic vesicle (pv) with the stylet (st) and surrounded by cement glands (cg); D,E. Ventrally-focused (D) and more dorsally-focused (E) views of the prostatic vesicle and stylet. Note two types of prostatic secretions (ps) and thick muscle (arrow) of the prostatic vesicle that inserts on the anterior part of the stylet base; F. Stylet, showing base opening (bo) and tip opening (to); arrows indicate endpoints for measurement of convex side (cx) and concave side (cv); G. Sperm, released from the seminal vesicle by squeezing; H,I. Successive 1.5µm sagittal sections of the posterior end, showing seminal vesicle (sv), nuclei of the seminal vesicle epithelium (arrows), cross-sectioned male antrum (ma), and bundle of putative received allosperm (asp); J. Sagittal section, showing cross-sectioned autosperm (sp) in vesicula seminalis. Panels H-J printed at the same magnification." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4557450/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Fig. S1A</figureCitation>
, ag). Distally, the male antrum was ciliated (for more details see deposited images of specimens studied alive). Cement glands (
<figureCitation id="133E2A50FFBEDA653CA57B64FA6D3EC8" box="[1255,1428,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-29@2.[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of Bradynectes ensifer n. sp. using brightfield (A) and DIC (B–G) illumination. A. Living animal, lightly squeezed, dorsal view: brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), maturing oocyte (o), seminal vesicle (sv); scale bar = 0.5mm; B. Squeezed specimen, ventral view. Note pharynx pressed open, extension of gut posteriorly beyond maturing oocyte, anterior extent of ovary (ov) lying medially near the posterior end of testis (t), vas deferens (v) and seminal vesicle (sv); C. High-magnification view of male system, from seminal vesicle with mature sperm leading via the intervesicular duct (id) to the prostatic vesicle (pv) with the stylet (st) and surrounded by cement glands (cg); D,E. Ventrally-focused (D) and more dorsally-focused (E) views of the prostatic vesicle and stylet. Note two types of prostatic secretions (ps) and thick muscle (arrow) of the prostatic vesicle that inserts on the anterior part of the stylet base; F. Stylet, showing base opening (bo) and tip opening (to); arrows indicate endpoints for measurement of convex side (cx) and concave side (cv); G. Sperm, released from the seminal vesicle by squeezing; H,I. Successive 1.5µm sagittal sections of the posterior end, showing seminal vesicle (sv), nuclei of the seminal vesicle epithelium (arrows), cross-sectioned male antrum (ma), and bundle of putative received allosperm (asp); J. Sagittal section, showing cross-sectioned autosperm (sp) in vesicula seminalis. Panels H-J printed at the same magnification." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4557450/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Figs. 1C, S1A,F</figureCitation>
) were located in an arc surrounding the male gonopore, and opened on the ventral surface. The female tract comprised a single ovary located medial to and near the posterior end of the testis (
<figureCitation id="133E2A50FFBEDA653BC77BBCFC213E90" box="[901,984,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-29@2.[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of Bradynectes ensifer n. sp. using brightfield (A) and DIC (B–G) illumination. A. Living animal, lightly squeezed, dorsal view: brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), maturing oocyte (o), seminal vesicle (sv); scale bar = 0.5mm; B. Squeezed specimen, ventral view. Note pharynx pressed open, extension of gut posteriorly beyond maturing oocyte, anterior extent of ovary (ov) lying medially near the posterior end of testis (t), vas deferens (v) and seminal vesicle (sv); C. High-magnification view of male system, from seminal vesicle with mature sperm leading via the intervesicular duct (id) to the prostatic vesicle (pv) with the stylet (st) and surrounded by cement glands (cg); D,E. Ventrally-focused (D) and more dorsally-focused (E) views of the prostatic vesicle and stylet. Note two types of prostatic secretions (ps) and thick muscle (arrow) of the prostatic vesicle that inserts on the anterior part of the stylet base; F. Stylet, showing base opening (bo) and tip opening (to); arrows indicate endpoints for measurement of convex side (cx) and concave side (cv); G. Sperm, released from the seminal vesicle by squeezing; H,I. Successive 1.5µm sagittal sections of the posterior end, showing seminal vesicle (sv), nuclei of the seminal vesicle epithelium (arrows), cross-sectioned male antrum (ma), and bundle of putative received allosperm (asp); J. Sagittal section, showing cross-sectioned autosperm (sp) in vesicula seminalis. Panels H-J printed at the same magnification." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4557450/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). Both male and female gonads originated ventrally. We were unable to detect female ducts in our live material or our sections, nor was there evidence in sections of a sperm-receiving organ or bursa-like tissue in the posterior extension of the gut (as mentioned by
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B24FFBEDA653C8D7BF4FAAC3D58" author="Rieger, R. M." box="[1231,1365,511,536]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" pagination="205 - 235" refId="ref3043" refString="Rieger, R. M. (1971) Bradynectes sterreri, gen. nov., spec. nov, eine neue psammobionte Macrostomide (Turbellaria). Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 98, 205 - 235." type="journal article" year="1971">Rieger 1971</bibRefCitation>
, for
<taxonomicName id="4C054D56FFBEDA653DC7780BFF1F3D7B" authorityName="Rieger" authorityYear="1971" class="Rhabditophora" family="Macrostomidae" genus="Bradynectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrostomida" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="sterreri">
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBEDA653DC7780BFF1F3D7B" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">B. sterreri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, p.226; see his figures 4 and 6f). However, both the
<typeStatus id="54BE8877FFBEDA653B527828FC943D7B" box="[784,877,547,571]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and one
<typeStatus id="54BE8877FFBEDA653B8F782FFBD03D7C" box="[973,1065,548,572]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
exhibited what may be a bundle of allosperm in the posterior part of the body (
<figureCitation id="133E2A50FFBEDA653A27784CFD333D20" box="[613,714,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-29@2.[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of Bradynectes ensifer n. sp. using brightfield (A) and DIC (B–G) illumination. A. Living animal, lightly squeezed, dorsal view: brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), maturing oocyte (o), seminal vesicle (sv); scale bar = 0.5mm; B. Squeezed specimen, ventral view. Note pharynx pressed open, extension of gut posteriorly beyond maturing oocyte, anterior extent of ovary (ov) lying medially near the posterior end of testis (t), vas deferens (v) and seminal vesicle (sv); C. High-magnification view of male system, from seminal vesicle with mature sperm leading via the intervesicular duct (id) to the prostatic vesicle (pv) with the stylet (st) and surrounded by cement glands (cg); D,E. Ventrally-focused (D) and more dorsally-focused (E) views of the prostatic vesicle and stylet. Note two types of prostatic secretions (ps) and thick muscle (arrow) of the prostatic vesicle that inserts on the anterior part of the stylet base; F. Stylet, showing base opening (bo) and tip opening (to); arrows indicate endpoints for measurement of convex side (cx) and concave side (cv); G. Sperm, released from the seminal vesicle by squeezing; H,I. Successive 1.5µm sagittal sections of the posterior end, showing seminal vesicle (sv), nuclei of the seminal vesicle epithelium (arrows), cross-sectioned male antrum (ma), and bundle of putative received allosperm (asp); J. Sagittal section, showing cross-sectioned autosperm (sp) in vesicula seminalis. Panels H-J printed at the same magnification." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4557450/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Fig. 1H,I</figureCitation>
); the threadlike material in these bundles is approximately the same diameter of the nucleus in a mature sperm (comp.
<figureCitation id="133E2A50FFBEDA653AE57860FCD83DC3" box="[679,801,619,644]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-29@2.[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of Bradynectes ensifer n. sp. using brightfield (A) and DIC (B–G) illumination. A. Living animal, lightly squeezed, dorsal view: brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), maturing oocyte (o), seminal vesicle (sv); scale bar = 0.5mm; B. Squeezed specimen, ventral view. Note pharynx pressed open, extension of gut posteriorly beyond maturing oocyte, anterior extent of ovary (ov) lying medially near the posterior end of testis (t), vas deferens (v) and seminal vesicle (sv); C. High-magnification view of male system, from seminal vesicle with mature sperm leading via the intervesicular duct (id) to the prostatic vesicle (pv) with the stylet (st) and surrounded by cement glands (cg); D,E. Ventrally-focused (D) and more dorsally-focused (E) views of the prostatic vesicle and stylet. Note two types of prostatic secretions (ps) and thick muscle (arrow) of the prostatic vesicle that inserts on the anterior part of the stylet base; F. Stylet, showing base opening (bo) and tip opening (to); arrows indicate endpoints for measurement of convex side (cx) and concave side (cv); G. Sperm, released from the seminal vesicle by squeezing; H,I. Successive 1.5µm sagittal sections of the posterior end, showing seminal vesicle (sv), nuclei of the seminal vesicle epithelium (arrows), cross-sectioned male antrum (ma), and bundle of putative received allosperm (asp); J. Sagittal section, showing cross-sectioned autosperm (sp) in vesicula seminalis. Panels H-J printed at the same magnification." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4557450/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Fig. 1H &amp; I</figureCitation>
to J). Sperm released from the seminal vesicle by squeezing measured
<quantity id="4CFD9B30FFBEDA6539477884FEBD3DE7" box="[261,324,655,679]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" unit="mm" value="60.0">60µm</quantity>
in length (average of seven sperm from one mature specimen), with a nucleus that appeared serpentine in DIC illumination (
<figureCitation id="133E2A50FFBEDA65393A78B8FE343D8C" box="[376,461,691,716]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-29@2.[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of Bradynectes ensifer n. sp. using brightfield (A) and DIC (B–G) illumination. A. Living animal, lightly squeezed, dorsal view: brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), maturing oocyte (o), seminal vesicle (sv); scale bar = 0.5mm; B. Squeezed specimen, ventral view. Note pharynx pressed open, extension of gut posteriorly beyond maturing oocyte, anterior extent of ovary (ov) lying medially near the posterior end of testis (t), vas deferens (v) and seminal vesicle (sv); C. High-magnification view of male system, from seminal vesicle with mature sperm leading via the intervesicular duct (id) to the prostatic vesicle (pv) with the stylet (st) and surrounded by cement glands (cg); D,E. Ventrally-focused (D) and more dorsally-focused (E) views of the prostatic vesicle and stylet. Note two types of prostatic secretions (ps) and thick muscle (arrow) of the prostatic vesicle that inserts on the anterior part of the stylet base; F. Stylet, showing base opening (bo) and tip opening (to); arrows indicate endpoints for measurement of convex side (cx) and concave side (cv); G. Sperm, released from the seminal vesicle by squeezing; H,I. Successive 1.5µm sagittal sections of the posterior end, showing seminal vesicle (sv), nuclei of the seminal vesicle epithelium (arrows), cross-sectioned male antrum (ma), and bundle of putative received allosperm (asp); J. Sagittal section, showing cross-sectioned autosperm (sp) in vesicula seminalis. Panels H-J printed at the same magnification." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4557450/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Fig. 1G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7A665DFFBEDA6538D578F0FCED3C1C" ID-Table-UUID="DF7A665DFFBEDA6538D578F0FCED3C1C" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7A665DFFBEDA6538D578F0FCED3C1C" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" targetBox="[166,1417,875,1322]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph id="8BBA36D5FFBEDA6538D578F0FCED3C1C" blockId="1.[151,1437,763,860]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBEDA6538D578F0FEF53C53" bold="true" box="[151,268,763,787]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Measurements of the stylet and sperm dimensions of the different
<taxonomicName id="4C054D56FFBEDA653BA678F0FB913C53" authorityName="Rieger" authorityYear="1971" box="[996,1128,763,787]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Macrostomidae" genus="Bradynectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrostomida" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBEDA653BA678F0FB913C53" box="[996,1128,763,787]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Bradynectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens compared in this study (see Fig 1F for the relevant landmarks). Note that the convex and concave side length measures are curves that follow along the stylet boundary. All measurements are in µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBA36D5FFBEDA6538E47967FAC13A45" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
<table id="F905C475FFBE259B38E47960FA703A6A" box="[166,1417,875,1322]" gridcols="6" gridrows="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
<tr id="35353497FFBE259B38E47960FA703CC4" box="[166,1417,875,900]" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76E45DEBFFBE259B38E47960FE393CC4" box="[166,448,875,900]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Specimen</th>
<th id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3AE97960FC023CC4" box="[683,1019,875,900]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Stylet dimensions (mean1; range)</th>
<th id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3C8F7960FA703CC4" box="[1229,1417,875,900]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Sperm dimensions</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35353497FFBE259B38E4799FFA703CEC" box="[166,1417,916,940]" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3A44799FFD6B3CEC" box="[518,658,916,940]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">base opening</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3AE9799FFCC43CEC" box="[683,829,916,940]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">convex side</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3B33799FFC023CEC" box="[881,1019,916,940]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">concave side</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3C68799FFB643CEC" box="[1066,1181,916,940]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">tip opening</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3C8F799FFA703CEC" box="[1229,1417,916,940]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">total length</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35353497FFBE259B38E479B0FA703C94" box="[166,1417,955,980]" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
<th id="76E45DEBFFBE259B38E479B0FE393C94" box="[166,448,955,980]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">this study</th>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3A4479B0FD6B3C94" box="[518,658,955,980]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">30; 28.7–31.7</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3AE979B0FCC43C94" box="[683,829,955,980]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">81; 79–81.8</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3B3379B0FC023C94" box="[881,1019,955,980]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">95; 92–96.3</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3C6879B0FB643C94" box="[1066,1181,955,980]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">4.4; 2–6.4</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3C8F79B0FA703C94" box="[1229,1417,955,980]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">602</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35353497FFBE259B38E479EFFA703B61" box="[166,1417,996,1057]" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
<th id="76E45DEBFFBE259B38E479EFFE393B61" box="[166,448,996,1057]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Bogue Inlet Rieger drawing (Scale on Fig S1)</th>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3A4479EFFD6B3B61" box="[518,658,996,1057]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">16</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3AE979EFFCC43B61" box="[683,829,996,1057]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">63</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3B3379EFFC023B61" box="[881,1019,996,1057]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">80</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3C6879EFFB643B61" box="[1066,1181,996,1057]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">6</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3C8F79EFFA703B61" box="[1229,1417,996,1057]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">44</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35353497FFBE259B38E47E3AFA703B2D" box="[166,1417,1073,1133]" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
<th id="76E45DEBFFBE259B38E47E3AFE393B2D" box="[166,448,1073,1133]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Bogue Inlet Rieger drawing (canonical scale)</th>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3A447E3AFD6B3B2D" box="[518,658,1073,1133]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">20</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3AE97E3AFCC43B2D" box="[683,829,1073,1133]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">81</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3B337E3AFC023B2D" box="[881,1019,1073,1133]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">98</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3C687E3AFB643B2D" box="[1066,1181,1073,1133]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">8</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3C8F7E3AFA703B2D" box="[1229,1417,1073,1133]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">53</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35353497FFBE259B38E47E76FA703B9D" box="[166,1417,1149,1245]" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
<th id="76E45DEBFFBE259B38E47E76FE393B9D" box="[166,448,1149,1245]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">New River Inlet Rieger Drawing (see text)</th>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3A447E76FD6B3B9D" box="[518,658,1149,1245]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">13</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3AE97E76FCC43B9D" box="[683,829,1149,1245]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">25</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3B337E76FC023B9D" box="[881,1019,1149,1245]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">32</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3C687E76FB643B9D" box="[1066,1181,1149,1245]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">2</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3C8F7E76FA703B9D" box="[1229,1417,1149,1245]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">23</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35353497FFBE259B38E47EE6FA703A6A" box="[166,1417,1261,1322]" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
<th id="76E45DEBFFBE259B38E47EE6FE393A6A" box="[166,448,1261,1322]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B24FFBEDA6538E47EE6FEED3A45" author="Tyler, S." box="[166,276,1261,1285]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" refId="ref3168" refString="Tyler, S. (1975) The ultrastructure of adhesive systems in the Turbellaria and other interstitial animals. PhD thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Nor Carolina, ????? pp. [please cite the total page number]" type="book" year="1975">Tyler 1975</bibRefCitation>
Bogue Inlet Thesis plate 59
</th>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3A447EE6FD6B3A6A" box="[518,658,1261,1322]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">20</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3AE97EE6FCC43A6A" box="[683,829,1261,1322]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">58</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3B337EE6FC023A6A" box="[881,1019,1261,1322]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">70</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3C687EE6FB643A6A" box="[1066,1181,1261,1322]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">4</td>
<td id="76E45DEBFFBE259B3C8F7EE6FA703A6A" box="[1229,1417,1261,1322]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">36</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA36D5FFBEDA6538D57F3EFC893A0E" blockId="1.[151,880,1333,1358]" box="[151,880,1333,1358]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
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<superScript id="7C709B9DFFBEDA6538D57F3EFF663A03" attach="left" box="[151,159,1333,1347]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">1</superScript>
mean of three individuals;
<superScript id="7C709B9DFFBEDA6539817F3EFE323A03" attach="right" box="[451,459,1333,1347]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">2</superScript>
mean of seven sperm of one individual
</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA36D5FFBEDA6538857F75FA6439BE" blockId="1.[151,1437,1406,2043]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
Although the layout of the reproductive system in
<taxonomicName id="4C054D56FFBEDA653A917F75FC5C3AD7" authorityName="Smith Iii &amp; Schärer" authorityYear="2021" box="[723,933,1406,1431]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Macrostomidae" genus="Bradynectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrostomida" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ensifer">
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBEDA653A917F75FC5C3AD7" box="[723,933,1406,1431]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Bradynectes ensifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is generally similar to that in the five previously described members of the genus (
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B24FFBEDA6539B57FA9FD593AFA" author="Tyler, S. &amp; Schilling, S. &amp; Hooge, M. &amp; Bush, L. F. &amp; Comp" box="[503,672,1442,1466]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" refId="ref3213" refString="Tyler, S., Schilling, S., Hooge, M. &amp; Bush, L. F. (Comp.) (2006 - 2016) Turbellarian taxonomic database. Version 1.7. Available from: http: // turbellaria. umaine. edu (accessed 27 January 2021)" type="url" year="2006">
Tyler
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBEDA653A757FA8FD9C3AFA" box="[567,613,1442,1466]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">et al</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
–2016,
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B24FFBEDA653AAC7FA8FC4B3AFA" author="Janssen, T. &amp; Vizoso, D. B. &amp; Schulte, G. &amp; Littlewood, D. T. J. &amp; Waeschenbach, A. &amp; Scharer, L." box="[750,946,1442,1466]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" pagination="82 - 107" refId="ref2910" refString="Janssen, T., Vizoso, D. B., Schulte, G., Littlewood, D. T. J., Waeschenbach, A. &amp; Scharer, L. (2015) The first multi-gene phylogeny of the Macrostomorpha sheds light on the evolution of sexual and asexual reproduction in basal Platyhelminthes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 92, 82 - 107. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2015.06.004" type="journal article" year="2015">
Janssen
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBEDA653B047FA8FC8A3AFA" box="[838,883,1442,1466]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">et al</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
), it differs substantially in the shape of its copulatory stylet, which is a nearly closed, curved tube with a small angled opening directed at the convex side. In contrast, the existing species possess a stylet that was described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B24FFBEDA653AB87FE1FC743943" author="Rieger, R. M." box="[762,909,1514,1539]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" pagination="205 - 235" refId="ref3043" refString="Rieger, R. M. (1971) Bradynectes sterreri, gen. nov., spec. nov, eine neue psammobionte Macrostomide (Turbellaria). Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 98, 205 - 235." type="journal article" year="1971">Rieger (1971)</bibRefCitation>
as resembling “a wide-open boot with no sole”. It would appear that one of these stylet forms could be derived from the other by great elongation and then curving of the shank of the “boot”, to produce a curved tube, along with reduction in the size of the distal opening (or possibly, the closing of the opening into a slit). As they lack female ducts, it is likely that
<taxonomicName id="4C054D56FFBEDA653B547C5DFC63392E" authorityName="Rieger" authorityYear="1971" box="[790,922,1622,1646]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Macrostomidae" genus="Bradynectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrostomida" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBEDA653B547C5DFC63392E" box="[790,922,1622,1646]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Bradynectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. copulate by injecting sperm via hypodermic insemination (
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B24FFBEDA65396D7C70FE0139D2" author="Janssen, T. &amp; Vizoso, D. B. &amp; Schulte, G. &amp; Littlewood, D. T. J. &amp; Waeschenbach, A. &amp; Scharer, L." box="[303,504,1658,1683]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" pagination="82 - 107" refId="ref2910" refString="Janssen, T., Vizoso, D. B., Schulte, G., Littlewood, D. T. J., Waeschenbach, A. &amp; Scharer, L. (2015) The first multi-gene phylogeny of the Macrostomorpha sheds light on the evolution of sexual and asexual reproduction in basal Platyhelminthes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 92, 82 - 107. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2015.06.004" type="journal article" year="2015">
Janssen
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBEDA6539CB7C70FE4139D2" box="[393,440,1658,1682]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">et al</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
), and the thickened musculature attached to the anterior base of the copulatory stylet in
<taxonomicName id="4C054D56FFBEDA6538D57C94FF0739F7" authorityName="Smith Iii &amp; Schärer" authorityYear="2021" box="[151,254,1695,1719]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Macrostomidae" genus="Bradynectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrostomida" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ensifer">
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBEDA6538D57C94FF0739F7" box="[151,254,1695,1719]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">B. ensifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could serve to drive the tip of the protracted stylet into the partner when the musculature surrounding the prostatic vesicle contracts. The existence of what may be a bundle of allosperm in the posterior parenchyma of two of our serially-sectioned specimens provides tentative evidence that copulation in this species involves hypodermic sperm injection.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA36D5FFBEDA6738857D01FA653E00" blockId="1.[151,1437,1406,2043]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,896]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="590" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">
Rieger apparently noted the existence of this species from Bogue Inlet in
<collectingRegion id="49C1F837FFBEDA653BA07D01FB7E3862" box="[994,1159,1802,1826]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3127645FFBEDA653CD07D00FB333863" box="[1170,1226,1803,1827]" name="United States of America" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">USA</collectingCountry>
, over 40 years ago. Among his research material stored at the Institute of Zoology, Innsbruck,
<collectingCountry id="F3127645FFBEDA653BF77D25FBFD3806" box="[949,1028,1838,1862]" name="Austria" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Austria</collectingCountry>
is a drawing of a
<taxonomicName id="4C054D56FFBEDA653C867D25FAB13806" authorityName="Rieger" authorityYear="1971" box="[1220,1352,1838,1862]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Macrostomidae" genus="Bradynectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrostomida" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBEDA653C867D25FAB13806" box="[1220,1352,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Bradynectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species with the helping-name “säbel” from Bogue Inlet, N.C. dated
<date id="FFBB1015FFBEDA653B6B7D58FC46382B" box="[809,959,1874,1899]" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" value="1974-06-16">June 16, 1974</date>
(
<figureCitation id="133E2A50FFBEDA653B8D7D59FBE7382B" box="[975,1054,1874,1899]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,244,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-29@2.[314,1273,182,1593]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of Bradynectes ensifer n. sp. using brightfield (A) and DIC (B–G) illumination. A. Living animal, lightly squeezed, dorsal view: brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), maturing oocyte (o), seminal vesicle (sv); scale bar = 0.5mm; B. Squeezed specimen, ventral view. Note pharynx pressed open, extension of gut posteriorly beyond maturing oocyte, anterior extent of ovary (ov) lying medially near the posterior end of testis (t), vas deferens (v) and seminal vesicle (sv); C. High-magnification view of male system, from seminal vesicle with mature sperm leading via the intervesicular duct (id) to the prostatic vesicle (pv) with the stylet (st) and surrounded by cement glands (cg); D,E. Ventrally-focused (D) and more dorsally-focused (E) views of the prostatic vesicle and stylet. Note two types of prostatic secretions (ps) and thick muscle (arrow) of the prostatic vesicle that inserts on the anterior part of the stylet base; F. Stylet, showing base opening (bo) and tip opening (to); arrows indicate endpoints for measurement of convex side (cx) and concave side (cv); G. Sperm, released from the seminal vesicle by squeezing; H,I. Successive 1.5µm sagittal sections of the posterior end, showing seminal vesicle (sv), nuclei of the seminal vesicle epithelium (arrows), cross-sectioned male antrum (ma), and bundle of putative received allosperm (asp); J. Sagittal section, showing cross-sectioned autosperm (sp) in vesicula seminalis. Panels H-J printed at the same magnification." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4557450/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="588">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
). The drawings of stylet and sperm correspond closely in shape to those of our species. The scale-bar on Rieger’s drawing, added in ink at some point after the drawing was made, would make the stylet and sperm of his specimen approximately 20% and 30% smaller, respectively, than the stylet and sperm measured in our specimens (
<tableCitation id="C687036EFFBEDA653A907DB5FCDB3897" box="[722,802,1982,2007]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,239,763,787]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of the stylet and sperm dimensions of the different Bradynectes specimens compared in this study (see Fig 1F for the relevant landmarks). Note that the convex and concave side length measures are curves that follow along the stylet boundary. All measurements are in µm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7A665DFFBEDA6538D578F0FCED3C1C" pageId="1" pageNumber="588" tableUuid="DF7A665DFFBEDA6538D578F0FCED3C1C">Table 1</tableCitation>
). However, comparison of the added scale bar with the “canonical” scales for Wild M20 microscopes used in the Rieger lab at that time suggests that the scale added to the drawing actually represents
<quantity id="4CFD9B30FFBCDA6739227A9CFE5C3FF0" box="[352,421,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 µm</quantity>
, instead of the
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indicated by the tick-marks, rendering the size-differences mentioned above insignificant (
<tableCitation id="C687036EFFBCDA67396B7AB0FE813F94" box="[297,376,187,212]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,239,763,787]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of the stylet and sperm dimensions of the different Bradynectes specimens compared in this study (see Fig 1F for the relevant landmarks). Note that the convex and concave side length measures are curves that follow along the stylet boundary. All measurements are in µm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7A665DFFBEDA6538D578F0FCED3C1C" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" tableUuid="DF7A665DFFBEDA6538D578F0FCED3C1C">Table 1</tableCitation>
). In either case, we are confident that Rieger’s drawing of a specimen from the same site as ours corresponds to the species we have described above. Finally, Tyler’s figure of the stylet and sperm from his
<taxonomicName id="4C054D56FFBCDA673CB17AD4FA8E3FB7" authorityName="Rieger" authorityYear="1971" box="[1267,1399,223,247]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Macrostomidae" genus="Bradynectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrostomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBCDA673CB17AD4FA8E3FB7" box="[1267,1399,223,247]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="590">Bradynectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B24FFBCDA6738DC7B08FEE23E5B" author="Tyler, S." box="[158,283,259,283]" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" refId="ref3168" refString="Tyler, S. (1975) The ultrastructure of adhesive systems in the Turbellaria and other interstitial animals. PhD thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Nor Carolina, ????? pp. [please cite the total page number]" type="book" year="1975">Tyler, 1975</bibRefCitation>
) indicate that both of these structures were approximately the same size as those illustrated in Rieger’s draw-ing—stylet: base opening =
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, convex side =
<quantity id="4CFD9B30FFBCDA673AD07B2CFD2A3E7F" box="[658,723,295,319]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" unit="mm" value="58.0">58µm</quantity>
, concave side =
<quantity id="4CFD9B30FFBCDA673B3A7B23FC403E00" box="[888,953,296,320]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" unit="mm" value="70.0">70µm</quantity>
, tip opening =
<quantity id="4CFD9B30FFBCDA673C0E7B23FB783E00" box="[1100,1153,296,320]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" unit="mm" value="4.0">4µm</quantity>
; sperm
<quantity id="4CFD9B30FFBCDA673C8C7B2CFACD3E7F" box="[1230,1332,295,319]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.65" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" unit="mm" value="36.5" valueMax="38.0" valueMin="35.0">35–38µm</quantity>
(
<tableCitation id="C687036EFFBCDA673D7D7B2CFA753E00" box="[1343,1420,295,320]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,239,763,787]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of the stylet and sperm dimensions of the different Bradynectes specimens compared in this study (see Fig 1F for the relevant landmarks). Note that the convex and concave side length measures are curves that follow along the stylet boundary. All measurements are in µm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7A665DFFBEDA6538D578F0FCED3C1C" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" tableUuid="DF7A665DFFBEDA6538D578F0FCED3C1C">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7A665DFFBDDA6638D57C59FDF138B4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4557450" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4557450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4557450/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" startId="2.[151,244,1618,1640]" targetBox="[314,1273,182,1593]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BBA36D5FFBDDA6638D57C59FDF138B4" blockId="2.[151,1437,1618,2036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBDDA6638D57C59FEF63927" bold="true" box="[151,271,1618,1640]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Photomicrographs of
<taxonomicName id="4C054D56FFBDDA6639AE7C59FD553927" authority="Smith Iii &amp; Schärer, 2021" authorityName="Smith Iii &amp; Schärer" authorityYear="2021" box="[492,684,1618,1639]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Macrostomidae" genus="Bradynectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrostomida" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ensifer" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBDDA6639AE7C59FD553927" box="[492,684,1618,1639]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">Bradynectes ensifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBDDA663AF67C59FD143927" bold="true" box="[692,749,1618,1639]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24257BCFFBDDA663AF67C59FD143927" box="[692,749,1618,1639]" pageId="2" pageNumber="589" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
using brightfield (A) and DIC (B–G) illumination. A. Living animal, lightly squeezed, dorsal view: brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), maturing oocyte (o), seminal vesicle (sv); scale bar = 0.5mm; B. Squeezed specimen, ventral view. Note pharynx pressed open, extension of gut posteriorly beyond maturing oocyte, anterior extent of ovary (ov) lying medially near the posterior end of testis (t), vas deferens (v) and seminal vesicle (sv); C. High-magnification view of male system, from seminal vesicle with mature sperm leading via the intervesicular duct (id) to the prostatic vesicle (pv) with the stylet (st) and surrounded by cement glands (cg); D,E. Ventrally-focused (D) and more dorsally-focused (E) views of the prostatic vesicle and stylet. Note two types of prostatic secretions (ps) and thick muscle (arrow) of the prostatic vesicle that inserts on the anterior part of the stylet base; F. Stylet, showing base opening (bo) and tip opening (to); arrows indicate endpoints for measurement of convex side (cx) and concave side (cv); G. Sperm, released from the seminal vesicle by squeezing; H,I. Successive 1.5µm sagittal sections of the posterior end, showing seminal vesicle (sv), nuclei of the seminal vesicle epithelium (arrows), cross-sectioned male antrum (ma), and bundle of putative received allosperm (asp); J. Sagittal section, showing cross-sectioned autosperm (sp) in vesicula seminalis. Panels H-J printed at the same magnification.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBA36D5FFBCDA6738857B40FDFF3DAF" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="3" pageNumber="590">
The likely existence of a second, similar species is posed by an earlier Rieger drawing of a
<taxonomicName id="4C054D56FFBCDA673CD07B40FAEF3E23" authorityName="Rieger" authorityYear="1971" box="[1170,1302,331,355]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Macrostomidae" genus="Bradynectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrostomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBCDA673CD07B40FAEF3E23" box="[1170,1302,331,355]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="590">Bradynectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species designated with the helping-name “säbel” collected from the New River Inlet, N.C. dated
<date id="FFBB1015FFBCDA673C707B7BFB3F3EC8" box="[1074,1222,368,392]" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" value="1972-06-14">June 14, 1972</date>
(
<figureCitation id="133E2A50FFBCDA673C977B64FADC3EC8" box="[1237,1317,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE S" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,211,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[207,1380,180,1756]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE S2. Camera-lucida drawings by Reinhard Rieger of a specimen of Bradynectes sp. (also originally designated with the helping-name “säbel”) collected at New River Inlet, dated June 14, 1972. Note that the printed lettering was added by us, that we tried to capture and translate as much of the German notes as possible, and that the circled numbers indicate the objective used. A. Ventral view (20x), showing brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), testis (t), ovary (ov); B. Prostatic vesicle (pv) and stylet (st) (100x); C. Posterior end (40x) showing ovary, male gonopore (gp), and notes indicating position of sperm in seminal vesicle and proximal half of prostatic vesicle. D. Sperm (100x). E. Overview of living specimen, wrinkled due to exposure to magnesium chloride." pageId="3" pageNumber="590">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
). Although this specimen exhibits a similar stylet morphology to that in
<taxonomicName id="4C054D56FFBCDA673B597B9FFC7B3EEC" authorityName="Smith Iii &amp; Schärer" authorityYear="2021" box="[795,898,404,428]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Macrostomidae" genus="Bradynectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrostomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ensifer">
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBCDA673B597B9FFC7B3EEC" box="[795,898,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="590">B. ensifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, notes on the drawing indicate that the animal was only 0.6mm–
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long, or about half the size of our species. A single wholemount slide prepared by Rieger bears the same collection number and helping name, and, as best as can be seen, the stylet in this wholemount is roughly the same size as the stylet in the drawing. Working backward from the canonical scales referred to above, the length of the sperm in this species is
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, close to the
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indicated on this drawing. Using the stated length of the sperm (
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) for calibration, the drawing of the squeezed specimen using the 20x objective measures
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, exactly in the range given for body length in the notes. Using the same calibration, measurements of the stylet in this drawing (100x objective) give: base opening=
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, convex side=
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, concave side=
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, tip opening=
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, so considerably smaller than our specimens (
<tableCitation id="C687036EFFBCDA67389C78B8FED63D8C" box="[222,303,691,716]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,239,763,787]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of the stylet and sperm dimensions of the different Bradynectes specimens compared in this study (see Fig 1F for the relevant landmarks). Note that the convex and concave side length measures are curves that follow along the stylet boundary. All measurements are in µm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7A665DFFBEDA6538D578F0FCED3C1C" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" tableUuid="DF7A665DFFBEDA6538D578F0FCED3C1C">Table 1</tableCitation>
). Specimens of
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<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBCDA67399D78B8FD9A3D8B" box="[479,611,691,715]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="590">Bradynectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected from this site and fixed for electron microscopy were used by
<bibRefCitation id="EF944B24FFBCDA673D3278BFFF273DB0" author="Doe, D. A." pageId="3" pageNumber="590" refId="ref2875" refString="Doe, D. A. (1981) Comparative ultrastructure of the pharynx simplex in Turbellaria. Zoomorphology, 97,133 - 193. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00310107" type="book" year="1981">Doe (1981)</bibRefCitation>
in his doctoral thesis work.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA36D5FFBCDA67388578F7FA763C3F" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,896]" pageId="3" pageNumber="590">
It appears that Rieger referred to the New River Inlet species as
<taxonomicName id="4C054D56FFBCDA673B3878F0FC073C53" authorityName="Rieger" authorityYear="1971" box="[890,1022,763,787]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Macrostomidae" genus="Bradynectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrostomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBCDA673B3878F0FC073C53" box="[890,1022,763,787]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="590">Bradynectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“short-stylet” and to the Bogue Banks species (discovered later) as
<taxonomicName id="4C054D56FFBCDA67398F7914FDA83C77" authorityName="Rieger" authorityYear="1971" box="[461,593,799,823]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Macrostomidae" genus="Bradynectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrostomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBCDA67398F7914FDA83C77" box="[461,593,799,823]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="590">Bradynectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“long-stylet” (S. Tyler, pers. com.). Given the size difference and the fact that this smaller species has not been collected again in the intervening 40+ years, we do not formally assign the specimen depicted in
<figureCitation id="133E2A50FFBCDA673956796CFE853CC0" box="[276,380,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE S" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1778,1802]" captionTargetBox="[207,1380,211,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[207,1380,180,1756]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE S2. Camera-lucida drawings by Reinhard Rieger of a specimen of Bradynectes sp. (also originally designated with the helping-name “säbel”) collected at New River Inlet, dated June 14, 1972. Note that the printed lettering was added by us, that we tried to capture and translate as much of the German notes as possible, and that the circled numbers indicate the objective used. A. Ventral view (20x), showing brain (b), pharynx (p), gut (g), testis (t), ovary (ov); B. Prostatic vesicle (pv) and stylet (st) (100x); C. Posterior end (40x) showing ovary, male gonopore (gp), and notes indicating position of sperm in seminal vesicle and proximal half of prostatic vesicle. D. Sperm (100x). E. Overview of living specimen, wrinkled due to exposure to magnesium chloride." pageId="3" pageNumber="590">Figure S2</figureCitation>
and preserved in Rieger’s wholemount or the
<taxonomicName id="4C054D56FFBCDA673B28796CFC173C3F" authorityName="Rieger" authorityYear="1971" box="[874,1006,871,895]" class="Rhabditophora" family="Macrostomidae" genus="Bradynectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Macrostomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="590" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971EAC7FFBCDA673B28796CFC173C3F" box="[874,1006,871,895]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="590">Bradynectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. studied by Doe to our new species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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