714 lines
88 KiB
XML
714 lines
88 KiB
XML
<document id="CA6B8133C6BBF21AD71AB0AA643D28CB" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4256.1.1SLASH10888" ID-CLB-Dataset="33174" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.556851" ID-GBIF-Dataset="10284664-323e-49f2-a19f-3ef15f718cc0" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="556851" ID-ZooBank="985C0239-D00C-457D-B593-76A3081BCEEA" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1493019240325" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Calder, Dale R." docDate="2017" docId="03A787C7493BFF9BFF58F92CFCBBF984" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4256.1.1SLASH10888.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4256 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Rhizorhagium roseum M. Sars, in G.O. Sars 1874" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="FF9EFFBF492CFF81FFCFFFE9FFF0FFF1" masterDocTitle="Additions to the hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the Bay of Fundy, northeastern North America, with a checklist of species reported from the region" masterLastPageNumber="86" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="24" updateTime="1698439043565" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="0C445EB67306305E1AA5694C444439A6">Additions to the hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the Bay of Fundy, northeastern North America, with a checklist of species reported from the region</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="335B43B809AA8445AF29CBD2755DC931">Calder, Dale R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F50FD40B9780BF4F443F4629642C2773">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="96C61885C73A80AA97E188CF0191E916">
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<mods:date id="C6C76BBB72F28A54669858830EE0AB44">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2F201BF82C25B767FBEF521597EFD322">4256</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="63FEE6F3000550226B7681E71DD917B3" type="CLB-Dataset">33174</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="559BDE2DDD93A17E419B51CCAEB1A944" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.556851</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A787C7493BFF9BFF58F92CFCBBF984" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6015985" ID-GBIF-Taxon="128697023" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6015985" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C7493BFF9BFF58F92CFCBBF984" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A787C7493BFF9BFF58F92CFCBBF984" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<subSubSection id="C314655A493BFF96FF58F92CFEEAF8F1" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB136D1493BFF96FF58F92CFD0EF92E" blockId="23.[151,766,1733,1792]" box="[151,766,1733,1759]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<heading id="D0F981BD493BFF96FF58F92CFD0EF92E" bold="true" box="[151,766,1733,1759]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493BFF96FF58F92CFD0EF92E" ID-CoL="4SDHZ" authority="M. Sars, in G.O. Sars, 1874" authorityName="M. Sars, in G.O. Sars" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,766,1733,1759]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roseum">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493BFF96FF58F92CFD0EF92E" bold="true" box="[151,766,1733,1759]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493BFF96FF58F92CFE57F92E" bold="true" box="[151,423,1733,1759]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Rhizorhagium roseum</emphasis>
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||
M. Sars, in
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B20493BFF96FDF2F92CFD0EF92E" author="Sars" box="[573,766,1733,1759]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Sars, G. O. (1874) Bidrag til kundskaben om norges hydroider. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania, 1873, 91 - 150." type="journal article" year="1874">G.O. Sars, 1874</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB136D1493BFF96FF58F90EFEEAF8F1" blockId="23.[151,766,1733,1792]" box="[151,282,1767,1792]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<figureCitation id="13352A54493BFF96FF58F90EFF02F8F1" box="[151,242,1767,1792]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="24.[151,250,815,837]" captionTargetBox="[156,1424,318,783]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[150,1436,301,793]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 11. Rhizorhagium roseum, parts of a colony. a, pedicel with hydranth, ARC 8650054. Scale equals 0.5 mm. b, hydranth with enveloping pseudohydrotheca, ARC 8650054. Scale equals 0.25 mm. c, female gonophore, ARC 8650054. Scale equals 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556863/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs. 11</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13352A54493BFF96FF31F901FEEAF8F1" box="[254,282,1768,1792]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1285,1307]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,412,1261]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,409,1264]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 12. Rhizorhagium roseum, nematocysts of hydroid, ROMIZ B 4220. a, desmoneme, undischarged. b, desmoneme, discharged. c, small microbasic eurytele. d, large microbasic eurytele. e, unidentified nematocyst, undischarged. f, unidentified nematocyst, discharged." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556864/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">12</figureCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C314655A493BFF96FF58F8D9FD3BF8B7" box="[151,715,1840,1862]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BB136D1493BFF96FF58F8D9FD3BF8B7" blockId="23.[151,715,1840,1862]" box="[151,715,1840,1862]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11FF493BFF96FF58F8D9FD3BF8B7" box="[151,715,1840,1862]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493BFF96FF58F8D9FD37F8B7" ID-CoL="4SDHZ" authority="M. Sars, in G.O. Sars, 1874: 129" authorityName="M. Sars, in G.O. Sars" authorityPageNumber="129" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,711,1840,1862]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roseum">
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||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493BFF96FF58F8D9FE86F8B7" box="[151,374,1840,1862]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Rhizorhagium roseum</emphasis>
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||
M. Sars, in
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<treatmentCitation id="0AAF10C0493BFF96FE3EF8D9FD37F8B7" author="Sars" box="[497,711,1840,1862]" page="129" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1874">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B20493BFF96FE3EF8D9FD64F8B7" author="Sars" box="[497,660,1840,1862]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Sars, G. O. (1874) Bidrag til kundskaben om norges hydroider. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania, 1873, 91 - 150." type="journal article" year="1874">G.O. Sars, 1874</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 129
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C314655A493BFF99FF58F89BFCC8FF09" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB136D1493BFF96FF58F89BFEAEF85E" blockId="23.[151,1436,1906,2003]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C493BFF96FF58F89BFEAEF85E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688646" country="Norway" elevation="37" location="Mangerfjord" municipality="Bongnestrommen" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493BFF96FF58F89BFEC6F87A" bold="true" box="[151,310,1906,1931]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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||
<typeStatus id="54B58873493BFF96FF58F89BFF22F87A" box="[151,210,1906,1931]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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||
</emphasis>
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||
<collectingCountry id="F3197641493BFF96FEF1F89AFE6DF87A" box="[318,413,1907,1931]" name="Norway" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
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||
<location id="8ED1600A493BFF96FE67F89BFDC9F87A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C7493BFF9BFF58F92CFCBBF984:8ED1600A493BFF96FE67F89BFDC9F87A" box="[424,569,1906,1931]" country="Norway" municipality="Bongnestrommen" name="Mangerfjord" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Mangerfjord</location>
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||
, “
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||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD5ACAB493BFF96FD80F89AFCEBF87A" box="[591,795,1907,1931]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bongnestrømmen</collectingMunicipality>
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||
” (Bognestrømmen), 20 fm (
|
||
<quantity id="4CF69B34493BFF96FB93F89AFB68F87A" box="[1116,1176,1907,1931]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="37.0">
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||
<elevation id="0023D1E2493BFF96FB93F89AFB68F87A" box="[1116,1176,1907,1931]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="37.0">37 m</elevation>
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||
</quantity>
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||
)
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||
<collectedFrom id="3812752C493BFF96FB67F89AFEABF85E" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493BFF96FB03F89BFEABF85E" authority="Rees 1956: 114" authorityName="Rees" authorityPageNumber="114" authorityYear="1956" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="indivisa">
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<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493BFF96FB03F89BFA6CF87A" box="[1228,1436,1906,1931]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Tubularia indivisa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B20493BFF96FF51F87EFEA1F85E" author="Rees" box="[158,337,1942,1967]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Rees, W. J. (1956) A revision of some northern gymnoblastic hydroids in the Zoological Museum, Oslo. Nytt Magasin for Zoologi, 4, 109 - 120." type="journal article" year="1956">Rees 1956: 114</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</collectedFrom>
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||
.
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||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D1493BFF99FF08F853FCC8FF09" blockId="23.[151,1436,1906,2003]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1437,151,248]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C493BFF99FF08F853FA92FF41" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688638" collectingDate="1936-05-27" collectionCode="ARC" collectorName="J. Stevenson" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" location="Material" municipality="Bay of Fundy" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" specimenCode="ARC 8650054" specimenCount="1">
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||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493BFF96FF08F853FE43F822" bold="true" box="[199,435,1978,2003]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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||
<location id="8ED1600A493BFF96FF08F853FEDFF822" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C7493BFF9BFF58F92CFCBBF984:8ED1600A493BFF96FF08F853FEDFF822" box="[199,303,1978,2003]" municipality="Bay of Fundy" name="Material" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Material</location>
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examined.
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||
</emphasis>
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||
NS:
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BD5ACAB493BFF96FE3BF852FD66F822" box="[500,662,1978,2003]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bay of Fundy</collectingMunicipality>
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||
,
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||
<locationDeviation id="9A032FF3493BFF96FD6BF852FC4AF822" box="[676,954,1978,2003]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<quantity id="4CF69B34493BFF96FD6BF852FD10F822" box="[676,736,1978,2003]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
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||
NE of Centreville
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||
</locationDeviation>
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||
,
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||
<date id="FFB01011493BFF96FC06F853FBCAF822" box="[969,1082,1978,2003]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1936-05-27">
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||
<collectingDate id="EFF4E9F9493BFF96FC06F853FBCAF822" box="[969,1082,1978,2003]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1936-05-27">27.v.1936</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
|
||
,
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||
<collectedFrom id="3812752C493BFF96FB86F852FAAEF822" box="[1097,1374,1978,2003]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493BFF96FBA1F853FAAEF822" box="[1134,1374,1978,2003]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="muricatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493BFF96FBA1F853FAAEF822" box="[1134,1374,1978,2003]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Halecium muricatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectedFrom>
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||
, five colonies or fragments of a colony or colonies, all with female gonophores, coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074934FF99FBD1FF71FB5DFF41" box="[1054,1197,152,176]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">J. Stevenson</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBA89EAA4934FF99FB76FF71FA92FF41" box="[1209,1378,151,176]" collectionCode="ARC" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r82x-h8re" name="Atlantic Reference Centre" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE144934FF99FB76FF71FB03FF41" box="[1209,1267,152,176]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r82x-h8re" name="Atlantic Reference Centre" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">ARC</collectionCode>
|
||
8650054
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.–
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4934FF99FABAFF7EFCC8FF09" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688648" collectingDate="1936-05-27" collectionCode="ROMIZ" collectorName="J. Stevenson" location="Bay of Fundy" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="1">
|
||
NS:
|
||
<location id="8ED1600A4934FF99FF58FF54FEC4FF24" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C7493BFF9BFF58F92CFCBBF984:8ED1600A4934FF99FF58FF54FEC4FF24" box="[151,308,188,213]" name="Bay of Fundy" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bay of Fundy</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A032FF34934FF99FEF0FF55FDBBFF24" box="[319,587,188,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<quantity id="4CF69B344934FF99FEF0FF55FE89FF24" box="[319,377,188,213]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
|
||
NE of Centreville
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFB010114934FF99FD98FF55FD39FF24" box="[599,713,188,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1936-05-27">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF4E9F94934FF99FD98FF55FD39FF24" box="[599,713,188,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1936-05-27">27.v.1936</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectedFrom id="3812752C4934FF99FD1BFF54FC16FF25" box="[724,998,188,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524934FF99FD37FF55FC16FF25" box="[760,998,188,213]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="muricatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34934FF99FD37FF55FC16FF25" box="[760,998,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Halecium muricatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectedFrom>
|
||
, one fragment of a colony or colonies, with female gonophores, coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074934FF99FE24FF09FD8AFF09" box="[491,634,224,248]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">J. Stevenson</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE144934FF99FD4AFF09FD2FFF09" box="[645,735,224,248]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
|
||
B4220.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF7166594934FF99FF58FCC6FEC2FC73" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556863/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" targetBox="[156,1424,318,783]" targetPageId="24">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14934FF99FF58FCC6FEC2FC73" blockId="24.[151,1436,815,898]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34934FF99FF58FCC6FED2FCB4" bold="true" box="[151,290,815,837]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524934FF99FEE3FCC6FDFFFCB4" box="[300,527,815,837]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roseum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34934FF99FEE3FCC6FDFFFCB4" box="[300,527,815,837]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Rhizorhagium roseum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, parts of a colony. a, pedicel with hydranth, ARC 8650054. Scale equals 0.5 mm. b, hydranth with enveloping pseudohydrotheca, ARC 8650054. Scale equals 0.25 mm. c, female gonophore, ARC 8650054. Scale equals 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C314655A4934FF99FF08FC47FBD5F9F6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14934FF99FF08FC47FA65FB35" blockId="24.[151,1436,942,2012]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34934FF99FF08FC47FEA9FC36" bold="true" box="[199,345,942,967]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Hydroid colonies stolonal, arising from a hydrorhiza of creeping stolons. Hydranth pedicels unbranched, of varied length but mostly long, approaching
|
||
<quantity id="4CF69B344934FF99FC8EFC3AFC8AFC1A" box="[833,890,979,1003]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||
high, somewhat curved or twisted in preserved specimens, of uniform diameter or widening only slightly towards distal end; perisarc of pedicel mostly wrinkled, some parts more distinctly so than others, but not regularly annulated, thickest basally, gradually thinning out distally, extending as a filmy covering over base of hydranth, forming a large, loose, goblet-shaped, somewhat rugose pseudohydrotheca, perisarc not extending as tubes over bases of tentacles or hypostome. Hydranths quite large, vasiform to sac-shaped; tentacles filiform, tapering from slender tip to broad base, about
|
||
<quantity id="4CF69B344934FF99FB17FB6EFAC8FB6E" box="[1240,1336,1158,1183]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.794" metricValueMax="3.048" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="in" value="11.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="10.0">10-12 in</quantity>
|
||
number, arranged around distal end of hydranth; hypostome nipple-shaped, exceptionally large relative to size of hydranth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14934FF99FF08FB27FD56FAA2" blockId="24.[151,1436,942,2012]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Gonophores fixed sporosacs. Female sporosacs borne on short, slender, tapered pedicels arising from stolons of hydrorhiza, sometimes occurring in a dense cluster; spadix enveloped by a large, balloon-shaped, transparent membrane covered with thin perisarc; several planulae developing from sides of spadix within spacious cavity of gonophore capsule.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334934FF99FEB8FAD2FE41FAA5" box="[375,433,1339,1364]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Male</collectingRegion>
|
||
gonophores not seen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14934FF99FF08FAB7FE67FA86" blockId="24.[151,1436,942,2012]" box="[199,407,1374,1399]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Cnidome (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13352A544934FF99FEF2FAB7FE7EFA86" box="[317,398,1374,1399]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1285,1307]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,412,1261]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,409,1264]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 12. Rhizorhagium roseum, nematocysts of hydroid, ROMIZ B 4220. a, desmoneme, undischarged. b, desmoneme, discharged. c, small microbasic eurytele. d, large microbasic eurytele. e, unidentified nematocyst, undischarged. f, unidentified nematocyst, discharged." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556864/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14934FF99FF08FA6AFBF9FA6D" blockId="24.[151,1436,942,2012]" box="[199,1033,1411,1436]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">desmonemes (n = 10): 3.9–4.2 µm long × 2.4–2.8 µm wide (undischarged)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14934FF99FF08FA4FFB53FA4E" blockId="24.[151,1436,942,2012]" box="[199,1187,1446,1472]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">small microbasic euryteles (n = 10): 5.9–6.8 µm long × 2.9–3.5 µm wide (undischarged)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14934FF99FF08FA22FB6EFA15" blockId="24.[151,1436,942,2012]" box="[199,1182,1483,1508]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">large microbasic euryteles (n = 10): 8.0–8.8 µm long × 4.0–4.5 µm wide (undischarged)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14934FF99FF08FA07FBD5F9F6" blockId="24.[151,1436,942,2012]" box="[199,1061,1518,1544]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">unidentified nematocyst (n = 1): 12.0 µm long × 6.4 µm wide (undischarged)</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C314655A4934FF98FF08F9FAFD49FE95" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14934FF99FF08F9FAFCB7F846" blockId="24.[151,1436,942,2012]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4934FF99FF08F9FAFCDEF8BD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688661" collectionCode="ICZN" collectorName="Remarks. Although & G. O. Sars & M. Sars. That & Latin & Norwegian & Michael Sars & Bergen & Lofoten. An & M. Sars & In" country="Norway" location="Georg" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Georg" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074934FF99FF08F9FAFE5BF9DD" box="[199,427,1555,1580]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34934FF99FF08F9FAFECBF9DD" bold="true" box="[199,315,1555,1580]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Although
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
the generic name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524934FF99FDB8F9FAFCE5F9DD" box="[631,789,1555,1580]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34934FF99FDB8F9FAFCE5F9DD" box="[631,789,1555,1580]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Rhizorhagium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the species name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524934FF99FBC0F9FDFB70F9DA" box="[1039,1152,1556,1579]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roseum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34934FF99FBC0F9FDFB70F9DA" box="[1039,1152,1556,1579]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">R. roseum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were made available in a publication by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204934FF99FE8DF9DEFDF3F9BE" author="Sars" box="[322,515,1591,1615]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Sars, G. O. (1874) Bidrag til kundskaben om norges hydroider. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania, 1873, 91 - 150." type="journal article" year="1874">
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074934FF99FE8DF9DEFE5EF9BE" box="[322,430,1591,1615]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">G.O. Sars</collectorName>
|
||
(1874)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, authorship of both names was attributed therein solely to
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074934FF99FB6EF9D1FACCF9BE" box="[1185,1340,1590,1615]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">M. Sars. That</collectorName>
|
||
original account,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524934FF99FF30F9B5FE69F985" box="[255,409,1627,1652]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Fucaceae" genus="Ascophyllum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fucales" pageId="24" pageNumber="59" phylum="Heterokontophyta" rank="species" species="preliminary">a preliminary</taxonomicName>
|
||
one without illustrations, included a diagnosis of the genus (in
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074934FF99FB4DF9B2FB4FF985" box="[1154,1215,1627,1652]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Latin</collectorName>
|
||
) and comments on occurrences in
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074934FF99FE87F997FE35F966" box="[328,453,1662,1687]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Norwegian</collectorName>
|
||
waters of its only included species.
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074934FF99FCBAF997FBFBF966" box="[885,1035,1662,1687]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Michael Sars</collectorName>
|
||
had encountered the hydroid near
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074934FF99FF58F94DFF1AF94D" box="[151,234,1700,1724]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Bergen</collectorName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334934FF99FEFCF94AFE88F94A" box="[307,376,1699,1723]" country="Bermuda" name="Saint George" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Georg</collectingRegion>
|
||
Ossian Sars reported finding it at
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074934FF99FCE6F94AFC49F94A" box="[809,953,1699,1724]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Lofoten. An</collectorName>
|
||
exhaustive description, accompanied by illustrations, was provided later (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204934FF99FDC0F92EFD5DF92E" author="Sars" box="[527,685,1735,1759]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Sars, M. (1877) Nye og mindre bekjendte Coelenterater. New and little known coelenterates. In: Koren, J. & Danielssen, D. C. (Eds.), Fauna littoralis Norvegiae. 3 die Hefte. J. D. Beyer, Bergen, pp. 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1877">
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074934FF99FDC0F92EFD98F92E" box="[527,616,1735,1759]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">M. Sars</collectorName>
|
||
1877
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectorName id="26FB53074934FF99FD0DF921FD29F92E" box="[706,729,1736,1759]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">In</collectorName>
|
||
that work, the generic name was spelled
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524934FF99FB78F92FFAB8F92E" box="[1207,1352,1734,1759]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizoragium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34934FF99FB78F92FFAB8F92E" box="[1207,1352,1734,1759]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Rhizoragium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which must be taken to be an incorrect subsequent spelling (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE144934FF99FD3BF902FCC7F8F2" box="[756,823,1771,1795]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">ICZN</collectionCode>
|
||
Art. 33.3). Both
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204934FF99FC36F902FA6CF8F2" author="Broch" box="[1017,1436,1771,1796]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Broch, H. (1916) Hydroida (Part I.). The Danish Ingolf Expedition, 5 (6), 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1916">
|
||
Broch (1916, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524934FF99FB7BF905FA63F8F2" box="[1204,1427,1772,1795]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Perigonimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roseus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34934FF99FB7BF905FA63F8F2" box="[1204,1427,1772,1795]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Perigonimus roseus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204934FF99FF08F8F9FEBFF8D6" author="Rees" box="[199,335,1807,1831]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Rees, W. J. (1938) Observations on British and Norwegian hydroids and their medusae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 23, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1938">Rees (1938)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
added to taxonomic knowledge of the species, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204934FF99FC58F8F9FBD0F8D6" author="Rees" box="[919,1056,1806,1831]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Rees, W. J. (1956) A revision of some northern gymnoblastic hydroids in the Zoological Museum, Oslo. Nytt Magasin for Zoologi, 4, 109 - 120." type="journal article" year="1956">Rees (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
determined that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B588734934FF99FAC6F8F9FAC9F8D9" box="[1289,1337,1808,1832]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material was from Bognestrømmen in the Mangerfjord,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976414934FF99FD1DF8DDFCDEF8BD" box="[722,814,1844,1868]" name="Norway" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4934FF99FCF0F8DAFCB7F846" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688660" country="Norway" location="A" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334934FF99FCF0F8DAFCA3F8BA" box="[831,851,1843,1867]" country="Gambia" name="Upper River" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
recent synonymy list and overview is given by Schuchert (2007). Noteworthy amongst the synonyms is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524934FF99FCEFF8BEFB22F89E" authority="Levinsen, 1893" authorityName="Levinsen" authorityYear="1893" box="[800,1234,1878,1903]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="groenlandica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34934FF99FCEFF8BEFBE8F89E" box="[800,1048,1878,1903]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Garveia groenlandica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204934FF99FBEEF8BFFB22F89E" author="Levinsen" box="[1057,1234,1878,1903]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Levinsen, G. M. R. (1893) Meduser, ctenophorer og hydroider fra Gronlands vestkyst, tilligemed bemaerkninger om hydroidernes systematik. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i KjObenhavn, Series 5, 4, 143 - 220." type="journal article" year="1893">Levinsen, 1893</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and it was under that name that the species was recorded from the east and west coasts of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334934FF99FC35F892FBCCF865" box="[1018,1084,1915,1940]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">North</collectingRegion>
|
||
American continent during the first half of the twentieth century (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204934FF99FDD8F876FD50F846" author="Fraser" box="[535,672,1951,1975]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1937) Hydroids of the Pacific coast of Canada and the United States. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 207 pp." type="book" year="1937">Fraser 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204934FF99FD63F876FD16F846" author="Fraser" box="[684,742,1951,1975]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204934FF99FD3EF876FCCAF846" author="Fraser" box="[753,826,1951,1975]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1947 a) Distribution and relationship in American hydroids. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 464 pp. [although dated " 1946 " on the title page, this book was not published until February 1947]" type="book" year="1947" yearSuffix="a">1947a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14934FF98FF08F82AFD49FE95" blockId="24.[151,1436,942,2012]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1437,151,357]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
This, the first record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524934FF99FE13F82AFD24F82A" box="[476,724,1987,2012]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roseum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34934FF99FE13F82AFD24F82A" box="[476,724,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Rhizorhagium roseum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Bay of Fundy, is based on material (ARC 8650054) from Minas Channel, Nova Scotia. The specimens, collected in 1936, were somewhat deteriorated and the colour of the colony or colonies had faded, but they appear to have been robust and thriving at the time of collection. Numerous female gonophores were present. The specimens were found
|
||
<collectedFrom id="3812752C4935FF98FC34FF09FAE7FF09" box="[1019,1303,223,248]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FBEBFF36FAE7FF09" box="[1060,1303,223,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="muricatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FBEBFF36FAE7FF09" box="[1060,1303,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Halecium muricatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectedFrom>
|
||
, and other hydroids appear from literature records to be frequent substrates of the species (e.g., Schuchert 2007;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FACDFEEDFA61FEED" author="Calder" box="[1282,1425,260,285]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Calder, D. R. (2012) On a collection of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroidolina) from the west coast of Sweden, with a checklist of species from the region. Zootaxa, 3171, 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="2012">Calder 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although scant collection data were available with the sample, water temperatures in the bay at the time of collection (May) would have been cold (<10°C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF7166594935FF98FF58FAECFE7BFAA8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556864/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" targetBox="[154,1433,412,1261]" targetPageId="25">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14935FF98FF58FAECFE7BFAA8" blockId="25.[151,1436,1285,1369]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FF58FAECFED2FAEA" bold="true" box="[151,290,1285,1307]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FEE5FAECFDFCFAED" box="[298,524,1285,1308]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roseum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FEE5FAECFDFCFAED" box="[298,524,1285,1308]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Rhizorhagium roseum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nematocysts of hydroid, ROMIZ B4220. a, desmoneme, undischarged. b, desmoneme, discharged. c, small microbasic eurytele. d, large microbasic eurytele. e, unidentified nematocyst, undischarged. f, unidentified nematocyst, discharged.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C314655A4935FF9BFF08FA69FB41FC1D" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14935FF9BFF08FA69FBAAFE95" blockId="25.[151,1437,1408,2009]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1437,151,1653]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FF08FA69FE4DFA69" ID-CoL="4SDHZ" box="[199,445,1408,1433]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roseum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FF08FA69FE4DFA69" box="[199,445,1408,1433]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Rhizorhagium roseum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has usually been assigned to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FC4EFA69FB28FA68" ID-CoL="7NG62" authority="Lutken, 1850" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1850" box="[897,1240,1408,1433]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
Bougainvilliidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FB8CFA69FB28FA68" author="Lutken" box="[1091,1240,1408,1433]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Lutken, C. (1850) Nogle bemaerkninger om medusernes systematiske inddeling, navnlig med hensyn til Forbes's history of Brittish naked-eyed medusae. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjobenhavn, 1850, 15 - 35." type="journal article" year="1850">Lütken, 1850</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FAD0FA68FA67FA68" author="Rees" box="[1311,1431,1408,1433]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Rees, W. J. (1956) A revision of some northern gymnoblastic hydroids in the Zoological Museum, Oslo. Nytt Magasin for Zoologi, 4, 109 - 120." type="journal article" year="1956">Rees 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FF58FA4DFED5FA4C" author="Calder" box="[151,293,1444,1469]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Calder, D. R. (1972) Some athecate hydroids from the shelf waters of northern Canada. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 29, 217 - 228." type="journal article" year="1972">Calder 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FEFDFA4CFE9DFA4C" author="Calder" box="[306,365,1445,1469]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Calder, D. R. (2012) On a collection of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroidolina) from the west coast of Sweden, with a checklist of species from the region. Zootaxa, 3171, 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FEB4FA4DFD94FA4C" author="Bouillon" box="[379,612,1444,1469]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. - M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 194, 1 - 591." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Bouillon
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FE29FA4CFDE9FA4C" box="[486,537,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Schuchert 2007, 2012;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FCB4FA4DFBB6FA4C" author="Antsulevich" box="[891,1094,1444,1469]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Antsulevich, A. E. (2015) Hydrozoa (hydroids and hydromedusae) of Russian seas. St. Petersburg University Press, St. Petersburg, 860 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="2015">Antsulevich 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; WoRMS). In an earlier work (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FF51FA21FEDDFA10" author="Calder" box="[158,301,1480,1505]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: the Athecatae. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions, 148, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1988">Calder 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FE74FA21FC61FA10" ID-CoL="7PXMX" authority="M. Sars, in G.O. Sars, 1874" authorityName="M. Sars, in G.O. Sars" authorityYear="1874" box="[443,913,1480,1505]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FE74FA21FDA9FA10" box="[443,601,1480,1505]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Rhizorhagium</emphasis>
|
||
M. Sars, in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FD2EFA20FC61FA10" author="Sars" box="[737,913,1481,1505]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Sars, G. O. (1874) Bidrag til kundskaben om norges hydroider. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania, 1873, 91 - 150." type="journal article" year="1874">G.O. Sars, 1874</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FC08FA21FB0CFA10" ID-CoL="7PSFB" authority="Warren, 1907" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1907" box="[967,1276,1480,1505]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Parawrightia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FC08FA21FBAEFA10" box="[967,1118,1480,1505]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Parawrightia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FBAAFA20FB0CFA10" author="Warren" box="[1125,1276,1481,1505]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Warren, E. (1907) On Parawrightia robusta gen. et sp. nov., a hydroid from the Natal coast; and also an account of a supposed schizophyte occurring in the gonophores. Annals of the Natal Government Museum, 1, 187 - 208." type="journal article" year="1907">Warren, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were grouped within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FF2AFA05FE50F9F4" ID-CoL="7NG62" box="[229,416,1516,1541]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Bougainvilliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a new subfamily, Rhizorhagiinae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FCF6FA05FC3BF9F4" author="Calder" box="[825,971,1516,1541]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: the Athecatae. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions, 148, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1988">Calder, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Hydroids assigned to the subfamily were distinguished from other bougainvilliids in having hydranths that were vasiform and enveloped by distinct pseudohydrothecae, hypostomes that were unusually prominent and nipple-shaped, tentacles that were arranged in two or more close whorls, and gonophores (where known) that were fixed sporosacs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FB9BF9B1FB14F980" author="Calder" box="[1108,1252,1624,1649]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: the Athecatae. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions, 148, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1988">Calder 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Their hydroids morphologically resemble those of some genera (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FCDAF995FB92F964" ID-CoL="7P9TF" authority="Hartlaub, 1914" authorityName="Hartlaub" authorityYear="1914" box="[789,1122,1660,1685]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Leuckartiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FCDAF995FC57F964" box="[789,935,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Leuckartiara</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FC7CF995FB92F964" author="Hartlaub" box="[947,1122,1660,1685]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1914) XII. Craspedote Medusen. I. Teil. 3. Lief.: Familie IV Tiaridae. Nordisches Plankton, 6, 237 - 363." type="journal article" year="1914">Hartlaub, 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FBBDF994FA68F964" ID-CoL="7PMBH" authority="Hartlaub, 1914" authorityName="Hartlaub" authorityYear="1914" box="[1138,1432,1660,1685]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FBBDF994FB2DF965" box="[1138,1245,1661,1684]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Neoturris</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FB26F995FA68F964" author="Hartlaub" box="[1257,1432,1660,1685]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1914) XII. Craspedote Medusen. I. Teil. 3. Lief.: Familie IV Tiaridae. Nordisches Plankton, 6, 237 - 363." type="journal article" year="1914">Hartlaub, 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FF58F949FE4EF948" ID-CoL="7P57C" authority="Hartlaub, 1914" authorityName="Hartlaub" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,446,1696,1721]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Halitholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FF58F949FEFDF948" box="[151,269,1696,1721]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Halitholus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FEDAF949FE4EF948" author="Hartlaub" box="[277,446,1696,1721]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1914) XII. Craspedote Medusen. I. Teil. 3. Lief.: Familie IV Tiaridae. Nordisches Plankton, 6, 237 - 363." type="journal article" year="1914">Hartlaub, 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FD9BF949FC84F948" ID-CoL="7NK9Q" authority="Haeckel, 1879" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[596,884,1696,1721]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
Pandeidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FD00F949FC84F948" author="Haeckel" box="[719,884,1696,1721]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Haeckel, E. (1879) Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Denkschriften der Medicinisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena, 1, 1 - 360." type="journal article" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Moreover, a recent phylogram in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FB35F949FEFEF92C" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Prudkovsky, A. A., Nikitin, M. A., Berumen, M. L., Ivanenko, V. N. & Reimer, J. D. (2016) On the paraphyly of Cytaeididae and placement of Cytaeis within the suborder Filifera (Hydrozoa: Anthoathecata). Marine Biodiversity, 18 June 2016, 1 - 8. [published online]" type="journal article">
|
||
Prudkovsky
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FA47F948FF5DF92C" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2016)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
indicates that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FE03F92CFDB6F92D" ID-CoL="4SDHZ" box="[460,582,1733,1756]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roseum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FE03F92CFDB6F92D" box="[460,582,1733,1756]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R. roseum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a much closer affinity with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FC23F92DFAEAF92C" ID-CoL="7NK9Q" authority="Haeckel, 1879" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[1004,1306,1732,1757]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
Pandeidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FBA0F92DFAEAF92C" author="Haeckel" box="[1135,1306,1732,1757]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Haeckel, E. (1879) Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Denkschriften der Medicinisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena, 1, 1 - 360." type="journal article" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FF58F901FEA5F8F0" ID-CoL="7NG62" box="[151,341,1768,1793]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Bougainvilliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Included in a clade with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FD55F900FCE1F8F1" ID-CoL="4SDHZ" box="[666,785,1769,1792]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roseum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FD55F900FCE1F8F1" box="[666,785,1769,1792]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R. roseum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FCADF901FAEAF8F0" ID-CoL="723RK" authority="Fleming, 1823" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1823" box="[866,1306,1768,1793]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Leuckartiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="octona">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FCADF901FBBDF8F1" box="[866,1101,1768,1793]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Leuckartiara octona</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FBACF901FAE1F8F0" author="Fleming" box="[1123,1297,1768,1793]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Fleming, J. (1823) Gleanings of natural history, gathered on the coast of Scotland during a voyage in 1821. Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, 8, 294 - 303." type="journal article" year="1823">Fleming, 1823</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FAE3F900FEB4F8D4" ID-CoL="6Q43K" authority="Hartlaub, 1914" authorityName="Hartlaub" authorityYear="1914" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Leuckartiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nobilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FAE3F900FA6BF8F0" box="[1324,1435,1768,1793]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">L. nobilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FF58F8E5FEB4F8D4" author="Hartlaub" box="[151,324,1804,1829]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1914) XII. Craspedote Medusen. I. Teil. 3. Lief.: Familie IV Tiaridae. Nordisches Plankton, 6, 237 - 363." type="journal article" year="1914">Hartlaub, 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FE9DF8E4FC73F8D4" ID-CoL="46W9T" authority="Murbach & Shearer, 1902" authorityName="Murbach & Shearer" authorityYear="1902" box="[338,899,1804,1829]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="breviconis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FE9DF8E4FDCAF8D4" box="[338,570,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Neoturris breviconis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FD84F8E5FC8CF8D4" author="Murbach" box="[587,892,1804,1829]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Murbach, L. & Shearer, C. (1902) Preliminary report on a collection of medusae from the coast of British Columbia and Alaska. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 9, 71 - 73." type="journal article" year="1902">Murbach & Shearer, 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FC5EF8E5FAE3F8D4" ID-CoL="e2c0009a-82d4-44da-8ebc-9ebcc2ca8c7b" authority="Warren, 1916" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1916" box="[913,1299,1804,1829]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydrichthyidae" genus="Hydrichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="boycei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FC5EF8E5FB9DF8D4" box="[913,1133,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Hydrichthys boycei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FBB9F8E4FAE3F8D4" author="Warren" box="[1142,1299,1804,1829]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Warren, E. (1916) On Hydrichthys boycei, a hydroid parasitic on fishes. Annals of the Durban Museum, 1, 172 - 187." type="journal article" year="1916">Warren, 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FAEEF8E5FE02F8B8" ID-CoL="RQZW" authority="A. Agassiz, 1862" authorityName="A. Agassiz" authorityYear="1862" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Catablema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vesicarium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FAEEF8E5FEE2F8B9" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Catablema vesicarium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FEECF8D8FE1BF8B8" author="Agassiz" box="[291,491,1840,1865]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Agassiz, A. (1862) On the mode of development of the marginal tentacles of the free medusae of some hydroids. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 9, 88 - 101." type="journal article" year="1862">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334935FF98FEECF8D8FECBF8B8" box="[291,315,1841,1865]" country="Gambia" name="Upper River" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Agassiz, 1862
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FDFFF8D8FC70F8B8" ID-CoL="3FBW6" authority="Wright, 1859" authorityName="Wright" authorityYear="1859" box="[560,896,1840,1865]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FDFFF8D8FD10F8B9" box="[560,736,1841,1864]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Garveia nutans</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FD28F8D9FC70F8B8" author="Wright" box="[743,896,1840,1865]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Wright, T. S. (1859) Observations on British zoophytes. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, New Series, 10, 105 - 114." type="journal article" year="1859">Wright, 1859</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All are regarded as pandeids except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FAE5F8D8FA65F8B9" ID-CoL="3FBW6" box="[1322,1429,1841,1864]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FAE5F8D8FA65F8B9" box="[1322,1429,1841,1864]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">G. nutans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, currently and likely erroneously taken be a bougainvilliid. Considerable divergence was apparent between this clade and others that included various species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FD20F891FBC4F860" ID-CoL="7NQZN" authority="Lesson, 1830" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1830" box="[751,1076,1912,1937]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Bougainvillia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FD20F891FC78F860" box="[751,904,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Bougainvillia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204935FF98FC5BF890FBC4F860" author="Lesson" box="[916,1076,1913,1937]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Lesson, R. P. (1830) Voyage autour du monde, pendant les annees 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Zoologie. Description des zoophytes echinodermes. Voyage de la Coquille II, II, 20, 155 pp." type="book" year="1830">Lesson, 1830</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FB50F890FAFFF861" ID-CoL="3FBW6" box="[1183,1295,1913,1936]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FB50F890FAFFF861" box="[1183,1295,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">G. nutans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it strongly resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524935FF98FEDBF874FE7DF845" ID-CoL="4SDHZ" box="[276,397,1949,1972]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roseum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34935FF98FEDBF874FE7DF845" box="[276,397,1949,1972]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">R. roseum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphologically in having a vasiform hydranth enveloped by a pseudohydrotheca, an exceptionally large hypostome, and fixed sporosacs of similar morphology. Based on morphological characters, and especially on the molecular evidence of Prudkovsky
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFC81FF70FC77FF41" box="[846,903,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. noted above,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFBF0FF70FB46FF41" ID-CoL="4SDHZ" box="[1087,1206,153,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roseum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFBF0FF70FB46FF41" box="[1087,1206,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">R. roseum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the subfamily Rhizorhagiinae are transferred here from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFDA3FF55FCD7FF24" ID-CoL="7NG62" box="[620,807,188,213]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Bougainvilliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFC82FF55FC34FF24" ID-CoL="7NK9Q" box="[845,964,188,213]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Pandeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Also assigned herewith to the subfamily, along with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFEDAFF36FE43FF09" ID-CoL="7PXMX" box="[277,435,223,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFEDAFF36FE43FF09" box="[277,435,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Rhizorhagium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFE25FF36FD71FF09" ID-CoL="7PSFB" box="[490,641,223,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Parawrightia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFE25FF36FD71FF09" box="[490,641,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Parawrightia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFD67FF09FC53FF09" ID-CoL="7P36S" authority="Wright, 1859" authorityName="Wright" authorityYear="1859" box="[680,931,223,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFD67FF09FCF4FF06" box="[680,772,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Garveia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFCC4FF36FC53FF09" author="Wright" box="[779,931,223,248]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Wright, T. S. (1859) Observations on British zoophytes. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, New Series, 10, 105 - 114." type="journal article" year="1859">Wright, 1859</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Meanwhile, the possible taxonomic makeup and nomenclatural status of Rhizorhagiinae needs further consideration, as its scope may encompass one or more genera already assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFE0CFECEFDCAFEB1" ID-CoL="7NK9Q" box="[451,570,295,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Pandeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Recent diagnoses of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFCE5FECEFC6DFEB1" ID-CoL="7NK9Q" box="[810,925,295,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Pandeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
include those of Schuchert (2007) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFA9DFECEFF14FE95" author="Calder" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Calder, D. R. (2010) Some anthoathecate hydroids and limnopolyps (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Hawaiian archipelago. Zootaxa, 2590, 1 - 91." type="journal article" year="2010">Calder (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but the family as presently conceived is likely polyphyletic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFC5CFEA5FBBEFE95" author="Daly" box="[915,1102,332,357]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Daly, M., Brugler, M. R., Cartwright, P., Collins, A. G., Dawson, M. N., Fautin, D. G., France, S. C., McFadden, C. S., Opresko, D. M., Rodriguez, E., Romano, S. L. & Stake, J. L. (2007) The phylum Cnidaria: a review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus. Zootaxa, 1668, 127 - 182." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Daly
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFC1DFEA4FBF2FE94" box="[978,1026,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14936FF9BFF08FE99FB0FFCE4" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFF08FE99FED3FE76" ID-CoL="7P36S" box="[199,291,368,391]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFF08FE99FED3FE76" box="[199,291,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Garveia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFEFFFE86FE3EFE79" ID-CoL="7PXMX" box="[304,462,367,392]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFEFFFE86FE3EFE79" box="[304,462,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Rhizorhagium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFDC4FE86FD52FE79" ID-CoL="7PSFB" box="[523,674,367,392]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Parawrightia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFDC4FE86FD52FE79" box="[523,674,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Parawrightia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are obviously much alike, and characters that have been highlighted in differentiating them need to be reassessed. Schuchert (2007) earlier noted the inadequacy of contemporary diagnoses in distinguishing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFE1EFE51FDDDFE3E" ID-CoL="7P36S" box="[465,557,440,463]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFE1EFE51FDDDFE3E" box="[465,557,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Garveia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFDAAFE5EFCF3FE21" ID-CoL="7PXMX" box="[613,771,439,464]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFDAAFE5EFCF3FE21" box="[613,771,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Rhizorhagium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and suggested that molecular phylogenies were needed to sort out their relationships. Based on current evidence it seems almost certain that those two genera will prove to be identical because of the close resemblance of their
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B588734936FF9BFD1DFDE9FCF2FDE9" box="[722,770,512,536]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFCA7FDE9FC21FDE9" ID-CoL="3FBW6" box="[872,977,512,536]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFCA7FDE9FC21FDE9" box="[872,977,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">G. nutans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFBC8FDE8FB88FDE9" ID-CoL="4SDHZ" box="[1031,1144,513,536]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roseum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFBC8FDE8FB88FDE9" box="[1031,1144,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">R. roseum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. If so, then
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFB31FE16FA6CFDE9" ID-CoL="7PXMX" box="[1278,1436,511,536]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFB31FE16FA6CFDE9" box="[1278,1436,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Rhizorhagium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would become a junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFD7CFDCCFCFFFDCD" ID-CoL="7P36S" box="[691,783,549,572]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFD7CFDCCFCFFFDCD" box="[691,783,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Garveia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFC9EFDCCFC33FDCD" ID-CoL="4SDHZ" box="[849,963,549,572]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roseum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFC9EFDCCFC33FDCD" box="[849,963,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">R. roseum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be assigned the binomen
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFA8FFDCCFF23FD91" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rosea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFA8FFDCCFF23FD91" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Garveia rosea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Certain other species now assigned to both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFD00FDAEFC9DFD91" ID-CoL="7PXMX" box="[719,877,583,608]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFD00FDAEFC9DFD91" box="[719,877,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Rhizorhagium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFC69FDA1FBF2FDAE" ID-CoL="7P36S" box="[934,1026,584,607]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFC69FDA1FBF2FDAE" box="[934,1026,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Garveia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are probably also misclassified. For example,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFEC8FD85FD31FD74" ID-CoL="4SDHT" authority="Alder, 1862" authorityName="Alder" authorityYear="1862" box="[263,705,620,645]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="arenosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFEC8FD85FDECFD75" box="[263,540,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Rhizorhagium arenosum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFDE1FD85FD49FD74" author="Alder" box="[558,697,620,645]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Alder, J. (1862) Observations on British zoophytes. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, New Series, 15, 144." type="journal article" year="1862">Alder, 1862</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been shown to have affinities with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFB59FD85FAA1FD74" ID-CoL="7NG62" box="[1174,1361,620,645]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Bougainvilliidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
rather than with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFEC3FD78FE8EFD59" ID-CoL="4SDHZ" box="[268,382,657,680]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roseum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFEC3FD78FE8EFD59" box="[268,382,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">R. roseum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFDCAFD66FD53FD59" ID-CoL="7PXMX" box="[517,675,655,680]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFDCAFD66FD53FD59" box="[517,675,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Rhizorhagium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFCACFD66FB4DFD59" ID-CoL="7NK9Q" authority="Prudkovsky 2016" authorityName="Prudkovsky" authorityYear="2016" box="[867,1213,655,680]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
Pandeidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFC28FD66FB45FD59" author="Prudkovsky" box="[999,1205,655,680]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Prudkovsky, A. A., Nikitin, M. A., Berumen, M. L., Ivanenko, V. N. & Reimer, J. D. (2016) On the paraphyly of Cytaeididae and placement of Cytaeis within the suborder Filifera (Hydrozoa: Anthoathecata). Marine Biodiversity, 18 June 2016, 1 - 8. [published online]" type="journal article" year="2016">Prudkovsky 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Similarly,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFA8FFD79FEECFD3D" ID-CoL="7V2QN" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="franciscana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFA8FFD79FEECFD3D" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Garveia franciscana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles bougainvilliids more closely than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFCEAFD5CFC71FD3D" ID-CoL="7P36S" box="[805,897,693,716]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFCEAFD5CFC71FD3D" box="[805,897,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Garveia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B588734936FF9BFC2EFD5CFBE1FD3C" box="[993,1041,693,717]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFBBAFD5CFB12FD3D" ID-CoL="3FBW6" box="[1141,1250,693,716]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFBBAFD5CFB12FD3D" box="[1141,1250,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">G. nutans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It may warrant removal to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFED3FD3EFDAEFD01" authority="Clarke, 1882" authorityName="Clarke" authorityYear="1882" box="[284,606,727,752]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Calyptospadix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFED3FD3EFE4EFD01" box="[284,446,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Calyptospadix</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFE08FD3EFDAEFD01" author="Clarke" box="[455,606,727,752]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Clarke, S. F. (1882) New and interesting hydroids from Chesapeake Bay. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, 3, 135 - 142." type="journal article" year="1882">Clarke, 1882</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, an obscure bougainvilliid genus. As noted by Schuchert (2007) earlier, however, it seems best to maintain current usage until more information is available on these genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14936FF9BFF08FCC9FB41FC1D" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
In terms of identification, hydroids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFD4CFCF6FC8CFCC9" ID-CoL="4SDHZ" box="[643,892,799,824]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roseum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFD4CFCF6FC8CFCC9" box="[643,892,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Rhizorhagium roseum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are distinctive in the prominence and shape of their hypostomes, their stolonal or mostly stolonal colonies, the considerable length of their pedicels, the pronounced development of their pseudohydrothecae, their balloon-shaped sporosacs that arise only from the hydrorhiza, and in life by the rosy to reddish colour of their colonies (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFC2DFC65FBA4FC55" author="Sars" box="[994,1108,908,932]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Sars, M. (1877) Nye og mindre bekjendte Coelenterater. New and little known coelenterates. In: Koren, J. & Danielssen, D. C. (Eds.), Fauna littoralis Norvegiae. 3 die Hefte. J. D. Beyer, Bergen, pp. 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1877">Sars 1877</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFBAFFC64FB2AFC55" author="Rees" box="[1120,1242,908,932]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Rees, W. J. (1938) Observations on British and Norwegian hydroids and their medusae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 23, 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1938">Rees 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Schuchert 2007, 2012). As with hydroids of species of the pandeid genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFC8DFC46FB8CFC39" ID-CoL="7NNWN" authority="Haeckel, 1879" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[834,1148,943,968]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Amphinema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFC8DFC46FC38FC39" box="[834,968,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Amphinema</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFC1CFC46FB8CFC39" author="Haeckel" box="[979,1148,943,968]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Haeckel, E. (1879) Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Denkschriften der Medicinisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena, 1, 1 - 360." type="journal article" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFB2CFC59FA65FC39" ID-CoL="3FBW6" box="[1251,1429,944,968]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nutans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFB2CFC59FA65FC39" box="[1251,1429,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Garveia nutans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, hydranths bend over sharply on being disturbed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFD74FC3DFCBEFC1C" author="Wright" box="[699,846,980,1005]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Wright, T. S. (1859) Observations on British zoophytes. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, New Series, 10, 105 - 114." type="journal article" year="1859">Wright 1859</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Schuchert 2007;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFBD9FC3DFB55FC1D" author="Calder" box="[1046,1189,980,1005]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Calder, D. R. (2012) On a collection of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroidolina) from the west coast of Sweden, with a checklist of species from the region. Zootaxa, 3171, 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="2012">Calder 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C314655A4936FF9BFF08FC1EFCBBF984" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14936FF9BFF08FC1EFBADFB8C" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The cnidome of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFE4FFC1EFD86FBE1" box="[384,630,1015,1040]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roseum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFE4FFC1EFD86FBE1" box="[384,630,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Rhizorhagium roseum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in material examined here appears to comprise desmonemes, small and large microbasic euryteles, and a rare category that could not be identified (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13352A544936FF9BFC20FBF5FBB3FBC5" box="[1007,1091,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1285,1307]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,412,1261]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,409,1264]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 12. Rhizorhagium roseum, nematocysts of hydroid, ROMIZ B 4220. a, desmoneme, undischarged. b, desmoneme, discharged. c, small microbasic eurytele. d, large microbasic eurytele. e, unidentified nematocyst, undischarged. f, unidentified nematocyst, discharged." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556864/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). Three of the latter kind were seen discharged, along with one that was undischarged, but it was impossible to determine the character of the thread in either case. The other three kinds of nematocysts were common to abundant.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14936FF9BFF08FB6EFE79FA6C" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Distributionally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFE47FB6EFD71FB51" box="[392,641,1159,1184]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Rhizorhagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="roseum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFE47FB6EFD71FB51" box="[392,641,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Rhizorhagium roseum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been considered a circumpolar Arctic-boreal species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFAE5FB6EFF24FB35" author="Schuchert" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Schuchert, P. (2012) North-west European athecate hydroids and their medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, 59, 1 - 364." type="journal article" year="2012">Schuchert 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although recorded on this coast as far south as Vineyard Sound,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334936FF9BFC79FB45FBABFB34" box="[950,1115,1196,1221]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
, by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFB48FB44FEC6FB19" author="Fraser" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">
|
||
Fraser (1944, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFA8FFB44FEDBFB19" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="groenlandica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFA8FFB44FEDBFB19" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Garveia groenlandica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, that record warrants verification. In waters of eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976414936FF9BFC76FB26FBE0FB19" box="[953,1040,1231,1256]" name="Canada" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it is known from Bay of Islands, Newfoundland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFE82FB1DFD48FAFC" author="Fraser" box="[333,696,1268,1293]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1918) Hydroids of eastern Canada. Contributions to Canadian Biology, 1917 - 1918, 329 - 367." type="book chapter" year="1918">
|
||
Fraser 1918, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFDCBFB1CFD48FAFC" box="[516,696,1268,1293]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="groenlandica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFDCBFB1CFD48FAFC" box="[516,696,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">G. groenlandica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Sugluk Creek (Sugluk Inlet), Hudson Strait (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFB02FB1DFEDBFAC1" author="Fraser" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1931) Biological and oceanographic conditions in Hudson Bay. 3. Hydroids of Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait. Contributions to Canadian Biology and Fisheries, 6, 477 - 481." type="journal article" year="1931">
|
||
Fraser 1931, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFA4BFB1CFEDBFAC1" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="groenlandica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFA4BFB1CFEDBFAC1" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">G. groenlandica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), SE Hudson Bay (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFDD7FAFEFD5CFAC1" author="Calder" box="[536,684,1303,1328]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Calder, D. R. (1972) Some athecate hydroids from the shelf waters of northern Canada. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 29, 217 - 228." type="journal article" year="1972">Calder 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the Saguenay
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334936FF9BFC6FFAFEFC10FAC1" box="[928,992,1303,1328]" country="Gambia" name="Upper River" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">River</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334936FF9BFC3EFAFEFBB6FAC1" box="[1009,1094,1303,1328]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Quebec</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFB95FAFEFB1EFAC1" author="Calder" box="[1114,1262,1303,1328]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Calder, D. R. (1972) Some athecate hydroids from the shelf waters of northern Canada. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 29, 217 - 228." type="journal article" year="1972">Calder 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The reported bathymetric distribution of the species is from
|
||
<quantity id="4CF69B344936FF9BFD67FAD5FCEAFAA5" box="[680,794,1340,1364]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="m" value="105.0" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="10.0">10–200 m</quantity>
|
||
(Schuchert 2007;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFC25FAD5FB47FAA4" author="Antsulevich" box="[1002,1207,1340,1365]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Antsulevich, A. E. (2015) Hydrozoa (hydroids and hydromedusae) of Russian seas. St. Petersburg University Press, St. Petersburg, 860 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="2015">Antsulevich 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It was recorded by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFF58FAB6FE43FA89" author="Brinckmann-Voss" box="[151,435,1375,1400]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1996) Seasonality of hydroids (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) from an intertidal pool and adjacent subtidal habitats at Race Rocks, off Vancouver Island, Canada. Scientia Marina, 60, 89 - 97." type="journal article" year="1996">Brinckmann-Voss (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from an intertidal tidepool at Race Rocks,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334936FF9BFC69FAB6FB9CFA89" box="[934,1132,1375,1400]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and from infralittoral and subtidal areas nearby.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14936FF9BFF08FA4EFC5CFA31" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,1653]" box="[199,940,1447,1472]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFF08FA4EFE26FA31" bold="true" box="[199,470,1447,1472]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Recorded distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Bay of Fundy: recorded for the first time.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14936FF9BFF08FA24FD62F9F9" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Eastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334936FF9BFEEDFA25FE93FA14" box="[290,355,1484,1509]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">North</collectingRegion>
|
||
America: Foxe Basin and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31976414936FF9BFD42FA25FCF2FA14" box="[653,770,1484,1509]" name="Greenland" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
to southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334936FF9BFC43FA25FBDEFA14" box="[908,1070,1484,1509]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFBF3FA25FB35FA15" author="Fraser" box="[1084,1221,1484,1508]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">Fraser 1944</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFB1FFA25FAE7FA15" author="Fraser" box="[1232,1303,1484,1508]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1947 a) Distribution and relationship in American hydroids. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 464 pp. [although dated " 1946 " on the title page, this book was not published until February 1947]" type="book" year="1947" yearSuffix="a">1947a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524936FF9BFA8FFA24FEDBF9F9" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Garveia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="groenlandica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFA8FFA24FEDBF9F9" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Garveia groenlandica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFEF5FA06FE36F9F9" author="Calder" box="[314,454,1519,1544]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Calder, D. R. (1970) Thecate hydroids from the shelf waters of northern Canada. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 27, 1501 - 1547." type="journal article" year="1970">Calder 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Schuchert 2007).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB136D14936FF9BFF08F9FDFCBBF984" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Worldwide: Northeast Atlantic from the White and Barents seas to western Scotland; Iceland; Faroes; Svalbard;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4936FF9BFEC5F9DEFCBBF984" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688664" country="Iceland" location="Alaska" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Alaska">
|
||
Northeast Pacific from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334936FF9BFDDDF9DEFD90F9A1" box="[530,608,1591,1616]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
to southern Vancouver Island (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFC0FF9DEFB3DF9A1" author="Brinckmann-Voss" box="[960,1229,1591,1616]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1996) Seasonality of hydroids (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) from an intertidal pool and adjacent subtidal habitats at Race Rocks, off Vancouver Island, Canada. Scientia Marina, 60, 89 - 97." type="journal article" year="1996">Brinckmann-Voss 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFB16F9DEFA68F9A1" author="Schuchert" box="[1241,1432,1591,1616]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Schuchert, P. (2001 a) Hydroids of Greenland and Iceland (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Meddelelser om GrOnland, Bioscience, 53, 1 - 184." type="journal article" year="2001" yearSuffix="a">Schuchert 2001a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2007;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFF12F9B5FE9BF985" author="Calder" box="[221,363,1628,1653]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Calder, D. R. (2012) On a collection of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroidolina) from the west coast of Sweden, with a checklist of species from the region. Zootaxa, 3171, 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="2012">Calder 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFEB9F9B5FD98F985" author="Ronowicz" box="[374,616,1628,1653]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Ronowicz, M., Wlodarska-Kowalczuk, M. & Kuklinski, P. (2013) Depth- and substrate-related patterns of species richness and distribution of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in Arctic coastal waters (Svalbard). Marine Ecology, 34 (Supplement 1), 165 - 176." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Ronowicz
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34936FF9BFE21F9B4FDD0F984" box="[494,544,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204936FF9BFDBBF9B5FCB0F984" author="Antsulevich" box="[628,832,1628,1653]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refString="Antsulevich, A. E. (2015) Hydrozoa (hydroids and hydromedusae) of Russian seas. St. Petersburg University Press, St. Petersburg, 860 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="2015">Antsulevich 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |