156 lines
17 KiB
XML
156 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document id="8CA205ABA7609E58E327240C6C92AA34" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140" ID-CLB-Dataset="32975" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.583183" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6c479acc-8b18-4f0b-a6e5-85bcd6d7b6b7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="583183" ID-ZooBank="2D00AFF5-4FE2-4EC1-A328-C8670CFB8D6D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1495696370209" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jong, Rienk De" docDate="2017" docId="03AA87D32854FFC3F7F0FE3FFE95B4D9" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4270 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Jupiteria charon" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="FF93FFAB2840FFD7F767FF87FFA3B03E" masterDocTitle="Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="21" updateTime="1698439901205" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="74EB5E7F84B2082FE8B048C948715E58">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6B8A0055DF672833BDF9F91BF6416542">Jong, Rienk De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="61E820FD959CCBC313B5E740CE1F0A46">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="0582D930DE999700C1095ECE1837D3D6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="72CD6A3E782391212953E28FF643C638">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="71B23E2147AD1D3AA9BE186353EDFDBF">4270</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="3F002822B9517BEC802CDE7C16962986" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.583183</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AA87D32854FFC3F7F0FE3FFE95B4D9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6046928" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844846" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6046928" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D32854FFC3F7F0FE3FFE95B4D9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D32854FFC3F7F0FE3FFE95B4D9" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<subSubSection id="C319654E2854FFC3F7F0FE3FFE78B229" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52854FFC3F7F0FE3FFD27B1EC" blockId="20.[151,644,440,466]" box="[151,644,440,466]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<heading id="D0F481A92854FFC3F7F0FE3FFD27B1EC" bold="true" box="[151,644,440,466]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72854FFC3F7F0FE3FFD27B1EC" bold="true" box="[151,644,440,466]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72854FFC3F7F0FE3FFF56B1EC" bold="true" box="[151,245,440,466]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462854FFC3F7F0FE3FFF53B1EC" box="[151,240,440,466]" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculanidae" genus="Jupiteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculanoida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="charon">charon</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462854FFC3F79BFE3FFDDCB1EC" authority="Scudder, 1889" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1889" box="[252,639,440,466]" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculanidae" genus="Jupiteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculanoida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="charon">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72854FFC3F79BFE3FFE65B1EC" bold="true" box="[252,454,440,466]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Jupiteria charon</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342854FFC3F6A9FE3FFDDCB1EC" author="Scudder" box="[462,639,440,466]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1889) The Fossil butterflies of Florissant. United States Geological Survey, 8 th Annual Report, 439 - 472." type="book chapter" year="1889">Scudder, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52854FFC3F7F0FE79FE78B229" blockId="20.[151,1437,510,1255]" box="[151,475,510,535]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462854FFC3F7F0FE79FE90B229" box="[151,307,510,535]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462854FFC3F65AFE79FE7BB229" box="[317,472,510,535]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nymphalinae">Nymphalinae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C319654E2854FFC3F7A0FDA4FE95B4D9" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52854FFC3F7A0FDA4FCE3B204" blockId="20.[151,1437,510,1255]" box="[199,832,546,571]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C982854FFC3F7A0FDA4FCE3B204" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739227" box="[199,832,546,571]" country="United States of America" location="Colorado" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Colorado">
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<collectingCountry id="F31476552854FFC3F7A0FDA4FEA1B205" box="[199,258,547,571]" name="United States of America" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">USA</collectingCountry>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462854FFC3F66AFDA5FEDBB205" box="[269,376,546,571]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Praepapilio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colorado">
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F8272854FFC3F66AFDA5FEDBB205" box="[269,376,546,571]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Colorado</collectingRegion>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Florissant; late Priabonian, late Eocene.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52854FFC3F7A0FDC1FC63B2BC" blockId="20.[151,1437,510,1255]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C982854FFC3F7A0FDC1FC63B2BC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739228" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="R. D. Lacoe" country="United States of America" location="Pennsylvania" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Pennsylvania" typeStatus="holotype">
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Depository:
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<collectionCode id="ED12AE002854FFC3F63FFDC0FE0EB261" box="[344,429,583,607]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">USNM</collectionCode>
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; originally it was in the private collection
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<collectorName id="26F653132854FFC3F4D1FDC0FB9CB260" box="[950,1087,583,606]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">R.D. Lacoe</collectorName>
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, Pittston,
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F8272854FFC3F3DCFDC1FAF0B261" box="[1211,1363,582,607]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31476552854FFC3F203FDC0FA3FB261" box="[1380,1436,583,607]" name="United States of America" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">USA</collectingCountry>
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(
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<typeStatus id="54B888672854FFC3F7F9FDEDFEA7B2BD" box="[158,260,618,643]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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, 2100), but the owner died soon after the American Civil War.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52854FFC3F7A0FD09FF5DB2F5" blockId="20.[151,1437,510,1255]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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Published figures:
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342854FFC3F6FCFD09FC97B299" author="Scudder" box="[411,820,654,679]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1889) The Fossil butterflies of Florissant. United States Geological Survey, 8 th Annual Report, 439 - 472." type="book chapter" year="1889">Scudder (1889: Pl. LII, Figs 14, 15)</bibRefCitation>
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; Scudder's Fig. 15 was copied by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342854FFC3F3DEFD09FA3BB299" author="Emmel" box="[1209,1432,654,679]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Emmel, T. C., Minno, M. C. & Drummond, B. A. (1992) Florissant butterflies. A guide to the fossil and present-day species of central Colorado. Stanford University Press, Stanford, x + 118 pp." type="book" year="1992">
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Emmel
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72854FFC3F275FD08FAE7B299" box="[1298,1348,654,679]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
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. (1992
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</bibRefCitation>
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:
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<figureCitation id="13382A402854FFC3F7F0FD35FF76B2F5" box="[151,213,690,715]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,420,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[157,1429,411,1026]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Localities of fossil butterflies plotted ion a modern map. See Table 1 for further, complementary information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583184/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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/7).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52854FFC3F7A0FD51FE95B4D9" blockId="20.[151,1437,510,1255]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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Wings reasonably well preserved, seen from above, forewings largely overlapping hindwings, apical parts of forewing missing; head, thorax and abdomen present; markings hardly present at all, a few light spots along costa on forewing and hindwing. Cells of forewing and hindwing open (or at least, discocellular veins too weak to have left traces in the fossil). This places the fossil in
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462854FFC3F5B5FCC5FCCEB365" box="[722,877,834,859]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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. Open cells are found in many
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462854FFC3F3BBFCC5FAD0B365" box="[1244,1395,834,859]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nymphalinae">Nymphalinae</taxonomicName>
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(in which subfamily
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342854FFC3F63EFCE1FD8AB341" author="Emmel" box="[345,553,870,895]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Emmel, T. C., Minno, M. C. & Drummond, B. A. (1992) Florissant butterflies. A guide to the fossil and present-day species of central Colorado. Stanford University Press, Stanford, x + 118 pp." type="book" year="1992">
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Emmel
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72854FFC3F6D7FCE0FE43B341" box="[432,480,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
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. 1992
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</bibRefCitation>
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, placed the fossil), as well as in some members of other subfamilies (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342854FFC3F24AFCE1FF55B39D" author="Ackery" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Ackery, P. R., de Jong, R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1999) The butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbook of Zoology. 4 (35). Lepidoptera. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 263 - 300." type="book chapter" year="1999">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72854FFC3F2EFFCE0FF0EB39D" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
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. 1999
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Radial formula 1, 2+(3+(4+5)), with M1 originating halfway between R1 and R2. Usually R1 and R2 are free in
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462854FFC3F797FC29FE28B3F9" box="[240,395,942,967]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nymphalinae">Nymphalinae</taxonomicName>
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. A stalked R2, however, (by basad movement of M1) occurs in several groups, and an arrangement as in the fossil is common in what was called the “Melitaeen-Gruppe” by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342854FFC3F3EEFC55FA3BB3D5" author="Schatz" box="[1161,1432,978,1003]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Schatz, E. & Rober, J. (1892) Die Familien und Gattungen der Tagfalter Systematisch und Analytisch Bearbeitet. Lowensohn, Furth, ii + 284 pp." type="book" year="1892">Schatz & Röber (1892)</bibRefCitation>
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. There is a remarkable similarity between the venation of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462854FFC3F479FC70FC7AB431" box="[798,985,1014,1039]" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculanidae" genus="Jupiteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculanoida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="charon">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72854FFC3F479FC70FC7AB431" box="[798,985,1014,1039]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Jupiteria charon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the Palaearctic genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462854FFC3F3B9FC71FAE1B431" box="[1246,1346,1014,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Melitaea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72854FFC3F3B9FC71FAE1B431" box="[1246,1346,1014,1039]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Melitaea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and the Mexican species
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462854FFC3F63EFB9DFD18B40D" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[345,699,1050,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Chlosyne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ehrenbergii">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72854FFC3F63EFB9DFDEAB40D" box="[345,585,1050,1075]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Chlosyne ehrenbergii</emphasis>
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(Hübner)
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</taxonomicName>
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, which by the way is unspotted. How far, however, the similarity is due to synapomorphy cannot be decided at the moment, but for the time being it appears safe to assign the fossil to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462854FFC3F787FBE5FED8B445" box="[224,379,1122,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nymphalinae">Nymphalinae</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342854FFC3F6E0FBE5FD95B445" author="Scudder" box="[391,566,1122,1147]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1889) The Fossil butterflies of Florissant. United States Geological Survey, 8 th Annual Report, 439 - 472." type="book chapter" year="1889">Scudder (1889)</bibRefCitation>
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could not find much similarity with any extant species and he supposed the fossil to be most closely related to the fossil species
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462854FFC3F586FB01FC5DB4A1" authority="Scudder" authorityName="Scudder" box="[737,1022,1158,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lithopsyche" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="styx">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72854FFC3F586FB01FC38B4A0" box="[737,923,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Lithopsyche styx</emphasis>
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Scudder
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462854FFC3F353FB01FA3FB4A0" authority="Scudder. I" authorityName="Scudder. I" box="[1076,1436,1158,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Prodryas" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persephone">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72854FFC3F353FB01FA80B4A1" box="[1076,1315,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Prodryas persephone</emphasis>
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Scudder. I
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</taxonomicName>
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see, however, no phylogenetic evidence for this opinion. If used as a calibration point it should be at the root of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462854FFC3F7F0FB49FE91B4D9" box="[151,306,1230,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nymphalinae">Nymphalinae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |