257 lines
44 KiB
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257 lines
44 KiB
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<mods:title id="3F179B3838D6822F84C1C5758F431C60">Pycnogonids (Arthropoda, Pycnogonida) from the Southwest Indian Ridge</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3D3D7FB332A99B5B116FA6084AD2CBD8">Staples, David A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="9B3817E24FC148340386BF75F7E3BA02">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="99BE4C10837BE97EADBEC5113178E329">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EECE85B6CED47DCEA766813157EB6682">4567</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03895C3329074F1FFF01F975FCE9FE98" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5944898" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154435141" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5944898" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03895C3329074F1FFF01F975FCE9FE98" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03895C3329074F1FFF01F975FCE9FE98" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="425" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
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<subSubSection id="C33ABEAE29074F11FF01F975FDC3F91C" box="[151,579,1735,1761]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9FED2529074F11FF01F975FDC3F91C" blockId="22.[151,579,1735,1761]" box="[151,579,1735,1761]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
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<heading id="D0D75A4929074F11FF01F975FDC3F91C" bold="true" box="[151,579,1735,1761]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B954313729074F11FF01F975FDC3F91C" bold="true" box="[151,579,1735,1761]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629074F11FF78F975FDC3F91C" ID-CoL="84T8R" authority="Costa, 1861" authorityName="Costa" authorityYear="1861" box="[238,579,1735,1761]" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B954313729074F11FF78F975FE2CF91C" bold="true" box="[238,428,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Rhynchothorax</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429074F11FE24F975FDC3F91C" author="Costa, O. G." box="[434,579,1735,1761]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" refId="ref27430" refString="Costa, O. G. (1861) Microdoride mediterranei o descrizione de'poco ben conosciuti od affatto ignoti viventi minuti e microscopici del Mediterraneo, pel professore O. G. costa. Tomo primo. Con tredici tavole. Stamperia dell'Iride, Napoli, 80 pp." type="book" year="1861">
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<collectingRegion id="49E423C729074F11FE24F975FE7BF91C" box="[434,507,1735,1761]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Costa</collectingRegion>
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, 1861
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</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33ABEAE29074F1FFF01F8BFFCE9FE98" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="425" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B9FED2529074F10FF01F8BFFAAFF8B0" blockId="22.[151,1437,1805,2011]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="424" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">
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<emphasis id="B954313729074F11FF01F8BFFE8BF8DB" bold="true" box="[151,267,1805,1830]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Remarks.</emphasis>
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Specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629074F11FE58F8BFFDF9F8DB" authorityName="Costa" authorityYear="1861" box="[462,633,1805,1830]" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B954313729074F11FE58F8BFFDF9F8DB" box="[462,633,1805,1830]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="423">Rhynchothorax</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are mostly recorded interstitially. Nineteen species are currently recognized in the genus with four, five and six-segmented palps recorded. In this genus the palps are attached to lateral extensions of the cephalon. Confusion over the number of palp segments principally originates from historical uncertainty as to whether the lateral extension of the cephalon is segmented at its base.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429074F11FB4CF8C8FAE9F86F" author="Child, C. A." box="[1242,1385,1914,1939]" pageId="22" pageNumber="423" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref26674" refString="Child, C. A. (1979) Shallow-Water Pycnogonida of the Isthmus of Panama and the Coasts of Middle America. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 293, 1 - 86." type="journal article" year="1979">Child (1979)</bibRefCitation>
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was the first to realize that the palps were attached to lateral extensions of the cephalon and that a number of authors had incorrectly figured a distinct suture line at the base of the lateral extension resulting in the lateral extension being counted as the first segment of the palp. This caused Child to reduce the number of palp segments by one in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629064F10FF01FF0FFE6FFF29" authority="Arnaud, 1972" authorityName="Arnaud" authorityYear="1972" box="[151,495,188,213]" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anophtalmus">
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<emphasis id="B954313729064F10FF01FF0FFEC8FF28" box="[151,328,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">R. anophtalmus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FEC7FF0EFE6FFF29" author="Arnaud, F." box="[337,495,188,213]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="405 - 409" refId="ref26377" refString="Arnaud, F. (1972) Un nouveau Pycnogonide de Mediterranee Nord-occidentale: Rhynchothorax anophtalmus n. sp. et Redecouvente de Rhynchothorax mediterraneus Costa, 1861. Tethys, 3 (2), 405 - 409." type="journal article" year="1972">Arnaud, 1972</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629064F10FE6AFF0FFC21FF29" authority="Child & Hedgpeth, 1971" authorityName="Child & Hedgpeth" authorityYear="1971" box="[508,929,188,213]" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barnardi">
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<emphasis id="B954313729064F10FE6AFF0FFDFFFF28" box="[508,639,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">R. barnardi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FD1EFF0EFC21FF29" author="Child, C. A. & Hedgpeth, J. W." box="[648,929,188,213]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="609 - 634" refId="ref27063" refString="Child, C. A. & Hedgpeth, J. W. (1971) Pycnogonida of the Galapagos Islands. Journal of Natural History Museum, 5, 609 - 634. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937100770461" type="journal article" year="1971">Child & Hedgpeth, 1971</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629064F10FC4DFF0FFAEBFF28" authority=", Hedgpeth, 1951" authorityName=", Hedgpeth" authorityYear="1951" box="[987,1387,188,213]" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="philopsammum">
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<emphasis id="B954313729064F10FC4DFF0FFB2EFF28" box="[987,1198,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">R. philopsammum,</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FB20FF0EFAEBFF28" author="Hedgpeth, J. W." box="[1206,1387,188,213]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="105 - 117" refId="ref27670" refString="Hedgpeth, J. W. (1951) Pycnogonida from Dillon Beach and vicinity, with descriptions of two new species. Wasman Journal of Biology, 9 (1), 105 - 117." type="journal article" year="1951">Hedgpeth, 1951</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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and speculated that other species were similarly affected.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FCB6FF6DFC45FF05" author="Child, C. A." box="[800,965,223,248]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="69 - 111" refId="ref26989" refString="Child, C. A. (1995 b) Antarctic and subantarctic Pycnogonida. 1 V. The families Colossendeidae and Rhynchothoracidae. Biology of the Antarctic Seas, 24, Antarctic Research Series, 69, 69 - 111." type="journal article" year="1995">Child (1995b)</bibRefCitation>
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dismissed
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FBC6FF6DFA1CFF05" author="Hedgpeth, J. W." box="[1104,1436,223,248]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="105 - 117" refId="ref27670" refString="Hedgpeth, J. W. (1951) Pycnogonida from Dillon Beach and vicinity, with descriptions of two new species. Wasman Journal of Biology, 9 (1), 105 - 117." type="journal article" year="1951">Hedgpeth’s (1951, plate 3c)</bibRefCitation>
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illustration of a basal palp segment in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629064F10FDA8FEB7FC88FEE0" authorityName=", Hedgpeth" authorityYear="1951" box="[574,776,260,285]" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="philopsammum">
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<emphasis id="B954313729064F10FDA8FEB7FC88FEE0" box="[574,776,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">R. philopsammum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as an artifact and amended the number of palp segments in that species also from five to four. There is a further issue as to whether the lateral process is itself segmented due to a sometimes faint or incomplete segmentation line at its mid-length. This has resulted in instances where authors have interpreted that part of the lateral extension distal to the mid-constriction as the first or second segment of the palp.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FF40FE26FEF6FE50" author="Child, C. A." box="[214,374,404,429]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="69 - 111" refId="ref26989" refString="Child, C. A. (1995 b) Antarctic and subantarctic Pycnogonida. 1 V. The families Colossendeidae and Rhynchothoracidae. Biology of the Antarctic Seas, 24, Antarctic Research Series, 69, 69 - 111." type="journal article" year="1995">Child (1995b)</bibRefCitation>
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proposed that this mid-constriction may represent the fusion of once distinct segments in the ancestral state. This constriction or suture appears to have first been illustrated in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629064F10FBA9FE0BFAF7FE2D" authority="Hodgson, 1907" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1907" box="[1087,1399,439,464]" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis id="B954313729064F10FBA9FE0BFB42FE2D" box="[1087,1218,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">R. australis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FB5CFE05FAF7FE2D" author="Hodgson, T. V." box="[1226,1399,439,464]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="1 - 72" refId="ref27887" refString="Hodgson, T. V. (1907) Pycnogonida. National Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1904. Reports of the National Antarctic Expedition of 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="1907">Hodgson, 1907</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FF01FE6EFE10FE09" author="Helfer, H." box="[151,400,476,501]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="162 - 185" refId="ref27817" refString="Helfer, H. (1938) Pantopoda. Einige neue Pantopoden aus der Sammlung des Zoologischen Museums in Berlin. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freundezu Berlin 1937, 2, 162 - 185." type="journal article" year="1938">
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Helfer (1938,
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<figureCitation id="131BF1A029064F10FEA1FE6EFE07FE09" box="[311,391,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1582,1604]" captionTargetBox="[213,1384,300,1562]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[150,1436,247,1578]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Austrodecus taylorae sp. nov., holotype male. A, trunk, lateral view; B, trunk, dorsal view; C, abdomen, lateral view; D, third leg; E, right palp; F, oviger. Paratype male (JC066-4213). G, oviger; H, oviger (juvenile?); I, coxa 1, 2 and 3 showing dorsal tubercles." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2598967/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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as a dotted line in the mid-region of the cephalic lateral extension.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FB05FE6EFAB2FE08" author="Child, C. A." box="[1171,1330,476,501]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="69 - 111" refId="ref26989" refString="Child, C. A. (1995 b) Antarctic and subantarctic Pycnogonida. 1 V. The families Colossendeidae and Rhynchothoracidae. Biology of the Antarctic Seas, 24, Antarctic Research Series, 69, 69 - 111." type="journal article" year="1995">Child (1995b)</bibRefCitation>
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recorded five-segmented palps in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629064F10FE3AFDB3FDAEFDE5" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1907" box="[428,558,511,536]" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
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<emphasis id="B954313729064F10FE3AFDB3FDAEFDE5" box="[428,558,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">R. australis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and noted that a segmentation or suture line between the proximal short palp segments and the lateral cephalic extensions was very slight or missing entirely in many specimens and observed that the variable presence of this suture led to a miscount of palp segments in some individuals.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FB68FDF5FE96FD79" author="Child, C. A." pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="69 - 111" refId="ref26989" refString="Child, C. A. (1995 b) Antarctic and subantarctic Pycnogonida. 1 V. The families Colossendeidae and Rhynchothoracidae. Biology of the Antarctic Seas, 24, Antarctic Research Series, 69, 69 - 111." type="journal article" year="1995">
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Child (1995b,
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<figureCitation id="131BF1A029064F10FF01FDDEFE8DFD79" box="[151,269,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1770,1792]" captionTargetBox="[269,1266,1549,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,1508,1766]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Sericosura species indeterminate (larger subadult specimen). A, chelifore, scale x10; B, oviger distal segment, scale x40; C, abdomen, lateral, scale x10." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2598963/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Figure 9B</figureCitation>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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illustrated a very distinct suture line and appears to have counted that part of the cephalic lateral extension distal to the suture line as the first of the five palp segments, and although he refers to ‘proximal short cylindrical segments’ he appears not to have counted a very short connecting segment that follows the lateral extension. On a similar note
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FE4EFD65FD4DFD0D" author="Child, C. A." box="[472,717,727,752]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="69 - 111" refId="ref26989" refString="Child, C. A. (1995 b) Antarctic and subantarctic Pycnogonida. 1 V. The families Colossendeidae and Rhynchothoracidae. Biology of the Antarctic Seas, 24, Antarctic Research Series, 69, 69 - 111." type="journal article" year="1995">Child (1995b, fig. 10)</bibRefCitation>
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illustrated four-segmented palps in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629064F10FBF6FD6BFAEDFD0D" authority="Clark, 1976" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1976" box="[1120,1389,727,752]" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="percivali">
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<emphasis id="B954313729064F10FBF6FD6BFB61FD0D" box="[1120,1249,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">R. percivali</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FB7EFD65FAEDFD0D" author="Clark, W. C." box="[1256,1389,727,752]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="287 - 296" refId="ref27165" refString="Clark, W. C. (1976) The genus Rhynchothorax in New Zealand waters. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 6, 287 - 296." type="journal article" year="1976">Clark, 1976</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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and showed no division of the lateral extension even though such a constriction appears to be quite evident in Clark’s SEM photograph (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FEF1FCADFDB6FCC5" author="Clark, W. C." box="[359,566,799,824]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="287 - 296" refId="ref27165" refString="Clark, W. C. (1976) The genus Rhynchothorax in New Zealand waters. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 6, 287 - 296." type="journal article" year="1976">
|
||
Clark 1976,
|
||
<figureCitation id="131BF1A029064F10FE63FCADFDB6FCC5" box="[501,566,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1978,2000]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,976,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[150,1437,958,1921]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Cruise track for JC66/67 from JC66 Cruise Report, (Rogers et al., 2012) showing the six Southwest Indian Ridge sites visited (the hydrothermal vent site studied during JC067 is indicated by the solid circle)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2598947/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this SWIR collection the suture line is missing or barely perceptible and any evidence of a constriction is mostly represented by a transverse band devoid of papillae. In any event there is no clear evidence of functional articulation. When assisted by strong back-lighting, the width of the cuticle wall lining the lateral extension is shown to be of continuous thickness throughout its length and with no evidence of thinning (or segmentation) at the point of the constriction. Clearly this current analysis must be provisional pending reexamination of some
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B538729064F10FE31FC67FE57FC10" box="[423,471,981,1005]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens but based on the existing descriptions and material at hand I regard the cephalic lateral extension as not being segmented either proximally or at its mid-region. To add to the confusion there has also been uncertainty as to whether a tiny segment following the lateral extension represents a legitimate segment. There are many examples of confusion.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FD59FB8DFC63FBA5" author="Clark, W. C." box="[719,995,1087,1112]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="287 - 296" refId="ref27165" refString="Clark, W. C. (1976) The genus Rhynchothorax in New Zealand waters. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 6, 287 - 296." type="journal article" year="1976">
|
||
Clark (1976,
|
||
<figureCitation id="131BF1A029064F10FCF1FB8DFC30FBA5" box="[871,944,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1428,1450]" captionTargetBox="[236,1266,659,1368]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,591,1407]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6 Nymphon species indeterminate. A, trunk, dorsal view; B, third leg; C, palps, chela and proboscis ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2598957/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Figs 6</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="131BF1A029064F10FC2BFB8DFC59FBA5" box="[957,985,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1931,1953]" captionTargetBox="[182,1424,162,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[160,1427,153,1965]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. Hedgpethia filamentus sp. nov., holotype. A, trunk, dorsal view; B, trunk, lateral view; C, right oviger; D, right oviger claw; E, right palp; F, third leg; G, tarsus and propodus; H, abdomen, ventral view. Paratype, (JC066-4214). I, ocular tubercle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2598973/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">15</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described and clearly illustrated a sixsegmented palp in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629064F10FEFFFBD7FE6AFB80" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1976" box="[361,490,1124,1149]" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="percivali">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954313729064F10FEFFFBD7FEFAFB81" box="[361,378,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B954313729064F10FE1EFBD6FE6AFB80" box="[392,490,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">percivali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
noting that the second short segment is easily overlooked.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FBE8FBD6FAF8FB81" author="Child, C. A." box="[1150,1400,1124,1149]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="69 - 111" refId="ref26989" refString="Child, C. A. (1995 b) Antarctic and subantarctic Pycnogonida. 1 V. The families Colossendeidae and Rhynchothoracidae. Biology of the Antarctic Seas, 24, Antarctic Research Series, 69, 69 - 111." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Child (1995b,
|
||
<figureCitation id="131BF1A029064F10FAB6FBD6FAF1FB81" box="[1312,1393,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="19.[151,250,589,611]" captionTargetBox="[172,1263,183,540]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[150,1436,178,585]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 10. Austrodecus bamberi. male A, dorsal process, third coxa; B, one of two dorsodistal tubercles on lateral process; C, oviger." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2598965/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
on the other hand documented a five-segmented palp in the same species and noted that the second segment is longest.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FF01FB1EFE47FB39" author="Child, C. A. & Hedgpeth, J. W." box="[151,455,1196,1221]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="609 - 634" refId="ref27063" refString="Child, C. A. & Hedgpeth, J. W. (1971) Pycnogonida of the Galapagos Islands. Journal of Natural History Museum, 5, 609 - 634. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937100770461" type="journal article" year="1971">Child & Hedgpeth (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629064F10FDDAFB1FFD54FB38" authorityName="Child & Hedgpeth" authorityYear="1971" box="[588,724,1196,1221]" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barnardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954313729064F10FDDAFB1FFDDDFB39" box="[588,605,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B954313729064F10FDE7FB1EFD54FB38" box="[625,724,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">barnardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with a six-segmented palp and clearly illustrated two basal segments. For reasons not fully discussed
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FDEEFB7DFC97FB15" author="Child, C. A." box="[632,791,1231,1256]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref26839" refString="Child, C. A. (1992 b) Pycnogonida of the Southeast Pacific Biological Oceanographic Project (SEPBOP). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 526, 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="1992">Child (1992b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
later amended this number to four segments but noted a hint of a possible additional, extremely short, segment which he concluded to be connective integument rather than a segment itself. Nevertheless Child’s accompanying figure of the palp in lateral view does show more than a ‘hint’ of a well-defined segment (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FE46FA8EFD4FFAA8" author="Child, C. A." box="[464,719,1340,1365]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref26839" refString="Child, C. A. (1992 b) Pycnogonida of the Southeast Pacific Biological Oceanographic Project (SEPBOP). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 526, 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="1992">Child 1992b, Fig.14A</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This confusion is best demonstrated in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629064F10FB32FA8FFF4FFA85" authority="Hodgson, 1907" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1907" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954313729064F10FB32FA8FFAA7FAA8" box="[1188,1319,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">R. australis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FAA6FA8EFF4FFA85" author="Hodgson, T. V." pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="1 - 72" refId="ref27887" refString="Hodgson, T. V. (1907) Pycnogonida. National Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1904. Reports of the National Antarctic Expedition of 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="1907">Hodgson, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where the five-segmented palp described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FD50FAEDFCF5FA85" author="Hodgson, T. V." box="[710,885,1375,1400]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="1 - 72" refId="ref27887" refString="Hodgson, T. V. (1907) Pycnogonida. National Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1904. Reports of the National Antarctic Expedition of 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="1907">Hodgson (1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Fig. V111, 3a & 1927,
|
||
<figureCitation id="131BF1A029064F10FBE8FAEDFB5AFA85" box="[1150,1242,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1978,2000]" captionTargetBox="[155,1370,406,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1435,375,1956]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 17. Pycnogonum sentus sp. nov., holotype. A, trunk, lateral view; B, trunk, dorsal view; C, first tibia, lateral view; D, cephalon, ventral view; E, oviger; F, abdomen, ventral view; G, third leg; H, tarsus & propodus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2598977/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Fig. 17a</figureCitation>
|
||
) was amended to six by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FF7EFA36FE17FA60" author="Calman, W. T." box="[232,407,1412,1437]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref26600" refString="Calman, W. T. (1915) Pycnogonida. British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 3 (1), 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1915">Calman (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; the difference being that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FD5CFA36FC5AFA61" author="Calman, W. T." box="[714,986,1412,1437]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref26600" refString="Calman, W. T. (1915) Pycnogonida. British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 3 (1), 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1915">Calman (1915: Fig. 21)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described and illustrated an additional “small but very distinct segment” between Hodgson’s first and second (longest) segment.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FB0CFA1BFABDFA3D" author="Loman, J. C. C." box="[1178,1341,1448,1472]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref28148" refString="Loman, J. C. C. (1923) Subantarctic Pantopoda from the Stockholm Museum. Arkiv for Zoologi, 15 (9), 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1923">Loman (1923)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was the third author to address the number of palp segments in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629064F10FC95FA7FFC04FA18" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1907" box="[771,900,1484,1509]" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954313729064F10FC95FA7FFC04FA18" box="[771,900,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">R. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in the absence of being able to find muscle structure on either side of Calman’s additional segment he dismissed it as being a true segment describing it as “a pseud-articulation (
|
||
<emphasis id="B954313729064F10FEECF9A7FE19F9D1" box="[378,409,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">sic</emphasis>
|
||
) (
|
||
<emphasis id="B954313729064F10FE2AF9A6FD10F9D1" box="[444,656,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">articulus spurious</emphasis>
|
||
)”. Subsequently this segment has been clearly illustrated in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629064F10FA12F9A7FE1EF9AD" authority="Stock, 1968" authorityName="Stock" authorityYear="1968" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="articulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954313729064F10FA12F9A7FE91F9AD" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">R. articulatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FE8EF985FE1EF9AD" author="Stock, J. H." box="[280,414,1591,1616]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="7 - 65" refId="ref29222" refString="Stock, J. H., (1968) Pycnogonida collected by the Galathea and Anton Bruun in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Fidenskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, i kjObenhavn, 131, 7 - 65." type="journal article" year="1968">Stock, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FE5DF985FD29F9AD" author="Clark, W. C." box="[459,681,1591,1616]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="287 - 296" refId="ref27165" refString="Clark, W. C. (1976) The genus Rhynchothorax in New Zealand waters. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 6, 287 - 296." type="journal article" year="1976">
|
||
Clark (1976
|
||
<figureCitation id="131BF1A029064F10FDCCF985FD1EF9AD" box="[602,670,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1428,1450]" captionTargetBox="[236,1266,659,1368]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,591,1407]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6 Nymphon species indeterminate. A, trunk, dorsal view; B, third leg; C, palps, chela and proboscis ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2598957/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629064F10FD45F98BFCD6F9AD" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1907" box="[723,854,1591,1616]" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954313729064F10FD45F98BFCD6F9AD" box="[723,854,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">R. australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FC14F985FB0DF9AD" author="Calman, W. T." box="[898,1165,1591,1616]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref26600" refString="Calman, W. T. (1915) Pycnogonida. British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 3 (1), 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1915">Calman (1915, Fig. 21)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629064F10FB2EF98BFF4FF989" authority="Stock, 1989" authorityName="Stock" authorityYear="1989" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arenicolus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954313729064F10FB2EF98BFACDF9AD" box="[1208,1357,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">R. arenicolus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FAC0F985FF4FF989" author="Stock, J. H." pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="87 - 96" refId="ref29431" refString="Stock, J. H. (1989) Pycnogonida collected in interstitia of coral sand and rubble in the Netherlands Antilles. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 59 (2), 87 - 96." type="journal article" year="1989">Stock, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FF76F9EEFE47F989" author="Stock, J. H." box="[224,455,1628,1653]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="87 - 96" refId="ref29431" refString="Stock, J. H. (1989) Pycnogonida collected in interstitia of coral sand and rubble in the Netherlands Antilles. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 59 (2), 87 - 96." type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Stock 1989
|
||
<figureCitation id="131BF1A029064F10FEF8F9EEFE47F989" box="[366,455,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1970,1992]" captionTargetBox="[152,1347,660,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1435,623,1948]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 19. Pycnogonum cheni sp. nov., holotype. A, trunk, lateral view; B, trunk, dorsal view; C, proboscis, anterior view; D, third leg; E, tarsus & propodus leg 3; F, left oviger; G, abdomen, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2598981/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Figs 19</figureCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629064F10FE69F9EFFCA0F988" authority="Child, 1982 b" authorityName="Child" authorityYear="1982" box="[511,800,1628,1653]" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crenatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954313729064F10FE69F9EFFD00F989" box="[511,640,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">R. crenatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FD1DF9EEFCA0F988" author="Child, C. A." box="[651,800,1628,1653]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="1 - 539" refId="ref26738" refString="Child, C. A. (1982 b) Pycnogonida from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Smithsonian Contributions to Marine Science, 12, 1 - 539." type="journal article" year="1982">Child, 1982b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FCA4F9EEFC45F988" author="Child, C. A." box="[818,965,1628,1653]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="1 - 539" refId="ref26738" refString="Child, C. A. (1982 b) Pycnogonida from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Smithsonian Contributions to Marine Science, 12, 1 - 539." type="journal article" year="1982">Child 1982b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Fig. 167c) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629064F10FB10F9EFFA1CF988" authority="Clark, 1976" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1976" box="[1158,1436,1628,1653]" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="percivali">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954313729064F10FB10F9EFFA8AF988" box="[1158,1290,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">R. percivali</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FA82F9EEFA1CF988" author="Clark, W. C." box="[1300,1436,1628,1653]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="287 - 296" refId="ref27165" refString="Clark, W. C. (1976) The genus Rhynchothorax in New Zealand waters. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 6, 287 - 296." type="journal article" year="1976">Clark, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FF08F9CDFEF8F965" author="Clark, W. C." box="[158,376,1663,1688]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="287 - 296" refId="ref27165" refString="Clark, W. C. (1976) The genus Rhynchothorax in New Zealand waters. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 6, 287 - 296." type="journal article" year="1976">
|
||
Clark 1976
|
||
<figureCitation id="131BF1A029064F10FEB3F9CDFEF8F965" box="[293,376,1663,1688]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1931,1953]" captionTargetBox="[182,1424,162,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[160,1427,153,1965]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 15. Hedgpethia filamentus sp. nov., holotype. A, trunk, dorsal view; B, trunk, lateral view; C, right oviger; D, right oviger claw; E, right palp; F, third leg; G, tarsus and propodus; H, abdomen, ventral view. Paratype, (JC066-4214). I, ocular tubercle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2598973/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Under high magnification it can be seen that this segment has a thickened cuticular wall and papillae on the surface which supports it being the first segment rather than connecting membrane. This segment is also wider than membrane connecting other palp segments and is itself bounded on both margins by narrow connecting membrane. The upward flexure of the second (longest) palp segment exposes the ventral surface of this tiny segment but at the same time partially or completely conceals its dorsal surface (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429064F10FB1AF8BDFA9BF8D5" author="Child, C. A." box="[1164,1307,1807,1832]" pageId="23" pageNumber="424" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref26839" refString="Child, C. A. (1992 b) Pycnogonida of the Southeast Pacific Biological Oceanographic Project (SEPBOP). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 526, 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="1992">Child 1992b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Fig. 14A). The segment is therefore best seen in ventral or lateral view when the second (longest) segment is raised.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9FED2529064F1FFF51F8EBFD53FEE0" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1437,151,357]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="425" pageId="23" pageNumber="424">
|
||
In summary I regard the cephalic lateral extension as not being segmented at either its base or throughout its length, and the tiny, often over-looked following segment that sits between the lateral extension and the longest segment, as the first segment of the palp. Based on these criteria and assuming there is uniformity in the structure of the basal palp segments in the genus, the palps of all species are five-segmented with three exceptions that need to be reviewed. These exceptions are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629094F1FFDABFF2BFCD6FF4D" authority="Child, 1982 b" authorityName="Child" authorityYear="1982" box="[573,854,151,176]" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crenatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954313729094F1FFDABFF2BFD3CFF4D" box="[573,700,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="425">R. crenatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429094F1FFD52FF25FCD6FF4D" author="Child, C. A." box="[708,854,151,176]" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" pagination="1 - 539" refId="ref26738" refString="Child, C. A. (1982 b) Pycnogonida from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Smithsonian Contributions to Marine Science, 12, 1 - 539." type="journal article" year="1982">Child, 1982b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in which the palps are described as four-segmented and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629094F1FFF51FF0FFE6EFF28" authority="Stock, 1966 a" authorityName="Stock" authorityYear="1966" box="[199,494,188,213]" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="voxorinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954313729094F1FFF51FF0FFED4FF29" box="[199,340,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="425">R. voxorinus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429094F1FFECAFF0EFE6EFF28" author="Stock, J. H." box="[348,494,188,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" pagination="407 - 417" refId="ref29129" refString="Stock, J. H. (1966 a) Sur quelques pycnogonides de la region de Banylus (3 e note). Fie et milieu, 17, 407 - 417." type="journal article" year="1966">Stock, 1966a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2096A629094F1FFDB3FF0FFCDBFF28" authority="Stock, 1968" authorityName="Stock" authorityYear="1968" box="[549,859,188,213]" class="Pycnogonida" family="Rhynchothoracidae" genus="Rhynchothorax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pantopoda" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malaccensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954313729094F1FFDB3FF0FFD4EFF28" box="[549,718,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="425">R. malaccensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB190D429094F1FFD43FF0EFCDBFF28" author="Stock, J. H." box="[725,859,188,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" pagination="7 - 65" refId="ref29222" refString="Stock, J. H., (1968) Pycnogonida collected by the Galathea and Anton Bruun in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Fidenskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, i kjObenhavn, 131, 7 - 65." type="journal article" year="1968">
|
||
Stock,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD840C029094F1FFCB5FF0EFCDBFF28" box="[803,859,188,213]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.99872" pageId="24" pageNumber="425" unit="in" value="1968.0">1968</quantity>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in which the palps are described as six-segmented. It matters less as to whether my analysis is correct but rather that authors are cognizant of the issues involved and adopt a considered approach to future descriptions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9FED2529094F1FFF51FE95FCE9FE98" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,357]" pageId="24" pageNumber="425">Until it is resolved as to which segment individual authors have regarded as being the ‘first’, the use of palp segments as a diagnostic character in the genus is problematical.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |